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Explaining Gendered Participation in Computer Science Education By Explaining Gendered Participation in Computer Science Education by Elizabeth Patitsas A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Department of Computer Science University of Toronto c Copyright 2019 by Elizabeth Patitsas Abstract Explaining Gendered Participation in Computer Science Education Elizabeth Patitsas Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Department of Computer Science University of Toronto 2019 Amongst scientific fields, computer science (CS) is the only one in which the percentage of women undergraduates has decreased since the 1980s; in the US and Canada, this percentage has hovered around 15%. Since the 1990s, a great deal of effort and resources have been put toward trying to improve the representation of women in computing. Unfortunately, these wide-spread efforts have not resulted in any macro-scale improvements. Using theoretical and conceptual tools from critical sociology, policy analysis, and systems thinking, I examine the question of why the efforts to improve gender diversity in CS education have not had a more discernible effect on a macro scale. I begin by classifying gender diversity initiatives, and observe that the most prevalent types of initiatives are low-leverage. I examine the history of women in computing, finding that enrolment booms are key times for gendering participation: when universities faced enrolment booms in the late 1980s and dot-com era, the percentage of women decreased, in part from gatekeeping measures enacted by CS departments. And as CS is currently facing its third enrolment boom, I survey CS faculty to see what factors are influencing their current policy discussions about enrolments. I find that diversity is seldom considered, nor is history; this approach to policymaking could exacerbate the gendered participation in CS. I also extend Etzkowitz et al.s framework of \generations" of women in STEM, noting that differ- ent generations of women in CS have had differing and conflicting goals for gender equality. Through re-examining the historical variations in gendered participation in computing, and considering the con- temporanous global variations, I determine that Anne Witzs occupational closure theory provides an explanation for the historico-geographical variations. I find that policies (e.g. educational gatekeeping) and discourses (e.g. you need to be brilliant to be a computer scientist) are the primary ways in which the boundaries of CS are closed. For CS to improve its gender diversity, we need to make higher leverage changes; identifying policies and discourses as critical levers allows for change-agents to more effectively push for gender diversity. ii For all the women who wanted to major in CS but were told they could not transfer into the field. iii Acknowledgements I have very many people to thank for helping me finish this thesis. A heartfelt thank you to my advisors, Steve Easterbrook and Michelle Craig, for guiding and inspiring me through this challenging journey. This effort would have been impossible without you. And to all those who served on my thesis committee (in its various iterations) and my thesis examiners, thank you for your time and feedback: Mark Guzdial, Sally Fincher, Linda Muzzin, Nina Bascia, Christoph Becker, Kelly Lyons and Lecia Barker. Thank you to Andrew Petersen; you have been an important mentor my whole time in graduate school, and from start to finish you have always been there for me. Thank you to James Iveniuk for being my strong tie to the sociological community, and an invaluable source of sociological perspective. To Jennifer Campbell, Paul Gries, Diane Horton, Fran¸coisPitt, Karen Reid, and Jacqueline Smith, thank you for always having your doors open when I wanted advice, and for attending more practice talks than I can count. Thank you to Greg Wilson: you keep going out of your way to help with my career progress and to broaden the kind of work that I do. To Steve Wolfman and Rachel Pottinger, thank you for being my links back to UBC | as well as key sources of support and advice. Writing a thesis by publication has connected me to many wonderful colleagues internationally. Andy Ko, Ben Shapiro, Brian Dorn, Colleen Lewis, Katrina Falkner, Nick Falkner, Leigh Ann Sudol, Jan Vahrenhold, and Dan Zingaro have all gone out of their ways to support and keep me in the CS education community, particularly in times when I felt out of place. I am lucky to have you all as colleagues. And I would have never gotten into this community if it were not for Steve Wolfman bringing me to my first SIGCSE in 2008 and starting me down the path of CS education research, as well as for Mikey Goldweber for organizing the ITiCSE 2012 working group that cemented my regular attendance at ACM SIGCSE events. And thank you to Yifat