To the memory of Wangari Muta Maathai • 1-- -~ ----~..lli e

How was this book born?

Thales Alenia Space, IRD [Institut de Recherche pour le Developpementl, BRL inqenierie [BRLil and ITA [Consorzio Italiano per il Telerilevamento dell'Ambiente e dell'Agricoltural are partners within the AMESD [African Monitoring of the Environment for Sustainable Development] project. This project aims at developing adequate, space- based applications to address sustainable development issues across Africa,

Projects such as AMESD rely on the syne rgies between our four companies' objectives:

Thales Alenia Space, a world reference for Systems, Satellites, Instruments, equ ipment, space infrastructure and ground segm ents, designed for Telecommunications, Science, Earth Observation, Navigation, Defence and Security applications, The company's main references in Environment monitoring are : COSMO-SkyMed, Envisat, Jason, SMOS, GMES Sentinels 1 and 3, and the Meteosat satellite s for ESA/Eumetsat.

IRD, French public institution, unique in the landscape of European re search for deve lopment. Its task is to conduct research in the South, for the South , with the South. Its researchers are working on issues of major global importance today as global warming , emerging diseases, biodiversity, access to water, migration, poverty, worl.d hunger..,

BRLi , an engineering company delivering con sultant services and support to decision makers for sound water resources management, climate change adaptation, protection of the biodiversity and integrated coastal area s management

ITA: 33 years of experience in agricultural and environmental satellite remote sensing services.

Together, we agreed to take thi s opportunity to ask some of the best African experts to share their concerns and their hopes. We teamed up with Suds-Concepts, a Fren ch communication company and selected the same book-magazine formula as for Climate Change and Satellites, This book-magazine is about Africa by Africans for Africans, for worldwide deciders, and for all the peop le who care about sustainable development and the contribution space technology may bring,

Enjoy your readinql

Table of contents

IDE TITlES THE CONCERN Africa's pathways 8 Committed to sustainable development 24 A drop of Africa 12 Looking from the North 28 Heritage and Creation 16 Indigenous knowledge 30 From Africa to America 18 The calabash and the satellite 31

SPACE TOOLS ARMC: spacecooperation for development 35 From space to the Earth 36 Improving cacao production 37 Yields forecasting 38

ATER The governance of transfrontier waters 42 Water route prospects 44 Devoted to water 45 A right for all 45 Africa's rivers and lakes 46 Ngondo, the festival of water peoples 48 Water quality survey 50 Preserving the oases 52 SOilS RI K Confidentialdata 56 A world of risks and promises 90 Droughtand remote sensing 57 Preventing land degradation 92 Evolution of agricultural methods 59 Traditional practices 94 Mineral resources mapping 60 We must unite 95 San knowledge 62 Fire monitoring 96 Tradition and Modernity 64 Educationand training 97 Fires regenerate land 98 BIODIVERSITY Biodiversity isl.ife 66 DECIDING Cheetah, lion and hyena monitoring 68 ICT for Sustainable Development 102 Mangroves need protection 70 Capacity building and cooperation 104 Small is beautiful 72 Training engineers and technicians 106 Forests, our hope 74 Genius Loci, the spirit of a place 107 Keeping an eye on bird routes 76 Towards a green economy 108 The empires of the mind 110 SEAS Enhancing technological capacity 112 Coastal and marine management 80 On the watch, night and day 82 APPENDIX Traditional fishing evolution 84 Space missions and instruments 114 The waves give rise to dancing 85 Acknowledgments 116 Coasts and altimetry 86

A Spring in the corn area, near Khem isset [Morocco!. between Rabat and Meknes . © J,D Dallet/Suds-Concepts

SA'IDMOULlNE Is sustainable development one of the General Director of the National Agency of priorities for the Maghreb? Development for Renewable Energies and Absolut ely. We want to move towards Energy Efficiency sustainable development. Even if you Rabat, Morocco. often hear that 'it's a problem for the ri ch countr ies and we shoul d devote ourselves What could be the basis for a joint policy to other pr iorities first'. But you always concerning sustainable development win wh en the economic, social and between Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia? environmental aspects are integ rated. An example is that of non-responsible forest he Maghreb countries share the exploitation. In Moro cco, wh ere today 98% A The fishing por t of Sale [Rabat, Morocco!. sam e Arab-Be rbe r, Andalusian and of the populat ion is supplied with electricity, © J.D Dalle t/Su ds-Co ncepts ' TJewish cultures and have the sam e 20% of the energy used sti ll comes geographical context, with a Mediterranean from firewood. This has environmental Morocco and 500 m3 in Algeria and Tunisia. climate in the north and a very arid Saharan consequ ences - deforestation aggravates Thanks to the dam s built in the 1960s, zone. As regard s the economi es, each the silting up of reservoirs - and also social capacities in Morocco are sufficient to cover country chose its own pathway in the 1960s: effects: for a long time young gir ls could consum ption in town s and the country, with its energy resources, Algeria opted for not go to school because th ey had to car ry industry and agr icultu re. But the pollution strong industri al development, Tunisia for the firewood, not to speak of carrying water. problems remain. Untreated sewa ge terti ary secto r and Morocco used agri culture A structuring Maghreb project wou ld be a is released into the sea by numerou s and fisheries as a base. Rebalancing then joint green belt for the three countries that large cit ies in the Maghre b. Whence our took place in the three countries. would stop the spread of desertification. proposal within the fram ework of the Euro­ As regards dem ograp hy, the region has long Mediter ranean proje ct that all the citie s in displ ayed strong growth: the population What are the main challenges to be met? the Sout h should be equip ped with sewage of Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia increased The first is water. A tru e wate r civilisation treatm ent facilit ies like those in th e North. from 60 million in 1994 to 70 m ill ion in 2000. was born here and spread to Europ e via The same goes for the management of solid Growth rat es have decreased to more Al Andal us, Today, the decre ase in rainfall waste facilities. In these sectors we could acceptable levels, mu ch more so than south [resulting fro m clim ate changel worries us, make progress in concre te projects that of the Sahara. In a context of increased as does the salinisation of coastal ground would enhance Medit er rane an integration. scarc ity of fossil fuels, climate change, wate r [over -exploited by agriculture!. soil accelera ted desertificati on and exhaustio n erosion and desert ification. The desert is What about agriculture and fisheries? of marine resources, the Maghreb countries advancing in the south. Water availability Morocco wi shes to play a role in agricultural face the same challenges. is less than 1000 m3 per per son per year in development in Africa. It is not acceptable ... Temp eratu re of the Atlantic at the end of June 2010 From the Mercator Ocean model at 1/ 36°. Kn owledge of the physical state of the ocean at the surface and at a depth (state of cur rents, temperature, etc.l is importan t for setting up ma rine cu rrent pow er insta llation s. © Mercator Ocean /MyOcean/CNES Production: Mira Productions. that the continent is still unable to ensure We talk about sustainable energy not food self-suff iciency, given its ric hes in because of the low CO2 emissions but terms of land, water ... and phosph ates, also because we thin k about industrial of whi ch Morocco hold s more than in tegra tion and regional developme nt 75% of world rese rves. Yields can be with an accompa nying feat ure for the inc reased considerably by using ferti liser most isolated regions where there are few manufactured from phosphates, w ithout activities. Energy efficiency must not be repeating the m istakes made in Europe. forg ott en: care mus t be taken not to was te Numerou s African countries are interested. it. The mes sage is easier to get over in In order to promote agriculture wit h greater Morocco than in countries like Alg eri a w ith respect for ecosystems, the Office Cherifien ri ch gas and oil reso urces , but the more we des Phosphates is working on a concept progre ss in the integration of the Maghreb, of rational ferti lisation that will serve as a America and the Middl e East for exam ple. the more stren gth we shall have to respond true green revolution in Africa. Associating Hence th e need to protect resources, as to the issu es of sustainable developm ent Algerian gas and Moroccan phosphate could was done for octopus when thi s ri ske d and create more resources for everybody. make our region the world leader in fertilis ers. disappearance. This requires expert ise in high techno logies Morocc o has launche d the Hal ieutis and, again, we w ish to establish ourselves programme aim ed at implem ent ing Is the renewable energies sector part of as a regional platform . In the space sector the sustainable exploitation of fisher ies these projects? for examp le. We have been usi ng satelli te resources. Our fishing remained sma ll ­ Moroccoisshowing thewayin this domain.We data in the water and mining sector for scale in comp ar ison with the European rely on imports for 95% of our energy. This is about a decade.We need to measure mar ine and especially Asian over-equipped why we hope to attain 42% renewable energy cur rents with altimetri c data provided by armadas that scour the Mediterranean off in 2020 and reduce this dependen ce. Large European satelli tes such as ENVISAT and Mauretania ... This over-fishing result ed in stru cturing operations and voluntaristic Jaso n in order to set out marin e current the alm ost total disappeara nce of cer tain master plans have been set up to reach 2000 power installations. Satellite applications species and the near-bankruptcy of certain MW installed load in each of three fields­ are also very useful for mon itoring fish ing. inshore fishery secto rs. It was catastro phic. solar,wind and hydraulic power-in 2020.We We wou ld like to develop regio nal Tuna is a major issue for examp le. are also developing research on the use of cooperation in these field s. There is deter m inat ion today to triple th e marine energy as in addition to sun and w ind, A new North-South partnership is needed. GDP of the sector by 2020 by creati ng the country has more than 3500 kilometres The world is changing, and especially the villages of small-sc ale fishermen, by of coastl ine. We are also work ing on mak ing Arab countr ies. Expert ise exists in the developing aquaculture and proce ssi ng Morocco a green energy exporte r in a few South and should be take n into account, but in order to gain new markets in North years. mu ch training is sti ll needed. I> Indigenous knowledge '" In the Doqon creation myth, the orlgmaLcreated beings were the Nommo twins. © All rights reserved. In their cosmogony, Sinus B star IS menlion ed as Po toto Ilonio star. bottomI and Sir /us Cas Emma ya tolo [female sorghum star. ri ght!. ~ Doe.. M Grlaule ~ The Rosette cloud lirnaqe by ESAHerschet satettltel, close to the constetlatlc n 01Orion, the Hun r, Sinu s is located at the heel 01tbls constellation. What the naked eye perceives as a single star is actually a blflary star system . Srnus A and Sin us 8 The sClentihc community has not conhrmed the existence 0 Slr ius C. described by the Oogol1 . Maybe a space telescope Will succeed. to2000- 2011ESA. E5A1PACS& SPIRECorlsortillm F M olh~ . Laborillo,re AIM Paris-Secl y,CEA/IRFU -CNRSIINSU- Un!. f1anc Did rol, HOBYS KeyProgramm Consortia

n Africa, the perception of space, at least consisting of a double placenta, to engender beings. The Sky and the Earth, put into among certain peoples, IS not limited beings that wouLd further his creation. con act by Rain, made Lightn ing which Ito indica ing the sensorial processes- The first beings were created. fertilised by triggered the primordial impetus, launching especially sight and hearing-that make Arnrna's words. A pair of androgynous twins, the perpetual movement of the Sky and the it possible to situate an object in space. one of whom revolted against paternal Earth themselves, together with the Water Among the Dogonand the Ewe,for example, authority and the other a «saviour». Put to and Fire that each contained'. space is often evoked rnetaphoncatly death and then resurrected . the saviour. Is there a risk that lhis knowledge passed or emblematically to explain the Nommo, used his own sacrifice to on from generation to generation withou t creation of the world. reorganise the world that had fault, except sometimes to soften the According 0 the Dogon. 'Amma. been disturbed by the actions of images, might be called into question as god the creator, omnipotent his rival brother, Yorougou, the satellites are becoming more familiar to us and immaterial. launched fox'. and bring us almost perfect images of the the planetary system. balls of The Ewe peoples explain the earth and the sky? earth transformed into stars beginning of the worLd as The cosmologyand cosmogony ofthe Dogon that women then gathered in follows: 'At the beginning of all and the Ewe,andof many other peopleshere the sky to give to their children. existence there was a Calabash. and there, used celestial bodies to explain These put spindles through hem and It filled time and space. It was the lhe creation of he world. With the rapid made them Spin endlessly like sparkling All. Divided horizontally in the centre, development or electroni c, information and spinning tops.Amma made the sun-female, its lid formed the Sky and the base formed communication technoloqy. might there not the moon-maLe and he earth. a lump of clay the Eart h. The Sky was male and contained be doubts and weakening of their beliefs? that he squeezed in his hand and spread Water. The Earth was female and Fire Because. beyond its limits, science gives in space, going northwards. lengthening burned in its entrails. The Calabash as a us the means to push back the barriers of towards the south, and extending to the east whole was thus Earth, Air. Fire and Water. ignorance. • and the west, stretching Its flesh, separating Life was born a the initiative of the Sky its limbs like a foetus in the womb.The world which. one day, sent water 10 the surface Dr Aly Tandian became a woman. lying on her back, north­ of the Earth, The Earth received the first Teacher researcher. dpt of sociology south, Amma. god the creator, the.«father» rain and coolness made plants germinate. GERM coordinator of creatures, wished to unite with mother­ These underwent metamorphosis, some Universite Gaston Berger de Saint- LOUIS ear h. represented by the worLd as an egg turning into animaLsand others into human Seneqal

ARMC: space cooperation for development

Or PETER MARTINEZ Chairman, South African Council for Space Affairs

What is the genesis of African Resources Management (ARM)? ou r African countries, Algeria, Nigeria, Kenya and South Africa have been working together since 2003 Fto establish a combined space asset that collectively serves a unique need for regular up-to-date monitoring of the African environment. The initiative [initially only commerciall came from the successful SunSat satellite programme of Stellenbosch University that led to the creation of the SunSpace company. Then came the idea of having a constellation of satellites to address Africa's development needs: the African Resources Management Constellation [ARM C).

What is the goal of ARM? ARM helps to provide easy access to satellite data for end users in disaster management, food security, public health, infrastructure, land use, and water resource management. It thus supports urban development, mapping for the surveillance of climate change effects and sustainable development. Today Algeria is operating the Alsat-2A satellite, Nigeria has recently put on orbit the NigeriaSat-X and NigeriaSat-2 satellites and South Africa IS preparing the follow-on of Sumbandilasat satellite.

