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Ancient Egyptian Religion I: General Concepts and the Heliopolitan Gods
Ancient Egyptian Religion I: General Concepts and the Heliopolitan Gods Shawn C. Knight Spring 2009 (This document last revised March 18, 2009) 1 The nature of Egyptian religion (intro) The Egyptian idea of \deity" is a difficult one to pin down. The most frequently used word for deity, ' 4 ntr (or nTr), resembles the English word god in that it can be used as either a common noun, referring to one of numerous divine beings, or as a proper noun, referring to the Supreme Being. Much more problematic than the word used, however, are the details of what the gods do and even who they are. Gods become conflated with one another; most notably, there are (at least) two gods named Horus, designated \Elder" and \Younger", and they share a number of traits, often being confused (deliberately or mistakenly). The gods usurp one another's roles, or delegate their roles to others, with astounding frequency. It is Set's role to protect the sun god from the serpent of chaos|except when Horus has that function. The Supreme Being is Re-Atum, except when he is Amun-Re, except when he is simply Re or simply Atum or . Adding still further to the complication is the local character of Egyptian religion. Every nome had a patron god, and while some of the gods patronized more than one nome, there was plenty of variety. We have already considered this to some degree: we have noted Thebes, for example, as having Amun for a patron, and observed that the military rise of the Thebans in the Middle and New Kingdoms were responsible for the enrichment and empowerment of Amun's cult. -
List of Toponyms Mentioned
List of Toponyms Mentioned The following identifications and information are based on the database of places in www.trismegistos.org. Anchtawi Anchtawi ꜥnḫ-tꜣ.wy (TM Geo 10723) 1st Lower Egyptian nome, Memphites (Memphis, Meidum) Status: necropolis area north of the Serapeum Egyptian name(s): ꜥnḫ-tꜣ.wy Variants: Anch-tawi (Ankhtawy, Anekh-taui, Onchtowe, Anchtu) (Life (of the) two lands) Apollonopolis (Qus) Apollonopolis (Qus) Gs (TM Geo 270) 5th Upper Egyptian nome, Koptites (Qift) Status: city (polis), village (kome, vicus), district (nomos) Greek name(s): Ἀπόλλωνος Πόλις Μικρά, Διοκλητιανόπολις, Διοκλητιανοῦ Πόλις Egyptian name(s): Gs (Gsꜣ, Gsy) Modern name(s): Qus Variants: Apollonopolis (Apollonos Polis, Apollinopolis) Mikra (Parva), Diokletianopolis (Diokletianou Polis, City of Diocletianus), Ges, Koos (Kos, Chus), Qus (Kous, Kus, Qos) Note: obsolete interpretation: Apollonopolites; the identi- fication with Rsn(.t) / Rsnf(.t) is no longer accepted (See Latopolis (Esna) (TM Geo 1227)) Aut(?) Aut(?) Ꜣwṱ.w (TM Geo 11263) 4th Upper Egyptian nome, Peri Thebas (Theban area) Status: village(?) Egyptian name(s): Ꜣwṱ.w, ꜣwt(?) Variants: Aout(?) Maria Cannata - 9789004406803 Downloaded from Brill.com09/30/2021 10:17:57PM via free access list of toponyms mentioned 747 Djeme—Memnoneia Djeme—Memnoneia (Thebes west) Ṯ-mꜣꜥ (TM Geo 1341) 4th Upper Egyptian nome, Peri Thebas (Theban area) Status: village, kome, quarter, district Greek name(s): τὰ Μεμνόνεια Egyptian name(s): Ḏmꜣ, T-ḏmꜣꜥ, Ḏmꜥ, Ḏmꜣ.t, Pr-ḏmꜣ, Pꜣ-ḏmꜣ Modern name(s): Thebes west Djeserset -
Early Hydraulic Civilization in Egypt Oi.Uchicago.Edu
oi.uchicago.edu Early Hydraulic Civilization in Egypt oi.uchicago.edu PREHISTORIC ARCHEOLOGY AND ECOLOGY A Series Edited by Karl W. Butzer and Leslie G. Freeman oi.uchicago.edu Karl W.Butzer Early Hydraulic Civilization in Egypt A Study in Cultural Ecology Internet publication of this work was made possible with the generous support of Misty and Lewis Gruber The University of Chicago Press Chicago and London oi.uchicago.edu Karl Butzer is professor of anthropology and geography at the University of Chicago. He is a member of Chicago's Committee on African Studies and Committee on Evolutionary Biology. He also is editor of the Prehistoric Archeology and Ecology series and the author of numerous publications, including Environment and Archeology, Quaternary Stratigraphy and Climate in the Near East, Desert and River in Nubia, and Geomorphology from the Earth. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 60637 The University of Chicago Press, Ltd., London ® 1976 by The University of Chicago All rights reserved. Published 1976 Printed in the United States of America 80 79 78 77 76 987654321 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Butzer, Karl W. Early hydraulic civilization in Egypt. (Prehistoric archeology and ecology) Bibliography: p. 1. Egypt--Civilization--To 332 B. C. 2. Human ecology--Egypt. 3. Irrigation=-Egypt--History. I. Title. II. Series. DT61.B97 333.9'13'0932 75-36398 ISBN 0-226-08634-8 ISBN 0-226-08635-6 pbk. iv oi.uchicago.edu For INA oi.uchicago.edu oi.uchicago.edu CONTENTS List of Illustrations Viii List of Tables ix Foreword xi Preface xiii 1. -
THE LUXOR-FARSHUT DESERT ROAD SURVEY John Coleman Darnell and Deborah Darnell the 1994/95 Season Was a Very Eventful One for the Luxor-Farshut Desert Road Survey
ARCHAEOLOGY oi.uchicago.edu THE LUXOR-FARSHUT DESERT ROAD SURVEY John Coleman Darnell and Deborah Darnell The 1994/95 season was a very eventful one for the Luxor-Farshut Desert Road Survey. Extraordinarily heavy rainfall at the beginning of the season allowed us to witness the powerful effects of water flowing off the high desert and how such forces have influenced the configuration of physical remains on the ancient roads. Our work concentrated on the main Farshut Road and the nearby cAlamat Tal Road. After preliminary surveys during the 1993/94 season, we began formal work this season on the Darb Rayayna to the south, including the Topos of Apa Tyrannos. In addi tion, we continued to examine the Darb Bacirat and the Thoth Mountain Road. A newly discovered site of rock inscriptions has provided a wealth of exciting infor mation about the use of desert roads in pharaonic times and has shed light on the history of the First Intermediate Period and the beginning of the Eleventh Dynasty. Yet even as we rejoiced over our discovery of that untouched area, we became en gaged in an ongoing struggle to save another site that was being plundered literally before our eyes. Gebel Antef During the third season of work on the Theban Desert Road Survey, we continued to examine the area of the Seventeenth Dynasty chapel of Antef V—apparently dedicated to the Abydene Osiris—which we discovered during our first season of work (see the Annual Reports for 1992/93 and 1993/94). We have now identified further ceramic evidence of Middle Kingdom and early Second Intermediate Pe- 44 THE ORIENTAL INSTITUTE oi.uchicago.edu LUXOR-FARSHOT Figure 1. -
A Nome Procession from the Royal Cult Complex in the Temple of Hatshepsut at Deir El-Bahari 20 O B
INSTITUT DES CULTURES MÉDITERRANÉENNES ET ORIENTALES DE L’ACADÉMIE POLONAISE DES SCIENCES ÉTUDES et TRAVAUX XXVII 2014 O B A Nome Procession from the Royal Cult Complex in the Temple of Hatshepsut at Deir el-Bahari 20 O B The term ‘nome procession’ refers to an iconographic sequence of nome personifi cations depicted mostly on the lowest level of temples or shrines. The fi gures are usually represented in a procession around the edifi ce, bringing offerings for the cult of the deity or the king worshiped inside. They follow the geographic order from south to north, in line with the traditional Egyptian system of orientation which gives precedence to the southern direction.1 The present study deals with one such procession of nome personifi cations represented in the Temple of Queen Hatshepsut at Deir el-Bahari. The scene in question covers the eastern wall of a small, open courtyard in the Complex of the Royal Cult situated south of the main Upper Courtyard of the Temple. The small court precedes two vestibules which further lead to adjacent two cult chapels. The bigger vestibule, belonging to the Chapel of Hatshepsut, is attached to the southern side of the courtyard, whereas on the western side of the latter lie the second, much smaller vestibule and a cult chapel dedicated to the Queen’s father, Tuthmosis I. From the architectural point of view, the eastern wall of the small courtyard partly delimits the Royal Cult Complex from the east. Iconographically, the whole eastern wall of the Complex is divided into two sections, each one belonging to a different piece of this cultic compound: the northern part, decorated in sunken relief, stretches for 3.71m (which equals 7 cubits) and belongs to the said small courtyard; the southern section – 5.81m long (approx. -
UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology
UCLA UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology Title Edfu Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/75p1n928 Journal UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology, 1(1) Author Moeller, Nadine Publication Date 2013-08-20 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California EDFU ادفو Nadine Moeller EDITORS WILLEKE WENDRICH Editor-in-Chief Area Editor Geography University of California, Los Angeles JACCO DIELEMAN Editor University of California, Los Angeles ELIZABETH FROOD Editor University of Oxford JOHN BAINES Senior Editorial Consultant University of Oxford Short Citation: Moeller, 2013, Edfu. UEE. Full Citation: Moeller, Nadine, 2013, Edfu. In Willeke Wendrich (ed.), UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology, Los Angeles. http://digital2.library.ucla.edu/viewItem.do?ark=21198/zz002gw1kt 8502 Version 1, August 2013 http://digital2.library.ucla.edu/viewItem.do?ark=21198/zz002gw1kt EDFU ادفو Nadine Moeller Edfu Edfou The ancient settlement of Edfu saw a long period of occupation, which encompasses almost 3000 years of ancient Egyptian history. It functioned as an important urban center as the capital of the 2nd Upper Egyptian nome from the Old Kingdom onwards. Excavations have focused on different periods and areas of the ancient tell providing a glimpse into the evolution of an early urban settlement in the Nile Valley. A cemetery with tombs dating to the Old and Middle Kingdoms lies in the immediate vicinity of this settlement. شھدت المنطقة السكنية القديمة بإدفو فترة طويلة من اﻹشغاﻻت ، شملت تقريبا 3000 عام من التاريخ المصرى القديم ، حيث كانت إدفو مركز حضرى ھام كونھا عاصمة اﻹقليم الثانى لمصر العليا بدايةً من عصر الدولة القديمة فصاعدا. ركزت الحفائر اﻷثرية على عصور ومناطق مختلفة بالتل اﻷثرى ، وأعطت تصورا عن بداية تطور المنطقة السكنية بوادى النيل. -
Palace and Temple Edited by Rolf Gundlach and Kate Spence
KÖNIGTUM, STAAT UND GESELLSCHAFT FRÜHER HOCHKULTUREN 4,2 5. Symposium zur ägyptischen Königsideologie/ 5th Symposium on Egyptian Royal Ideology Palace and Temple Edited by Rolf Gundlach and Kate Spence Harras sowitz Verlag KÖNIGTUM, STAAT UND GESELLSCHAFT FRÜHER HOCHKULTUREN Herausgegeben von Rolf Gundlach, Detlev Kreikenbom und Mechthild Schade-Busch 4,2 Beiträge zur altägyptischen Königsideologie Herausgegeben von Horst Beinlich, Rolf Gundlach und Ursula Rößler-Köhler 2011 Harrassowitz Verlag • Wiesbaden 5. Symposium zur ägyptischen Königsideologie/ 5th Symposium on Egyptian Royal Ideology Palace and Temple Architecture - Decoration - Ritual Cambridge, July, 16th-17th, 2007 Edited by Rolf Gundlach and Kate Spence 2011 Harrassowitz Verlag • Wiesbaden The proceedings of the first three Symposien zur ägyptischen Königsideologie are published in volume 36, part 1, 2 and 3 of the series „Ägypten und Altes Testament". Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsehe Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie: detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. Bibliographie information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothck lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie: detailed bibliographic data are available in the internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de. For further information about our publishing program consult our website http://www.harrassowitz-verlag.de © Otto Harrassowitz GmbH & Co. KG, -
(Modern Luxor) Ancient Greek Name for the Upper Egyptian Town of Waset