Ben-David Kolikant for giving me hands-down the most incisive and helpful feedback from an ICER doctoral consortium I have ever received. My fellow CS education graduate students have also been a boon | a thank you to Francisco Castro, Sebastian Dzaiallas, Samantha Breslin, Barbara Ericson, Jean Griffin, Arto Hellas, Briana Morrison, Miranda Parker, and Mark Sherman for being such inspiring peers and friendly conference companions. And from Toronto I am grateful for the fellow graduate students who kept giving me advice, joining me for lunch, and coming to my practice talks: Aditya Bhargava, Jackie Cheung, Siavash Kazemian, Daniel Levy, Jono Lung, Soukayna Mouatadid, Chloe Pou-Prom, Sean Robertson, Sigrid Roman, Mahtab Sabet, Samar Sabie, Ioan Stefanovici, Patricia Thaine, Muuo Wambua, and Shunan Zhao. All my conference travel would not have been possible without all the cat- and plant- sitting provided by Mischa Auerbach-Ziogas, Aditya Bhargava (again), Natalie Caine, Jackie Cheung (again), Marie- Andr´eeCoulombe, Erin Delisle, Colleen Duffy, Michalis Famelis, Daniel Fryer, Naomi Hazlett, Abraham Heifets, Marek Janicki, Peter McMahan, Andrew Perrault, Patricia Thaine (again), and Rory Tulk. And of course, this thesis was in part possible thanks to the cuddling, purring, and general cuteness of my feline companions Geordie and Marjane. I also thank Yanni and Carol Patitsas for letting me use their cabin for writing retreats. My long-term boyfriend, Aditya Bhargava, has been a major source of emotional support during this journey. Thank you for all the proofreading. Thank you for all the practice talks. Thank you for cooking me delicious meals. Thank you for being a shoulder to cry on. Thank you for taking breaks with me. Thank you going hiking with me when I needed time to think and meditate on this work. Thank you for taking me to doctor's appointments and scheduling physio/massage appointments for me. Thank you iv for looking after me when I felt unwell. Thank you for everything. The friendship of Mischa Auerbach-Ziogas, Jesse Berlin, Jackie Cheung, Naomi Hazlett, James Ive- niuk, Vega Janic, Marek Janicki, and Natasha Mhatre were all integral in making me feel at home in Toronto | you are all sorely missed in Montr´eal. (Except Jackie, who is also here in Montr´eal| so thank you for always being a step ahead of me career-wise, so I can learn from your experience!) And these acknowledgements would be incomplete without a note of the love and care from my West Coast friends Simon Hastings, Sonja Babovic, and Kelsey Allen. You three are my \life committee" and I am grateful to have had you three in my life for all these years. And finally, a thank you to my parents, Cathy Meyer and Stathis Patitsas, for all your love and support. I finally did it! v Contents 0 How To Read This Thesis 1 1 Introduction 2 1.1 Background . .3 1.2 Portfolio Format . .7 1.3 Contributions . .9 2 Leverage Points: Are Diversity Initiatives Changing The System? 11 2.1 Psychological Thinking . 11 2.2 Systems Thinking . 12 2.3 Background: The Cases of Women in Computing at Harvey Mudd College and Carnegie Mellon University . 12 3 The Historical Context: Enrolment Booms Are Key Times for Diversity 26 3.1 Soft Systems Thinking . 26 3.2 Marxist Thinking . 27 4 The Current Enrolment Boom: Policymakers Are Not Considering Diversity 34 5 The Historical Context Revisited: The Occupational Closure of Computing 37 5.1 A Neo-Weberian Lens . 37 6 Are CS Grades Bimodal? Examining A Common Discourse in Computing 66 6.1 The Brilliance Discourse . 66 6.2 Strategic Positivism . 67 6.3 Post-Publication Notes . 68 7 Discussion 78 7.1 A Theory of Gendered Participation in Computing . 78 7.2 Re-examining Earlier Work . 80 7.3 Future Work . 81 7.4 Conclusions . 83 Bibliography 83 vi Chapter 0 How To Read This Thesis This thesis is written in the portfolio style: a series of papers on my research topic, with bookending chapters and some coupling text in between. The publications are organized approximately chronologically by when I did the bulk of the work on the paper. As a result, reading the whole thing from start to finish will give the reader a sense of my intellectual journey. There are three ways I would recommend reading this document, depending on one's goals: 1. To get a quick understanding of the main takeaways of this corpus, with a minimal time commitment (a) Read the abstract (b) Read chapter 5 as an introduction/background (c) Read chapter 4 to get a sense of the empirical work I did and its implications for educators and policy makers 2. To get a fuller understanding of the main research findings of this corpus, perhaps because you started the option above and then wanted more. (a) Read the abstract (b) Read chapter 5 as an introduction/background (c) Read chapter 4 and chapter 6 for substantive findings (d) Read chapter 7 to cap it off 3.
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