Hvernig Má Bæta Samkeppnishæfni Gagnavera Á Íslandi?

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Hvernig Má Bæta Samkeppnishæfni Gagnavera Á Íslandi? MS ritgerð í stjórnun og stefnumótun Hvernig má bæta samkeppnishæfni gagnavera á Íslandi? Sigurlaug Björg Stefánsdóttir Leiðbeinandi: Runólfur Smári Steinþórsson prófessor Júní 2021 Hvernig má bæta samkeppnishæfni gagnavera á Íslandi? Sigurlaug Björg Stefánsdóttir Lokaverkefni til MS-gráðu í stjórnun og stefnumótun Leiðbeinandi: Runólfur Smári Steinþórsson Viðskiptafræðideild Félagsvísindasvið Háskóla Íslands Júní 2021 Hvernig má bæta samkeppnishæfni gagnavera á Íslandi? Ritgerð þessi er 30 eininga lokaverkefni til MS prófs við Viðskiptafræðideild, Félagsvísindasvið Háskóla Íslands. © 2021 Sigurlaug Björg Stefánsdóttir Ritgerðina má ekki afrita nema með leyfi höfundar. Reykjavík, 2021 3 Formáli Ritgerð þessi er meistaraprófs ritgerð í meistaranámi í Stjórnun og stefnumótun við Viðskiptafræðideild Háskóla Íslands. Ritgerðin er metin til 30 ESTA eininga. Leiðbeinandi við gerð ritgerðarinnar var Runólfur Smári Steinþórsson prófessor við Viðskiptafræðideild HÍ og kann ég honum bestu þakkir fyrir einstaka þolinmæði og aðstoð við ritgerðasmíðina. Einnig færi ég Þorvaldi E. Sigurðssyni ráðgjafa kærar þakkir fyrir að miðla þekkingu sinni á málaflokknum. Dætur mínar þrjár, fjölskylda og vinir fá þakkir fyrir ómetanlegan stuðning og hvatningu. Að lokum færi ég eiginmanni mínum Eiríki Gunnsteinssyni hjartans þakkir fyrir endalausan stuðning og óbilandi trú hans á að þessi ritgerð yrði að veruleika. Reykjavík, 6. maí 2021 Sigurlaug Björg Stefánsdóttir 4 Útdráttur Markmið með rannsókninni er að rannsaka samkeppnishæfni gagnavera á Íslandi, hvað er hægt að gera til að bæta hana og kanna hvort gagnaversklasi sé til staðar. Gagnaversiðnaður er tiltölulega ný atvinnugrein á Íslandi sem gera má ráð fyrir að vaxi enn frekar á næstu árum samhliða fjórðu iðnbyltingunni. Í rannsókninni er gagnaversiðnaðurinn skoðaður út frá demantslíkani Porters, sem varpar ljósi á þær aðstæður sem gagnaversiðnaðurinn býr við, fimm krafta líkani Porters, sem skoðar samkeppni í víðara samhengi, og kenningum um klasa, kortlagningu klasa og þróunarskeið klasa en tilvist klasa, og tengsl aðila innan hans, eflir samkeppnishæfni fyrirtækjanna sem honum tilheyra. Rannsóknin er lýsandi raundæmisrannsókn þar sem eigindlegar rannsóknaraðferðir eru notaðar til að varpa ljósi á samkeppnishæfni gagnaversiðnaðarins. Viðtöl voru tekin við 15 sérfræðinga, sem hafa aðkomu að iðnaðinum með einum eða öðrum hætti, og rannsókn gerð á fyrirliggjandi gögnum. Niðurstöður rannsóknarinnar sýna í stuttu máli að samkeppnishæfni gagnaversiðnaðar á Íslandi er sterk þegar kemur að grænni raforku, loftslagi og öryggi. Staðsetning landsins og hæft starfsfólk skipta einnig máli en hafa bæði kosti og galla. Gagnatengingar til og frá landinu, eftirspurn eftir raforku og stefnuleysi stjórnvalda hafa neikvæð áhrif á samkeppnishæfnina. Auk þess sýna niðurstöður að vísir sé að gagnaversklasa þó ekki hafi verið formlega til hans stofnað. 5 Efnisyfirlit 1 Inngangur ................................................................................................................... 9 1.1 Tilgangur rannsóknarinnar ................................................................................ 11 2 Fræðileg viðmið ....................................................................................................... 13 2.1 Samkeppnishæfni ............................................................................................. 13 2.2 Demantslíkan Michael E. Porters ...................................................................... 15 2.3 Fimm krafta líkan Porters ................................................................................. 20 2.4 Klasar ................................................................................................................. 23 3 Aðferðafræði ............................................................................................................ 29 3.1 Rannsóknaraðferð............................................................................................. 29 3.2 Gagnasöfnun ..................................................................................................... 30 Viðtöl ..................................................................................................... 30 Viðmælendur ........................................................................................ 31 Viðtalsrammi ......................................................................................... 32 Úrvinnsla viðtala ................................................................................... 33 Fyrirliggjandi gögn ................................................................................. 34 Réttmæti rannsóknar ............................................................................ 