Originalveröffentlichung in: Donald B. Redford (Hrsg.), The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt III, Oxford 2001, S. 384-388 384 THEBES complexes, extended over an area of more than 4 kilo meters (2.4 miles) in length and 0.51 kilometer (about a quarter to a half mile) in width. The great number of monuments, many exceptionally well preserved, make the Theban area the largest and most important archaeologi cal site in Egypt. Eastern Bank of the Nile. A discussion of the princi pal archaeological features follows. The temple of Karnak. Archaeologically, the eastern bank of Thebes is dominated by the gigantic temple com plex of Karnak, the home of Egypt's main god AmunRe from the time of the Middle Kingdom onward. The earli est known parts of the temple have been dated to the first half of the eleventh dynasty, when a presumably modest temple, or a chapel, for the god Amun was erected by King Antef II. The temple was substantially expanded in the twelfth dynasty, during the reign of Senwosret L The temple, however, seems to have remained in this state for almost four hundred years. From the eighteenth dynasty until the Roman period, Karnak was a place of continu ous building activity, but of varying intensity. The temple of Luxor. The main part of the temple of Luxor was founded by Amenhotpe III (r. 14101372 BCE). An earlier triple shrine (barkstation), built by Queen Hat shepsut and Thutmose III (r. 15021452 BCE) north of the first pylon, remained in use at later times; then in the nineteenth dynasty, Ramesses II added an open court to the north of the existing Amenhotpe III building. -
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston BULLETIN
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston BULLETIN VOLUMELIX 1961 NUMBER 316 I. Fragmentary slate triad of Mycerinus: the goddess Hathor on Mycerinus’ right, personification of a nome on his left, ca. 2599-2571 B.C., from Giza. Harvard-Boston Expedition. 11.3147 40 A Fragmentary Triad of King Mycerinus IT HAS LONG been a commonplace to speak of the Old Kingdom as the period of the first flowering of the brilliant civilization of ancient Egypt. More specifically we consider the Fourth Dynasty as the time when the forms of Egyptian sculpture were rationalized, to establish a framework adhered to but sometimes reinterpreted during the succeeding twenty centuries. But as with all commonplaces, the expert and the public tend sometimes to neglect the well- known for the sake of less frequently cultivated fields which appear thereby to be more rewarding. For this reason it is always a source of considerable pleasure to have the mind and eye taken back to the familiar from a fresh point of view. This rare occurrence is what prompts the present note in connection with the fragmentary slate triad of Mycerinus (Figs. 1-3). The triad was brought to Boston not long after its discovery in 1908 by the American Egyptologist and late Curator of Egyptian Art in the Museum of Fine Arts, Dr. George Andrew Reisner. For many years it was considered too fragmentary for exhibition with the other masterpieces of the Fourth Dynasty and was placed in the Old Kingdom Study Room. Not long ago it was decided that the rarity of the piece as well as its neglected beauty justified its reinstallation in the First Egyptian Sculpture Gallery with other great treasures gleaned from Dr. -
Giza Plateau Mapping Project. Mark Lehner
GIZA PLATEAU MAPPING PROJECT | PROJECT REPORTS GIZA PLATEAU MAPPING PROJECT MARK LEHNER | ANCIENT EGYPT RESEARCH ASSOCIATES During field season 2019 (February 3–April 11), Ancient Egypt Research Associates (AERA) returned to the Menkaure Valley Temple (figs. 1–2), where George Reisner excavated on behalf of Harvard University and the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, between 1908 and 1910, and where we conducted fieldwork in 2008, 2011, and 2012. Our aims this season were to re-excavate and document the MVT with the systematic MoLAS- derived method,1 which we have honed for AERA’s overall archaeology program at Giza, because, like the Khentkawes Town (KKT), the MVT and its occupation are a major component of the context of our main site, the Heit el-Ghurab (HeG), in the overall settlement archaeology of the Giza Plateau. Our interest includes chronology, the development of settlement and its structures, the transfer of people through these sites, and concomitant changes in material culture. We hypothesize that as people abandoned the HeG, they settled near the KKT and MVT, and perhaps also near the valley temples of Khafre, nearby, and Khufu, some distance to the northeast. The nature of the sites changed from infrastructures for large royal works to service centers for the cults of the deceased kings. We had planned to focus on the western part of the