How is it managed? The project gained political traction when the governments ... An observation satellite transmits images to the earth using an 'image of other countries started to become interested. The telemetry' subsystem that includes a modulator. Here, a modulator under manufacturing; it is like that equipping the Alsat-2A satellite launched in 2010. concept is that participating countries will each contribute © J.D Dallet/Suds-Concepts one satellite to the constellation and will have access to the other satellites from South Africa, Algeria and Nigeria. At this stage, Kenya does not have an indigenous satellite be a country contribution to ARMC. As the constellation industry, thus is participating through its ground station. becomes operational and a satellite needs to be replaced, In December 2009, the governments of the four participating a country would build a fully dedicated satellite. This countries signed a memorandum of understanding [MOUI. would be the idea to realize the project in a faster way than It is stated that ARMC is open to other African countries, starting each with a dedicated satellite. even if they cannot participate to the space segment. It thus became a project driven by intra-African cooperation What is the future? considerations. I see the benefits of ARMC considerably more than just A steering committee was formed and workshops were cooperating on a technical level. It is also to start growing held. For example, in South Africa, a users group having capacity in Africa, from a policy and regulatory level, in a need for earth observation data was constituted. All the joint pursuit of space activity. The ARMC and the SKA their requirements were consolidated in a final set for the [Square Kilometre Array Telescopel are key projects for ARMC. This document was shared with the other African defining intra-African cooperation. countries and they would go through the same process to There are discussions about establishing an African define their priorities. space agency. My personal view is that, in the long run, it is something to discuss, but in the medium term it is a What are the main advantages of such a structure? completely premature kind of activity. The reason being that Instead of having a dedicated satellite for each country, we do not have experience in the African space community the phase zero is that each country contributes capacity of having our industries working together, addressing on one satellite. And to start with, a certain fraction of inter-operability. Not to forget also the regulatory issues, time dedicated to an existing or planned satellite would data sharing practices.•

A Sao Tomean sciennst examining a coca infested wi h it rninu t Insect. Cl IFAC/G Planch~nau\l Improving cacao production

Cacao is a symbol of the Ivorian miracle that oak th country 0 the position of leading world producer. with the highes per capita GDP in West Africa, Together WI h coffee. it forms 40% of expor sand 20% of GDP. Achieved thanks to small planters, this performance has been accompanied by their sacrifice to the benefit of economic liberalism and the sacrifice of the environment on the altar of development. Growers are nearly half a million. They practice subsistence farmmg and more than half are illiterate. They cannot obtain loans and buy inputs or new cacao varieties tha would improve productivity, As hey can't hire agricul ural workers. their children escapeschool ng to work in he plantations. A quarter of 12 million hectares of primary forest m Ivory Coast has been sacrificed for he deve opmen of cacao. Defores ation has been instrumen at In the sharp decrease in precipitation in he region. Together with Liberia, Ivory Coas is an essential point of entry of the rainy season In Wes Africa. To main amand then increaseproductivity. a sustainable developmen strategy must bebasedon secure sell ing and production systems, The government of Ivory Coast and its development partners have well understood the need for the reform of the sector In order to improve conditions for growers, ... Maize is the mos t wi dely grow n crop in Zimbab we. Its growt h is increasingly coming under stress due to high temperature and low rain fall conditions. Climate change could cause maize yields to decrease dramatically under dryland conditions in some regi ons, even under full irrigation conditions. <\) R u l ~.' rl d c i~ h o n g o n ~m a

gr iculture is the mainstay of up abo u t 70% of the population also has a potenti al to reduce t he cos t of the economy in Zimbabw e and have agriculture as the main sou rc e of mo nitor ing as w el l as to improve the Ais im porta nt for food security liveli hoo d. acc uracy of data collected. and the eco nomy. Over 70% of the Rain- fed agri culture in the past has been The AMESD receiv ing station use d in households in Zimbabwe depend on affec te d by cl im atic variability suc h as t he prediction of drou gh t and ra infa l l rain-fed agr iculture for th eir livelihoods. dro ught wh ich has improved vul nerab ility w ill gre atly help pol icy makers, w ho are Its contr ib ut ion to th e GDP is expec ted of the m ajor ity in th e country. Zim babwe the main users of agricul tura l dat a, to to increase to 23% in the 2010/2011 basica lly has got two majo r seasons, pl an ahead. For exam ple, at th e sig n season.Agri cu lture em ploys about win ter, cold and dry, and sum mer, hot of a bad season , th ey wa nt to know 37% of th e labour force and supplies and wet, th e season wh en m ost farm er s th e situa tion in the who le country. Th e al m os t 25% of exports . About half of raw plant th ei r cro p. Rainfall ra nges from stat ion w ill al so be handy in the yield materi al s in the man ufactu r in g sec tor 450-1000 mm per annum an d is usua lly est imation wh ich has been a ch al lenge comes from agric ulture. Thi s makes receive d between October and March. becau se of the lack of ex perie nced ag ric ulture monitori ng of paramount sta ff In human esti ma tio n. im portance for bot h th e policy makers AMESD helps policy makers Whilst earth ob servat ion s will and other sta ke holders in the country. Agri cultural monitoring IS don e by no t be expected to re pl ace the The main cro ps in Zim babw e are th e Min ist ry of Agricultu re throu gh us ual me thod ology, they w il l maize, sorgh um, m illet , to bacc o, soya the Depa rt m ent of Exten sion Services com ple ment it and hen ce im prove beans, cotton, groundnu ts and [AGRITEX]. Th is involves th e em ployme nt th e acc urac y and tim eliness of beans , The m ajority of th e of 4800 frontline exte ns ion w orkers, dat a co l lec tion. populat ion are subs is te nce wh ich m ak es it very expe nsive. Th e What ever dat a th e extension worker farmers wh o farm for department carries ou t three crop and provi des it will be tri angul at ed w ith hou seh old consumption livest ock assessment s per season the data from remo te se nsi ng. with very little go ing for sa le. and eac h costs al m ost ha lf a mi llion It is our hope that, after ground These house hol.ds that make Am er ican dollars. This is very exp ensive tr uthing and establishi ng th e level for a dev el oping economy like Zimbabwe wh ose GDP base d on purchasi ng power

is lagging behind and mostly find s Itsel f affected by disaster which it would have avoided by using new tools. Data collection Space technology not only makes it easier At the sign of a bad season, policy to monitor activities like agricultu re, makers would want to know the climate change and drought, it can also situation in the whole country. The be used for timely planning which is extension worker is asked to needed in most disaster-prone ar eas. provide the data for example areas affected by mid season drought in a The need for competent staff very short time. They have to walk Zimbabwe largely depend s on across their whole area, sometimes agriculture, whi ch is very se nsitive 70km Wide, In seven days asking ....Selectin g data fr om the AMESD station at the to environment al var iati ons . Satellite farmers which area they planted is Botswana Coll ege of Agri cul tu re. technology can not only improve its © Telespazio affected by drought. Now the AMESD ma nage men t but also hel p to face climate station will help the Head Office in of accuracy of re mote sensing, we wi ll be change conse quence s. Sus tain abil ity mapping indicative areas affected. Then able, in some area s, to use the data fro m of agric ulture in Zim babwe m eans the extension worker might walk the the rece iving station . sus tain able liv elihoods for th e peopl e. distance at her own time, collecting Space techn ol ogy cam e to Zim babwe One of the reasons w hy pover ty has other data like cropped areas and yield year s back, bu t - li ke m any developing been a thorn in th e fle sh for the country estimation. countries - it has not been able to fully is beca use sus tainable devel opm ent Sheilla Bauren ut ili ze it. This mainly because of the lack has been lagg ing behind. Zim babwe is Extension specialist, AGRITEX of know ledge about it s importan ce and str iving for sus tai nab le devel opm ent Harare. Zimbabwe capaci ty to use it, lack of equipme nt but needs com petent sta ff for capaci ty as well as possibility to use it w ith in building in new techn ol ogy as well as t he government, th e ma in monitor of initiatives for acquir ing equipm ent. agr icultural pro duction in Zim babwe . Respon se to many shocks and hazard s Att emp ts to in troduce use of thi s depend s, to some extent, on sustainable technology in to government have been devel opm en t. Hen ce com m itm ent of the done by so me par tners suc h as th e country to suppor t it is a key iss ue . (I) Unit ed Nat ions Developm en t Pro gr am but, because of lack of equipment and Rut end o Nh ong onh ema ski ll, very few depar tm ent s are usin g Minist ry of Agr iculture the technology. As a res ult, th e country Harare, Zim babwe

... ORC is a vast country wi th little more than 480 km of paved road. So many people pref er to take boats, although they are oft en overloa ded, result ing in acci­ dent s. Here at Maluku. about 80 mile s from Kinsha sa. Plans are being made for the rehabilitation and better navigabili ty of the Congo River Basin, © J. Ladel

educing by half the number supply, irrigation. hydroelectricity, management and a strategic action plan of people exposed to poverty, etc. and contributes to mitigating was drawn up. The four CICOS member­ Rmalnutrition and lack of access climate change via the conservation states account for 83% of the drainage to clean drinking water forms part of and restoration of the second largest basin of the river Congo and Angola, an the Millennium Objectives. In 2002. the forest in the world after Amazonia . The observer at CICOS since 2007, has 8%. Johannesburg summit added access to ecosystems of central Africa form the The other countries with territory in the sanitation and the Evian G8 undertook basis for socioeconomic activities that drainage basin are Zambia and Tanzania to support NEPAD [New Partnership are closely linked to the quality of these and, to a smaller extent, Burundi and for Africa 's Development!. in which environments [natives of the forest of Rwanda. Gabon has also joined CICOS water is a major preoccupation. Finally, the 'Central Basin']. as an effective member. Africa has been recognised by the IPCC The main problem as regards the The hydroelectric potential of the Congo as being a continent that is particularly improvement of water resources is basin with regard to the power supply for vulnerable in this respect. It is therefore ensuring that development plans are central Africa and for the continent as a essential that every African government in line with national strategies: for the whole needs no further demonstration. should manage the impacts of climate reduction of poverty while improving Although it is an eminently profitable change on water resources. In addition, capacity to manage the everyday source of energy, the potential is the pollution of these resources is still a challenges of climate var iability; and very little exploited. Installed load is major problem that deserves particular to provide a long-term response to the currently only 4667 MW. The potential attention. Our future depends on this. impacts of cl imate change. is estimated to be more than 150000 especially as the abundance of natural MW with 100000 MW in the Democratic resources forms a very strong potential Promoting inland waterways Republic of the Congo alone. The Inga for development and regional economic Establishing confidence and sharing site has capacity of 44000 MW but only growth. our knowledge and approach to the 3% is installed. The proportion of the The Congo River Basin features a vast catchment beyond frontiers is the population supplied with electricity is trans-frontier catchment with an area of foundation for the implementation of small, especially in rural areas as far some 3822000 km'. This is the second integrated water resource management as the four CICOS member-states are in the world as regards size and flow in zones that are highly vulnerable and concerned. At the regional scale of after the Amazon, making the region those with a risk of conflict. In 1999, central Africa, electrification reaches one of the major water resources in the Heads of State of Cameroon, the 13% and consumption per person is still the world even though precipitation has Republic of the Congo, the Central very low at 109 kWh per person. decreased in the last three decades. The African Republic and the Democratic Exploiting the potential depends region houses 60% of the biodiversity Republic of the Congo set up the directly on the hydraulic infrastructure of the whole of Africa. The protection of International Commission of the Congo that can be established in the Congo natural resources in central Africa, and - Oubangui - Sangha Basin [CICOS] with basin in the light of hydrological data. especially water, is a major economic a mandate for the 'promotion of inland Knowledge of resources is the base of issue, especially for navigation, waterways' . In 2007, the CICOS mission all water management: you can only fisheries, agr iculture, potable water was broadened to cover integrated water manage what you know. Hydrological. ~ data also form the basis for all planning, The aim was to help African countries sizing and management of hydraulic to gather, analyse and disseminate infrastructure. The monitoring of water geo- information on water using earth­ levels is particularly essential for water observing technology. This compensates traffic, especially during low-water for the weakness of in situ data periods. collection infrastructure, making close Only about 20 gauging stations are management of resources possible. operational out of the hundreds that TIGERcould also provide a homogeneous have been installed in the basin. This overview of large regions, making it results in particular from the years of easier to integrate local information at political instability and conflicts in the the national level and at the transfrontier sub-region and the lack of maintenance scale, including remote, inaccessible by the national managers of the stations. and somewhat unsafe zones. The countries of the region are also experiencing difficulties in the gathering Spatial altimetry data and dissemination of hydrological In addition to the TIGER initiative, the information as entry, processing and countries of central Africa participate archiving systems are unsu itable or in the AMESD programme via the nonexistent. The other major difficulties water resources management theme. concern technological inadequacies, Two operational services can thus be especially in the telecommunications developed by the CICOS, entrusted with network, and weaknesses in regional the development of a low water warning cooperation with regard to the exchange system for river traffic on the Oubangui .... The Inga Dams lORe!. Inga I and I1 operate at low output and there are plans for Inga III and of data. and the monitoring of the hydrological Grand Inga. With only 3% of capacity installed, Inga The technical and scientific issues are cycle of the Oubangui sub-basin and the dams are considered as " white elephants". considerable. In 2002, ESA launched the water body in the forest in the 'Central © All rights reserved TIGER initiative to make a contribution Basin', Implementation involves the use to a recommendation of the World of spatial altimetry data from ENVISAT collaboration with IRD and Brazil [ANA). Summit on Sustainable Development. and JASON-2 missions through a Development of their use will first be focused on the Oubangui, one of the main tributaries of the river Congo whose vulnerability to climatic variability is the most marked of the basin. These operational services could be used by numerous players in inland waterways, the environment, development, planning and hydroelectricity. Here, it is essential to establish large­ scale hydraulic infrastructure while taking the downstream effects into account. Any development operation has interactive effects at different points in the basin, most of which is currently undeveloped. The various countries thus have the following duties: • optimising the choice of hydraulic equipments at the scale of the basin as a whole, • assessing the cumulated impacts of these equipments, especially as regards transfrontier projects, • taking into account the conceivable impacts of climate change. Allowing for these constraints into account is essential in the use of our water resources, •

Or Georges Gulemvuga Director of Water Resources International Commission for Congo­ Ubangui-Sangha Basin, Kinshasa/ Gombe The Democratic Republic of the Congo

