Flotation Technology

For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/7645 VOLUME 12 HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Flotation Technology

Edited by Lawrence K. Wang, PhD, PE, DEE Lenox Institute of Water Technology, Lenox, MA Krofta Engineering Corporation, Lenox, MA Zorex Corporation, Newtonville, NY Nazih K. Shammas, PhD Lenox Institute of Water Technology, Lenox, MA Krofta Engineering Corporation, Lenox, MA William A. Selke, D. Eng Lenox Institute of Water Technology, Lenox, MA Donald B. Aulenbach, PhD, PE, BCEE, PH, FNSPE Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY Lenox Institute of Water Technology, Lenox, MA Editors Dr. Lawrence K. Wang, PhD, PE, DEE Lenox Institute of Water Technology, Lenox, MA Krofta Engineering Corporation, Lenox, MA Zorex Corporation, Newtonville, NY [email protected] [email protected]

Dr. Nazih K. Shammas, PhD Lenox Institute of Water Technology, Lenox, MA Krofta Engineering Corporation, Lenox, MA [email protected] [email protected]

Dr. William A. Selke, D. Eng Lenox Institute of Water Technology, Lenox, MA [email protected]

Dr. Donald B. Aulenbach, PhD, PE, BCEE, PH, FNSPE Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY Lenox Institute of Water Technology, Lenox, MA [email protected]

ISBN 978-1-58829-494-4 e-ISBN 978-1-60327-133-2 DOI 10.1007/978-1-60327-133-2 Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London

Library of Congress Control Number: 2010927499

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Humana Press is part of Springer Science þ Business Media (www.springer.com) Dedications

The Editors of the Handbook of Environmental Engineering series dedicate this volume and all other volumes to Thomas L. Lanigan (1938–2006), the founder and President of Humana Press, who encouraged and vigorously supported the editors and many contributors around the world to embark on this ambitious, life-long handbook project started in 1978 for the sole purpose of protecting our environment, in turn, benefiting our entire mankind. The Editors also dedicate this volume, Flotation Technology, to Milos Krofta (1912–2002), who was the founder and President of the Lenox Institute of Water Technology (LIWT), Krofta Engineering Corporation (KEC) and other Krofta Companies. Under Dr. Krofta’s leadership, the LIWT-KEC trained hundreds of flotation engineers and disseminated the flotation technologies to the entire world.

v Preface

The past 30 years have seen the emergence of a growing desire worldwide that positive actions be taken to restore and protect the environment from the degrading effects of all forms of pollution – air, water, soil, and noise. Since pollution is a direct or indirect consequence of waste, the seemingly idealistic demand for “zero discharge” can be construed as an unrealis- tic demand for zero waste. However, as long as waste continues to exist, we can only attempt to abate the subsequent pollution by converting it to a less noxious form. Three major questions usually arise when a particular type of pollution has been identified: (1) How serious is the pollution? (2) Is the technology to abate it available? and (3) Do the costs of abatement justify the degree of abatement achieved? This book is one of the volumes of the Handbook of Environmental Engineering series. The principal intention of this series is to help readers formulate answers to the last two questions above. The traditional approach of applying tried-and-true solutions to specific pollution pro- blems has been a major contributing factor to the success of environmental engineering and has accounted in large measure for the establishment of a “methodology of pollution control.” However, the realization of the ever-increasing complexity and interrelated nature of current environmental problems renders it imperative that intelligent planning of pollution abatement systems be undertaken. Prerequisite to such planning is an understanding of the performance, potential, and limitations of the various methods of pollution abatement available for environmental scientists and engineers. In this series of handbooks, we will review at a tutorial level a broad spectrum of engineering systems (processes, operations, and methods) currently being utilized, or of potential utility, for pollution abatement. We believe that the unified interdisciplinary approach presented in these handbooks is a logical step in the evolution of environmental engineering. Treatment of the various engineering systems presented will show how an engineering formulation of the subject flows naturally from the fundamental principles and theories of chemistry, microbiology, physics, and mathematics. This emphasis on fundamental science recognizes that engineering practice has, in recent years, become more firmly based on scientific principles rather than on its earlier dependency on empirical accumulation of facts. It is not intended, though, to neglect empiricism where such data lead quickly to the most economic design; certain engineering systems are not readily amenable to fundamental scientific analysis, and in these instances we have resorted to less science in favor of more art and empiricism. Since an environmental engineer must understand science within the context of applica- tion, we first present the development of the scientific basis of a particular subject, followed by the exposition of pertinent design concepts and operations, and detailed explanations of their applications to environmental quality control or remediation. Throughout the series, methods of practical design and calculation are illustrated by numerical examples. These examples clearly demonstrate how organized, analytical reasoning leads to the most direct and clear solutions. Wherever possible, pertinent cost data have been provided.

