Jo. 171 January, February, March, 2002
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TECHNICAL AND EXTENSION SERIES
CENTRAL MARINE FISHERIES RESEARCH INSTITUTE
COCHIN, INDIA
(INDLAN COUNCIL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH) The Marine Fisheries Information Service : Technical and Extension Series envisages dissemination of information on marine fishery resources based on research results to the planners, industry and fish farmers, and transfer of technology from laboratory to field.
Abbreviation - Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv., T & E Ser., No. 171 : January, February, March, 2002
CONTENTS
Article No. Article Title Pages
980 Expanding exploitation of Indian mackerel in Maharashtra 1
981 Breeding and larval rearing of three species of damselfishes (family: Pomacentridae) 3
982 The unusual landings of juveniles of Decapterus russelli and Rastrelliger kanagurta in trawl catches of Veraval 6
983 Unusual landings of flying fish Cheilopogonfurcatus (Mitchill, 1815) in
Veraval, Mangrol and Chorwad 7
984 A rare record of rainbow runner Elegatis bipinnulata in trawl catches of Veraval 8
985 Bumper landings of Abalistes stellatus (Lacepede, 1798) 8
986 On a giant devil ray Manta birostris (Walbaum) landed at Tuticorin fishing harbour 9
987 On a whale shark Rhiniodon typus landed at Malpe, Udupi district, Karnataka 9
988 On two species of marine turtles stranded at Mandapam 10
989 Book review 10
Front Cover Photo : Ring seine operation for shoaling pelagics
Edited by Dr. N.G. Menon and Mr. N. Venugopal. Published by Dr. N.G. Menon on behaJf of the Director, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, P.B. No. 1603, Tatapuram P.O., Cochin - 682 014, India. Printed at St. Francis Press, Kochi - 18. Phone: 391456. Mar. Fish. Infor. Sen)., T&E Sen, No. 171, 2002 980 Expanding exploitation of Indian mackerel in Maharashtra
During the last decade Maharashtra has CATCH IN 1000 TONNES EFFORT (X 1000) emerged as a major exploiter of Indian mackerel. From a total of 884 tonnes in 1985 the mackerel catch in Maharashtra shot up to 38355 tonnes by 1996 with an annual average (1985-2000) of 20364 tonnes, indicating an increase of 43.4 fold, whereas, during the same period its increase in Kerala was only 7 fold. After 1996 a slight decline was observed and the lowest catch was 32140 tonnes in 2000, when 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 the state's contribution to the all India catch —— EFFORT ^ CATCH (24.16%) was second only to Kerala (25.45%). The Fli ;.2. Annual purse seine effort and catch of mackerel overall contribution of Maharashtra to the total mackerel catch in India during 1985-2000 was CATCH IN 1000 TONNES
12.13% which increased to 17.38% during 1996- 30- .y^ o 2000 (Fig. 1). 25- o ^^
20- CATCH IN 1000 TONNES PERCENTAGE 15- o^^ 10- ^---^0 5-
0- —9^
1 » -5- -I 1 1 0 5 10 15 20 25 EFFORT (X 10OO) O OBSERVED CATCH — ESTIMATED CATCH Fig. 3. Ptelatlon Ijetween purse seine effort and catch of mackerel
0 "I' 'r ' r • i 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 128 tonnes and 33141 tonnes. Fig.3 gives the 1985 1987 1 relation between the purse seine effort and catch ^} CATCH PERCENTAGE of mackerel indicating a direct relation with ef Fig. 1. Annual catch of mackerel from Maharashtra and the per centage contribution to the total catch of the species in India fort. The estimated regression of catch on effort gives. Purse seine fishery for mackerel: It was the a = -3233.75 introduction of purse seines that slowly brought b = 1.6482 this state into prominence in mackerel fishery of the country. The contribution of this gear was r = 0.99 13.59% in the second half of 1980s which in Fig.4 shows the relation between the effort and creased to 79.89% by the second half of 1990s catch per unit effort (CPUE). The linear regression (Fig.2). The effort increased from 1540 in 1986 of CPUE on effort had the following parameter val to 21565 by 1996 with corresponding catch of ues: Mar. Ffsh. Infor. Sew.. T & E Ser., No. 171. 2002
0.2928 increasing effort has not yet caused a decline in CPUE. Hence, a study of maximum sustainable b = 0.000069 )aeld is not possible. The catch from this state r = 0.86 can still be considered low in spite of its high rate In both these estimates b had positive values. of growth because the catch per km of its coast The regression of catch on effort indicated an av line is much lower to that of the southern states erage catch increase of 1.65 tonnes per effort. Sur of west coast like Goa, Karnataka and Kerala prisingly Fig. 4 shows that the CPUE also showed (Table 1). a direct relation with effort though there Is not Table 1. The average annual catch of mackerel much of an increase beyond an effort level of 16000 (in tonnes) per km. of coastline and CPUE level of 1.5 tonnes. The fishery also seems to adjust the effort to this level. After a State 1989-1995 1996-2000 peak figure of 21565 in 1996 the effort is slowly Kerala 60.76 131.70 limping back to 16000 with a corresponding im Karnataka 131.26 125.09 provement in CPUE. Goa 168.22 160.99 Maharashtra 8.38 48.91 CPUE IN 1000 TONNES When the contribution of Maharashtra in creased from 4.90% in the second half of '80s to 17.35% in '90's, the contribution from Kamataka- Goa declined from 46.25 to 26.78%. The percent age contribution from Kerala increased from 29.15 to 38.36% during the same period. It is probably not the increase in the avail ability of mackerel that has resulted in the shoot ing up of the catch along the Maharashtra coast. 10 15 It can only be due to the recent spreading of sur EFFORT (X 1000) face fishery using purse seines. Flg.3 indicates * OBSERVED CPUE ESTIMATED CPUE scope for further increase in exploitation and Fig.4. Relation between purse seine effort and catch per unit Fig.4 indicates the increasing efficiency of purse effort of mackerel seiners.