A The coastal lake of Manzalah. The largest delta lake in Egypt has been undergoing continuous and pronounced changes since long times. Image taken by EgyptSat-l in 2009 © National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Sciences [NARSSI, Egypt

over nm ents all over the world pay In 2005, the project 'Satellite Monitoring more and more attention to water of Lake Water Quality in Egypt' was Gresources because these either funded under the international TIGER become increasingly scarce or they are initiative with the objective to design, a threat due to flooding. At the same develop and implement an Earth time there is a growing awareness that Observation [EOI-based capacity for the the quality of water resources should operational monitoring of water quality be protected. Water of good quality in Lake Manzalah. and without risks for public health is nowadays considered to be a major asset. Adequate water management In Egypt, being an arid country with The procedures currently in place rely on hardly any rainfall, water management the collection of in-situ measurements is of particular importance. Without a at drainage channels leading into the A Impact of land reclamation on Lake Manzalah. proper management, water will become lake once per month. However, this field­ Data map courtesy of Akram M. Elganzori. a constraining factor in the socio­ based approach does not adequately economic development of the country. capture the spatial and temporal problem [e.q., allocation of buffer zones)? Egypt's Northern lakes support variability of water quality parameters in • What is the status of the problem substantial fisheries and aquaculture the highly dynamic lake ecosystems. [increase, decrease, no change)? activities are deeply concerned. The Key to the formulation of adequate water • To what degree has an improvement water quality is affected by agricultural management scenarios is accurate and occurred? drainage water, containing salts, reliable information on the occurrence Incorporating EO-derived information nutrients, pesticides, herbicides, and and distribution of water quality into the existing water quality monitoring industrial and municipal effluents from indicators, such as turbidity, algal program is expected to have a positive all towns and villages that drain either blooms or areas infested with invasive impact on the management and directly or indirectly into the lakes. In plant species. sustainable use of water resources in response to the increase in nutrients In particular, water quality information Egypt in the long term by providing a loading and fresh water inputs, the fish is required to answer the following consistent, accurate record of the spatial community in Lake Ma nzalah has been questions: and temporal variability of critical water transferred from a brackish [mixed • Where does the pollution come from? quality parameters. species] to a fresh water [TilapiaJ Which areas are affected by it? In-situ observations are provided dominated fishery. • What actions can be taken to mitigate the by real-time water quality IRTWQ) ... Fish is a traditional and important component of the Egyptian diet, and is the main source of cheap animal protein for a growing population. Here at Luxor West Bank. © J-D Dallet/Suds-Concepts probes for the following parameters: spatial dimension, which cannot be specific conductance, standard pH, realized by other means. turbidity, luminescent dissolved oxygen, Finally, by establishing relationships chlorophyll, total dissolved solids, between EO signatures and the primary temperature and water level and an water quality parameters already associated field sampling program, mentioned, the potential exist to extend while satellite observations include this capacity to secondary parameters MERIS [primary data sourcel and MODIS like nutrients and Dissolved Oxygen [secondary data source] imagery. The that cannot be observed directly via EO, earth observation data are acquired but that could be mapped via existing concurrently with field observations with relationships with primary parameters. support of ESA. The project improved the existing lake People need information water monitoring service by allowing As people who live in the islands around the generation of quantitative water the lake [50000 inhabitantsl need quality products [TUR - Turbidity -, information about fishing and cultivation ... Paddling funeral boat, tomb of pharao Meketre, TDS - Total Dissolved Salts, and CHL ­ of the land, the project provided the water western Thebes. Chlorophyll-al. In addition, the frequency quality data to them directly to use. 'The © R. Clavaud/Suds-Concepts of coverage maximized by using each MERIS images give us a picture of the to disseminate the available data and available image acquired over the area of whole area. Without this, we only have exchange views about the actions needed. interest [for water constituent products information on the water outlets', Official 'The system maintenance and continual only]. In addition to obtaining accurate said, adding: 'If we stop the project improvement is representing the future information about the spatial variation here, then this would only be considered challenge for the project staff', project of critical water quality parameters in research work'. coordinator stated. (I) the lake, the continuous measurements So, to implement operationally, the of RTWO stations in Lake Manzalah project worked to keep all who could Pr Akram Mohamed Elganzori provided important information for potentially benefit informed of results water resources managers at a very and data available. A Memorandum of Director Strategic Research Unit high temporal resolution. RTWO Understanding was signed to monthly National Water Research Center measurements were much more efficient sharing the data between the National Ministry of Water Resources and than conventional in-situ measurements, Water Research Center, the project host, Irrigation while EO-derived products added the and the Fishery Development Authority Cairo, Egypt

.... Lumbol Samba Abdoul village, Senegal. Cattle graze near a watering spot installed thanks to a development project leo-financed by IFAD, 2002]. Private operators are now developing similar programmes for production and seeking to intensify the network of horticultural producers and their capacity in marketing © IFAD/Susan Beccio

ecur rent drought during the last participation of the CSE meets every [data provided by the Agence Nationale 30 years has had a disastrous 10 days and relays information in the de la Meteorologie of Senegal] to Reffect on an already very difficult form of illustrated bulletins to decision determine rainfall deficits and economic and social situation. The makers, ministries and farmers' surpluses and to assess the impact determining and early locating of these organisations. Previously sent by post, on crops and grazing land [May to anomalies make it possible to set they are now distributed bye-mail. October] ; up mitigating measures. As regards • vegetation growth monitoring [May ecology, Senegal is part of the Sahel Analysing and monitoring to October], based on the Vegetation zone where most of the population has The system is hinged on the following Conditions Index [VCI] calculated from economic dependence on crop farming components: SPOT VEGETATION data obtained and livestock. However, rainfall in this • analysis of the crop installation phase thanks to a partnership between CSE zone displays considerable variability [millet, groundnut] usinq a model and VITO Ifigure next page]. This makes in space and time and this can penalise based on rainfall estimation images it possible to measure and identify crops and grazing. calculated using Meteosat data [May to the zones in which the vegetation and The Centre de Suivi Ecologique [CSE, August]. This is one of the periods most hence crops display signs of stress; Ecological Monitoring Centre] in Dakar susceptible to drought. Farmers often • analysis of the grazing conditions has set up a system based on the use wonder whether their first sowings around the main water points in the of modern technologies such as remote have any chance of success. They are pastoral zone of Senegal using satellite sensing and geographic information provided with forecasts by zone. If the images and ground measurement systems to identify the location of the forecasts are poor, sowing will have to operations to determine pasture zones affected by drought. From the be repeated and we can then suggest production and to guide flock and herd beginning of May to the end of October, alternatives with suitable seed varieties; movements [August to Decemberl. One a multidisciplinary working group with • analysis of the precipitations evolution of the major outputs at this level is the ~ ,.,

... Vege tation Condition Index for the second 10 day s of JuLy 20 11. Data Map J - A Ndione. Courtesy of th e VEGETATION prog ramm e, produ ced by VITO.

is to say continuing observat ions . Thus institutions like the CSE mu st continue to ensure the lon g-t erm viability of proj ect s. The main challenge is th at of bein g able at the end of the proj ect to incorporat e th e achi evem ent s in the regular environmental monitoring activities performed by institutions. Decision maker s mu st therefore und erstand thi s necessi ty. This is a battle to be wo n but w e remain opt imisti c.

Appropriation by communities We shoul d not forge t that w e are working for the good of th e popu lat ions and so the human aspect is very imp ort ant. Attention must th erefore be paid in thi s problematics to the integration of local and endogenous knowle dge. First of all t he right questions m ust be asked. What is the value-added of what we propo se in com par ison with what farmers know? What is it s social usefulness? How is it perce ived by the populat ion? Finally , we must be aware th at w e do not use the same reasoning ... This viLLager' s vegetabLe cro p at Mopti [Mali] depends on t he am ount of water in the ri ver Bani. and thu s abandon our 'laboratory © Cellne ViLlalard 2003 la nguage' for tha t of experienced reali ty to provide bette r information. Appropri ati on ~ plant produ cti on map quanti fying available input in the dec ision proce ss and feedback of our output by th ese communities is biom ass. Its im mediate use is the guiding from th ose who receive it. essen tia l, As an example, m enti on can of transhu m ance to zones wh ere forage is Com bin ing satellite and field data makes be made of the NICT proj ect entitled 'Use availa ble . it possi ble to identi fy drought four to six of NICT in th e temp or al monitoring of At th e halfway point and at the end of weeks earli er than befor e and describe transhu mant cattle by basic com m unities th e rai ny season , enviro nmental wat ch it mo re accurat ely; to thi s mu st be added for th e sustainable managem ent of Sahel bulletins on 'Monitoring of agricultural and the possibility of assessing th e impact pastoral resources' with th e participati on pastoral zones in Seneg al using rem ote on agriculture well before th e harv est in of Fulani herd er s in the developm ent of sensing and geographic informa tio n order to facilitate decision s concern ing outputs, and espec ially ma ps in their systems ' are publi shed for partners of the food sec urity. The advantages of satellite langu age. This is a fine exam ple of the CSE. of th e Multidisciplinary Group that data for drought assessm ent li e in cer tain appropria tion of tools. These issues m ust monitors the agricult ura l season. nat ional intrinsic features of remote sensing: a be int egrated in the every day experience decision makers and development synoptic view of a larg e zone at various of populations in order to succee d the partner s. The work of the CSE is thus scales, conti nuous archiving allowi ng advent of sustaina ble developm ent. • com pletely integrate d in the national retrospec tive stu dies and com parison with system for agricu ltural and pastoral the prese nt situa tion, good dat a recep tio n Or .lac ques-Andre Ndi one, monitoring and serves to suppo rt th e work fre quency and often at a reasona ble cost. Or Abdoulaye Faye et M, Gora Beye of development projects opera ting in this One of the issues for the future is th e Centre de Suivi Ecologiqu e fie ld . This context ensures th e information conti nued supply of this information, th at Dak ar, Senegal ncreasing agr ct.JlturaL prod c. ion in ha of orninant th nking ' the slogans Sudano-Sahelian A rica is- achis d ut ered by polltlclans and by c rain Imalnt by In asing cu iva ed a ea • d Y lopment bodies However, he Howeve ,de graphi growth l~ 3 per- knowledge produced JOin ly helps the user year, with a doubling 0 the popula 10 n I wo k and enriches the analysls made very20 years, and one can wond r Ifland by e researche . resource w'llbe sullicien mee demand or ood Co ton growing developed in M li Developing new methods as elsewhere inWestAfric forming a true Technicians rnus use act and pedagogic agricultural revolution. Total cultivs ~d kills. In pa icipatlve cl 8gn051s, area In reased f 0 60000 f 600 OD stakeholders said the shortage of lan ec ares, produc ion rom40000 to600000 was a major difficulty in a context wh re onnes and he number of drauqht oxen he ra io 0 cultivated to non-cu valed from 100000 to 600000 In 30 years This land 5 1.3 or even :5 and that fields can leap in uall y enabled farmers to develop be further enlarged. How is It possible to a new f rming system for their 1 nd. make them understand that this constraint i not a va id one in thei context7 This i all he more d licate as people's word is tr ngly slgnifican. nd here IS above all prac j lty re iqrous obllga ion or young peep e 0 resp c hei elders. Th dare wlll be updated in five places in aLl s n SPOTS ma es collected In 007. Th chang 5 observed will bused for for cast n,g and for developing new methods for rnanaginq areas Based 0 hi udy. managemen plans Will be Prospects for ~c.t ion eve oped, lncorporat ng blornass lows; he JlVO vernen 0 stake-holders n th be we n he vanou componen and produc ron 0 maps makes t pass hle to 9ro ped rata Ions. All tha 0 the basis compare the viewpoint of technicians and of sue :essful discussion between all the users. There are nurnerou constraint I t kaho tier • e languages used a di teren nd Dr Mamy Sournare, kehold rs tend 0 censor heir Universi y of Bamako pression and a 19n heir vrewpoin w] h Ma

Tradi ion an dernlty

FIDEL YOGa ADIGUIPIOU has devoted his retiremeo a former agricul1uta advisor to h stlldy of lIstalnabl developmen , icularly he Impacts of cUmate change In Burkina Faso, hts country. the into

... Satellite telephone networks allow communica­ tion from the most unusual places. Here, Femke Broekhuis, a biologist carrying out research on cheetahs in the Moremi Game Reserve region, using an IRIDIUM 9555 satellite phone. FEMKE BROEKHUIS, biologist, is What is your research about? © Femke Broekhuis/Suds-Concepts carrying out research about cheetahs In the past, cheetah ranged from in the Okavango Delta in Northern southern Africa to North Africa and depend on GPS technology and Botswana, in collaboration with all the way into India where they were satellites, both for our own nav igation Botswana colleagues, the Wildlife used for hunting. Due to threats such and for collecting data. Carnivores such Conservation Research Unit (WildCRU) as human-wildlife conflict and habitat as cheetahs and lions are elusive, live at Oxford University and the Botswana degradation the cheetah population at low densities and have large home­ Predator Conservation Trust (BPCT). is quickly decreasing The current ranges making it very difficult to collect estimate is around 10 000 individuals of behavioural data on these animals. To How did you come to Botswana? which approximately 2000 are resident go around this problem we have fitted have been living in Botswana in Botswana. As areas where cheetah GPS collars on several individuals since I was about six years of age. are able to live are decreasing because that collect data on where the animals II moved to the United Kingdom of human activities they are forced into go and what habitats they use. At the in 2007, to obtain an MSc in Wild smaller areas with other predators moment we still have to physically Animal Biology. After completing such as lion and spotted hyena. They find the animals to upload the data. my degree I was asked to join the have a negative impact on cheetah as This is expensive both in terms of fuel BPCT to take the lead on the cheetah they kill up to 73% of cheetah cubs and consumption and time. Using satellite research. The study site is situated often steal their food. This may lead to collars would have been more efficient in the Okavango Delta ecosystem, a the local extinction of less dominant as has been demonstrated by my unique permanent inland delta and the species like the cheetah. The aim of colleague in Zimbabwe who is us ing world's largest site protected under the research is therefore to investigate Argos collars to study the dispersal the Ramsar convention on Wetlands of how lions and hyenas influence the behaviour of young male lions, Other International Importance. distribution and behaviour of cheetah. satellite-based technology that is The core study site encompasses an area extremely useful for wildlife research 2 of approximately 3000 km on Southern What kind of tools are you using? is equipment such as satellite internet edge of the Moremi Game Reserve, Apart from our usual field equipment link to receive data and an Iridium where human impact is still minimal. such as research vehicles, we heavily satellite phone for emergencies. .... Franky. was fitte d with a GPS coll ar by BPCT scientists.

What about human exp er ience ? .&. Otefile Sebogiso organizes community Local participation is essential in workshops addressing conflicts between hu­ conse rvation. We need more local mans and wildlife. exper ts to hel p study nd monitor © J.D Dallet/Suds-Concepts wildlife wh ich is why the project emp loys people from the neighbouring countries such Malawi, Angola and comm unity. By getting the local Uganda where info rmation on cheetah community involved they start vatuinq are still scarce. the ir wildlife resource and protecting it. Some people wonder about the Can your research results be applied necessity to pre ser ve biodiversity... for management and conservation in Everything has Its plac e in he nat ural other areas? world. The loss of biodiversity can have Yes. Understanding the requirements significant econo mic, environmental of each of these spec ies in a natu r al and social consequences. Often without sys em can be used elsewhere as a knowing it, we depend on biod iversity in tool for planning and management terms of food sources, environmental strategies. This is especially important serv ices and medicine. By removing or for small, protected areas where the altering key elements of an ecosystem spec ies need to be actively managed. the natural balance is altered; lead ing This knowledge can be useful for to long-term and permanent changes instance for parks management or for that can be detrimental. I> angrove s are forests that grow caught. Other wildlife Includes seabirds, degrada ion in the sea! They occur along the alligators, and housands of insects and sheltered regions of tropical other Invertebrate species. Florls icatty. and sub ropical coastlines. often being here are more han 70 species of replaced In more temperate la itudes mangrove rees wortdwide. The genus by sal marshes Worldwide, mangroves Rt/lzophora and Avicennia. occur in most are estimated 0 cover less an 185000 mangrove areas 0 t e world. km and dominate appro Imately 50% of Mangroves provide direct wood and non­ he tropical coastline between lati 5 wood products and services in terms 32°N and 38·S. he total mangrove area of building oles, charcoal annin in Afn ca is estimated at 3,2 million a, firewood. and shoreline pro ection, Th representing about 19°A of the world complex roo systems help In binding ma ngrov cover. and consol d ting sedtrne ts as well as Man rove areas lay significant ecological. breaking waves, reducinq erosion and ocioeconornic and environmental functions. rovidinq a buffer during storm events. They are amo the mos important Due to th j hig rat 5 or productivit intertidal habi ats for marine and coastal and long te rbon deposition in the fish eries. Local communities gather",f om soil. mangrove serve as reliable carbon man groves, molluscs such as oyster's. sinks. cockles, crabs, and shrimps for local Despite I es functions, mangroves in and commercial needs. In the mangro e Africa have been severely impacted over channels and adjace nt lagoons finfish the ears , with Wes Afri eporting uch as muLlets, anchov , snappers a 20-30% loss and Eas ern Africa an d rabbit fish among others are wide y 8% loss within h pas 25 years (FAO. mangrove forests and their potential for delivering ecosystem services for local people . As a major objective, the temporal change s In forest area and biornass for Kenya mang oves will be de ermined The data will be used 0 classify mangroves of I e pilot area into produ ctive [high biomassl and non­ productive stands. Such a classification is useful in the development of management plans for sustainable util ization of mangrove resources.