vii viii Preface

Our treatment of pollution-abatement engineering is offered in the belief that the trained engineer should more firmly understand fundamental principles, be more aware of the similarities and/or differences among many of the engineering systems, and exhibit greater flexibility and originality in the definition and innovative solution of environmental pollution problems. In short, the environmental engineer should by conviction and practice be more readily adaptable to change and progress. Coverage of the unusually broad field of environmental engineering has demanded an expertise that could only be provided through multiple authorships. Each author (or group of authors) was permitted to employ, within reasonable limits, the customary personal style in organizing and presenting a particular subject area; consequently, it has been difficult to treat all subject material in a homogeneous manner. Moreover, owing to limitations of space, some of the favored topics of the authors could not be treated in great detail, and many less important topics had to be merely mentioned or commented on briefly. All authors have provided an excellent list of references at the end of each chapter for the benefit of the interested readers. As each chapter is meant to be self-contained, some mild repetition among the various texts was unavoidable. In each case, all omissions or repetitions are the respon- sibilities of the editors and not the individual authors. With the current trend toward metrication, the question of using a consistent system of units has been a problem. Wherever possible, the authors have used the British system (FPS) along with the metric equivalent (MKS, CGS, or SIU) or vice versa. The editors sincerely hope that this redundancy of the usage of units will prove to be useful rather than being disruptive to the readers. The goals of the Handbook of Environmental Engineering series are: (1) to cover entire environmental fields, including air and noise pollution control, solid waste processing and resource recovery, physicochemical treatment processes, biological treatment processes, biosolids management, water resources, natural control processes, radioactive waste disposal, and thermal pollution control; and (2) to employ a multimedia approach to environmental pollution control since air, water, soil, and energy are all interrelated. This book, Vol. 12, Flotation Technology, has been designed to serve as a basic flotation textbook as well as a comprehensive reference book. We hope and expect it will prove of equal high value to advanced undergraduate and graduate students, to designers of water and wastewater treatment systems, and to scientists and researchers. The editors welcome com- ments from readers in all of these categories. It is our hope that the book will not only provide information on flotation technology, but will also serve as a basis for advanced study or specialized investigation of the theory and practice of various flotation systems. This book covers topics on principles of air flotation technology, gas dissolution, release and bubble formation, separation of oil from wastewater, fundamentals of wastewater flotation, electroflotation, electrocoagulation–flotation, treatment of paper mill whitewater, recycling and recovery of raw materials, ozone–oxygen oxidation flotation, wastewater renovation by flotation, flotation–filtration system for wastewater reuse, algae removal by flotation, completely closed water systems in paper mills, lake restoration using DAF, Jiminy Peak, Hancock-Massachusetts wastewater treatment plant, Pittsfield-Massachusetts system, pretreatment of meat processing waste, treatment of seafood processing wastewater, and laboratory simulation of air flotation processes. Preface ix

The editors are pleased to acknowledge the encouragement and support received from their colleagues and the publisher during the conceptual stages of this endeavor. We wish to thank the contributing authors for their time and effort, and for having patiently borne our reviews and numerous queries and comments. We are very grateful to our respective families for their patience and understanding during some rather trying times.