General remarks: The mackerel fishery in Perhaps. Maharashtra with its low exploitation Maharashtra seems to be still in developing stage. rate might have served as a natural refuge of the An increase of annual purse seine effort from zero mackerel resource, hence the increasing exploi to 21565 with increasing catch and CPUE in the tation will have to be monitored closely as there last two decades indicate a high potential. Data is already a decline in the contribution by on the biology and population characteristics of Karnataka and Goa to the mackerel fishery of In the resource from this area are scanty. Even the dia. surplus production models can not be fitted to Prepared by; T.M. Yohannan, Calicut Research the catch and effort data available because the Centre of CMFRI, Calicut. Mar. Ftsh. Injor. Serv., T&BSer.. No. 171. 2002
981 Breeding and larval reiBirlng of three species of datnselfishes (family: Pomacentridae)
The annual world ornamental fish trade is to species of damselfiehs viz. Neopomacentrus the tune of around 4.5 billion dollars (1995) with Jlamentosus, N. nemurus and Pomacentrus a growth rate of about 8%. Nearly 50% of the caeruleus. revenue from the trade is contributed by marine The damselfishes: The damselfishes constitute ornamental fishes. With the spread of scientific one of the major groups of marine ornamental knowledge on marine aquarium management and fishes inhabiting tropical coral seas. Their unique development of an array of aquarium gadgets, behaviour, bright colours, small size, and quick there is an Increased demand for tropical ma acclimation to captivity make them very attrac rine aquarium fishes in recent years and this tive to marine aquarists. There are about 300 opens up the possibility of developing a lucrative species of damselfishes belonging to 22 genera marine ornamental fish trade the worldover. Al under the family Pomacentridae, majority of which though India has a rich resource of marine orna inhabit the Indo-Pacific region and about 100 mental fishes in the coral reef areas at Andaman species and 18 genera have been recorded from and NIcobar Islands, Lakshadweep, GuIfofKutch the Indian Ocean. More than 30 species belong and Gulf of Mannar, the Indian ornamental fish ing to the genera Pomacentrus, Neopomacentrus, trade remains at a very low profile. India's con Chromis, Dascyllus, Abudefduf and Chrysiptera tribution to the world trade is only about 175 lakh are commonly available in Indian waters. rupees (0.02% of the world trade) and almost con stituted by freshwater fishes. There is consider Many damselfishes are known to have polygy- able scope for initiating and developing a marine nous mating systems with protogynous sex ornamental fish trade in India. But the indis change. But damselfishes include gonochorists criminate exploitation of ornamental fishes from the wild can cause severe damage to the delicate "^K coral reef ecosystem. Moreover, even if safe meth ods which do not destoiy corals are employed for the capture of these fishes, the increasing demand for tropical marine ornamental fishes can lead to overexploltation and consequent depletion of their stocks. Hence, the development of technologies for their captive breeding and rearing which can lead to the production and supply of hatchery pro duced marine ornamental fishes offer a solution to this problem. The recent success in the hatch ery production of clownfish by the Central Ma rine Fisheries Research Institute is one of the milestone in this direction. The present account deals with the breeding and laival rearing nf thrcM- Almost fully grown larvae of N. JUamentosus flsh Inside the egg capsules Mar. Fish. Infor. Sew., T&ESer., No. 171, 2002 with pre-determination of sex, protogynous and with boiled and finely chopped mussel meat twice protandrous hermaphrodites in which the daily. Continuous aeration was provided, excess gonadial primordium bears both types of gonla. feed removed and about 10% of water exchange With a few exceptions, the polydomous species was made. Small partially broken earthen pots are primarily gonochorists and the monodomous were kept in the tanks which served as shelter ones are hermaphrodites, in which sex determi for fish as well as substratum for the deposition nation is socially controlled depending on the type of eggs. The length of mature fishes ranged from and composition of the surrounding group of con- 7-11 cm, 8-10 cm, 6.5-7.5 cm for N.filamentosus, specifics. A technology for breeding and larval N. nemurus and P. caeruleus respectively. Breed rearing of three species of damselfishes viz. the ing groups were developed in the tanks for these filamentous tail damsel {Neopomacentrus three species. Several mature females and males Jlamentosus), the yellow tail damsel were developed in each tank. [Neopomacentrus nemurus) and the blue damsel Spawning: Polygamous mating behaviour was [Pomacentrus caeruleus) was developed at the noted. The male parent drove out •fishes other Vizhinjam Research Centre of Central Marine than its mate intruding into its territory. The egg Fisheries Research Institute. The species inves laying was mainly during early morning hours, tigated are monodomous and protogynous rarely extending up to noon. The clutch size of hermaphrodies in which the larger fishes estab- eggs ranged from 2400-5200, 1500-6300 and 3500-4000 for N.filamentosus, N. riemurus and P.caeruleus respectively. The eggs were attached either to the earthen pots placed in the tanks or to the sides of the tank. Females deposited eggs in the terri tories occuped by the males and one male fertilized one or more batches of eggs and guarded them simultaneously. The male parent continuously guarded the eggs and fanned the eggs with its,fins and mouth. Hatching of the egg&f The freshly laid eggs were yejlowish, translucent, stalked and capsule shaped. The average lengths of the eggs were 1.15mm, 1.08mm and Newly hatched larvae of N. JUamentosus 0.96mm for N. filamentosus, N. nemurus and P. caeruleus respecitvely. The eggs were al hsh territories and finally become males. The lowed to hatch in the broodstock tanks. The yel mating system was promiscuous in which both lowish colour of the freshly laid eggs bacame males and females spawn with several mates. whitish translucent from the second day. The Broodstock development: The fishes for duration of incubation ranged from 82-106 hours. broodstock development were collected using a On the day of hatching the egg capsule became small encircling net from Vizhinjam Bay. very thin and transparent. The time of hatching Broodstocks were maintained in rectangular ce was between 1900 to 2100 hrs. The larvae broke ment tanks of one tonne capacity. The number the egg capsule and came out. Normally the of fish of one speices introduced into each tank hatching rate was almost 100%. But sometimes ranged from 6-15, The fishes were fed ad libitum Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv.. T&E Ser., No. 171. 