Need for high resolution Earlier Initiatives. In the 1990s. to map world mangroves with suf icient details failed because satellite data with coarse spatial resolution !approxima ely 1 km! were used The current World Atlas of Mangroves produced hrough FAO and 0 her organizations used Landsa Imagery and other sources to map 98,6% of lhe world's mangroves. It IS a ma or miles one in mangrove conservation, wilh data of broadly consistent age and resolution. The database enables cornpari ons over geographic space and sets down a baseline for assessing futur al'lg€ er time . Such a global rrn lallve could be lidaled using local da a sets and high- solution satellite dat such a Quick ird, IKONOS or even 5I?CH· r fo~glL ­ i 9 ies. In Kenya. high resolution Quk ird Imagery was su c ully used rae enze species cornposttron of man rove a Gazi bay. T high costs of most commercially ...... ~·a l l ble hi h-resolution sat llite imagery preclude heir rou in use in many developing ountries. Projects without ubstantial fundinq resort to sing free y available Land at trnaqenes and l a L n Cover er ye e a i n p ng. IS rnigh cause p r icutar ..._ ...ai/"1 ems In 1 a tha a rag man ed linear. such as mangroves. In addition e ensive cloud c er Iwhich IS particu rly common in coastal areas} ~al'itre]ff th accuracy and serutne 0 ndsat in map jn~ grove and he associa ed biodlversi y • ... ~ It takes two days to make butt erfly pictures like the one above and three days for the more complicated ones as on the next page. Build ing rearing houses would help this craft to continue to exist. all is ieau iful © PhilippeAnnoyer

DIEUBENI OMONOMA, butterflies Pompidou. When I started, there were 24 pictures artis t. butterfly hunters but now there are only 12ofus. he Dzanga Sangha Reserve Speciele Collection today is mainly in the Ornbela­ de Foret Dense [Special Dense Mpoko region in the Lobaye, in Haute TForest Reserve] some 500 km Sangha and Basse Kotto. It tak es two from Bangui in the Central African days to make sim ple pictures and three Republi c houses thousands of species: days for the more comp li cated ones. mammals [elephants. gorillas, bongos, etc.l, trop ical birds ltouracos, parakeets, What is your actual analysis of the horn bills, etc.l and insects. It is the land environmentaL impact in the places of the pygmies who live in primary forest. where butterflies are collected? Numerous multi- coloured butterflies Insects should be protected in the same are also found and their wings are used way that elephants and gorillas are . For to make pictu res. This craft activity, people from the other countries in the ... The Dzangha-Ndoki Nati onal Par k forms a unique thought to have started in Mexico, wor ld they form true riches in the Central and outs tanding scientific study area because of its pri stin e condition and its location in the heart of the reached the Central African Republic in Afr ican Republic. However, there is no Congo Basin rain forest. © Philippe Annoyer 1965. Working about biodiversity in the law governing the making of pictures Dzana-Ndooki National Parc, the Sangha with butt erfly wings. In 1987, a German blame . Forest exploitation, the cutting of scientific expedition met the artist Dieu proposed one to stop thi s craft activity trees and shrubs for firewood, the settling beni Omonoma. but it came to nothing. It is not the right of people and various resulting impacts solution. This craft must continue to exist. certainly cause more damage than us. With the regulation of catches, we can Dieubeni, when and how did you start to reconcile its existence and the respect of Do you think that it is possible to make these pictures? biodiversity. It is a valuable thing for us reconcile the continuation of this craft I have been catching butterflies for and for our children. and the conservation of butterflies in 20 years. I started with a net and then We often talk about this and we can draw their natural environment? learned trapping techniques with the help up a bulletin of health of the biodiversity We have some ideas . For example, of my father, who bought me my first net. in the areas in which we hunt butterflies. building one or more rearing houses He was a recogn ised artist in the Central There are fewer species in several sites would mean that we could have many African Republic and his nickname was but we do not know if we are really to more wings for mak ing our pictures. And hence create many jobs. I th ink of the pygmies whose knowledge is very useful for the recognition of food plants for the caterpillars in our forest. And also of the sale of our pictures in the Central African Republic and for export. We would make ourselves known all over the world. It is possible. This solution would be a relief for us. It would put an end to discussion of a law that would be difficult to apply ... Lobobunaea acetes [Lepidoptera - SaturniidaeJ. colle cted by the Sangh expedition. is one of the and would make our work sustainable. largest and most spectacular of the moths. And in addition to conserving the various © Philipp e Annoyer species of butterflies, we would learn a lot about their biology.•

.... Digital processing card forming part of the equipment of the latest generati on of ARGDS4 being m anufactured. It quadruples system capacities. co J.D Dallet/Sud s-Concepts

~ Movements of tropical waterf owl such as this Knob-b illed Duck are less predictable tha n those in temperate regions. © Peter Ryan

Keeping e e n Ir routes

or ornithologists, Africa is to env ironmental change, acting as potential vectors for bird-borne diseases fascinating. It sup ports more than indicators of broader ecosystem health. such as avian influenza, but their F2500 species of birds, and is home Knowing where birds go is crucial to movements remain poorly understood in to 24 families that are found nowhere understanding their populations - how sub-Saharan Africa . Unlike the northern else on Earth. This huge diversity is due far they disperse, where their breeding temperate zones, where regular in part to the wide range of habitats, gro unds are, and how they use their migrations are linked to strong seasonal from deserts and tropical fore ts to environment. Since the early 1990s, signals, duck movements in Africa the rich waters of the Southern Ocean. satellite telemetry has been used to appear to be driven mainly by local Unfortunately Africa is also economically track individual birds through the CLS­ variation in rainfall. A study of satellite­ the poorest continent, and habitat is lost ARGOS system. Recent advances with tagged Egyptian Geese is currently as land is cleared, wildlife populati ons are GPS technology give positional data helping to address this knowledge gap. impacted by exploit tion and pollution, accuracy of a few metres, and enable The iconic Southern Ground-Hornbill is and nati e sp ies stru gle to ornpete recording of heading, altitude and being studied at a much finer scale, with with invasive species in redu ed from speed. the emphasis on identifying key habitats other parts of the world. in their large home ranges, some of In the face of such threats, it is crucial Regular migrations which exceed 100 km 2. that we protect our birds because At the Percy FitzPatrick Institute of By using GPS-transmitters, we are able of their immense cultural, spiritual African Ornithology, a DST/NRF Centre to see exactly where the group-living and economic value. Birds provide of Excellence at the University of Cape hornbills spend their time. The Fitz pest control. plant pollination and Town, we use satellite tracking to study hopes to use this data to understand seed dispersal services, generate bird movements for a range of applied why some groups are able to breed tourism revenue and are sensitive projects. Ducks and other waterfowl are successfully almost every year, whereas - -=

... Scientists Jessica Shaw and Ross Wheeler tagging a Ludwig Bustard with an Argos/GPS battery powered PlatformTransmitter Terminal. © Delia Davies

.... Flying Ludwig Bustard. This little known species is now considered endangered. The main threat is collision with power lines. © Peter Ryan others seldom raise any young. but movements in other areas are less suspected. We are also learning more In collaboration with the Royal Society predictable. Power line collisions pose a about their day-to-day habits, roost site for the Protection of Birds and Dalhousie huge threat to Ludwig's Bustards: in the preferences and different foraging habitats. University, we track the movements of Karoo region of South Africa, one bird This information is crucial to several seabird species of conservation is killed per kilometre of line per year. understanding the collision problem, concern breeding at the Tristan da Cunha Tens of thousands of kilometres already mitigating the dangers posed by existing archipelago. Renowned for hosting the criss-cross their remote homeland on an power lines and advising on the position world's most remote human settlement, ever-growing power network, resulting of future ones. the Tristan islands provide breeding in an enormous toll on the population. In 2011, we hope to deploy more devices sites for millions of seabirds, including As a result, Ludwig's Bustard was funded by Eskom, the national power several endemic species of albatrosses recently listed as globally endangered, company. However, with the quality of the and petrels, which are at risk from but what can be done to help this bird spatial data already generated, we are accidental mortality on fishing gear. in a country where the needs of people confident that the use of this technology without electricity must be balanced will translate into real conservation Power line collisions with conservation? benefits for one of southern Africa's The most recent Fitz tracking project special birds.• focuses on the little known Ludwig's Conservation benefits Bustard, w hich is confined to the In 2010, GPS satellite transmitters were Jessica Shaw and Peter Ryan semi-arid pla in s of western South successfully deployed on three bustards. Percy FitzPatrick Institute of African Africa and Namibia. These large birds By gaining several precise positions for Ornithology. University of Cape Town undertake a seasonal migration into each bird every day, we now have the first Rondebosch the winter rainfall area of South Africa, evidence for movements that were only South Africa

.'

' . . ... An estimat ed 100 000 traditional fishers live and work in coasta l communities in Madagasca r. They work at a distance of no more than 10 km from the coast. They use wooden dugouts calle d pirogues, powered by oars, and nets. This sm all-scale fish ing supp lies 70% of the national fish consumption. © David Gough/I RIN

Dr ROLPH A. PAYET, President and Vice­ an oil in dustry. Along the South Afri can Chancellor, University of Seychelles Coast, the re is more mining but al so and Special Advisor to the President of fishery industries. In North Africa , th er e Seychelles, Victoria IMaheJ, Sey chelles. is a variety of in dustri es ranging from shipping to fishing and of cou rse tourism, which plays an important role along the Could you give us a few facts about the coasts Mediterranean coast, the Easter n coast of Africa and the roLe pLayed by the sea? of Africa and Southern Africa. It is also important on the West coast of fr ica is a massive continent with Africa but still developing. Madagascar very different coastlines-on is the largest island. Then we have th e In dian Ocean, the AtLantic islands all around Africa, starting from ... Fish market in Victoria. the capital of Seychelles. A © All rig ht s reserved Ocea n and t he Mediterranean. Different the North w it h Soco tra , all the way com mu nities livin g along these coasts down to Seychelles, Reunion , Mauritius, course many organisations are involved and across Africa have in common a and aro und th e tip of Afr ica, goi ng up, in the management of the coast around high dependency on fish as a source we have t he isl and s alo ng th e coasts of Africa . The other initiative is the Large of protein as the protein diet is very Africa, Guinea-Bissa u, Sao Tom e and Marine Ecosystem approach [LMEl. important In Africa . And in many Principe and Cape Verde. And of course w hic h looks not only at the physical but countries the construction materials we consider them as entire coastal al so the ecosystem, the reso urces and for build ing houses, medicine and other zones. In terms of governance, we have the pollution aspects of the management kinds of products come from the coastal a regional structure. For East Africa, the on the coasta l line and the im m ediat e environment. Nairobi conv ention, for the West coast, marine environment. But challenges are very different. Along the Abidjan convention, and then for th e coast of West Africa, they concern the Nor th coas t of Africa we have the What part do act ivities along the coasts fi sh eri es, the oil in dustry, as well as Barcelona conv ention. represent in African economy? mining in dustr ies. Along the East Coast of These three con ven tions cover the Fisheries are very important. You Africa, there are also fis he r ies, a growing protection and management of the have the subsistence fisheries, where gas industry and soon there might be coasta l and marine environmen t. Now of fishermen depend on this only source of .& Pra slin Isl and in the Seych elles is fam ous for its soft white sa ndy bea ches and its 'Coco de m er ' coco nu ts w hic h only grow on the anc ient giant palm trees in th e Va/lee de Mal nature park, Tour ism pr ovid es abo ut 25% of Seychelles' GDP, © Ax Lange

fact or ies, often exportin g to Eur ope and Concerni ng coa sta l fisheries , the other countries. Seychelles an d Mauritius are m ore adva nce d in th ei r m anagem ent tha n 50% of the world's population will live Comoros and Madagascar for example. within 100 km of the coast by 2030. Is it Pr im arily due to pol itical stab ility and of true in Africa? cou rse bett er m anagem en t and training . Yes. In fact th ere's a high mi gra tion of Mauritius investe d a lot in agricultu ral people towards the coast, obviously development-e.g , the sugar cane becau se there are a lot of econo mic industry-in th e last 50 years or so. So act ivities re lated to touris m. In some they had a serious pollution issu e. Now places like Somalia, the eco nom ic th ey are investing a lot in mitigation .& Pr ote ctive sto ne wall by th e roadside, Seyc helles. activities are relat ed to piracy, so and rem edial me asur es for the coastal © UNEP, GRIDArendal/ Lawrence Hislop people are m ovin g wh er e th e mon ey enviro nme nt. incom e for thei r li vin g. So problem s wi th is. This creates problem s for th e Th ey have a very strong and grow ing fish reso urces can thro w the com m un ity local com mu nit ies as w el l as there is tourism industry wh ich als o cont r ib utes in to extre m e poverty.Then th e local increasi ng com petiti on for food, for to a number of im pacts on the coastline, fisherm en, who are seasonal fishermen, labour... It also brings a number of issues such as pollut ion and confl icts wi th the go ou t to fis h and th en they sell it on like cr ime , ina ppropr iate hou sin g, and all local people. local markets and once the fish seas on sorts of probl ems. Both Madagascar and Comoros have is over they go into som ething else like seri ous issues w ith marine deb ri s agr icu lture . These caree r fish er m en pl ay What type of organisation is the Ind ian an d w aste because of poor w ast e a very im portant ro le; th ey us e very low Ocean Commission [lOC)? m an ag em en t systems pu t in place. im pact fishing me thod s and we interact The IOC is a regional organisation with a Th ey also have a very hiqh level of w it h them for examp le for protecting very wide role concern ing political, enviro ­ poaching [or su bs is te nce fi sh in g] and areas. nmental, social and governance aspects. it th ey stil l use poisoning or dyn amiting Third category, the industr ial fish eries, provides support, networking, exchange of m etho ds for fis hing, whi ch are no with big boats, are long ran ge and they information, trade... for the developm ent of longer very w id esp read in t he In di an fis h big fish like tuna wh ich is for canning all the mem ber states. Ocean cou ntries. ~

end up with poor planning, no land use plan, no development plan whi ch allows development to proceed in a desultory mann er or stim ulates conflict s between di ffere nt activities like fisheries and tourism. So proper planning and proper inve stment in waste managem ent , in pollution control, are all some of th e cr itical challenges.