Lawrence K. Wang, Lenox, MA Nazih K. Shammas, Lenox, MA William A. Selke, Lenox, MA Donald B. Aulenbach, Troy, NY Contents

Preface ...... vii

Contributors ...... xxi

1. Principles of Air Flotation Technology Nazih K. Shammas and Gary F. Bennett...... 1

1. Introduction...... 2 2. Theory of Flotation ...... 3 2.1. Gas Solubility...... 5 2.2. Bubble Size ...... 9 2.3. RiseRate...... 11 2.4. Air/Solids Ratio...... 14 2.5. Laboratory Bench-Scale Testing ...... 15 3. Electroflotation and Electrocoagulation ...... 17 4. ...... 20 4.1. Process Description...... 20 4.2. Pressurization ...... 21 4.3. Controls...... 23 4.4. TankShape ...... 24 4.5. AirSupply ...... 25 4.6. Chemical Usage ...... 25 4.7. Ionic Strength...... 25 4.8. Design Variables...... 26 4.9. Retention Time ...... 26 5. Induced Air Flotation...... 29 5.1. Process Description...... 29 5.2. Design...... 31 5.3. Performance Data...... 31 6. Nozzle Air Flotation...... 32 6.1. Process Description...... 32 6.2. Equipment Development ...... 33 6.3. Performance Data...... 35 6.4. Multicell Units...... 36 6.5. Theoretical Analysis...... 36 7. Flotation System Performance ...... 38 8. Costs...... 39 8.1. Poultry-Process Waste...... 39 8.2. Tuna-Cannery Waste ...... 39 8.3. Refinery Wastewater...... 40 8.4. Comparative Costs...... 40 Nomenclature ...... 40 References...... 41 2. Gas Dissolution, Release, and Bubble Formation in Flotation Systems Lawrence K. Wang, Nazih K. Shammas, and William A. Selke, and Donald B. Aulenbach...... 49

1. Introduction...... 49 2. Bubble Separation Processes ...... 50

xi xii Contents

3. Gas Bubble Dispersion ...... 51 3.1. Gas Dispersion Tester ...... 51 3.2. Gas Dispersion Principles ...... 54 3.3. Gas Dispersion Tester Operation...... 54 3.4. Gas Dispersion Example ...... 57 4. Gas Transfer, Dissolution, Release, and Flotation ...... 59 4.1. Gas Transfer Principles...... 59 4.2. Henry’s Law Constants, Partial Pressures, and Solubilities of Various Gases ...... 61 4.3. Gas Dissolution and Release ...... 63 4.4. Gas Bubble Formation and Size Distribution ...... 67 4.5. Bubble Attachment, Rising, and Flotation ...... 68 4.6. Gas Dissolution in Water Containing High Dissolved Solids or High Salinity ...... 72 Nomenclature ...... 80 References...... 81 3. Separation of Oil from Wastewater by Air Flotation Gary F. Bennett and Nazih K. Shammas...... 85

1. Introduction...... 86 1.1. Background ...... 86 1.2. Pretreatment ...... 88 1.3. Equalization...... 90 2. Alternatives to Flotation...... 90 2.1. Chemical Treatment ...... 90 2.2. Membrane Processes ...... 90 3. Oil/water Analysis...... 93 4. Electroflotation And Electrocoagulation...... 94 5. Dissolved Air Flotation ...... 95 5.1. Process Description...... 95 5.2. Flow Schemes ...... 96 5.3. Chemical Usage ...... 96 5.4. Ionic Strength...... 97 5.5. Design Variables...... 97 5.6. Oil Components Removal ...... 97 6. Induced Air Flotation...... 99 6.1. Process Description...... 99 6.2. Performance Data...... 99 7. Nozzle Air Flotation...... 99 7.1. Process Description...... 99 7.2. Equipment Development ...... 100 7.3. Performance Data...... 100 7.4. Multicell Units...... 101 8. Flotation System Performance ...... 102 9. Air Pollution Aspects...... 107 10. Product Recovery From Float...... 108 11. Costs...... 108 11.1. Railyard Wastes ...... 110 11.2. Barrel and Drum Wastewater ...... 110 11.3. Refinery Wastewater ...... 110 11.4. Comparative Costs ...... 113 Appendix...... 113 References...... 113 Contents xiii