2002 partial hatching or no hatching was noted mainly zag movement. Larval habitat was almost near in clutches deserted by the parent. Hatching fail to the surface of water during the first three ure was also noted due to damage of the eggs weeks and thereafter they moved towards the caused by clliates. bottom of the tank. At the time of metamorpho sis the larvae were inhabiting near the bottom of Larval rearing: The length of newly hatched lar the tank except during feeding time when they vae ranged from 1.62 to 2.0 mm (average 1.90mm) swam up at the surface and the entire water col for N. filamentosus, 1.50 to 2.0mm (average umn. The larvae metamorphosed and the char 1.72mm) for N. nemurus and 1.6 to 2.1 mm (av acteristic colour pattern of the adults appeared erage 1.85mm) for P. caeruleus. The mouth gape within 30-40 days. The length of just metamor of freshly hatched larvae ranged from 117-188^m phosed fish larvae ranged from 18-20mm. The (average 158^m) for N. Jilamentosus, 76-130(im survival rate was 3-4% for the three species. (average 1 lO^im) for N. nemurus and 115-167^m (average 144nm) for P. caeruleus. The newly Conclusion: The present methodology needs re hatched larvae were transferred carefully to rect finement for commercial level production of dam- angular cement tanks of one tonne capacity each. selfishes in hatcheries. The major areas of re The inner sides of the tanks were coated with search to be focussed for improving the larval FRP of light green colour. Sufficient aeration was survival rate are (i) identification of suitable live provided not only for exygenation but also for feeds and of techniques for their mass culture (ii) generating a slight water turbulence in the tanks. evolving suitable feeding strategies at the various The larvae were fed ad libitum with ciliates (30- stages of larval rearing (ill) maintaining water 50|xm size) cultured in microalgal waste. From quality of larval rearing tanks and (iv) develop the fourth day onwards boiled and finely smashed ment of standard larval rearing systems suited to mussel meat which was filtered through 70(im each species. A technology for commercial level sieve was provided frequently. From the tenth production of clownfish in hatchery is available, day, boiled and finely smashed mussel meat fil and the present methodology for the production tered through 120nm was provided ad libitum. of damselflshes also could be improved for com After two weeks in addition to finely smashed mercial production. mussel meat, the larvae were fed ad libitum with cultured Moina micrura. During the entire larval Prepared by: G. Gopakumar, G. Sreeraj, T.T. Ajithkumar, T.N. Sukumaran, B. Raju, C. rearing period excess feed were removed and Unnikrishnan, P. Hilary, and V.P. Benziger, nearly 100% water exchange was provided daily. Vizhinjam Research Centre of CMFRI, Vizhinjam. Larvae were active swimmers which exhibited zig Mar. Fish. Infor. Sew.. T& E Ser., No. 171, 2002 The unusual landings of Juveniles of Decapterus russelli 982 and Rastrelliger kanagwrta in trawl catches of Veraval
Caputre of fish Juveniles in trawl nets is a com tails as given below. mon and regular phenomenon ever since the cod D. russelli R. kanc^urta end mesh size has been reduced to less than 10 mm. Generally the cod-end catches are a mixture Length range 56-135 mm 76-100 mm of juveniles of several species of finflshes and Modal class 76-80 96-100 " shellfishes, along with a host of inedible benthic biota. The occurance of a single species in signifi Mean size 75.62 93.33 " cantly large quantities is seldom found or reported. Their occurrence in large quantities in shallow In November, 1999, large quantities of young water indicate a coastward movement of carangids ones of scad, Decapterus russelli and mackerel, and young makerel shoals either due to changes Rastrelliger kanagurta were landed for the first in the current pattern or availability of food com time in the trawl landing centre of Veraval - old ponents. lighthouse and Bhidia. The fishing ground was The stomach content of analisis of juvenile D. located 13-15 km off Veraval, towards north-west, russelli revealed the presence of calanoid zoop- at a depth of 28-32 m. Approximately 100 units lankton, along with chaetognaths and semi-di at old light house and 60-70 units at Bhidia trawl gested organic matter, while R. kanagurta juve landing centres landed nearly 90t of these juve niles fed on phytoplankton. niles during the ten day period from 15/11/99 to The scads, generally represented by D. russelli 25/11 /99 at a catch rate of 500-600 kg/unit ef and locally known as Bangi/Bangdi, form an im fort. The trawl catch composition in November was portant carangid resource in trawl net catches dominated by ribbon fish, llisha megaloptera, at Veraval. During 1998 and '99 it formed 4% of threadfin breams, bull's eye, sciaenids and Acetes the carangid catch at Veraval. Carangids are spp. with carangids forming 4.16% and scombroids known to inhabit bottom water during the day 0.73% D. ruselfi formed 52% of the carangids and time, and become vulnerable to bottom trawl net. R. kanagurta 40.5% of the scombroids landed. It The occurrence of juveniles of R. kanagurta in was observed that a major part of the juvenile catch considerable quantities in the cod end points their came from local trip and two day fishing units. bottom-feeding habits in coastal waters. The cap Some quantities of small squids were also noticed. ture of juveniles of commercially important fishes A sample weighing 3.84 kg. was analysed. D. in large quantities, can cause resource depletion russeiii constituted 86.75% of the sample weight, in the long run and hence warrents appropriate while the remaining by R. kanagurta. The ratio of management stategies to sustain their stocks. D. russelli to R. Kanagurta was 1:8 by number. A Reported by: Joe K. Kizhakudan, Shoba Joe total of 607 numbers of D. resselli and 75 num Kizhakudan, Y.D. Savaria and J.P. Polara, bers of R. kanagurta were measured with the de Veraval Research Centre of CMFRI, Veraval Mar. Fish. Infor. Sew.. T&ESer., No. 171. 2002 Unusual landings of flying fish Cheilopogon furcatus 983 (Mitchill, 1815) in Veraval, Mangrol and Chorwad
Flying fish, locally called "Zeri" or Kunga" have been occassionally reported from different fish landing centres in Gujarat. They are tropical oce anic pelagic fish which migrate and aggregate in the near shore areas for spawning.
In December 1999 and early January 2000, unusual landings of the sportfin flying fish, Cheilopogon furcatus, was observed from gill net and trawl net operations off Veraval, Mangrol and from gill net operations off Chorwad {Table 1). The smaller fish are usually caught in the com Cheilopogon furcatus mercial fishing gears during spawning period while the large ones are caught during the non-spawn this coast and for initiating experimental gillnetting ing period, using specially designed gill nets, hooks aimed at exploiting the fish during non-spawning and lines. Tamil Nadu accounts for more than 75% periods, following the lines of BOBP's experimen of the flying fish catch of the countiy. tal gillnetting for flying fish of Madras in 1988.