What are the concrete risks in fact? It is of course climate change , wh ich is an external cause, but we have had significant coral bleaching in the region, and that has an Impact on fisheries as well as on diving Industries. Sea level ri sing and extreme weather events have an impact on beaches, on the coas tlines, and damage cora ls and built up ar eas , The impressi on of people who live on th e coas t is that it is for the holidays and they forget about the actual challe nges happening there. In fact, th e coastal zone will remain one of th e most significant hot spots in the planet in th e next decade or millennia . And more ... Envisat in ESA ESTEC centre. Launched in 2001, this Earth observi ng sa te llite vastly improved the and more people wi ll want to liv e on the range and acc ura cy of scienti fic measurements of th e atm osphere, oceans, land surface and ice. coast and there wi ll be a lot of pressure © ESA!AVan Der Geest and of changes along the coast. Peop le will make investments and all sor ts of ~ What are the main stakes related to The Global Ocean Observing System developments to deal with the issu e of sustainable development in 10C? [GOOS] is a UNESCO initiative. They climate change. They are primarily supported by the coordinate ocean-observing activities, The impact of pollution as well will be European Uni on through the Cotonou and we do have sometim es research important. As we see in the case of Convention whi ch is the Europe an Union vessels and monitoring vessels here Japan with the tsunami, the destruction Agreement with the African, Cari bbean in the Indian Ocean. GOOS funded the caus ed by extreme events can have a and Pacifi c gr oup of sta tes [ACP]. The project cal led "WIO- Lab" West Indian significant impact for people who live EU channels a lot of regional initiatives Ocean la nd sources of pol lution. on the coast. And I think the coa stlines through the 10C; for example, we had a One of the biggest proj ects we had in are not adequately addressed and tuna tagging project in the West Indian a region wa s the Angola and Somalia repre sented even at the political level Ocean to look at the ir migratory patterns Current Ecosystem Project. The vessel s becau se people are mo re concer ned in order to determine sustainable undertook research and collected marine with city and urban issue s or mainland fisheries. biotype in order to det ermine the status issu es than with what is happ ening on We have had a very long-to be com plet ed of the marine environment. the coas t. • at the end of 2011- EU-f unded coastal zone management proj ect cal led What are the main challenges you face? RECOMA. The aim is to develop a pr ot ocol The first is capa city, th e capa city of the for the management and protection of people, adequate tra in ing . The second the coastal zone of eastern Africa. There is awareness at all levels. There is a were a series of demonstration sites set lot more now than before, particularly up, an exten sive educational programme among young people. Schools tra in the and al so a training programme in all teachers so that they can have a very the coun tri es.The other platform is the integrated approach to management and Nairobi convention [IOC is a member introduce sustainability principles. Right of th e Nairobi Convention]' Through now at the university we are developing that al so, a num ber of regiona l projects a professional course in sustainable fund ed by the Global Envi ronment development and management and Facility [GEF) have bee n im plem ented also spec ifi c modules of su sta inable ... SEAS- DI antenna being installed [N ovemb er at th e region al level to look at sour ces development. 2011J. The Surveillance de IEnvironnement Assistee par Satellite dans i'Oceen Indien rem ot e sensi ng of pollution, marine debris and trans­ The third issu e is enforc em ent and pr oje ct invo lves IRD, th e Regional Coun cil an d boundary issues when it com es to management and planning. As a re sult Univer sit e de La Reuni on. migratory species and other organism s. of lack of capa city and knowledge, you © J.P. Caminade, IGR, IRD- Reunion ... Santa Maria fishing port [Cape Verdel. Wall painting showing the importance of fishing in the island and especially tuna. © Marie-NoelleFavier (Indigo (IRQ

ocated in central Africa south of the name 'Palaies', have difficulty in selling fish sellers better practices for processing equator, the Sao Tome and Principe the catches. There are no storage facilities [drying, salting, smokingl and better sale of Larchipelago possesses fishery for fish and processing capacity is small, catches. resources that could play an important role conditions of hygiene are inadequate In In recent years, with the support of the in its economy and in food self-sufficiency. village communities, the local market is government of Sao Tome and Principe and The archipelago has an exclusive economic small, etc. IFAD [the International Fund for Agricultural zone [EEl] that is large for the region Since the end of the 1990s, a small Sao Development], MARAPA has concentrated [160 000 krn-l in which abundant fishery Tome non-governmental organisation has its work on the structuring of a chain for the resources are concentrated from May to nonetheless tried to change the situation. sale of fresh fish packed in ice between the October as a result of the local mingling of The goal is the modernisation of traditional capital and the isolated, richer fishing zones masses of water in the Gulf of Guinea. The techniques and the stimulation of sales south of the island of Sao Tome. A fish selling catches of small-scale fishing represent chains. The NGO MARAPA [Mar Ambiente cooperative has had technical assistance 70% of the animal protein required by the e Pesca Artesanal] has thus succeeded in from the NGO since 2005, especially for the population and nearly 30 ODOpeople [2D% of introducing prao type outrigger canoes that conservation of fish in ice and transport to the population] depend directly or indirectly the capital. on this sector for their survival. However, However, MARAPA runs up against Sao Tome and Principe profits little or not numerous obstacles. For example, at all from its rich waters and small-scale strong resistance to change in village fishing is experiencing an inevitable crisis communities with deep-seated traditions with disastrous effects in the short term for and enormous logistic difficulties in a the population of this small country that is country with decaying infrastructure. one of the poorest in the world. This means that the achievements of the The first problem is that the state does not project are mixed and its survival cannot have sufficient capability to control this vast be guaranteed in the long term. maritime territory and, unfortunately, the But Sao Tome fishing does not have the resource is pillaged by a foreign industrial ... Small-scale fishing provides 70% of the animal choice if it wishes to survive. Current protein required by the population of the archipelago. fishing fleet with few scruples. Then there practices are not viable and there are already © MARAPA is a lack of means. Fishing is still carried signs of the exhaustion of coastal resources. out on a small scale by under-equipped, are more suited to navigation conditions. Ongoing rural exodus towards coastal urban little-organised fishermen. Their dug-out For several years it has tested the use of areas will irremediably increase the food canoes are heavy and not easy to manoeuvre fish aggregation devices [FAD) in the high dependence of a strongly growing population and they cannot go far enough from the seas that will in the future enable fishermen on fishery products. In the light of the coast to exploit pelagic resources that are willing to sail far from the coast to maintain issues, the actions of MARAPA are terribly nonetheless abundant in the EEl. To this is reasonable catches. With the support necessary but seem clearly insufficient. (f) added the use of techniques with disastrous of various partners, it has performed effects-explosives, seine fishing with a net numerous actions to promote awareness Bastien Loloum Zuntabawe whose mesh is too small-that regulations and to provide training in responsible fishing Lda Bom Despacho that are too timid cannot control. On land, techniques that conserve marine and coastal Republica Dernocratica the female fish sellers, going by the local ecosystems at the national scale, has shown de SaoTome e Principe

... Mr Kassa lNational Meteoro logy Agency in Addis Ababa. Ethiopia) is working wit h satellite receiving stations providing meteoro logical information for short term forecasts. © J.D Dallet /Sud s-Concepl s

fri ca IS a huge continent and What sho uld Afr ica do? It has to participates in global enviro nmental address ri sks. If th ey are natural. you monitorin g a n d ec o n o m i c cann ot avoid th em bu t you hav e to development efforts . So Africa has to redu ce their impact on th e econom ic , acc ept to comply w ith international socia l an d env ironmen tal sectors. agreements suc h as the implementation How ? First, you have to devel op a ri sk of Ag end a 21 on Susta inable DevelOp­ redu ct ion strat egy and integrat e it into m ent and th e Millenn ium Devel opment devel opment fram ew orks. To do so , yo u goa ls . Sus ta ina ble Development is based mus t see wh at th e areas are an d w here on three pillars - the environment, the stra tegy should focus.Th is has to socia l issues and the econo my - an d all come up wi t h your poli cy; you need to are concerned by risks. have th e overall pol itical co m m it m ent of Devastatio n by floods, earthqua kes or policymakers. With out it you cannot do fir es have impacts on th e envi ro nm ent , anything. goods and services and lea d to destruction of social services such as Strengthening institutions roa ds and schools. Drou ght affects The seco nd objective is to im prove the ... Artist's view of a Meteosat Second Genera tion food security an d livelihood in general; gover nan ce of in stit uti on s dealing with IMSGI. The European weather satell ites operate in geoslalionary orbit at 00 longitude over the West dro ught and locust s invasion s affect disasters or r isk redu cti on issu es. You coast of Africa. cro p producti on . To th ese we have have to enha nce their know le dge , to © ESA-D. Ducros to add m an -made disast ers suc h as assess and ide ntify the kin d of risks deforest ation , urbani zat ion and land an d di saster s and the to ta l im pact th ey Afr ica have been initiated. However degra dation. wou ld have on the econo my. Th en you these institu t ions have limitations: A lot of peop le are concerned by r is ks. must also t ry to integrate al l that into som e of the m have low capacity; others Dur ing the yea rs 2000 -200 1, 35 m illion emergen cy res po nse mecha nis m s. do not do their j obs pr oper ly. We ne ed people were affected by di sasters Nowadays, co un tries have co me up with to strengthe n them at co nti nen tal, In Africa. Disa st ers or r isks have institution s at differen t levels. To some re gional an d nation al levels. This is become an impediment for Sustainable exten t, appro pr iate policies to address the cha l len ge . Bu t we do not need to Developmen t. r isk re duction and devel op m ent in crea te new institutions to devel op th e A Soma li wome n was h clothes in Hood-waters at an internal displaced persons camp in Arare, 12 km from Jamam e, sou thern Soma lia 120061. Thousands of Somalis have been displaced by what is descr ibed as the worst fl oods in th e country in 10 year s. © Manoocher Deghati/lRIN

a good tool for sup po rti ng th e caus e of Satellite data/in formation can be used Sus tai na ble Deve lopm en t. In add ition to as an early w arni ng system or tool by th e poli cy ma kers, we hav e to in crease identifying r isk s bef ore consequences th e awaren ess of th e gen eral public. occur, for in st an ce for drought, flood s Sat ellite data can help here too, By or food security, You can then inte gra te using time ser ies sh owing the impact disaster risk in eme rgency resp on ses. of di sasters su ch as deforestation, Applications ca n eve n be broader: it can drought and erosion, w e can explain be used for monitor ing the env ironm ent 'Thi s is what is happening because as is seen in AME SD. Sate llite techno lo gy you are do ing th is or th at; you have to can provid e data / infor m ation for refrain from putt ing too mu ch st ress on integrated plan nin g. For example if th e enviro nm ent', you have achieved go od territorial A This man arrives in July 2011 in Badbaado cam p planning and land use planning. you IMogadishu, Som alia], established for inte rn ally Monitoring the environment are in a good position to im plem ent displaced people affected by the worsening We can pre se nt t his to technici an s but Sust ainable Development. Africa is too drought in Somalia . African Union-United Nations I think that sc hools would be th e best big to hav e this kind of detail planning Infor mati on Suppor t Team. © Start Price becau se th ey are the m ost outre ac hing on th e ground. Th e use of sat el lite r ight strategies and mechanisms to str uc tures, Secondary and ele me ntary data / in forma tion m ak es it eas ie r and address disast er ri sk s. We al so want schools in remote areas wh ere you can ch ea per. to improve our use of new te chn ologies show a film are most sui ta ble . Pu pils Of course the re are lim its. Th e ma in on es l ike satel li te data / information, not only w il l tell their parents, th e co m m unity are edu cation, awa reness and cr eatio n: for r isk ass essm ent and ma nagement and he lp to init ia te the m ove towards we need to show people what happ en s bu t al so to incr ease awareness of po licy Sust ain able Development. after a certain tim e of m ismanagement makers of th e is sues at hand. If you Thi s is w hat is happen ing in Nganyi Village or action. Look at forests: there is a wa nt to ach ieve th eir political will, you in we st ern Kenya where com m unity level movement to make sure that every pi ece ca n use satel lite data / information or interaction incl udes sc hoo ls , youth and of wood used is certified as com ing from satellite im age s to show the extent of community in indigenous knowledge sustainably managed forests. Bu t thi s disasters. Africa is a big continent and integration in disaster ri sk redu ction after generates a big deb ate about priorities. w ith satellite im aging you can show a the release of local leve l sea sonal cl im ate People agree tha t acc ess to market is large affect ed area in one scene. This is fore cast s. a deve lop ment issue an d it is difficult ~ ... Degradaled land between Mojo and Nazareth neanAddis Ababa, Ethiopia , Wark neo;h and his nephews Tirunesh and Salamnn, on lhelr way la gel wood far cookmg. ~ J.D DallellSuds-Concepl5

