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Analytical Applications of Nuclear Techniques ANALYTICAL APPLICATIONS OF NUCLEAR TECHNIQUES ANALYTICAL APPLICATIONS OF NUCLEAR TECHNIQUES The following States are Members of the International Atomic Energy Agency: AFGHANISTAN GUATEMALA PERU ALBANIA HAITI PHILIPPINES ALGERIA HOLY SEE POLAND ANGOLA HONDURAS PORTUGAL ARGENTINA HUNGARY QATAR ARMENIA ICELAND REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA AUSTRALIA INDIA ROMANIA AUSTRIA INDONESIA AZERBAIJAN IRAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF RUSSIAN FEDERATION BANGLADESH IRAQ SAUDI ARABIA BELARUS IRELAND SENEGAL BELGIUM ISRAEL SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO BENIN ITALY SEYCHELLES BOLIVIA JAMAICA SIERRA LEONE BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA JAPAN SINGAPORE BOTSWANA JORDAN SLOVAKIA BRAZIL KAZAKHSTAN SLOVENIA BULGARIA KENYA SOUTH AFRICA BURKINA FASO KOREA, REPUBLIC OF SPAIN CAMEROON KUWAIT CANADA KYRGYZSTAN SRI LANKA CENTRAL AFRICAN LATVIA SUDAN REPUBLIC LEBANON SWEDEN CHILE LIBERIA SWITZERLAND CHINA LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC COLOMBIA LIECHTENSTEIN TAJIKISTAN COSTA RICA LITHUANIA THAILAND CÔTE D’IVOIRE LUXEMBOURG THE FORMER YUGOSLAV CROATIA MADAGASCAR REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA CUBA MALAYSIA TUNISIA CYPRUS MALI TURKEY CZECH REPUBLIC MALTA DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC MARSHALL ISLANDS UGANDA OF THE CONGO MAURITIUS UKRAINE DENMARK MEXICO UNITED ARAB EMIRATES DOMINICAN REPUBLIC MONACO UNITED KINGDOM OF ECUADOR MONGOLIA GREAT BRITAIN AND EGYPT MOROCCO NORTHERN IRELAND EL SALVADOR MYANMAR UNITED REPUBLIC ERITREA NAMIBIA OF TANZANIA ESTONIA NETHERLANDS UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ETHIOPIA NEW ZEALAND URUGUAY FINLAND NICARAGUA UZBEKISTAN FRANCE NIGER GABON NIGERIA VENEZUELA GEORGIA NORWAY VIETNAM GERMANY PAKISTAN YEMEN GHANA PANAMA ZAMBIA GREECE PARAGUAY ZIMBABWE The Agency’s Statute was approved on 23 October 1956 by the Conference on the Statute of the IAEA held at United Nations Headquarters, New York; it entered into force on 29 July 1957. The Headquarters of the Agency are situated in Vienna. Its principal objective is “to accelerate and enlarge the contribution of atomic energy to peace, health and prosperity throughout the world’’. © IAEA, 2004 Permission to reproduce or translate the information contained in this publication may be obtained by writing to the International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria. Printed by the IAEA in Austria October 2004 STI/PUB/1181 ANALYTICAL APPLICATIONS OF NUCLEAR TECHNIQUES INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY VIENNA, 2004 IAEA Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Analytical applications of nuclear techniques. — Vienna : International Atomic Energy Agency, 2004. p. ; 24 cm. STI/PUB/1181 ISBN 92–0–114703–1 Includes bibliographical references. 1. Nuclear industry. 2. Nuclear medicine. 3. Nuclear chemistry. 4. Environmental monitoring. I. International Atomic Energy Agency. IAEAL 04–00379 FOREWORD Isotopic and nuclear techniques play an important role in many facets of our daily life and are an integral part of our socioeconomic development. Be it in medical diagnostics and treatment, in food security, in industrial process control or in luggage screening at airports, these techniques serve basic human needs, strengthen industrial competitiveness or increase our understanding of nature and its processes. However, triggered in part by accidents in the field of nuclear power, a segment of the general public perceives anything nuclear as inherently unsafe, ignoring the great number of nuclear applications beneficial for health, welfare and the environment. Most of these sentiments are caused by a lack of information and by a misconception. This situation can only be rectified by showing the many opportunities and advantages provided by nuclear applications. The idea of compiling a book such as this emerged from the fact that, parallel to a general decline in interest in studying the natural sciences, an obvious lack of students interested in nuclear chemistry and radiochemistry was observed during the past decade, even in the most industrialized countries. The question of how to attract students goes hand in hand with that of how to make other interested groups within society aware of the beneficial applications of nuclear analytical techniques (NATs). It became obvious that attractive and easily understandable public information material was sorely lacking. The subject is well covered in expert journals and is well represented at scientific meetings, but very little printed material is available for the general public to explain the profitable application of nuclear techniques to many kinds of problems. A call to researchers involved with these techniques to submit short and illustrative contributions yielded almost fifty contributions within six months, an indication that