Table 1, Flying llsh landii gs from gill nets and trawl nets operated off Veraval. Mangrol and Chonvad (Dec. '99 & Jan. 2000)
No. of boats with flying No. of boats operated Flying fish catch (kg) Date Centre Gear fish catch Gillnetters Trawlers Gillnetters Trawlers Gillnetters Trawlers Total
16/12/99 Mangrol Gill net 97 76 10 0 500 0 500
16/12/99 Veraval Gill net 150 107 65 0 650 0 650
18/12/99 Mangrol Gill net & Trawl net 169 183 70 47 2100 1410 3510
22/12/99 Veraval Trawl net 5 126 0 92 0 3680 3680
23/12/99 Mangrol Gill net 156 67 15 0 1650 0 1650
28/12/99 Mangrol Gill net 38 0 6 0 510 0 510
28/12/99 Mangrol bara Gill net 162 83 129 0 4773 0 4773
4/1/00 Mangrol Gill net 124 82 15 0 555 0 555
4/1/00 Chorwad Gill net 105 0 55 0 495 0 495
11/1/00 Mangrol Gill net 132 107 15 0 105 0 105
llieir landings along Gujarat coast was sporadic Reported by: Joe K. Kizhakudan, Shoba Joe and exhibited a flucttjatlng pattern over the years. Kizhakudan, Y.D. Savaria, J.D. Vanvi, A.A. Ladani, The present obsei-vation suggests the need for a J.P. Polara and A.P. Bharada, Veraval Researcfi close monitoring on the resoinre's availability along Centre of CMFRI, Veraval Mar. Fish. Iiifor Sen\. T&ESer., No. 171. 2002 A rare record of rainbow runner Elegatis bipinnulata in 984 trawl catches of Veraval
A small quantity of the carangid rainbow run cies, attains about 120 cm length and is locally ner Elegatis bipinnulata which can easily be mis called as "Bangi". The samples collected mea taken to be a longer sured 290-430 mm in mackerel or seer fish total length and was landed on weighed 190 to 650 gm. 23.11.2000 at Bhidia The catches were re trawl landing centre. ported from north-west This species had no side at a depth of 70/ scutes on the lateral 80 mtrs. Probably this line, instead had is a new entrant to the pored scales with rain fishery or there has bow like colour pat been some changes in tern over the body, the fish migrations. ^!£i:iisfeiS£U^ shape very much re This is also known to Elagatis hipinnalala sembled to that of be fished by angling Sconiberomoras guttatus. The ]3osterlor soft fin and hooks and line. rays of dorsal and anal fin are extended as 2- rayed finlets which is typical to this monotyplc Reported by: Y.D. Savaria, J.P. Polara, Joe K. genus Elagatis. This is an edible pelagic spe- Kizhakudan, Research Centre of CMFRI, Veraval
985 Bumper landings of Abalistes steliatus (Lacepede, 1798)
Although trigger fishes are obtained in stray numbers during trawl catches, unusually large specimens are observed in the long trip trawlers operating at 60-100 mts depth. The size ranged from 38 to 43 cm and the catch from 50 to 100 kg/boat. A record landing of about 185.5 (onnes was estimated during the year 2000 at Veraval. The samples collected on 24.11.2000 were identi fied as the starry triggerhsh, Abalistes steliatus Abalistes stcHulus (Lace])ede, 1798). It is consumed locally and fetches of about Rs.l5/- per kg. Further studies Rcporird hij: Y.D. Savaria, J.P. Polara, Joe K. need to be undertaken to understand the biolog\' Kizhakudan, Veraval Research Centre of CMFRI, and dynamics of this stock. Veraval Mar. Fish. Infor. Sen)., T&ESer.. No. 171. 2002 A rare record of rainbow runner Elegatis bipinnulata in 984 trawl catches of Veraval
A small quantity of the carangld rainbow run cies, attains about 120 cm length and is locally ner Elegatis bipinnulata which can easily be mis called as "Bangi". The samples collected mea taken to be a longer sured 290-430 mm in mackerel or seer fish I total length and I I weighed 190 to 650 gm. was landed on • The catches were re 23.11.2000 at Bhidia ported from north-west trawl landing centre. side at a depth of 70/ This species had no 80 mtrs. Probably this scutes on the lateral •^ W is a new entrant to the line, instead had fishery or there has pored scales with rain been some changes in bow like colour pat the fish migrations. tern over the body, This is also known to shape very much re Elagatis bipinnulata be fished by angling sembled to that of and hooks and line. Scombero-morus guttatus. The posterior soft fin rays of dorsal and anal fin are extended as 2- rayed finlets which is typical to this monotypic Reported by: Y.D. Savaria, J.P. Polara, Joe K. genus Elagatis. This is an edible pelagic spe- Kizhakudan, Research Centre of CMFRI, Veraval
985 Bumper landings of Abalistes stellatus (Lacepede. 1798)
Although trigger fishes are obtained in stray numbers during trawl catches, unusually large specimens are observed in the long trip trawlers operating at 60-100 mts depth. The size ranged from 38 to 43 cm and the catch from 50 to 100 kg/boat. A record landing of about 185.5 tonnes was estimated during the year 2000 at Veraval. The samples collected on 24.11.2000 were identi fied as the starry triggerfish, Abalistes stellatus (Lacepede, 1798). It is consumed locally and Abalistes stellatus fetches of about Rs.l5/- per kg. Further studk^s Rcporird Inj: Y.D. Savaria, J.P. Polara, Joe K. need to be undertaken to understand the biology Kizhakudan, Veraval Research Centre of CMFRI, and dynamics of this stock. Veraval Mar. Fish. In/or. Sew.. T&E Scr.. No. 171, 2002 On a giant devil ray Manta birostris (Walbaum) landed at 986 Tuticorin fishing harbour
On 24.03.2001 a giant male devil ray Manta btrostris (Walbaum) was caught at 50 metre depth off Tuticorin in a trawlnet (Fig.). This ray locally called, 'Kombu thirukkai' measured 331 cm in total length and 576 cm breadth, weighed approxi mately 1850 kgs. The specimen was sold for Rs. 875/- at the landing centre. In India, a special and organised harpoon fish ery exists for devil rays in Androth and Kalpeni islands of the union territory of Lakshadweep. Other than this, little information is available about the species and its fishery. Reported by: G. Arumugam, Tuticorin Research Centre of CMFRI, Tuticorin Manta birostris On a whale shark Rhiniodon typus landed at Malpe, Udupi 987 district, Kamataka
A whale shark Rliinicxion typus Smith of 610 cm sisted of semi-digested food items and digested flu total length and weighing 4 tonnes was acciden ids. tally caught by a purse seiner on 26.12.2000 at a Details of morphometric measurements (cm) of depth of 20 m off Malpe, about 10 km from Malpe Rhiniodon typus landed at Malpe are given below: fishing harbour. The female shark which got en- Total length 610 Standard length 477 Width of mouth 103 Head length 140 Snout to first dorsal fin 265 Snout to second dorsal fin 140 Pectoral to pelvic fin origin 140 Pelvic to anal fin origin 94 Anal to caudal fin origin 35 Whale sharks are not generally landed at this Khiniodon typus centre and the earlier reports were accidental trap tangled in the net was tied to a rope and dragged to ping by the trawl. Tliis is the first time, such a big shore same evening. Since there is no demand for w hale shark was landed by a purse seiner at Malpe. fresh flesh of llie whale shark it was cut into pieces Reported by: Kemparaju S., Lingappa, Y. Muniyappa and taken for diying. The liver weighing 200 kg was and H.S. Mahadevaswamy. Mangalore Research removed for oil extraction. Tlie gut contents con Centre of CMFRI, Mangalore Mar. Fish. Injor. Sew.. T&ESpr.. No. 171, 2002 On a giant devil ray Manta birostris (Walbaum) landed at 986 Tuticorin fishing harbour