thiopia is endowed with a wide va­ country. or these, pul ses, coffee, Ilves­ uve, and as a result the community is riety of SOil types lying in juxtapo ­ lock and chat are sold 10 the internatio­ abjectly impoveri shed. Esition on plains, valleys, undulating nal market. contri buting significantly to The amounl of annual soil movement and rugged hills nd mountains. and other the Ethiopian GNP. Some 27 million ha [lossI by erosion is estimated to range landforms. The Increased toss of forests representing approximately 50% of the from 1248-23400 million tons per year and vegetation cover In natural and far­ highlands are already highly degraded. from 78 million ha of pasture and rang e ming landscapes over the (as! three to five The Hararghie highlands [Orornia Re­ lands and cultivated fields whi ch account decades resulted In high rates of soil ero­ gion, easte rn Ethiopia!. Tigrai [Tiqrai for about 65% of Ethiopi a's land surface, sion. Loss of SOi l fert ility, decreased crop Region, northern Ethiop ia!. Walla and Associated with he soil movement IS the and livestock productivity and siltation and Semen Shewa highLands (Amhara Re­ loss 01 15.6, 2,16, and 5,85 million tons of con aminalion or water resource s. gion , north-central and northern Ethio­ organic matter, nitrogen. and phospho ­ Rugged terrain, heavy human and lives­ pial. Gamo Gofa highlands and he BHate rus, respec ively, Of lesser importance tock pressure, and poor conservation River Basin (South ern Region, southern is chemical degradation of soil s in urb an measures have further aggravated the Ethiopia] are among th e most seriously settings result ing in soil contarninatron soil deterioration. Appalling scenes of degraded land surfaces in Ethiopia. from tOXIC compounds released from in­ land degradation are consequently WIt­ dustrial and rnunicrpal wastes. nessed today In vast areas of the country, Loss of organic matter Unless timely measures such as conser­ These Interwoven problems will directly Poor soil and water conservation mea­ vation tillage. planling of appropriate affect the sustainability of natural re­ sures coupled with little vegetation cover, trees for restoration purposes, compos­ source management and the Livelihoods sloping terrain and bad farming practices ling, crop ro ation , erracing, construc­ of the rural poor: have resulted In the land degradation for ting micro-dams, and soil chemical The Ethiopian highlands are the most example between Modjo and Nazareth, amendments, etc. are taken, most of the intensively cultivated areas, with more near Addis Ababa Ethiopian land under the current envi­ than 88% of Ethiopia's population de­ Because 01 serious deforestation in the ronmental pressure will continue to be pending on these areas for agriculture. area the surface soil material has been further degraded and at some pL aces The cereal. livestock. 'enset'. coffee, completely removed , leaving the land may even turn into desert. Such concern s pulses, root crops and chat cultures bare and subject to erosion . Consequent­ are raised at conferences held by the are among the most prominent in the ly. the land has become totally unproduc- Elhiopian Soil Science Society IESSS!. .6 Bal ainesh and Adelgaino picking colfee at th err plantation In Wondo Genel. in the Sidamo reg ion, tamou s tor 115 high quality coff ee. Calf e IS Ethlopi '5 largest export. wh IChgenerates 60% of its tota l export earnrngs. ilJ J OOalletlSuds·Concepls the Forum for Environment. Forum for Genet tend to grow coffee together with at regional level. It will also give more de­ Social Studies and others. The Ministry of other crops which could be considered as tailed information of the sections of IGAD Agriculture. the Ethiopian Environmenlal a soil erosion mitigation measure tool. countries experiencing severe degrada­ Protection Authority [EPA!. regional col­ Satellites will help in the near future to tion so that appropriate planning of the leges and universities of agriculture. and manage the land degradation risk. The national resources could be insti tuted. individual researchers at universi ties, re­ Ministry of Agriculture started using sa­ search organizations and NGOs are quite tellite imagery to assess the woody bio­ Pr. Fisseha Itanna often the ones taking lhe lead in addres­ mass of the country in mid-1990's, which Faculty of Life Sciences sing this issue. was active until about 2004 when the College of Natural Sciences An example of mitigation of land degra­ Project phased out. The Woody Biomass Addis Ababa University dation could be seen beginning from Project was supposed to build capacity In E htopia Arsi Negele up to Awasa and further usmq satellite data to assess the 5 atus of South. This IS mainly due to traditional woody vegetation cover, which could have soil conservation practices such as aqro­ been expanded to cover documenting and forestry. mulching. crop rotations and monitoring land degradation . But this did other Similar measures. We were able not materialize and there has not been to observe a good amount of freus rees any effort to build capacity of the Minsitry rruxed With a variety of both vegetable and to make use of the satellite data. agronomic crops. Moreover he farmers have a tradition of growing crops such as Building capacity with AMESD onions, soybeans and potatoes during the In this sense AMESD IGAD service may early rarny period which they replace with help in building capacity 10 enable mem­ wheat imme diately after harvest: thereby, ber countries to assess and monitor land intro ducing crop rotation In their farms at degradation. the same time keeping lhe land covered The first objective is 10identify extent and with vegetation throug houl mosl of the severity of land degradation at the regio­ year, Coffee is known to be an important nal and national levels and to Identify source of income to many farmers. It also local spots for comprehensive assess­ .6 F 11 n" examining crops With farmers AbdlJS3 brings substantial amount of foreign ear­ ment. Its outputs aim to support policy ,-, rr n I FilfUk A n r r Ar i Npg It>, E'hl rllil nings 0 the coun ry. Farmers In Wondo decisions for combating land degradation r.: Ual ~llSuds cncems ~ Diss ection of Anoph eles mosquitoes in the vil lage of Maga in northern Cameroon using a portable bin ocular mi cr oscop e. © Carlo Coslanlini/ lndigo/ IRO

~ to find the right balance between have to network and enhance capacity at environment protection and boosting that level by training. We have trained a the economy. number of experts with PUMA, and now Concerning the use of satellite data, we there is training with AMESD, but there need a policy framework and strategy are not enough trained experts, Th is at the continental level and countries is partly because, when trained, they must develop national strategies, adapt leave for better opportunities. Staff the continental strategy to regional turnover is high and affects the project specificitie s. or sector, The solution is to train more One of the areas where disaster risk experts. Financing is also a limitation, institutions fail is access to data / Whatever we have is not implemented information. When it is available as desired due to the lack of resources and used properly, it can ameliorate and capacity. their capacity. So improving access Disasters seriously affect development. to data/information is a challenge. In We have to keep reserve funds for some cases, it is available freely, like emergency situations and re lief Meteosat data which is given to Africa. activities, Rather than financ ing However, it is of low resolution and to Sustainable Development alone, we complement it you have to buy high need to suppor t efforts that would resolution wh ich is still very expensive. reduce disaster risks and their Nevertheless. w ith what we have, we consequences. For instance, we lack can already do a lot. Implementation at funds for buy ing equipment and if we the country level. i.e. in the environment get some through fore ign support it and agricultural sectors, is difficult. simply becomes obsolete after the This is as a result of lack of access to project expires. It is a very vicious circle. satellite data / infor mati on as satellite But if we are dedicated to achieving data ground receiving stations are Susta inable Development goals as located in the Meteorological Services, well as participating in international which are not networked with other environment monitoring systems, institutions. particularly those based on satellite technologies, we need to maintain the More trained experts needed infrastructure put in place with the help Linkage between institutions is of fore ign support, such as AMESD ,. deficient. The question is 'w ho shou ld use the data / information?' For Or Debalkew Behre instance, the national level might IGAD [Intergovernmental sometimes have capacity but when it Authority on Development] comes to district level it is different. We Djibouti, Republic of Djibouti

power com pany, had problems with fire deve lopi ng und erneath th eir 28 000 km of transmi ssion lines. The smoke ioni ses the air, creating a pat h th rough which electrici ty arcs to the gro und. Wild land fi res can then cause fl ashovers, w hic h severely affect electr icity su pply to industries, caus ing im portan t eco nomic loss es. We told Esk om: 'w e can prove to you that we can do som ething and we w ill do it free for a sta rt'. The archi tecture of the system was ori ginally based on the MODIS Rapid Response Web. But MODIS [Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectro Radiometerl only fli es over for fifteen minutes twice a day. So it may miss many. So we decid ed to integrate data from METEOSAT Second Generation [MSGI. w hich provid ed data every 15 mi nutes . At first, peop le were sce ptical. But th e CSIR SAC [Satellite Applicati on Centre ] in collabora tion w ith David Taylor developed th e MSG Fir e Tracker softwa re pack age and it worked perfectly: over th e next year, the alert system detected 65 % of all fires that caused outa ges. So Eskom agreed to assure the main fu nding for the development and implemen tati on of AF IS. Techn ically, one of the problems to solve is th e diff icul ty to give access to the data onli ne via Int ernet. ,6. Smoke plumes fro m burning fire s over South Sudan. Agricultural fires in the regi on are comm on during the dry season beginning in November. The lu sh gre en area runni ng from the top left to the bott om centre EUMETCast receiving station of the image is th e Sudd, one of Africa's largest fl oodp lains, providing watering and feeding grounds for So w e look for an alternative system migratory fauna . Envisat/M ERIS im age © ESA 2006 using EUMETCast, the dissemination mechan ism for the EUMETSAT satellite. Pproximately 600 people die and people mi les away from w here it started. South Afr ica has about 20 receiving over 4 000 are injured annually in I und erstood that we cou ld prevent this st ations. We produce data and se nd ASouth Africa as a result of fire, and kind of disaster if we had a more pro­ it th rough Internet to EUMETSAT in the se blazes cause m ore than 50 m illion active information syste m , int egratin g Dar m stadt [Ger m anyl. th ey send it to Euros' wo rth of dam age to property more data sources. the satellite which di stributes it to every every year. Fire is respon sible for m any So in 2003 w e star ted develop ing the EUMETCasl receivin g sta tion. Within diseases related to constant smoke, like Advanced Fire Inf ormati on Syst em a minute or tw o we can distribu te ou r asthma. It also has an impa ct on climate [AFIS] as a se rvice module of th e Wide infor ma tion to all the South African change, lan d cover, the productivity of the Area Monitoring Inf orm ati on Syst em . countries . All it needs is a very low cos t vege tation and it opens up the landscape . WAMIS provides continuous data st reams fixed ante nna and with our applicati on When you fly a pla ne or you look at captured and processed by the Sou th the cl ient can display and analyse th e satellite im ages you can see a r iver of African Nat iona l Space Agency [SANSA infor m ation on his deskt op. smoke coming from Ang ola , flow ing over for m er ly CSIR - Satelli te Application The AM ESD project provides th e key Zambia, Bot swana and Mozambique. It Centre] at Hartebeesthoek, near Pretor ia, fu nct ion of both pr ovidi ng EUMETCast stays all the year and can reach Au st rali a. as well as by the Meraka Institu te in sta tions to all fi re- related institutions in A dramatic event convinced m e to devote Pretoria. It aims to deliver fire information SADC and to prov ide add it ion al fu nding to my career to fi re. In September 2001 a products to researchers, Fire Protect ion expan d on the existing AFIS field terminal very big fi re disaster ki l led 23 peop le in Agencies and Disaster man agers all over concept. It al so provides key traini ng to the Krug er Par k. At that time we recei ved Southern Africa in support of decis ion­ re gional users. Concerning coop erat ion NOAA satellite data. As I had to write the making in the monitoring of fi res. It is the and partnerships, SAFNET, the Southern final re port on th is event, I mapped th is first near real time operational sate l li te Africa Fire Network, of which I am one data and cou ld clearly see where the fire m onitori ng system in Southern of the coordinators, brings together fire started, when it crossed the road , Afr ica. We were looki ng for fin ancing and sc ien tis ts fr om the region as well as th e change in w ind direction that killed heard tha t Eskom, Sout h Af r ica's biggest from abroa d to work on satellite-b ased ... Top, Philip Frost, near a sate llite data receiving an te nna at the CSIR of Pretoria, South Afri ca. Bott om left , his colleagues Bruno Meyer and Daniel Matsapol a in th e Satellite Application center at Hartebeesthoek. © J.D Dallet!Suds-Concepts. Bottom r ight, a fire dang er billboard used to wa rn pop ula tio n. © All rights reserved

fire produ cts th at coul.d provide a better fr om the USA, Japan, Chin a and Brazil un derstandi ng to coun tries govern m ent s and software th at w e di str ib ute fr eely on th e im portance of fire management. to local te rt ia ry educa ti on ins titutions. Peopl e cannot un der stan d w hy 64 % of Europea n parti cip ati on has not yet th e count ry burns every year in An gola , m aterialised due to budg et reaso ns . But, 58% in Zambia... for the SADC re gio n, data dem ocracy We are going to produce for each country is now supported throu gh AMESD for 10 years of dat a on a DVD w ith veget at ion dissemination of data and training. (i) time se ries, after fire time se r ies , burned area and give it to fire spec ialists with Phi lip Frost the open source soft w are. People w ill Senior sci entis t be able to ana lyse al l that and produce CSIRMeraka Institute. Pretoria ma ps and ima ges they can show to South Africa pol iti cians. Thi s w ill help th eir cou ntry for bet ter fire m ana gem en t and , globally, ad op t sus ta ina ble develo pm en t policies. More glo bal ly, conce rni ng di sast er managem ent, the CSIR has promoted the data demo cra cy initiative since 2008, und er the respon sibility of my colleague Dan iel Matsapola: It is based on four pillars: data access, softwa re and tools, dat a dissem ination and capacity developm ent. The first output of data democracy is th e FU ~IDISA [teach in ... South African pow er company con ducts con trol­ local la ng uagel di sc. It is a hard di sc led burns at ni ght to clear brush near the lines. contain ing data that we now rece ive free © Hein Vosloo/Eskom

I(T for sustainable developme t

frica faces significant defi cit not on ly more than China and more than India!' and co ntine ntal in frastr ucture netw orks in Information and Communication PIDA was lau nc hed on 24 Ju ly 2010 In and se rv ices . Increased regi on al ATechnology [ICTJ but in all m ajor Kam pa la . Uganda, on th e sidel ines of integration is im portant in ens uri ng infrastructures in ge nera l, resu lting in the 15th Afr ica n Uni on head s of state sus ta ina ble devel opm ent in Af r ica . ICT increa sed pro duc tion and tran sacti on and government su m m it. It is a joint is co ns idered as an enab ler cr osscutting cos ts , red uced co mpetitiveness of initiative of th e A fr ica n Union Com m issio n through Infras tr uc ture pr ogra m mes businesses, th erefore affec ting the rate of [AUC). the New Partne rsh ip for Africa 's like Energ y, Transp ort, etc in view of it s econom ic and socia l development on th e Devel opment INEPAD) Secret ari at and inhe re nt mu ltiplier effe cts. continent. Numerous ICT statisti cs poin t to the Afr ica n Development Bank IAfDBI Th e PIDA programme is a continua tion th e fact that Africa is the most unc onn ect ed Group, from the Connect Africa Init iative continent. low numbers of hou seh olds PIDA's objective is to merge all co ntine ntal w hic h was launched in October 2007 w ith com puter and working internet, low in fra structure Initiatives int o a single in Kiga li, Rwanda Th is is a continental access to int ern et for age group of 16 yea rs cohe re nt pro gram me for th e ent ire in itiative for m ob ilizing resources for an d above, low numbers of custom ers w ith continent. Th e overall goa l of PIDA is to the impleme ntat ion of infrastr ucture access to broa dba nd, etc promote soci o-economic develop me nt develo pme nt prog rammes rela ted to and poverty redu cti on in Africa through co nnec tivity in Africa. In both cases, PIDA Challenges facin g Africa in ICT: improved access to integrated regi onal an d Connect Afr ica, th ere was a good • Lack of connec tivity, accessibility and suppor t fr om th e lead er sh ip of Africa affordability in all rural and rem ot e w hich is an in dicat ion of political will, areas constituting over 70% of th e total These initiatives/pro gram me foc us on popu lati on of about 900 mi llion people; developme nt of huge capaci ties aro und • Lack of appropriate access net w or ks and ins ide Africa to support broadb and due to the geo graphical terrain of th e co m m unication, and at tne sam e conti ne nt; ti m e create more access to th e large • Connecting Africa to Africa and within popu la tion. Wh ile various submarine fiber Afri can countr ies themselves in a cos t­ cable projects are bein g implemented, effec tive way; several sate llites earm ar ked for la unc h • Afr ica is an is land in the mi ddl e of the will provide coverage for Afr ica . Tog eth er ICT sea and the la ndlocked countries are w ith other technol ogi es, all of th em w ill an ar ch ipelago of islan ds: be com ple me nting one an oth er. • Th e development of ICT in Afr ica is a driver for socio- econ omic deve lopme nt The dream of the future bu t rem ain s a burden for the fr agile This reminds me of the drum wh ic h has populations ; been pro duc ing drumbeats as a m ean s of • Low broadband penetration leading to com mu nica tions for one hundred years very high costs. until today. The sounds produced are li ke Addressing these challenges it requires bitrates w hich send different me ssage s at a conti nenta l integrated approach diffe re nt ti m es. Th ese are talking drums w hic h not only focuses on connecting Th ey st ill exist today in numerous Afr ican Afr ica to th e rest of the world but also coun tries in vil lages to annou nce somber connec ti ng Africa to Africa and within news, to call a meeting and as a hera ld . Africa n cou ntries th emselves. Reg ional The ma nner of bea ting th e talkin g drums integration is necessary to overcome conveys important prior infor m ation. the lim itatio ns of Africa 's small and Peop le ad m ire drums and th e beat s frag m en ted eco no m ies. beca use th ey have been sustai ned for ma ny years, We now know that ICT, w hich PIDA'S objectives is a source of information, com m unicatio n Thi s drive is co ntained in A fr ica Vision and kn ow ledge, can be a vital too l for 2040 of the Program m e for Inf ras truc ture sus tai nab le devel opment and Africa Devel opment in Af rica IPIDAI which alms needs th e drum and drumbeats In other at enab ling "Any Africa n anywhere in Africa A RASCOM-QAF 1R satellite under integration. w or ds m ore th an ever be fore to be part to reach the IP world {voice and data} at Placed in geostati onary orbit at an altitude of of th e wo r ld in forma tion society Welcom e 36000 km, th e sate lli te provides telecommunica­ to the drums and enjoy th e so und s of the affordable price. It also aims at efficient tion se rvices at the sca le of Africa. usage and management of ICT resources Thales Alerua Space. © Serge Henri drumbea ts . • for increased literacy, poverty reduction and Or J ones Ki ll im be support of socioeconomic development and A Attoungb lan sac red drum pl ayers mo nu me nt Direct or Gen er al & CEO, RASCOM near Abidjan Airport [Ivory Coast ]. The sound of Ab idja n regional cooperation. It is estimated that thi s powe r ful twin tal kin g drum is a call to action. Africa's population will jump to 1,5 billion, © Jones Kil limbe Ivory Coas t