4. Fundamentals of Wastewater Flotation Nazih K. Shammas, Lawrence K. Wang, and Hermann H. Hahn...... 121

1. Introduction ...... 121 2. Wastewater Flotation ...... 122 3. Application of Physicochemical Principles ...... 124 3.1. Reaction Steps in Wastewater Flotation ...... 125 3.2. Step 1: Generation of Gas Bubbles...... 125 3.3. Step 2: Air–Solids Aggregation ...... 127 3.4. Step 3: Upward Movement of Bubble–Solid Complex ...... 130 4. Wastewater Flotation Design...... 133 4.1. Typical Large-Scale Flotation Reactors...... 133 4.2. Flotation– Reactor ...... 135 4.3. Applications of the DAF Process...... 137 4.4. Application Examples ...... 141 4.5. Design Criteria...... 145 4.6. Rational Design...... 147 4.7. Process Efficiency ...... 149 5. Costs of Flotation...... 150 6. Engineering Considerations ...... 157 6.1. DAF for Primary/Secondary Clarification ...... 157 6.2. DAF-Filtration for Industrial Wastewaters and for Tertiary Treatment of Municipal Wastewaters ...... 158 6.3. DAF for Thickening ...... 159 Nomenclature ...... 160 Appendix...... 161 References...... 161 5. Electroflotation Lawrence K. Wang, Nazih K. Shammas, and Betty C. Wu ...... 165

1. Introduction ...... 166 2. Conventional Package Water Treatment Plants...... 167 3. Innovative Flotation–Filtration Package Plants ...... 170 3.1. Flotation–Filtration System Type I (1.2 MGD) ...... 170 3.2. Flotation–Filtration System Type II (100 gpm)...... 170 3.3. Flotation–Filtration System Type III (10 gpm) ...... 171 4. Water Purification by Electroflotation and Filtration ...... 176 4.1. Description of Electroflotation System Type IV ...... 176 4.2. Electroflotation Theory ...... 176 4.3. Operation of the Electroflotation–Filtration Package Plant...... 180 4.4. Treatment of Well Water by Electroflotation–Filtration...... 182 4.5. Treatment of Lake water by Electroflotation–Filtration ...... 182 4.6. Treatment of Highly Contaminated Water by Electroflotation–Filtration...... 183 5. Wastewater Renovation by Electroflotation and Filtration ...... 186 5.1. Conventional Individual Wastewater Treatment System ...... 186 5.2. Description of Electroflotation System Type V...... 188 5.3. Operation and Performance of Type V Package Plant...... 190 6. Emergency Water Supply Measures ...... 192 6.1. Disinfection ...... 192 6.2. Organic Removal and Disinfection...... 193 6.3. Recommendations ...... 193 References...... 194 xiv Contents

6. Wastewater Treatment by Electrocoagulation–Flotation Nazih K. Shammas, Marie-Florence Pouet, and Alain Grasmick ...... 199

1. Introduction ...... 200 2. Technology Description ...... 200 2.1. Theory of Coagulation...... 201 2.2. Theory of Electrocoagulation ...... 201 2.3. System Components and Function ...... 202 2.4. Key Features of the Electrocoagulation Technology ...... 203 2.5. Influent Water Chemistry...... 203 2.6. Applicable Wastes ...... 203 2.7. Advantages and Limitations of the Technology ...... 204 3. Process Description...... 204 4. Treatment by DAF...... 206 5. Treatment by Electrocoagulation...... 207 6. Coupling of Electrocoagulation with DAF...... 207 6.1. Effect of the A/S Ratio ...... 207 6.2. Effect of Current Intensity...... 209 6.3. Effect of Coupling ...... 210 7. Comparison of Electrocoagulation–DAF with Coagulation–Sedimentation ...... 210 7.1. Removal Efficiency...... 211 7.2. Coagulant Dosage ...... 211 7.3. Characteristics of Biosolids ...... 212 8. Case Studies ...... 212 8.1. Remediation of Hazardous Wastes (Water Contaminated with Radionuclides or Metals) ...... 212 8.2. Municipal Wastewater Treatment ...... 214 8.3. Treatment of Manufacturer Wastewater ...... 214 8.4. Oil and Water Separation of Steam Cleaner Wastewater...... 215 8.5. Treatment of Ship Bilge Water...... 216 8.6. Los Alamos National Laboratory Treatability Study ...... 216 8.7. Rocky Flats Environmental Technology Site Treatability Study ...... 217 Nomenclature ...... 217 References...... 217 7. Treatment of Paper Mill Whitewater, Recycling and Recovery of Raw Materials Nazih K. Shammas, Lawrence K. Wang, and Mark Landin...... 221