On 24.03.2001 a giant male devil ray Manta birostris (Walbaum) was caught at 50 metre depth off Tuticorin in a trawlnet (Fig.). This ray locally called, 'Kombu thirukkai' measured 331 cm in total length and 576 cm breadth, weighed approxi mately 1850 kgs. The specimen was sold for Rs. 875/- at the landing centre. In India, a special and organised harpoon fish ery exists for devil rays in Androth and Kalpeni islands of the union territory of Lakshadweep. Other than this, little information is available about the species and its fishery. Reported by: G. Arumugam, Tuticorin Research Centre of CMFRI, Tuticorin Manta birostris On a whale shark Rhiniodon typus landed at Malpe, Udupi 987 district, Kamataka
A whal(^ shark Rliiniodon typus Smith of 610 cm sisted of semi-digested food items and digested flu total length and weighing 4 tonnes was acciden ids. tally caught by a purse seiner on 26.12.2000 at a Details of morphometric measurements (cm) of depth of 20 m off Malpe, about 10 km from Malpe Rhiniodon typos landed at Malpe are given below: fishing harbour. The female shark which got en- Total length 610 Standard length 477 Width of mouth 103 Head length 140 Snout to first dorsal fin 265 Snout to second dorsal fin 140 Pectoral to pelvic fin origin 140 Pelvic to anal fm origin 94 Anal to caudal fin origin 35 Whale sharks are not generally landed at this Rhiniodon lypus centre and the earlier reports were accidental trap tangled in the net was tied to a rope and dragged to ping by the trawl. This is the first time, such a big shore same evening. Since there is no demand for whale shark was landed by a purse seiner at Malpe. fresh fiesli of llie whale shark it was cut into pieces Reported by: Kemparaju S., Lingappa, Y. Muniyappa and taken ibr diying. The liver weighing 200 kg was and H.S. Mahadevaswamy, Mangalore Research removed for oil extraction. The gut contents con Centre of CMFRI, Mangalore Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv.. T&ESer.. No. 171. 2002
988 On two species of marine turtles stranded at Mandapam
A female olive ridely turtle Lepidochelys olivacea (Measurements in cms) was stranded on 21.7.2000 near CMFRI Jetty at Body characters Olive ridely Green Gulf of Mannar coast. Another female green turtle turtle turtle Chelonia mydas was stranded on 6.9.2000 at the Carapace length 58 82 Carapace width 56 62 same place. Both the turtles had severe injuries Head length 17 - resulting in death in the sea and then stranded. Plastron length 48 66 Plastron width 44 57 Their carapace length was 58, 82 cm' and width Anterior flipper length 43 46 56, 62 cms respectively. Anterior flipper width 10 14 Posterior flipper length 24 - The morphometric measurements (cm) of the Posterior flipper width 10 - turtles are given below. Weight in kg 40 50 Reported by: C. Kasinathan and A. Palanichamy, Mandapam Regional Centre of CMFRI, Mandapam Camp
989 Book review
After explaining the limited scope for expand Title :Aquaculture and water resource management ing capture fisheries, Robin L. Welcomme explores Editors :D.J. Baird, M.C.M. Beveridge, L.A. how aquaculture could compensate the shortfalls Kelly and J.M. Muir in wild catch. He however, observes that diversifi Publisher : Blackwell Science Ltd., Osney Mead, cation in aquaculture is taking place within a fixed Oxford OX2 OEL, UK resource base and as yet no new form of culture Price :£39.5 has been Introduced which would allow for a sub ISBN : 0-632-03926-4 stantial increase in potential. He identifies a series Year of of constrains such as the limits imposed by dis publication :1996 eases, intensification of land use, water demand, No. of pages :352 availability of feed stuffs, social and economic con Binding : Hard cover straints etc., causing the slowing down of culture As fish production from the wild has been stag of current species. Discussing the prevailing trend nating for more than a decade, increasing thrust to search for and measures to increase the pro is given to aquaculture development all over the ductivity of natural and seminatural systems, he world. However, the unbridled expansion of details two main approaches for intensification, aquaculture in many countries has generated a namely the stock enhancement approach and the number of problems because of its linkage with system enhancement approach. natural ecosystem. These problems and issues Increasing concern over the impact of aquaculture were discussed at a conference held at the Uni has catalyzed a shift in public opinion, generating po versity of Stirling from 21-25 June, 1994. The litical pressure to evolve a negative regulatory approach book Aquaculture and Water Resource Manage to aquaculture development in many parts of the world. ment is the compilation of eight scene-setting This 'zero tolerance' approach, apart from magnifying papers by invited speakers presented at the con the severity of the impacts of aquaculture and focus ference. sing on wi'ong issues, is feared to allow other more
10 Mar. Fish. Infor. Seru.. T&ESer., No. 171. 2002
988 On two species of marine turtles stranded at Mandapam
A female olive ridely turtle Lepidochelys olivacea (Measurements in cms) was stranded on 21.7.2000 near CMFRI jetty at Body characters Olive ridely Green Gulf of Mannar coast. Another female green turtle turtle turtle Chelonia mydas was stranded on 6.9.2000 at the Carapace length 58 82 Carapace width 56 62 same place. Both the turtles had severe injuries Head length 17 - resulting in death in the sea and then stranded. Plastron length 48 66 Plastron width 44 57 Their carapace length was 58, 82 cm' and width Anterior flipper length 43 46 56, 62 cms respectively. Anterior flipper width 10 14 Posterior flipper length 24 - The morphometric measurements (cm) of the Posterior flipper width 10 - turtles are given below. Weight in kg 40 50 Reported by: C. Kasinathan and A. Palanicliamy, Mandapam Regional Centre of CMFRI, Mandapam Camp
989 Book review
After explaining the limited scope for expand Title :Aquaculture and water resource management ing capture fisheries, Robin L. Welcomme explores Editors :D.J. Baird, M.C.M. Beveridge, L.A. how aquaculture could compensate the shortfalls Kelly and J.M. Muir in wild catch. He however, observes that diversifi Publisher : Blackwell Science Ltd.. Osney Mead, cation in aquaculture is taking place within a fixed Oxford OX2 OEL, UK resource base and as yet no new form of culture Price :£39.5 has been introduced which would allow for a sub ISBN : 0-632-03926-4 stantial increase in potential. He identifies a series Year of of constrains such as the limits Imposed by dis publication :1996 eases, intensification of land use, water demand, No. of pages :352 availability of feed stuffs, social and economic con Binding : Hard cover straints etc., causing the slowing down of culture As fish production from the wild has been stag of current species. Discussing the prevailing trend nating for more than a decade, increasing thrust to search for and measures to increase the pro is given to aquaculture development all over the ductivity of natural and seminatural systems, he world. However, the unbridled expansion of details two main approaches for intensification, aquaculture in many countries has generated a namely the stock enhancement approach and the number of problems because of its linkage vilth system enhancement approach. natural ecosystem. These problems and issues Increasing concern over the impact of aquaculture were discussed at a conference held at the Uni has catalyzed a shift in public opinion, generating po versity of Stirling from 21-25 June, 1994. The litical pressure to evolve a negative regulatory approach book Aquaculture and Water Resource Manage to aquaculture development in many parts of the world. ment is the compilation of eight scene-setting This 'zero tolerance' approach, apart from magnifying papers by invited speakers presented at the con the severity of the impacts of aquaculture and focus ference. sing on wrong issues, is feared to allow other more Mar. Ftsh. Infor. Serv.. T& E Ser.. No. 171. 