NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS JournalNX- A Multidisciplinary Peer Reviewed Journal ISSN No: 2581 - 4230 VOLUME 6, ISSUE 11, Nov. -2020 REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENT OF 1905 IN AND DISTRICTS MADONA KEBADZE, Associate Professor, Iakob Gogebashvili Telavi State University

TAMAR LEKAIDZE, Doctorate Students of State University, Faculty of Humanities

ABSTRACT: At the beginning of the XX century, the INTRODUCTION: Georgian society faced various challenges of At the end of the XIX century Russia vital importance. On the one hand, in principally remained as agrarian state. 2/3 of its conditions of Russian colonial policy, population worked in this field and more than a '•Ø≤ß©°Æ ∞•Ø∞¨• §©§Æï¥ ®°∂• £©∂©¨-political ®°¨¶ ض ¥®• ≥¥°¥•ï≥ ©Æ£Ø≠• ∑°≥ ¥°´•Æ ¢π ¥®• rights and on the other hand, in spite of agriculture. But the productivity of agriculture abolition of serfdom Georgian peasantry still was magnificently low. This fact was due to continued to cultivate the lands of several reasons: first of all, it was the remains of landowners which raised the dissatisfaction ≥•≤¶§Ø≠ ∑®©£® §©§Æï¥ ß©∂• ¥®• °ß≤©£µ¨¥µ≤• of people and increased their social chance to develop. In spite of abolition of activities. They demanded to establish serfdom, the agrarian issue (land issue) in democratic governance. It should be Russia remained unsolved. 30 thousand large mentioned that the liberation movement in scale landowners possessed the same amount of coincided ongoing revolutionary land as 10 million peasants farming. processes in the . Analysis Productivity of agriculture was also and the general comprehension of the hindered by the very low level of education and current situation and concrete facts give technologies in the villages and the possibility of basis to conclude that at the beginning of the its development was also hindered by the XX century national  liberation and social- scarcity of investments. liberation movements in Georgia merged From January 3, 1905 meetings of workers each other. started. It was followed by the shooting With the materials retrieved, (execution) from government of peaceful investigated newspaper articles and demonstration on Sunday, January 9 at the archival documents we tried to demonstrate winter palace of the King. This bloody response the condition of peasantry in Telavi and to the peaceful demonstration is known in the Tianeti districts and draw out the reasons of history of Russia as the bloody week. ≤•≥©≥¥°Æ£• ∑®©£® ∑°≥ °ß°©Æ≥¥ ¥®• ´©Æßï≥ autocratic policy. MAIN PART: KEYWORDS: the year of 1905, revolution, Ongoing economic and political situation agrarian situation, Districts of Telavi and at the end of the XIX century and the beginning Tianeti, Vaja Pshavela. of the XX century caused the activation of social movement in Russia. Political parties who were supporting revolution managed to organize

427 | P a g e

NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS JournalNX- A Multidisciplinary Peer Reviewed Journal ISSN No: 2581 - 4230 VOLUME 6, ISSUE 11, Nov. -2020 meetings and strikes in the whole empire which The population from the village mainly ended with the confrontation with the Kurdgelauri refused to pay quitrents and rates. population and the army. The government sent punitive expedition to the Execution of peaceful demonstration on village, though landowners Vakhvakhishvili January 9, 1905 in Saint Petersburg had great were very careful and sent Russian Cossack response in Georgia. There were army back [3 ]. There stood punitive armies in demonstrations held in the districts of Gori, the village Akhtala where confrontation , , Tianeti, , and between government army and the peasants . The population mainly demanded to took place. On August 2, In the village Vanta the abolish the remains of serfdom and acquire nobles Japaridze were opposed by the democratic rights. population. They demanded the large amount of From the XX century revolutionary land to be given to peasants. [4 ]. meetings started in Telavi district. At the Ongoing situation in Telavi district in beginning of revolution particularly students 1905 made it clear that the revolutionary and the youth became very active. On March 22, activity increased a lot. From investigating 1905, students of Telavi Public School appealed archival materials, it becomes clear that their rights to teaching inspection which Adjutant  General Z. who was ∑•≤•Æï¥ ≥°¥©≥¶©•§ °Æ§ ¨°¥•≤á Ø¥®•≤ ≥¥µ§•Æ¥≥ also sent to Telavi and Tianeti to find out the reasons joined them [1.42 ]. On March 21-22, shop- ض ∞•°≥°Æ¥≥ï §©≥≥°¥©≥faction, mentioned agrarian assistants in Telavi went on a strike. They policy as the reason of revolutionary movement demanded the raise of their salaries. in his report sent to the government. He said: Revolutionary meetings started on April 1 ò¥®• ≤•°≥ØÆ Ø¶ 4•¨°∂© °Æ§ 4©°Æ•¥© ∞Ø∞µ¨°¥©ØÆ ©≥ developed into disorders. There were robbery ∞≤©∂°¥• ∞≤Ø∞•≤¥πó [ 5 ]. facts of boozers and shops. [1.45] . To suppress Social situation of the peasants, their such disorders the government withdrew problems and demands were always discussed military forces. at the meetings of Noblemen. Editorial staff of From 1905 revolutionary movement ¥®• Æ•∑≥∞°∞•≤ ò4≥ÆØ¢©≥ 0µ≤¥≥•¨©ó ©Æ ≥∞©¥• ض ¥®• started in different villages of Telavi district. censorship often published information about The population mainly paid their attention to agrarian and legal condition of the people in the agrarian issues. They refused to pay for rental villages of Telavi district. At the meeting which quitrent and other rates and demanded to pay was held on August 25, 1905 they talked about government taxes according to the amount of ∞•Ø∞¨•ï≥ ∞Ø∂•≤¥π °Æ§ ≤Ø¢¢•≤πä 4®©≥ ≠••¥©Æß ∑°≥ lands. Besides agrarian demands, they sat up a held by Telavi nobleman leader N.Cholokashvili boycott against landowners; they took out and the following landowners attended it: servants and hired workers from their houses. V.Chavchavadze, D.Abelishvili, Al. Makhashvili, Protest action of the population was Z.Japaraidze and the representatives of particularly vast in Shilda, Almati, Sabue, proprietor peasants from trading-industrial and Eniseli. The population refused to work in institutions. {6} . ¥®• ¨°Æ§Ø∑Æ•≤≥ï ¶°≤≠≥ °Æ§ §•≠°Æ§•§ ¥®• Revolutionary movement started in distribution of land in equal amounts [2 ]. From Telavi district was responded by Tianeti the documentation it becomes clear that the population. From the government they nobles scared with revolutionary movements demanded the abolition of state taxes and signed their requirements. transmission of agricultural resources to the