1. The Paper Industry...... 222 1.1. History ...... 222 1.2. Modern Day Papermaking...... 223 2. Paper Mill Discharges ...... 226 2.1. Whitewater Composition ...... 227 2.2. Whitewater Treatment Operations ...... 227 2.3. Paper Mill Discharge Characteristics ...... 228 3. Waste Minimization and Whitewater Reuse ...... 229 3.1. Waste Minimization ...... 229 3.2. The Whitewater Circuit...... 229 3.3. Closed Water Systems...... 231 4. Raw Material Recovery and Energy Conservation ...... 233 4.1. Recycling and Recovery...... 233 4.2. Energy Conservation ...... 235 4.3. Saveall Processes ...... 235 5. Opacity...... 240 5.1. Fillers ...... 241 5.2. Filler Retention ...... 243 5.3. Deflocculation ...... 245 Contents xv

6. Description of Available Technology ...... 245 6.1. Fillers and Titanium Dioxide...... 245 6.2. Retention...... 248 6.3. Effluent and Saveall Processes ...... 251 7. Daf Process for Recovery of Fiber and Titanium Dioxide...... 254 7.1. Experimental Investigation ...... 254 7.2. Jar and Flotation Tests...... 254 7.3. Chemical Selection ...... 256 7.4. Controls ...... 256 7.5. Effects of Flocculated Whitewater on Paper ...... 256 7.6. Deflocculation ...... 258 7.7. Papermaking System Simulation ...... 258 7.8. Conclusions ...... 260 References...... 261 8. Ozone–Oxygen Oxidation Flotation Lawrence K. Wang and Nazih K. Shammas...... 269

1. Introduction ...... 270 1.1. Oxyozosynthesis Sludge Management System ...... 270 1.2. Oxyozosynthesis Wastewater Reclamation System...... 273 2. Description of Processes...... 275 2.1. Ozonation and Oxygenation Process ...... 275 2.2. Flotation Process...... 277 2.3. Filter Belt Press...... 280 2.4. Performance of Oxyozosynthesis Sludge Management System ...... 283 2.5. Performance of Oxyozosynthesis Wastewater Reclamation System ...... 286 3. Formation and Generation of Ozone ...... 287 3.1. Formation of Ozone ...... 287 3.2. Generation of Ozone...... 288 4. Requirements for Ozonation Equipment ...... 291 4.1. Feed Gas Equipment...... 291 4.2. Ozone Generators...... 292 4.3. Ozone Contactors...... 293 5. Properties of Ozone...... 295 6. Disinfection by Ozone...... 301 7. Oxidation by Ozone ...... 305 7.1. Ozone Reaction with Inorganics ...... 305 7.2. Ozone Reaction with Organic Material ...... 308 8. Oxygenation and Ozonation Systems ...... 313 8.1. Oxygenation Systems...... 313 8.2. Ozonation Systems ...... 317 8.3. Removal of Pollutants from Sludge by Ozonation...... 320 Nomenclature ...... 320 Acknowledgment ...... 321 References...... 321 9. Wastewater Renovation by Flotation Nazih K. Shammas...... 327

1. Introduction ...... 327 2. DAF Pilot Plant for Single-Stage Operations ...... 329 3. Clarification of Raw Wastewater...... 330 4. Clarification of Primary Effluent ...... 331 5. Secondary Flotation of Aeration Tank Mixed Liquor ...... 331 xvi Contents