... Art training is part of education. This village painting was presented during the 'Draw the city' project by primary school pupils of the Doctor Albert Schweitzer foundation. © Sebastien Cailleux/EDMV

oday, Africa must face the or intensify and even become a daily The CI\JES, an active player In challenges of sustainable reality. They must be taken into account spatial remote sensing, sets up and Tdevelopment and adaptation to urgently and in a coordinated manner. In participates in projects using imaging climate change. It is also a developing addition, the increasing populations of and observation. It is also involved in continent but suffers from major developing countries and accompanying the Indian Ocean region via concrete handicaps such as weak infrastructure explosive urban growth contribute to research and training actions and has and higher education and inadequate aggravating the vulnerability of our special relations with scientists. In resources devoted to training and environment. Madagascar, it supports the Comite research. These problems of resources National Teledetection ICNT) and are accompanied by and possibly cause Initiation of capacity building policies participates in training workshops and a brain drain. Although this is a global Remote sensing IS a particularly teaching for an international master's phenomenon, in Africa it is a serious appropriate tool for facing the urgent in 'Remote Sensing and Natural Risks'. problem for the development of the challenge of adaptation and the everyday One of the main preoccupations of this continent. management and monitoring of risks programme is the initiation of capacity Our environment IS subjected to and catastrophes at various local and building policies in Africa to achieve natural and man-made disturbances regional scales. It is also an essential a critical mass of experts capable of operating on very varied temporal and tool for the monitoring and assessment conducting processing and analysis spatial scales. They can cause serious of environmental changes and for locally. imbalances and trigger catastrophic prevention. With the ever-increasing and sometimes dramatic situations, precision of digital images, an increasing Research programmes especially in zones with high population nu m be r of sate lli tes devoted to obse rvi ng The CNES also carries out actions in density, with serious consequences for the Earth and the environment, spatial Reunion Island. Another example of the various socioeconomic sectors. remote sensing images are turning into cooperation is the Kalideos/BD Isles The Indian Ocean zone is particularly everyday items. They are becoming the project aimed at providing regional exposed to natural risks that threaten most effective, simple and cheapest researchers and stakehol.ders with a populations and the environment in a method of obtaining information about database of pre-processed satellite recurrent and random manner. In the the surface of the world. Applications image data. The regional community has present context of climate change, for images and spatial data are thus since adopted this concept and decided these risks may evolve, multiply and/ developing strongly. to set up a multi-satellite receiving Tha/esAlenia pace

A The Sen tine l -3 satellites of the GMES European proje ct wi ll pro vide high-accuracy opt ical , radar and alt im etry data for marine and land se rvi ces . Th ey w ill com e ou t from th is Assembly Integration and Test s IAI TI ro om . Thales Ale nia Space © Yoann Obrenovitch

~ st ation . Univer si ties and re sea rch all the islands in the w este rn India n governance in m any African coun tries ; in cen tres are also followi ng an d mu st take Ocea n, a larg e part of Mozam bi que, addition, high e r educ ati on and resea rch up th eir par t of th e cha llenge by setti ng part of Tan zani a, Swazila nd , part of are not a mong th e pr iorities of those wh o up trainin g as w ell as operatio ns and Zim ba bwe and part of South Africa an d govern. North -South partne r sh ips must resea rch programmes. the two ma jo r m aritime zones for med be devel op ed in Africa to provide high ­ In the Indian Ocean zon e, a large project by the weste rn In dian Ocean and th e level training and to halt th e brai n drain. If) for setti ng up an installation for th e Mozam bique Channel. reception an d processing of satellite Regional and int ernational cooperation Pr Hassan Ben ch er if im ages is being carried out in Reunion an d suppo rt for re search and the Uni versi te de La Reunion, Lab oratoire Island, th e SEAS- OI faci lity [Surveillance devel opm ent of spatial appl ica tions must de l'Atrnos phere et des Cyclon es [L ACy] de /Environneme nt Assistee par Satellite al l be co nt inued and amplified. How eve r , CNRS/ Universi te / Meteo-France dans I'O cean Indienl. Th is techn ological it also seem s clear that th e success of Saint - Oenis La Reunion platform is a regional coop eration tool in Afr ica also requires th e education and the so uth-w es t In di an Ocean an d invo lves trai ning of Afri ca ns in Af r ica. Th is nee ds Pr Solofo Rakotond raomp iana th e Reun ion Regiona l Council, In stitut ambi tious policies an d prog ra m me s to Rem ote Sensin g and Environm ent al de Recherche pour le Developpement support an d devel op Af r ican un iversities Geop hysics Laboratory Inst itute & [IRO ] and Universite de La Reunion. Th e in partnership with their counter par ts in Observatory of Geophysics SEAS -O I faci l ity wi l l receiv e images and th e northern co untr ies. Antan an arivo [IOGA) data fro m sen sors on board sate l l ites, Th ere are obvio us ly numerou s brakes to University of Antan an arivo w it h broad geog raphical coverage of this, especia lly as there are prob lems of Madagascar • Back from the market, 'Ecole d'al C1U village' of POIO·Poto lBrilzZ

an a minister of education declde to have a school Nevertheless. th school was rebuilt elsewhere, demolished in the name of respect 01 the spirit of a place There are many similar examples in Africa of developments that (Genius locil-the belief that some places have a tutelary disorganise social life and destroy places that are important spirit? Yes, replied the minister f education of Benin in the late for beliefs or identity. In fact, people very often express silent 19905 . Located in one of the historical dlst rids of he town of resistance, a kind of inertia that It would be wrong to understand Porta -Novo ll.okossal. I e school in question had been built asjust a refusal of 'progress' or 'Simplistic resistance' 0 change. recently bu on the square of the district and the tocals wished to free this, 'I wore out the pa rence of the mlssionaries Indeed, the area had been reserved since time immemorial for Insulted the benefactors of humanity I.. ,J radilional Iestivities. weddings, baptisms funerals etc. It was The breadth of my perversity leaves me confused!' also next to lhe town's larg market and was used as a welcome overflow on busy days. The building of the school made the Airne Cesaire ICahier ti'un retour au pays natall • square smaller, making the holding of community festivals difficult in the district and at the same lime the lively market Alain Godonou, Benin was a handicap for the school. Its demolition was a strong Director, Dvision of Thematic Programmes for Diversity, symbolic act that no minister of the Republic would have dared Development and Dialogue, Culture Sector to implement without massive support from the population. UNESCO ... For th e young ar tists of 'Ecole dar t au village' of N' Dj arnena ITchad's capitall, a sm iling environment is part of sus tainable development goals, © Seba suen Cailleux/EOAAV

ll current development system s Public and pr ivat e investments should th ese fores ts cross the Atlanti c th ey have shown the ir limits, A two ­ thus not have increased income and br in g ra in for American farmers. Thi s is Afigure rate of development for employme nt as their sole targets but there fore of cap ital importance for food Africa is me ntioned that should resu lt in should incl ude the re duc ti on of carbon sec urity in North America: no rain, no th e rise in the standard of living of the footpri nts an d pollution , th e ratio nal crops . Th e Am er ican s understand th e pop ulation . But poverty is in creasin g us e of resources and energy ef fi ciency. point well. It led to the launchi ng of the co ntinuously. And tw enty years after th e The pot ential is very larg e in agr iculture, Congo Basin Forest Partn ersh ip [CB FP] Rio Su m mi t we are sti l l thin king abo ut forest manag em ent, th e bu ilding in 2002 by Sout h Af ri ca an d the Un ited the pol icies to be set up to approach indus try, tran sport and ren ew abl e Sta tes, jo in ed by Fr an ce and Germany. sustaina ble deve10pm ent. en ergy; t his ap pli es in sec to rs such as Internat ion al cooperation and tran sf er of The envi ronm ent is conside red as be ing the pha r maceuti cal ind ustry and new tec hnology ca n help in th e developm ent one of the three pillars of sustainable flavou r s in the agrifoo d ind ustry w hose of green eco nomy. developm en t, alo ngs ide the econ omy develop m ent is bas ed on biodiversity. However, one of the challenges is t ha t and social aspects . At the level of th e Resou rces are found in Africa and also Africa is no longer the continent that United Nation s Programme for th e in Sout h America, which is posit ioning co ntinues to purchase technolog y but Environm ent , w e co ns ider it to be more itsel f as a biodiversity superpow er. rather the continent th at prod uce s t he foun da tion . W hence the notion of Equity is needed in the exploi tation techn ology. 'green eco nomy' defined as 'o ne t hat of species . Industries mu st th erefore Thi s requires investment in capaci ty r esu lt s in im proved human w ell- being undertake to pay royalt ies on der ived bu ild ing, training, research and and socia l equity, while si gn ificantly prod ucts. governance. The gre en ec onom y w ill redu cing env iro nme nta l r isks and thu s become t he new driv ing force eco logical scarci tie s. Africa producing technology lea ding to susta inable developm en t Sett ing up a green eco nomy re quire s Th e devel op m ent of a green eco nomy by fighting persis te nt poverty wh ile revis ion of the m eth ods used t o ass ess also in volves access to cutting-edge co nse rv ing biod iversity. • econom ic performances th at do not techn ologies, suc h as space technology. cu r rently incor porate natural cap ital, This is the case in part icular for the Con st ant-Serge Bounda w hi ch is nonetheless t he bas is of the m ana gem en t of fore sts, a green resource [The Repu bli c of the Congo ] eco no mies of numerous count ri es, w ith con si de ra ble poten tial. The forest s Head of the UNEP Li aison Office to t he esp ecially In Africa. For example, in th e Congo basin form th e second AU C, to th e UN Econom ic Commission ca lc ulation of GDP does not allow for th e larg est 'green lung' of the pl anet and for Af r ica [UN ECA] fact tha t pro ductio n and consumpti on th eir w orld st rategic interest is obvious, and Representative to Eth iop ia. activities am putate thi s natural capit al. Wh en th e clo ud masses form ed above Addi s Ababa

E g rlca' tech 0 gi al ap

In translating all these objectives into actionable programmes, African countries will have to implement several critical interventions: the promotion of ICTs for development; developing an information and communication infrastructure, the promotion of access to information and knowledge ; capacity building; the promotion of cultural, identity, linguisti c diversity and local content; and promoting the ethical dimensions of the inform ati on society, among others.

PoLicy Issues and Capacity BuiLding Strengthening of scien ce and techn ology po li cy-ma king and development of relevant in stitutions is, clea rly, a necessa ry condition for technology to play it s important role in su sta inable development of the African continent. Development institutions are weak in many African countries, particularly the sm aller ones. Capacity building, especially human resources capac ity and the development of an appropriate knowledge base is equally essential to sus tainable development in the continent. In terms of space science and technology, a handful of African .... Pape Makhlar Orarne is preparing his PhD with the support of 'lnstnut de Recherche countries ratified the 1967 Out er Space Treaty, the 1968 Rescue pour le Deveioppement' (lRo ). IRo is collaborating with the Entomological Research Agreement and the 1972 Liability Convention . Only Nigeria and Center of Cotonou (the Republic of Benin) to imp rove human health in Africa. © Indigo /IRO South Africa have a National Space Policy and th ere exis t only n the UNDP Technology Achievement Inde x, which measures five space Agencies in th e continent located in Nigeria, South technology creation, technology diffusion and human skills Africa, Algeria, Morocco and Egypt . Ithat goes with harnessing technology, Africa wa s rated poorly. As new discoveries in the field of science and techn ology, Of five categories of countries, no African country is in the top including space exploration w ill drive agriculture, m edicine, two. Four are in the middle category, 5 in the bottom two tiers, income growth, and new inv entions in the very near future in described as «marginalized» technologically, and all the rest an unimaginable way, the Af ri can continent cannot afford to be are in the bottom category, dubbed « below marginalized». This left behind. is an indication that Africa must improve its competitiveness However, a formidable leadership in the continent is required not just by relying on it s low labour costs, but al so by improving to truly mobilize science and te chnology for sustainable innovation, re search and development. development with all key stakeholders involvement in both For the African continen t, ha rnessing science and technology is policy formulation and implementation. This will en sure that the key to facil itating the transition to sustai nable development. policies are tailored primarily to meeting the specific need s of During 2005, NEPAD and the Af r ican Un ion Commission, in end-users and clients. @ cooperation w ith UNES CO, laid out a Con so lid ated Plan of Action for Science and Techn ology Development in Af rica. It ar ticulates Dr. Mohamed Ibn Chambas a commitment to colle ctive actions to deve lop and use science and technology for econom ic and social trans forma ti on and for the integration of Africa into the global economy. It is based on three interconnected pillars: capacity building, knowledge production and technological innovation. Emphasi s is placed on developing an African system of research and technological innovation through regional networks of centres of excellence for R&D and capacity building programmes. In th is endeavour, enhancing cap ability to generate research while innovation is esse nt ial and building networks for sharing knowledge and best practices is critical. Afri can countries were act ive participants at the World Summit on Infor mation Society [WSISl, wh ich aimed to close the global digital divide. They have taken on board the key policy thrust of the WSIS which aim s to: build an inclusive Information Society; put the potential of knowledge and Information & Communication Technologies [ICTs] at the service of development; promote use of information and knowledge for the achievement of internationally agreed development goal s, including those contained in the Millennium ....Africa and Eur ope are wo rk ing hand in hand to dev el op Space technology Declaration; and address new chall enges of the Information in the areas of Tele communicati on . Internet access, Earth observation and Environment m onitoring. Society, at the national, regional and international levels. Thales Alen ia Space. © Serge Henri

SPACE MISSIONS AND INSTRUMENTS

satelli tes equipped with a synthetic apert ure GPS (Global Positioning System] ALOS (Advanced Land Observing Satellite] radar [SAR) for full coverage of the Earth, A satellite navigation system chosen by the A JAXA [Japan Aerospace Exploration e-GEOS, a Joint venture between ASI [20%1 USA in 1973. Fully operational since 1992, Agency] earth observati on satelli te carrying and Telespazio [80%1 sells CO SMO-SkyMed it consists of 24 orbiting Navstar satellites. three instruments including a PALSAR data and product s around the world , Any user [land vehicle, shi p, aircraft or radar (Phased Array type L- band Synthetic spacecraft] can obtain an instantaneous Apertu re Rada r]. position fix using four of them. Europe is developing its own system calle d GALILEO . AlSat General name for the earth observation IKONOS satell ites of the Algeria n space agency ASAL. An earth observat ion satell ite operated by The fir st, AISat-l , was launched in 2002. the Ameri can company Geo Eye. The satellite Alsat-2A, equipped wi th a high-resoluti on Ikonos 2 carries an optical inst rument with mul tispectr al camera, was launched in 2010. spati al resolut ion to less than one met re. Alsat- 2B is being integrated .