34 4 Gagnaver .................................................................................................................. 35 4.1 Hvað eru gagnaver? .......................................................................................... 35 4.2 Gagnaver á Íslandi ............................................................................................. 41 4.3 Gagnaversiðnaður á Norðurlöndunum ............................................................. 45 5 Niðurstöður .............................................................................................................. 48 5.1 Gagnaver á Íslandi ............................................................................................. 48 Þjónusta gagnavera ............................................................................... 49 Störf í gagnaversiðnaði ......................................................................... 54 Markaðs- og kynningarmál ................................................................... 56 Öryggismál ............................................................................................ 58 Samkeppnishæfni gagnavera á Íslandi .................................................. 59 5.2 Innviðir .............................................................................................................. 61 Orkumál ................................................................................................. 61 5.2.1.1 Skilgreining á raforkukaupendum .................................................. 61 5.2.1.2 Gagnaver vs. önnur stóriðja. .......................................................... 64 5.2.1.3 Græn orka ...................................................................................... 65 5.2.1.4 Kæling............................................................................................. 66 6 5.2.1.5 Raforkuverð ................................................................................... 67 5.2.1.6 Raforkuframboð ............................................................................. 68 5.2.1.7 Afhending raforku .......................................................................... 69 Gagnatengingar ..................................................................................... 70 Samgöngur ............................................................................................ 74 5.3 Stjórnvöld .......................................................................................................... 75 Stefna í gagnaversiðnaði ....................................................................... 76 Skattaumhverfið og ívilnanir ................................................................. 77 Skipulagsmál.......................................................................................... 79 5.4 Tækifæri ............................................................................................................ 80 Viðskiptavinir......................................................................................... 83 Samstarf ................................................................................................ 86 Nýsköpun .............................................................................................. 87 Fjármögnun ........................................................................................... 88 6 Umræða - niðurstöður ............................................................................................. 90 6.1 Greining á samkeppnishæfni ............................................................................ 90 Demanturinn ......................................................................................... 90 6.1.1.1 Framleiðsluskilyrði ......................................................................... 91 6.1.1.2 Eftirspurnarskilyrði ......................................................................... 93 6.1.1.3 Tengdar atvinnugreinar og stuðningsgreinar ................................ 94 6.1.1.4 Stefna fyrirtækja og stjórnun, skipulag og samkeppni .................. 94 6.1.1.5 Tækifæri og stjórnvöld ................................................................... 96 Fimm krafta líkanið ............................................................................... 97 Klasi 99 6.2 Samantekt ....................................................................................................... 104 7 Lokaorð .................................................................................................................. 106 7.1 Frekari rannsóknir ........................................................................................... 108 Heimildaskrá ................................................................................................................ 109 Viðauki 1 Tölvupóstur til væntanlegra
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