6. Full-Scale Operation of an Upgraded Activated Sludge Plant...... 332 7. DAF Pilot Plant for Two-Stage Operations ...... 333 8. Design and Operational Parameters for the Two-Stage Operation ...... 335 8.1. Hydraulic Loading...... 337 8.2. Chemical Requirements ...... 337 8.3. Removal Rates...... 339 Appendix...... 342 References...... 343 10. Flotation–Filtration System for Wastewater Reuse Nazih K. Shammas...... 347

1. Introduction...... 348 2. Flotation/Filtration Cell ...... 349 3. Two-Stage Flotation System ...... 350 4. Treatment of Primary Municipal Effluent ...... 352 5. Treatment of Raw Municipal Wastewater ...... 354 6. Treatment of Activated Sludge Effluent ...... 355 7. Treatment of RBC Effluent ...... 356 8. Treatment of Trickling Filter Effluent ...... 358 9. Treatment of Lagoons Effluent...... 359 10. Conclusion...... 360 References...... 360 11. Algae Removal by Flotation Donald B. Aulenbach, Nazih K. Shammas, Lawrence K. Wang, and Rodney C. Marvin...... 363

1. Importance of Algae ...... 364 2. Characteristics of Algae ...... 365 3. Importance of Biological Activity...... 368 4. Control of Algae in Water Supplies...... 369 5. Algae Removal by DAF ...... 371 6. Application to Drinking Water Purification...... 376 6.1. Background ...... 376 6.2. Dissolved Air Flotation to the Rescue ...... 377 6.3. Retrofit vs. New ...... 377 6.4. The Plant Situation in the Late 1990s...... 378 6.5. Pilot Study ...... 378 6.6. Best Alternative for Improvements in 2001...... 378 6.7. Big Benefits and System Success ...... 380 7. Application to Wastewater Renovation ...... 381 7.1. Algae Problem in Effluents of Wastewater Treatment Lagoons...... 381 7.2. Upgrading Lagoons Through Algae Removal ...... 382 7.3. Optimization of Dissolved Air Flotation Operation ...... 386 7.4. Case 1: Sunnyvale Water Pollution Control Plant ...... 389 7.5. Case 2: Stockton Regional Wastewater Control Facility ...... 393 References...... 397 12. Completely Closed Water Systems in Paper Mills Nazih K. Shammas, Lawrence K. Wang, and William A. Selke...... 401

1. Introduction...... 402 2. Problems Associated with Effluent Recycling...... 403 Contents xvii

3. Reducing Effluent and Zero Effluent Discharge ...... 404 4. Design of Individual Deinking and Water Reclamation Facilities ...... 405 4.1. Induced (Dispersed) Air Flotation Deinking Cell...... 405 4.2. Stock Washer ...... 408 4.3. Dissolved Air Flotation Clarifier ...... 409 4.4. Spray Filter ...... 410 4.5. Twin Wire Press ...... 410 5. Case History 1: A Complete Semi-Industrial Deinking Plant in Italy ...... 411 5.1. Loading Platform and Pulper...... 412 5.2. High-Density Cleaner...... 412 5.3. Stock Chest ...... 413 5.4. Deflaker ...... 413 5.5. Headbox...... 413 5.6. IAFCell...... 413 5.7. Cyclone ...... 413 5.8. Vibrating Screen ...... 413 5.9. Triclean and Elutricone...... 414 5.10. Stock Washer...... 414 5.11. Spray Filler ...... 414 5.12. DAF Clarifier ...... 414 5.13. Clarified Water Tank ...... 415 6. Case History 2: Improvement of an Existing Deinking System in Europe ...... 415 6.1. Existing Deinking System ...... 415 6.2. Improved Deinking System ...... 416 7. Case History 3: A Total Water Recycle 50-Tonne/Day Deinking System...... 419 8. Case History 4: Total Closing of A Paper Mill with Deinkinc and Clarification Installations ...... 420 9. Case History 5: A Completely Closed Water System in A Spain Paper Mill...... 422 10. Conclusions...... 424 References...... 425 13. Lake Restoration Using DAF Donald B. Aulenbach, Nazih K. Shammas, Lawrence K. Wang, and R. Derrick I. Kittler...... 429