428 | P a g e

NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS JournalNX- A Multidisciplinary Peer Reviewed Journal ISSN No: 2581 - 4230 VOLUME 6, ISSUE 11, Nov. -2020 peasants free of charge. There were strikes and ®•°§≠•Æ ∑•≤• §•∞≤©∂•§ ≠•§°¨≥ó [8 meetings everywhere. Particularly it was 181].According to archival documentation Vaja increasing greatly in Khevsureti and . The even wrote Georgian Marseillaize which was four society of Southern Khevsureti made an sang by revolutionary army of Tianeti. oath on the Cross of Gudani not to pay any state In November-December of 1905 there taxes and fight for legal rights; As s sign of were universal strikes in the whole Georgia. protest, in the villages of Pshavi, the society of Armed manifestations took place everywhere Magaro and Shuapkho closed the doors of shops and mostly it took place on landowners, police and the chancellery and appealed the demands and administrational centers of the districts. In about the issues of land socialization to the such a difficult situation after suppressing government. [ 6]. armed rebellion in Moscow, the supreme {7]Revolutionary movement started in government of the empire brushed over the village of Tusheti valley Alvani.The youth additional armed forces in Gerogia. Soon united around the priest Giorgi Bochoridze and military situation was spread in the West and spread illegal literature in the village. They the East Gerogia. secretly held meetings near the old residence of Kakhetian King, in Tskhrakara and appealed the CONCLUSION: people to fight for the freedom. {7]. In 1905, universal revolutionary From October 1905, revolutionary ≤•¢•¨¨©ØÆ §©§Æï¥ ¥°´• ∞¨°£• ©Æ '•Ø≤ß©°ä )Æ ≥∞©¥• ض movement in Georgia gained radical and mass the attack of counter revolution, large number character. The population united around of Telavi and Tianeti population continued intellectual society. Together with social §©≥Ø¢•§©•Æ£•ä 4®•π §©§Æï¥ ≠°´• £ØÆ£•≥≥©ØÆ Ø¶ demands they had political demands as well, their self-governance attained form force and they required the overthrow of the tsarist greedily protected it. In spring and autumn of government and the creation of democratic 1906,revolutionary wave covered . governance. Revolutionary armies were Caucasian administration declared emergency created in every place. In November, 1905, rules in Telavi, Tinaeti and Signagi. It restores Pshavi population was joined by well-armed òsocial disciplineó with fire and acute, it arrested Khevsuri people, they were united around the a lot of people; some people escaped fro famous poet and social worker Vaja Pshavela repressions and went to live in the forests. [7, and particularly paid attention to the national 126]. Ongoing situation in Georgia made vivid issues. that the main force of revolution was peasants. In autumn 1905, Vaja Pshavela met the Despite of failure, 1905-1907 people at the festival of Khatoba and appealed revolutionary manifestations had great them to fight for the freedom of Georgia. He importance for Georgia. Universal made people who came at the meeting of demonstrations of population revealed that Ukanapshavi swear on the golden stone of '•Ø≤ß©°Æ≥ £Øµ¨§Æï¥ °§°∞¥ ∑©¥® ¥®• ¨Ø≥≥ ض Shuapkho Ikhsari and asked to pray for Georgia. statehood and heavy yoke of Russian serfdom. 6°™°ï≥ ∑©¶• 4≠°≤ ≤•≠•≠¢•≤≥ ¥®°¥ ò)Æ ¥®• The failure felt in the battle for freedom made community of Ukanapshavi and Magaros Kari resistance stronger against Russian Luka(real name of Vaja Pshavela) and the priest colonial policy. Songulashvili made people swear for the devotion of unity. Foresters and village

429 | P a g e

NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS JournalNX- A Multidisciplinary Peer Reviewed Journal ISSN No: 2581 - 4230 VOLUME 6, ISSUE 11, Nov. -2020 REFERENCES: 1) Simashvili, T (2017) Forced structures, political parties and social situation at the end of the XIX century and the beginning of the XX century. 2) .•∑≥∞°∞•≤ ò4≥ÆØ¢©≥ ∞µ≤¥≥•¨©ó (1905) #2787; 3) .•∑≥∞°∞•≤ ò4≥ÆØ¢©≥ ∞µ≤¥≥•¨©ó (1905) #2898; 4) .•∑≥∞°∞•≤ ò4≥ÆØ¢©≥ ∞µ≤¥≥•¨©ó (1905) #288;1 5) Personal Manuscript, archival Fund. Paatashvili, V. #4315; 6) .•∑≥∞°∞•≤ ò)∂•≤©°ó (1906)#; 7) History of Georgia, Four Volume edition. Vol. IV. , 2012 8) Khornauli, G. (2009) The life of Vaja Pshavela. 9) History of Georgia , Vol. IV. Tbilisi, 2012.

430 | P a g e