2002 environmentally damaging activities unchallenged. great concern both to scientists and public. Ad Identifying this as a particular consequence of'single dressing this issue, Barry A. Costa-Pierce states issue approach' to environmental matters, James F. that aquaculture has to evolve ecosystem ap Muir suggests a 'systems approach' to development proaches and sustainable operating procedures. and management of aquaculture. Elaborating the sys It is mentioned that nutrient inputs of floating tems perspective, he e;q)lalns how aquaculture can cage and raft aquaculture systems are of greater be identified as a distinct sub component within a environmental concern than intensive recycling wider system and can be treated in terms of its sys systems and semi-intensive pond systems. The tem structure and properties, input output relation quality of aquaculture waste and its temporal vari- ships, relative values and dynamics of change. He abUity are important determinants of environmen states that if a workable approach is to be proposed tal impacts. Wastes from intensive aquaculture for aquaculture and its development, the concept of are enriched in total Phosphorus (TP) and conse- sustalnabiMty must be the first point of consideration. quentiy have lowTN/TP ratio. This results in in Reviewing the available information about waste creased ph5^oplankton production and favouring production from aquaculture, Asbjom Bergheim a change towards blue green algae. Sediment load and Torbjom Asgard observe that the quantity of ing at substratum reduces the redox potential, total waste which leaves the system to load the increases the sedimentary oxygen demands environment is closely related to the culture sys (SODs) and stimulates facultative anaerobic mi tem used. Wastes from intensive aquaculture are crobial activity. Intensive, ecological aquaculture predominantly from feed, which include uneaten systems that incorporate technological advances feed, undigested feed residues and excretion prod in biological waste treatment, solar and wind ucts. Factors related to quality and formulation of power and integrated with agriculture is suggested feed stuff, feed production technology and feeding for development of sustainable aquaculture. practices greatly influence the total waste loading. Escapes of cultured species into the wild are Pond fertilization by various livestock manure is virtually impossible to be prevented in all types of another source of waste loading. Discussing the aquaculture practices. Species interaction, espe pathways of animal manure nutrients and manure cially those resulting from the establishment of self conversion ratios (MCR), the authors observe that sustaining introduced species or the alteration of the nutritional value of manure inputs appeared indigenous gene pools are believed as potentially to be closely related to the existing contents of es most damaging environmental consequences of sential nutrients in the pond soil and water. Resi aquaculture. Reviewing this topic, Angela H. dues of chemicals like lime and chemotheraputants Arthington and David R. Bluhdom describe five like antibiotics, parasiticides, fungicides, algicides categories of adverse impacts viz., alterations to etc., in aquatic system are also raising concern. host environment, disruption of host community, While citing the evidence of reduction in the waste genetic degradation of local stocks, introduction of output of nutrients and organic matter from In parasites, diseases and socioeconomic effects. The tensive culture systems due to better quality con adverse impacts of European carp in 50 countries, trol and husbandry practices, the authors stress the exotic catfish in Philippines, invasive preda the need for reliable global Information on the use tory fishes such as bass and trout In South Africa, of drugs and chemicals in aquaculture. tilapia in several countries and interbreeding of New sources of pollution in the form of nutri salmonids from Norwegian rivers are detailed as ent from aquaculture to the already overburdened, examples. Accepting escapes as inevitable and in damaged and degraded natural ecosystem is of vasion irreversible, the authors suggest that the
11 Mar. Fish. Infor. Sew.. T&ESer.. No. 171. 2002 risks can be reduced by selecting appropriate scale eration of the particular culture system. A brief of operation, using sterile stocks wherever possible, description of the waste collection technologies In improving quarantine measures and adhering to use for cage systems and tank systems and the international protocols for introductions. use of stationary screens, rotary screens, the axial flow and radial flow screens, media filters in recy The environmental consequences of antibiotic use in all form of animal production are a matter cling systems, settlement ponds for sedimenta of concern, which is particularly acute In aquac- tion etc. is provided. The author hopes that in the ulture. Donald P. Weston identifies the reasons near future, due to the change in the environ for this as relative newness of use of antibacterial mental philosophy, effluent treatment would be drugs In aquaculture, little or no treatment of ef considered as a positive economic activity. fluents causing immediate transport of residues In spite of the long history of aquaculture, the into the environment and paucity of reliable sci legal regime regarding aquaculture has received entific data on their aquatic fate. Of the many attention only recently. Reviewing the developments antibacterial drugs used in agriculture, only a in this area, William R. Edeson discusses the ba small fraction has been tested for potential appli sic considerations in formulating legal regimes for cation in aquaculture and a smaller portion still aquaculture. In countries where development of (probably less than 24) Is routinely used in aquac aquaculture has taken place, attention is paid to ulture. While Japan has a list of 26 approved an- buUd up legal framework for controlling the access tibacterials for aquaculture, in countries such as to or prevent problems of pollution from aquacul Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Nepal, Pakistan and ture activities. While the concern regarding envi Srilanka, there is no established procedure for ap ronmental Impacts caused and suffered by aquac proval of antlbacterlals, leave alone their regu ulture is increasing, there is good reason for aquac lated distribution. The various implications of glo ulture to be environmentally regulated In its own bal trade in aquaculture products, transport of Interest and in the interests of others affected by residue through excreta/uneaten feed, retention the activity. After narrating the examples of Korea of residue in sediments, accumulation In blvalved and Vietnam, the author explains the advantages and other organisms, increased resistance of sedi in having the legislation In place. As policies and ment bacteria etc. are discussed before listing institutions develop, the already existing legal several recommendations to reduce the effects of framework will provide the basis for implementa antibacterial drug use in aquaculture. tion of the policies and their enforcement.