1. Importance of Lakes ...... 430 2. Characteristics of Lakes ...... 431 3. Importance of Biological Activity...... 433 4. Considerations in Remediation...... 435 5. Treatment to Prevent Nutrient Discharges ...... 437 6. Recovery of Eutrophic Lakes...... 440 6.1. Aeration...... 440 6.2. Weed Harvesting ...... 441 6.3. Dredging ...... 441 6.4. Sediment Fixation ...... 441 7. Hypolimnetic Phosphorus Removal by DAF ...... 442 8. Case Histories...... 448 8.1. Lake Brazos, Waco, TX ...... 448 8.2. Water Treatment from Lake Roine, Tampere, Finland ...... 450 8.3. Restoration of Lake Apopka, FL ...... 451 8.4. Water Treatment from Lake DeForest in Clarkstown, NY ...... 453 8.5. Water Treatment from Lake Whitney, Hamden, CT...... 453 9. Summary...... 454 References...... 454 xviii Contents

14. Jiminy Peak, Hancock, Massachusetts Wastewater Treatment Plant: The First RBC-Flotation-UV Wastewater Treatment Plant in the USA Lawrence K. Wang, Donald B. Aulenbach, and James P. Van Dyke ...... 457

1. Introduction ...... 458 1.1. The First RBC-Flotation-UV-Leach Field Sewage Treatment Plant in US ...... 458 1.2. Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluent Limitations ...... 459 1.3. RBC-Flotation-UV Plant Operation and Technology Verification ...... 461 1.4. Secondary and Tertiary Treatment Levels ...... 461 2. Process Description of a Tertiary Biological– Physicochemical Wastewater Treatment Plant ...... 461 2.1. Equalization...... 461 2.2. Rotating Biological Contactor...... 462 2.3. Secondary Sedimentation Clarification...... 463 2.4. Dissolved Air Flotation and Dissolved Air Flotation–Filtration...... 463 2.5. Tertiary Sand Filtration...... 464 2.6. Ultraviolet Disinfection...... 465 2.7. Leach Field ...... 466 3. Plant Design, Installation, Operation, and Verification ...... 467 4. Jiminy Peak Wastewater Treatment Plant Design and Installation...... 468 5. Performance of the Jiminy Peak WWTP...... 472 6. Discussion and Conclusions ...... 476 References...... 483 15. Pittsfield Water Treatment Plant: Once the World’s Largest Flotation–Filtration Plant Lawrence K. Wang, Nazih K. Shammas, Donald B. Aulenbach, William A. Selke, and Daniel B. Guss...... 485

1. Introduction ...... 485 2. Pittsfield Water Resources System, Its Problems and Engineering Solution...... 486 3. New Pittsfield Water Treatment Facilities ...... 488 3.1. System Description ...... 488 3.2. Flotation–Filtration Package Clarifiers...... 490 4. Flotation–Filtration Clarifier Operation ...... 494 4.1. Automatic Service Cycle ...... 495 4.2. Automatic Backwashing Cycle...... 495 4.3. Manual Operation...... 496 5. Encouraging Engineering Development and Progress ...... 496 6. City of Pittsfield Drinking Water Quality for Year 2004 ...... 497 References...... 500 16. Pretreatment of Meat-Processing Waste Nazih K. Shammas, Jacek P. Wasowski, Lawrence K. Wang, and William A. Selke...... 503

1. Introduction ...... 504 1.1. Background ...... 504 1.2. Regulatory Considerations ...... 506 2. In-Plant Modifications to Reduce Pollution...... 510 2.1. Waste Conservation Practices ...... 510 2.2. Segregation of Waste Streams...... 512 2.3. Plant Waste Conservation Survey ...... 513 2.4. Recovery of Solids and Byproducts