MVT, so as to avoid the complexities of the occupation in the court. We wanted to reserve re-excavation of the court settlement for future seasons. We also wanted to avoid retrieving large quantitates of material culture, so as to allow the team in the field lab to catch up processing the backlogged material from last season’s (2018) excava- tion of the Kromer site, a massive dump of Fourth Dynasty settlement waste and demolition debris.2 Ironically, we did retrieve large quantities of material culture this season in the MVT from Reisner’s original excavation of the southern MVT court, because he dumped spoil from this excavation, which was still rich in material culture, back into the western parts of the temple. -
'Ancient Egyptian Autobiographies Chiefly of the Middle Kingdom: a Study and an Anthology'
Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 1988 Ancient Egyptian Autobiographies Chiefly of the Middle Kingdom: A Study and an Anthology Lichtheim, Miriam Abstract: By a selection of sixty ancient Egyptian autobiographical inscriptions, presented in new transla- tions, the author examines the growth of the autobiographical genre during the Old and Middle Kingdoms, from ca. 2500 to ca. 1800 B.C. The Old Kingdom created the basic form: the autobiography as an inte- gral part of the inscriptional and pictorial program of tombs - the planned and often sumptuous tombs of the well-to-do, who filled the major positions in the royal administration. After the decline oftheOld Kingdom, the rising middle class diversified the genre, and loci other than tombs, notably free-standing stelae and rock faces of quarries, also became carriers of autobiographical self-presentations. The cult of Osiris added yet another dimension: autobiographical stelae erected near the Osiris temple at Abydos and specifically designed to place their owners in the care of the god-of-the-dead. The texts of thesestelae often describe their position as being ”at the terrace of the great god”, a description which has caused much scholarly rumination. Just what was the terrace of the great god? This study demonstrates that the texts themselves furnish the conclusive answer. Finally, the reader meets a magnate of Middle Egypt in his splendid tomb, whose carefully stylized autobiography is a classic of Middle Kingdom oratory. Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-141274 Monograph Published Version Originally published at: Lichtheim, Miriam (1988). -
Pharaoh: King of Ancient Egypt Educator’S Resource Pharaoh: King of Ancient Egypt
Educator’s Resource Pharaoh: King of Ancient Egypt Educator’s Resource Pharaoh: King of Ancient Egypt Written by Kevin Sweeney, Fourth-Grade Teacher, Hawken School, Pharaoh: King of Ancient Egypt is a collaboration with Lyndhurst, Ohio, with the assistance of Cleveland Museum of Art staff the British Museum. Presented by Baker Hostetler, with Hajnal Eppley, Assistant Director, School and Teacher Engagement, additional support from the and Dale Hilton, Director of Teaching and Learning. Selz Foundation. Developed in conjunction with the exhibition Pharaoh: King of Ancient Egypt (on view through June 12, 2016), this educational resource introduces students to objects produced thousands of years ago for specific functions. By comparing Cleveland Museum of Art works from the exhibition with others from the museum’s permanent collection, students can practice skills required by state and national academic standards. In this resource, teachers will find images, selected information, and Common Core–aligned prompts for class- room use. The Cleveland Museum of Art 11150 East Blvd., Cleveland, OH 44106 www.clevelandart.org/learn Part I: Thinking about Egypt The Egyptian civilization was the longest lived in the ancient world. It began along the Nile River in northeastern Africa about 3300 BCE1 and thrived for more than 3,000 years. Seasonal rains in the southern highlands inundated the Nile every year, causing the river to overflow its banks. When the floodwaters receded, a layer of rich black topsoil covered the flood plain. This fertile land enabled the Egyptians to develop a successful farming economy. Other natural factors contributed to ancient Egypt’s rise to promi- nence.