A Status Report Revival of Water Body at Wadala

For

Mumbai Metropolitan Region Environment Improvement Society

By

M-02, SINE,

CSRE Building, 3rd Floor, IITB Campus,

Powai, -400076

www.sweepenviro.com

February 2015 Table of Contents

Chapter 1 : Introduction ...... 1 1.1 Background ...... 1 1.2 Ecological Infrastructure ...... 2 1.3 Integral Role of Urban Natural Resources ...... 3 1.4 Urban Drivers to Ecological Change ...... 4 1.5 Goods and Services Provided by Wetland Ecosystems ...... 5 1.6 Creating Urban Wetlands: Issues to be considered...... 6 1.7 Rejuvenation: Motivation and Challenges ...... 8 1.8 The Water Body: Wadala...... 9 Chapter 2 : Work Plan ...... 11 2.1 Objectives ...... 11 2.2 Scope of the Work ...... 11 2.3 Approach &Methodology ...... 12 2.4 Deliverables ...... 13 Chapter 3 : Preliminary Survey Work ...... 14 3.1 Geographical Location ...... 14 3.2 Topographical Study and Contouring ...... 15 3.3. Metamorphosis of the Site ...... 17 3.3 Socio-economic Assessment ...... 18 Chapter 4 : Ecology and Environmental Study ...... 19 4.1 Concept of Biodiversity ...... 19 4.2 Methodology ...... 20 4.2.1 Mangrove Diversity ...... 20 4.3 Aquatic Macrophytes ...... 20 4.4 Other Plants ...... 21 4.5 Avifauna ...... 21 4.6 Other Species of Interest ...... 26 Chapter 5 : Environmental Status and Assessment ...... 28 5.1 Environment status and Pollution Load ...... 28 5.1.1 Solid Waste ...... 28 5.1.2 Marine water and Sewage intrusion ...... 28

5.1.3 Construction Debris ...... 29 5.2 Flow rate Measurement...... 30 5.3 Water Sampling and Analysis ...... 31 5.3.1 Water Sampling and Locations ...... 32 5.3.2 Water Analysis and its Inference ...... 32 5.3.3.1 pH ...... 35 5.3.3.2 Dissolved Oxygen (DO) ...... 36 5.3.3.3 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) ...... 37 5.3.3.4 Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)...... 38 5.3.3.5 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) ...... 39 5.3.3.6 Total Suspended Solids (TSS) ...... 40 5.3.3.7 Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN) ...... 41 5.3.3.8 Chlorides ...... 41 5.3.3.9 Orthophosphates ...... 42 5.3.3.10 Correlation Coefficient ...... 43 5.3.3.11 Water Quality Index ...... 44 5.4 Sediment Sampling and Analysis ...... 45 5.4.1 Sediment Sampling and Location ...... 45 5.4.3 Sampling Analysis ...... 46 Chapter 6 : Design of Proposed Treatment System ...... 50 6.1 Process Variables ...... 50 6.1.1 Hydrology ...... 50 6.1.2 Hydraulics ...... 50 6.1.3 Flow Rate ...... 50 6.1.4 Aspect Ratio ...... 50 6.1.5 Hydraulic Retention Time...... 51 6.1.6 Organic Loading Rate ...... 51 6.1.7 Hydraulic Loading Rate (HLR) ...... 52 6.1.8 Media ...... 52 6.1.9 Vegetation ...... 52 6.1.10 Porosity ...... 53 6.2 Physical Design ...... 54 6.2.1 Screening Unit ...... 54

6.12.2 System Configuration ...... 54 Chapter 7 : Socio-economic Survey...... 56 7.1 Introduction ...... 56 7.1.1 Methodology ...... 56 7.2 Analysis of Responses ...... 57 Chapter 8 : Revival of Wadala Water Body-Recommendation ...... 62 8.1 Bottlenecks and Solutions ...... 62 8.1.1 Sanitation ...... 62 8.1.2 Wastewater treatment...... 63 8.1.3 Municipal Solid Waste Management ...... 63 8.1.4 Biodiversity enrichment ...... 64 Security ...... 64 8.2 Concept Design- Wadala Water Body ...... 65 8.2.1 Indulge-in Activities at Wadala Eco-Park ...... 66 Annexure I ...... 68 Annexure II...... 72 Annexure III ...... 73 Annexure IV ...... 74 Annexure V ...... 76 Annexure VI ...... 81

List of Figures

Figure 1.1: Mumbai City Map ...... 1 Figure 1.2 Land use in Greater Mumbai ...... 3 Figure 1.3: Mangroves ...... 4 Figure 1.4 Esturine Wetland ...... 4 Figure 1.5 Salt Pan ...... 4 Figure 1.6 Marshy Land ...... 5 Figure 1.7 Wadala water body Map on Google Earth ...... 10 Figure 2.1: Methodology Adapted for Revival Plan of Wadala water body ...... 13 Figure 3.1: Wadala Water Body Location ...... 14 Figure 3.2 Contour Map Overlaid on Google Earth Image ...... 15 Figure 3.3 Contour Map of Wadala Water Body ...... 16 Figure 3.4: Metamorphosis of the Si