Compared to the study and treatment of do The editors have done a commendable work mestic sewage water, aquaculture effluent treat by judiciously compiling comprehensive and up- ment is relatively a new field. Identifying nutri to-date review papers on eight important topics ent, BOD, suspended solids and pathogens as the in order to provide an in-depth analysis of the four major components of wastes, Simon J. Crlpps issues related to water resource management in and Llam A. Kelly state that low concentration of aquaculture. The book would be an invaluable wastes and high flow rates are the two crucial reference to all those working the field of aquac factors affecting treatment of effluent from aquac ulture, especially those dealing with the environ ulture. They suggest that the spatial and tempo mental Impacts and sustainable development of ral variations in waste characteristics of effluents aquaculture. are to be considered while designing treatment devices, flow rates etc. The choice of strategy of Reviewed by: K. Vijayakumaran, Visakhapatnam waste reduction must be customized to the op Research Centre of CMFRI, Visakhapatnam
12 Mar. F(sh. Infor. Sen). ,T&ESer.. No. 171, 2002 Management a conmion platform for researchers, entrepre neurs. Industrialists and policy planners to dis of Scombroid cuss and debate our strengths, weaknesses and opportunities for exploration and exploitation of Fisheries valuable scombroids like tunas (skipjack, yellow- fin, bigeye. albacore), billfishes, seerfishes, mack Editors: erel etc. and to empower our capture fisheries N.G.K. Pillai subsector with more meaningful Information and N.G. Menon data support, besides Identifying the Information P.P. PiUai lacunae and prioritizing areas of research needs. U. Ganga The papers presented at this workshop along with basic information like field identification of scom Scombroids, an economically important fish broids, fishery status in the Indian Ocean region ery resource consisting of 15 genera and 49 spe and a bibliography on scombroids have been in cies of tunas, billfishes, seerfishes and mackerel; cluded in a comprehensive publication entitled are a dominant exploitable resource in the coastal Management of Scombroid Fisheries. The book as well as oceanic pelagic realm. Although the an which includes 32 papers dealing with status of nual catchable potential of scombroids in the In exploitation of the scombroid stocks, their stock dian EEZ is estimated to be around 758,000 t, assessment, harvest and post-harvest technolo the present j^eld is only about 300,000 t, worth gies and trade along with a number of colour plates more than Rs. 10 billion, and their demand in the would definitely serve as a reference book for stu domestic and export markets Is on the increase. dents, researchers, policy planners and industries. This group acquires special relevance and signifi cance in the context of global responsible fisher Size : Demy 1/8 ies for migratory and straddling stocks. A thor No. of pages : 280 ough knowledge on the status of the exploited Binding Case binding stocks, population parameters, stock structure, exploitable potential harvest, post-harvest tech Published by : Prof. (Dr.) Mohan Joseph Modayil nologies, product development and marketing is Director a prerequisite for further development of the scom Central Marine Fisheries broid fishery In our country. The National Work Research Institute shop on Scombroids organised and conducted by Kochi-682 014 Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute at Price: Inland : Rs.300 Kochi in September 2000 was intended to provide Overseas : US$100
For copies of the above publication, write to the Director, CMFRI, Kochl - 682 014, along with a DD for Rs.300/- drawn In favour of Director, CMFRI, payable at Emakulam.
13 Mar. Ftsh. Infor. Sew., T&ESer., No. 171. 2002
CONSULTANCY PROCESSING CELL CENTRAL MARINE FISHERIES RESEARCH INSTITUTE, COCHIN
• Coastal zone and marine environment monitoring, environment impact assessment, biodiversity. • Fisheries-fishing impact assessment, underwater investigation, stock as sessment, fishery forecasting, remote sensing, conservation and manage ment, socio-economic evaluation. • Coastal aquaculture-shellfish & finfish farming systems, hatchery tech nology, sea ranching and • Trainings