AMESD (African Monitoring Environment IRIDIUM for Sustainable Development] © Jean- Micnel C i t ~ a u Iridium Communications lnc: is the AMESD is a partnershi p between the Afr ican EgyptSat only mobile voice and data satellite Union Commission [AUC) and the European General name for the earth observation communications network that spans the Union [Ell). AUC has been mandated by the satell ites of the Egyptian agency National entire globe. Iridium enables connections five participating Regional Economic Authority for Remote Sensing and Space between people, organizations and assets Co mmunities [RECs] CEMAC, ECOWAS, IGAD, Sciences [NARSS] EgyptSat- 1 was launched to and from anywhere, in real time. IOC and SADCand by the ACP Secretariat, to in 2007. It is fitted with two instruments, one The company has a major development be in charge of programme implementation. infra red and one mul tispectr al. programm e underw ay for its next­ The AMESD programme [init iated in October generation networ k-Iridium NEXT. 2007) addresses the need for impro ved ENVISAT (ENVironmental SAtellite) environmental monit orin g focused on An ESA earth observation satelli te carrying IRS (Indian Remote Sensing Satellite] sustainable management of natural resources. the second generation of ERSinstruments, The Indian space agency ISRO 's programme and especially an advanced synthetic aperture for the remote sensing of land resources. ARGOS radar operating day and night and in all weather The fir st satellite, IRS-1A, was put into orbit An international location and data collecting and wit h resolution to 30 m [ASAR!. an RA-2 in 1988. With 10 satellites in orbi t, IRS is system that in France is under the responsibility microwaves radar altimeter and an imager/ the largest constellation of low Earth orbit of the CNES. ARGOS instru ments are carried spectrometer operating in the visible and observation satellites and provides data by low orbit [LEO) satellites such as MetOp, near-infrared spectra with resolut ion of 250m with various spatial resoluti ons and spectral with continuous service assur ed since 1978, [MERIS]It has been in low orbit since 1999. bands. Among other things, ARGO S is used for the location of buoys, vessels and animals and ERS (European Remote SensingSatellite] for collecting environmental data. An ESA earth observation programme using low orbit satell ites . Two satellites were launched-ERSl in 1991 and ERS2 in 1995, and each carries several instruments and in parti cular a synthetic aperture radar [SAR) and a microwaves altimeter radar.

GMES (Global Monitoring for Environment and Security] GMES will provide accurate , timely and

easily accessible information to improve ~ J.O O a H ~ I /S u d s - C o n c e p t 5 management of the environm ent,

1hale") Alt:' nra Space (d Yoann Ocrenovuch understand and mitigate the effects of JASON climate change and ensure civil security , It is A spatial oceanographic altimetry COSMO-SkyMed headed by the European Commission [EC] in programme that succeeded the experimental COS MO-SkyMed [COn stellation of small partnershi p wit h the European Space Agency joint CNES/NASA programme, Topex­ Satellites for the Mediterranean basin [ESA) and the European Envir onment Agency Poseidon, launched in 1992. Jason-l [2001] and Observation] is a system of earth observatio n [EEA]The Sentinel- l satell ites will provide Jason-212008) have the same 1300 km orbit satellites set up by the Italian min istri es all-wea ther, day and night radar imagery for and supply data for climatic and oceanic study of Research and Defence under the land and ocean services. and observations. Jason-3 should be launched management of the Italian Space Agency. The Sentinel-3 satell ites will provide high­ in 2014. Thesesatellites carry high-precision The system is for both civil and mil itary accuracy optical, radar and altimetry data for microwaves altimeters of the POSEID ON use and is based on a constellation of four marine and land services, family, LANDSAT NigeriaSat SARA L payl oad th at co nta ins an ARGOS The generic name for US civil satellites Genera l nam e for th e ear th observat ion inst r ume nt and a new ge nera tio n Ka- band for the observation of lan d reso urces and satell ites of the Nigeri an Nati onal Space al timeter : Alt i- Ka. Th e SARAL mission is m anaged jo intly by the NASA and th e US Research and Devel opm ent Agency for stu dy of oceans and the cont inu ity of the Geolog ical Survey. The fir st satellite was [N ASRDAI. Niger iaSat - 1 was launched in ARGOS system. launched in 1972 . LANDSAT 7 was launched 2001. NigeriaSat-2 and Nig eriaSat-NX, in 1999 and is equ ipped with a multispectral equipped with multispect ral im agers , were SMOS (Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity) sensor [Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus ­ launched in 2011, Th e SMOS mission is an ESA, CNES ETM+1. The Lan dsa t Data Cont inuity Mission and CDTI joint observati on program m e [LDCM] is cur re ntly th e nam e of the next PLEIADES providi ng soil moisture an d ocean Landsat sat ellite mission. Pleiades la program me initiated by the salinity maps. Th e data use d is from the CNES] consists of two 'small satellites' with m icrowaves radiometer carried by the Meteosat spat ial resolut ion of 0,7 m at the nadir and SM OS sate llite launch ed at the end of 2009 . Name of the operational geostationary a 20 km fiel d of view. Their agility provid es weat her sate llites prog ra mme deve lo ped daily access at all point s of th e gl obe and SPOT (Satellite Pour t'Observation de la w ith ESA and EUMET SAT. The first satellite cover capaci ty tha t is essential for better Terre) was laun ched in 1977 . Th e first Met eosat scale s than those possib le with the SPOT A civil ear th observation programme Seco nd Genera tion [MSGl sate llite was fami ly of satellites. launched in 1978. It operates with low Earth operational in 2004 while the second or bit satellites car rying high -resolution w as launched in 2005, Tw o further MSG optic al and infrared instruments. Five satell ites should guarantee cont inuity of sate l lites have been launched. Data are service through to arou nd 2021. Data are distribu ted by the SPOT Image company. available via th e EUMET Cast disse m ination system at the PUMA and AMESD sta tio ns SumbandilaSat inst alled in most countries in Africa. The South African mi cr osat ellite pu t in or bit Mete osat Third Generation [MTG) satellite in 2009 . Its high -resolution im ager gives pr ogram me is on the way, w hic h w ill cons ist data m ainly used for agricult ure , m app ing of tw o parallel in or bit positi oned satellites, of infrastructure and land use, population th e MTG-I im agin g an d MTG-S infrared and measurement and the monitoring of ultraviol et so under. reservoir levels.

MetOp (Meteorological Operational satellite PUMA (Preparation for the use of Meteosat TIGER programme) Second Generation satellite in Africa) Following the 2002 Johannesburg Wor ld MetOp-A is th e fi rs t polar orbiting [at 800 The PUMA pr ogramme, funded by the Summit on Sus tainabl e Developm ent, the kml satellite from the MetOp programme European Commission [ECl. assisted 53 Af rican European Space Age ncy launched the TIGER managed by ESA and EUMETSAT in countries and 4 regional meteorolo gical Initiative- focusing on the use of space cooperation with the National Oceanic an d centres with compu ters , sate llite receivers, technology for water resou rce m anagem en t Atm ospheric Adm in istration [NOAAl.Data training and application suppo rt for receiving in Africa and providing co ncrete actions to are progressively available at the PUMA meteorological data . Thales Alenia Space m atch th e Resoluti ons. and AME SD stations via the EUMETCast manufactu red and im plem ent ed these dissemination system . stations between 2004 and 2005. VEGETATION The VEGETATION instrument co ns ist s OuickBird of an imager system fun ctioning in th e An earth observa tio n satellite operated vi sible spec tru m at 'I km spatial resoluti on. by th e Am er ican com pany DigitalGlobe. It The tw o VEGETATION instruments ar e carries an optica l instr ume nt with spatial passengers of satel li tes SPOT4 and SPOT5. resolution to less than one me tre. Service continuity is provid ed by PROBA V and Sent inel3. The distribution of RASCOM (Regional African Satellite VEGETATION data is ha nd led by VITO [Mol , Communications Organisation) Be lg iuml. RASCOM is an inte rgovern me nta l com me rcia lly run organization, bringing togeth er 45 African countries. RASCOM's

1) Ind;go/lRD ma in object ives are to design , im plem ent, operate and maintain the African MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging telecommunications satellite syst em, Spectroradiometer) The Rascom-QAF 1R is in opera tion. MODIS is a key instrume nt aboard th e Terra and Aqua Low Earth Or bit [LEOI satell ites SARAL (Satellite with ARgos & Altikal of the NASA admi nist ration, acqu ir ing The CNE S and ISRO [the Indian space data in 36 spectral bands, or groups of agency) are handling the SARAL satellit e wav el engths. project jo intly. The CN ES pro vides the MCU DMC lnternationallmaging Lld MERCATOR Ocean, Fr an ce United Il ing,lo lTl Pierre l3ahur el, Cecil e L,s" held, Paul Stephe ns , Thor-ias-Cucrccux Kirn erl ey Wllson METEO -France, Fr ance Ene rgence, Franc£ Jea. -Luc Redelsperg er Jean-Prerre Not e MUSEUM Toulouse, France ESA-HO Ph il lpr e Annoyer , Anne (European Space Agency Btanqu er- Maurnont. Sytviane Heado uarters l, France Bo VH , 'P chs tein, Francors jch c line Taba ch e Gurtter

ESPI lEuro: ean Space Pol icy NASRR [National Author ity for lnsu ture]. Aust roa Re'l lote SenSing and ci pace ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Chi istinil Gia nnopapa SCiences), Egypt Islam Ab u El- Ma~ d Editing a hook wu n coninhut rs ESRIN fr 11', j ,ffer ent countries Is ([:'SA' Euronean Space Secretariat of the ACP Group <:I excltlf' g adventu re. Man,' Res<> ard1 lnstuutel, lIilly IAfn an, Call .beall & Pac ifi c tanks 0 all olther 1. ' 10 aye Jerom e Benveruste, SleptJen Group ° States!. Bel[jlum Leen lj enero us ill acceutinq C' UISOIl , Diego Fernandez. Obadra , Malla fia, Olusol a Ojo 0/ l e re tc o ~r n g of helfO n \ J ' ~a l Ro ert Mersner ar rete ' Thus, th e ecuoriai SPOT Image, Fra nce bo rtf j ~ squarely res! c nsible EUMETSAT lsabel e Gurdolin for any errors which would have IEU Rooea n M ETeorology gone through th e sil le r 0 1 CUI' SATellit e OrganrSdt'onl, SunSpace, Soutf Aln cd numerous l er e> di ngo ermany Jean-Alb It Koekernoel , Claudia Rrtsert -Clark Ron Ohvrer Special tnan ks l a Ahm e 8 ar oudi , "/lth" ut whom this Geosat Technology, Fra nce Thales Alenia Space, Fl'JIlCe hum an adver.tu re ,'/Oulti not E '1 Iu ar io,"i"1O a mi haty have existed, Anc war m than s ReyniJld Sezne c, l.urqi tu those who he lped us m ake it GET [Gecsciencet, Pas ; all Al essa nd ra Cardero com e tru e: Envrronneme nt Toulo se], et M, nt ezem oto, Mas5im o di France Lazzaro. ACClIMATE, Mauritiu s Pier e Hier nau x C€i d: ie Ba lly, Fr't\der ic Adaplatron au chanqcme nt Cazaba n, Scphie 0 1Santa , cltrnatinue. IOC Green Belt Movement, Kenya Cnr istophe Ensenat. GrefJory Pr n e de Portzamparc Wanjira M Iha; Gr imon l , oh ie Guilberl , Georges Hacher. Wllli arr, African Union, Ethiopia IFAD ltnter nauonat Fund 101' Halirni. Palrice Kuras, J JlI us KagiJrnba f\ i jl .cullural Oevelonm e;; tl Patr ick Laetier. Emrn anu el Unit e" Nations, Italy L"' 9E n, Chnstopbe roJ ussll , AMESD Project team Blandme Ocoux. Christopne Tseday Asfaw, Danilo Barb ero, IFREMER Iins til ul Fra ncais de Ousiric JpiJr:· Guy Planes , Geert Borsttsp. Fl? n~015 Carpus. R r erc he cou r t'Explo: atio n yl In Pn not. Clarrc ·Anne FtTen t Lasry, Marc eroy e la Merl. France Rsix. Bertranc Texier Ohvier l lerle Merc il?r, Michel Olag IOr. Vareill es . Cel me '1111 alard, BRGM Wdll er Zoccar to (Bureau de Recherches IPOGEA. Ita'v Geoloqiques et Minieres], France Mari nd Cicer: Pietro ureano TELESPAZIO, F;-ance Auae ouqer. rv arc Urvois Remi Alquie r . Al ine Be rt an, IRD l lnstit ut de Rech erCl', e Vale l ie T I' BRli flO W ' It> D e'/ e l o p ~e m e lll l. [BRL lnqeniericl, France ~ rc:.l nC 8 UNESCO [Unrted Nations Oavi d Bruqiere Berioit I er tra nd. Marie-N oelle Edu catio nal , Scient thc and F'l vi 1', Fr E'> di>: icue Seyler C ltural Orqanizauon] CESBIO Nada Al Hassall [Frenc e]. ICenl r _ dEtudes Spati alF's ce IRIDIUM Communications Inc Lye M Yoka IT le Dern ocratic 1<1 Blosphi>rel. Fra nce USA R public of the Congol T uy Le Toan Man e K"' owles, DQII Thom Li z DeCastro Universite Paul Sabatier CLS Toul ou: , France [Colle cl e LDcil ltsa Ion IRIN 11 teg ra eo ReCJl onal Chllsl lan .los t Satelllles !' France Irrtor ma ion Networ ks , I­ pp~r Sou th Afrl c <1 OlJserv al oi re Mi ;I- Pyreneesl. Etienn e I\ aisin, Bel gi quE S' 11110 Meyer, Si Iy Va I Rooyell , Fra llce Julle Ladel, Jean -B enoit Sl ewart Be r nartf Jean-FI'anr;oIS Crel aux J o c a lJ ~ t e , Franc e u ry 20'2