nuclear analysis is vital and plays an important role in the armoury of current analytical techniques. These descriptions of useful applications of NATs were selected to be of general interest, relevant for specialists from other fields or even for the stimulation of the nuclear analytical community to go beyond the regular confines of their work and extend the scope of their efforts. This book should serve to attract the attention of young people interested in the natural sciences and could be used by teachers to disseminate nuclear knowledge to the young generation. It is hoped that more compilations of this kind from other nuclear areas will follow to enhance public awareness of the many beneficial contributions of nuclear techniques. The IAEA wishes to thank all the authors who contributed to this publication. It is hoped that it will stimulate others to create similar reports on their fascinating work. The IAEA officer responsible for this publication was M. Rossbach of the Division of Physical and Chemical Sciences. EDITORIAL NOTE The contributions in this book have been edited by the editorial staff of the IAEA to the extent considered necessary for the reader’s assistance. The views expressed remain, however, the responsibility of the named authors. Although great care has been taken to maintain the accuracy of information contained in this publication, neither the IAEA nor its Member States assume any responsibility for consequences which may arise from its use. The use of particular designations of countries or territories does not imply any judgement by the publisher, the IAEA, as to the legal status of such countries or territories, of their authorities and institutions or of the delimitation of their boundaries. The authors are responsible for having obtained the necessary permission for the IAEA to reproduce, translate or use material from sources already protected by copyrights. Material prepared by authors who are in contractual relation with governments is copyrighted by the IAEA, as publisher, only to the extent permitted by the appropriate national regulations. CONTENTS Introduction . 1 PART I. BASIC RESEARCH, COSMOCHEMISTRY Nuclear fission is no invention of humans: The natural reactor of Oklo two billion years ago . 5 A. Kronenberg Final destination: Earth . 9 S. Merchel, T. Faestermann, U. Herpers, K. Knie, G. Korschinek, P.W. Kubik Chemical characterization of extraterrestrial materials returned from space by mission programmes . 15 M. Ebihara Confirmation of the common origin of two meteorites that fell in widely separated locations on the Earth . 19 R. Dybczyn´ski Study of the migration behaviour of uranium in reactive barriers . 24 C. Segebade Measurement of nanoscale vacancies in materials . 27 Y. Ito PART II. METHODS AND METHOD VALIDATION Laser mass spectrometry . 33 J.V. Kratz, N. Trautmann, G. Huber, G. Passler, K. Wendt X ray fluorescence . 35 U. Graf Advanced X ray fluorescence techniques . 37 D. Wegrzynek, S.A. Bamford, E. Chinea-Cano, A. Markowicz Radioisotopes for method validation . 44 V. Krivan, M. Rossbach Determination of element contents in large samples by prompt g activation analysis. 48 Y. Oura PART III. ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS Environmental impact assessment of illegal gold mining in the Amazon region . 53 M.B.A. Vasconcellos Environmental monitoring programmes: Protecting the community . 56 M.Â.B.C. Menezes Persistent organic halogens in environmental materials. 59 M. Kawano Neutron activation analysis for organohalogen pollutants in milk and other foodstuffs. 62 Zhifang Chai Environmental evaluation of estuarine sediments. 65 M. Matsuo, A. Kuno Neutron capture radiography to determine the concentration of 10 7 natural boron in leaves using the nuclear reaction B(n,a) Li . 68 L.G. Loría Meneses, R. Jiménez Dam Large sample instrumental neutron activation analysis for chemical analysis of large quantities of materials in environment related studies . 71 Xilei Lin Cadmium and other heavy metals in plastics . 76 P. B o de PART IV. MEDICAL APPLICATIONS Trace elements in fingernails and toenails for use in cancer research and other health related studies . 85 P. B o de Breath test to diagnose the presence of Helicobacter pylori, the causative agent of active chronic gastritis and ulcers . 89 M.Â.B.C. Menezes Evaluation of metal concentration in bovine tissues from a region potentially contaminated by metals . 91 M.Â.B.C. Menezes How much iodine is in our diet?. 93 J. Kucˇera Instrumental neutron activation analysis as an analytical tool supporting the establishment of guidelines and databases for workers’ health awareness programmes . 96 M.Â.B.C. Menezes PART V. INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS Analysis of industrial material with X ray fluorescence . 103 C. Segebade Trace contamination in pure high-tech materials. 106 V. Krivan, M. Rossbach Trace element determinations for advanced material research
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