'pin a> wide Aftectnum o^ eiieHU' (K pnivAte. (^ucuC'^ou&tHMevit cutd fo^AenMMtent ie^t For details, write to The Director CENTRAL MARINE FISHERIES RESEARCH INSTITUTE P.B. No. 1603, Cochin 682 014, Kerala, INDIA Telephone: (0484) 394867, 394357, 393192, 394794 Telegram : CADALMIN, ERNAKULAM. Fax : 0091-0484-394909 e-mail: [email protected] An edible/agar yielding seaweed, GracUaria edulis cultured on rope 14 JT.m.^.^., U W f^, 3m 7f :171, 2002 980 HtH\^ ^ w(^ i^i^m mm fi<5i^^ i%ra - 2 •cpfj^ 1000 Z^ ^ MfrlJilddl % WT ^ H^Wl^ WH^ ^R" Sirm I ^ 1985 % 884 3^ T^cfj^ ^ 1996 ^ sfFTgT Wf^ 20364 % cfif^ afr^Tcf (1985-2000) % ^ar 43.4 ^ ^ ^g;f^ ^^ 1^ 38355 ^^ rfcp WS ^ I ^fcp^ ^3^ amf^ ^ cfJTeT ^ l^?R>t ^ ^fKTeT 7 ^ aft I ^ 1996 % WK ^^Tcf5t qc^ ^ ?c^ ^ ^rs?ft ^kl ^ 3ft^ PlHdH qcfj^ cpf 2000 ^ !7M 32140 ^^ aft, ^^Tif ^ wfcT cfft arRSef 'TR#!T q^f>^ ^ ^T^ ^ 85 86 87 88 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 ^jftTT^FT ^M^ ^Tcri (24.16%) 3fk %Tef % iJ^KM (25.45%) % 3TFt %cref ^ TSTPT T^? afT I m^ ^ ^ ^PP^ 1000 5^ ^ f^- 1 ^Tcfvg 1000 ^^ yfciyiddi 5 10 15 20 25 JniRI (X1000) 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 ^aar, 1999 ^ ^Tcp^S -»- jrfrRTcRTT 1986 % 1540 ^ 1996 ^ 21565 ?T^ W^ ^fPTT, cT^^pT? i^cf?^ ^ ^ 128 ^ 33141 ^ ^ fi^ ^^ ^ I f^- ?^TcpT HlrlSId ijVlcJM 1985-2000 % ^I^H cfft |K^ 6fpT% ^Wi^ ^ H^\<\^ ^ ^g;[^ cRm t I ^"^arRT TR ^T^j^ M yichhfeld «R|J|Hd ijl'KM 12.13% an vift 1996-2000 ^ 3^1^ ^ 17.38% ^ 1^ 1FTT t I ^tcf^ sr^ Tjift 2ft I {f^ - 1) a = -3233.75 b = 1.6482 Tf?M^ c^ M^>ydl ^ ^^twt ^ PTfgfcf c^ ?^f^ r = 0.99 TT>^ cf)BT v3n WfK^ % I 1980 ^ ^ % -^m]^ ^ W^ ifTiTR ^ ii\>\ a = 0.2928 H^\<\^ cf^ ^ 57frr fcp Tft iR ifPT^ qcp^ L|f$xlH ^T^ b = 0.000069 % ^f^ ?F^, ^ Tftan, cbHlecb aft? %?er ^ ^ r = 0.86 f^ 'ft q'cfj^ cfft 3T^aTT cFT Ft^ % cfjRny if^ cfft qcfTg ^ ^ 3lkm sracft ^g;^ cf5t I i^wr •^f^t wm ^ f^ fcp iTcfJ^ ]^ xrg^KjJ ^RM ^ B5TT7 ff% ^ ?t^ ^'ft liT^rm ?IvHI 1995-1989 1996-2000 % ^3^ ^ffteji w^ l^wiw I Hif^^ychl ift ^ wir^ % ?TRT^: nfcT % ^ ^T^ ^ ^ W]^ ^ afr?^ ^if^ qcf5^ 60.76 131.70 ^ar TTeT ^ |TT ^^ T^ I ^ 1996 ^ ^3^ 21565 % 31.26 125.09 WK iraM arjfcT T^^ jrfrr T^cpcfj mm cp ^ar I6000 ^ 68.22 160.99 f^ - 4 8.38 48.91 •W^^ ^Jcfnp jqTTRT 1000 ??t "^ H^KI"^ 5KT ^I'KM 1980 ^ ^ ^ RlWdl^ % 4.90% ^ 1990 ^^^ % ft^JcTT^ ^ 17.35% cfcp «rs ^Tqi ^ cbildctj-Tftan ^ ill'KM 46.25% ^ 26.78% Fl^^ ^T^ 'Fn I ^3n?ft 3Tcfflr # %?er ^ nRli^ld ilV^M 29.15% ^ 38.36% 'if^y^ w^ Trm 9TT I sJFT^ cf5t vdMdRr ^ ff ffe ^ I ^ cpi^ TRmf >Fr mRT(xiooo| ?T?r^ T^ vi^qRdd Hif?i-^*1 RwKui cf^ cf^ qf^^T^T * ^ M\ q^fTg sifrt tr^yjfi H^iRT HFPPfiw ^^>^ Hfir ^jcfKp irara t #? f^ - 4 cf5t^ W?ff ^ WScft uTT^cTFcft ^Smr CZITT) ^5:?dTt I ^Tf?ER cTC ^ #fFgT HlR-^chl TR ^TfcfTT ^rqicT ^TfT^n ^ ^ST ^W ^fRm ;PTTTT cirr IJ^ ^ 21565 ^ sfScft ^, ^ 'TRcT cf?t efFTgr ^lR^-yct51 if7 ijl'KM ^ cbHidch 3fK Tft3TT 5NT ^TF^ '^ ^ ^TS^ 11 # XTTT Tinp STR Sn^ % ^TfelcJTS SrgTTETR ^li, cfTlfcTcfJ^ % ^.TTT-T. ^rt?>TT-T S^RT ^^TR f^^T W.m.^.^., WWf^,3fWW:171. 2002 981 'W^ S^ % war eFT^FT 4.5 3r^ ^SteT^ (1995) ^ ^fRT t I I^ ^ZTNR ^ W^ m^ ^ 50% ^fT^ vdNJIcbfcisiEftTT MTcT ?T^ ^ >!^'^c||^ 3T^ 3JldcblRcb ^Ffeft^^T^t I ^?^ M^ F^^ % ^^'M, tfj, i^ ancfjR aft? sr^ TTT?FT ^ ara^srr % war ar^fcFT vdtuichf^siEfrn ^FTg^ vTidv3f|c|!^|HI HWf^ijl' % fcfx? 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T^TcFT % fcTq i^irtf^rfcpzff tfn fcf^TTr ^^^menaff ^ 3TTctcf7|Rcf, TreffeTJTf ^ vdc<)|ciH sft? 3n^1cf IgWKT cf5? f^^ ^5TFPTT I %^ ^^ Tfrf^lTcfft 3T^^£fFr ^T-s:n^ gT?T chdlvi-l T^fel"q1 % ^^^HeTT ^a^c^R^ 7=7. -/^vvv aft? whm^^ Ph^d^-i % T^T^^FT aft? ars ^t^ ^ PFT: ers ^pff ^. fihd*i'€H TBTcft f^WRJ W.m.^.^., f7 ? /^, mi ^ ••171. 2002 ^j6fT^ ^ 3fk ^ fcf>^ ^ "?t| ^flRT % TfTST 377^ /?//Qc:^ ^ f^ ^ ^ «fR Rsidmi I ct^ ^ ftr^xR 3Tra^ ^ -^M H^R ^ 3TTf^^^ ?\cft t I 3Tf^?R cTTeR % feHT JfeRR fcf57n 3fr? 3Tf^ tp^ 3TmR cR^sff cpt €cf5 ^ PlchlcH f^ sftT 10% ^iM RiPlHil f^fvm I ^ f^re^ % sRcPT % Htt ^ -gWf ^ cixi? ^ ^M f^ ^ ^wRHijl' % f^ 3TTcrRT ^^fSfPT ^T^PT f^f)^ 3fk 3t% ll,8-10 3fr?"6.5-7.5-^^^^2fr I^CM^^TTIM m JT^PFf ^u^ ^cfjf ^ Ri*RHd fan afr? 7^ ITc^cf^ €cfj ^ cf^ ifr^ TH^ aft? ^ HWfelijI arsvjFR : wf^^JTrqr ^w\ ^M TRTT I ftrn TTHcft 3rT^ ^sft % f^TcTT 3T^^3PPT ^^ ^ an^cfT^ i^>(Hflfciiii Hwfeiijl' g^ 'FrF ^cTT an I ?^cft aft ^ cfj^ cf^^ ^TT?Y ?TcfJ W^ JEi[\ 2ft I ^. f^d^-dH, Tpr. -^^VW -3/^7 if.ch%d^i % 3t^ ^ cRTSf aiTcf^ im^ •• 2400-5200, 1500-6300 3fk 3500-4000 ^ ^ STT I ^ 3tt ^^if ^ art ^gTeTcft sft aft? 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