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Putative Prophylaxes of Aloe Vera Latex and Inner Gel As Immunomodulator

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Putative Prophylaxes of Aloe Vera Latex and Inner Gel As Immunomodulator Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research Online Submissions: http://www.ghrnet.org/index./joghr/ Journal of GHR 2015 May 21 4(5): 1585-1598 doi:10.17554/j.issn.2224-3992.2015.04.506 ISSN 2224-3992 (print) ISSN 2224-6509 (online) EDITORIAL Putative Prophylaxes of Aloe vera Latex and Inner Gel as Immunomodulator Akira Yagi Akira Yagi, Emeritus Professor, Fukuyama University, Kasuya- pharmacological substance, such as protein, antibodies and vaccines. machi, Kasuya-gun, Fukuoka-ken, 811-2310, Japan Inhibition of galectin-3 mediated cellular interaction by pectin from Correspondence to: Akira Yagi, Emeritus Professor, Fukuyama dietary sources, such as citrus pectin, was revealed through haemag- University, Kasuya-machi, Kasuya-gun, Fukuoka-ken, 811-2310, glutination significantly. The up-regulation of galectin-3 expression Japan by potential therapeutics, such as emodin, aloe emodin, aloe pectin Email: [email protected] was focused in present review. In addition, protein and/or lectin hav- Telephone:+81-92-938-2717 Fax:+81-92-938-2717 ing anti-inflammatory, radical scavenging and anti-oxidant enzymes’ Received: January 2, 2015 Revised: February 9, 2015 activity in Aloe vera gel were fully expected as putative prophylactic Accepted: February 12, 2015 and biological response modifiers in the treatment of a broad range of Published online: May 21, 2015 inflammatory diseases such as RA. ABSTRACT © 2015 ACT. All rights reserved. Some of the phytochemicals present in Aloe vera can provide relief to Key words: Putative prophylaxes; Aloe vera latex and inner gel; rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients through promoting wound healing Aloe pectin/protein/lectin; Immunomodulator as well as reducing inflammation and relieving pain, which are com- mon symptoms of RA patients. Emodin in Aloe vera latex inhibited various inflammation kinases and signaling pathways in vitro and Yagi A. Putative Prophylaxes of Aloe vera Latex and Inner Gel as in vivo models of pancreatitis, arthritis and atherosclerosis. Novel Immunomodulator. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology molecular targets of emodin have been revealed in therapeutic uses Research 2015; 4(5): 1585-1598 Available from: URL: http://www. based on animal studies, but only limited data related to the bioavail- ghrnet.org/index.php/joghr/article/view/1205 ability, pharmacokinetics and metabolism of emodin are available till now. Western blot and quantitative PCR confirmed aloe emodin in Aloe vera latex up-regulating galectin-3 expression; recombinant INTRODUCTION galectin-3 augmented expression of antiviral genes IFN-β/r, PKR and The aloe plant part is identified term and definition according to 2’,5’-oligoadenylate synthase in infected cells, agreeing with expres- international aloe science council (IASC) as follow: (a). Plant part- sion pattern of those treated with aloe emodin. Galectin-3 which leaf: The green rind or cuticle of the Aloe vera plant. The part of is a β-galactoside-binding animal protein, is evolutionarily highly the Aloe vera plant utilized in commerce where processing is begun conserved and it has been demonstrated in RA patients to advance without stripping off of the rind; (b). Plant part-inner gel leaf: The the transformation of synovial fluid into fibrotic tissue, in addition to Aloe vera inner leaf stores the Aloe vera gel; (c). Gel: Liquid product activating osteoclasts, producing severe debilitation in patients. More typically derived from the inner leaf that may contain pulp, and may work of emodin and aloe emodin needs to done to fully translate the or may not have added thickening agents (which must be identified observed preclinical findings in RA and related complications. Aloe on the label). (d). Plant part-aloe latex: The Aloe vera outer leaf pectins obtained from Aloe vera inner leaf gel were distinguished pulp contains latex and anthraquinones. Brown, yellow-brown, or by size: the room temperature extraction generated a high molecu- occasionally red exudated found in between the rind and inner leaf. lar weight (HMW), whereas extraction with heating produced a Also called "sap", it contains several constituents, but most notably low molecular weight pectin. The HMW aloe pectin calcium gel is anthraquinone; (e). Whole leaf: This terminology is seen on product highly efficient encapsulating agent suitable for controlled release of or in reference to raw material where the entire leaf is used as a 1585 © 2015 ACT. All rights reserved. Yagi A. Aloe vera Latex and Inner Gel starting ingredient to create Aloe vera juice. The IASC recognizes aloe latex varies significantly with the season of the year becoming this terminology to be accurate only if no purification, filtration or maximal in the fall months after long hot summer. Wide variations in other treatment (enzyme, etc) is conducted on the ingredient beyond anthraquinone levels in aloe latex may be seen from batch to batch. removal of any insoluble material; (f). Activated charcoal filtrated: A form of filtration using activated charcoal; utilized primarily to TOXICITY OF EMODIN remove anthraquinones; (g). De-colorized: A process, usually by Aloe vera is best known for two distinct preparations: the clear filtration with activated charcoal. That makes the liquid aloe mass mucilaginous gel that is widely used for the treatment of minor burns, clear. especially sunburns, and the thick sap of the leaves that turns yellow- There are two types of processed Aloe vera juice that are used brown and has strong laxative effects. Aloe vera is rich in vitamins, in commercially available products today: Aloe vera leaf juice and minerals, enzymes, sugars, anthraquinones (aloe emodin, aloin, and Aloe vera inner leaf juice. Aloe vera leaf juice is obtained grinding emodin) and salicylic acid, etc, however, most of its health benefits or macerating the entire Aloe vera leaf, then removing the rind have been attributed to the polysaccharides found in the gel of leaves. material and the bitter, yellow substance (called "aloe latex"), The authors compiled some properties of Aloe vera with its medicinal typically through filtration via activated charcoal. Aloe vera inner uses[2]. leaf juice (some products can also be seen labeled as "gel", "inner National toxicology program: Toxicology and carcinogenesis leaf fillet" and "fillet gel") is manufactured by stripping off the outer studies of emodin feed studies in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice rind of the leaves by machine or by hand, rinsing or washing away was demonstrated. In conclusion, there was no evidence of the aloe latex, then collecting and transferring the remaining inner carcinogenic activity of emodin in male F344/N rats exposed to leaf material, a gelatinous substance, for further processing into 280, 830 or 2,500 ppm under the conditions of 2-year feed studies. juice. Both of the aforementioned Aloe vera juice processes remove There was equivocal evidence of carcinogenic activity of emodin virtually all of the aloe latex substance,which is naturally occurring in female F344/N rats based on a marginal increase in the incidence in the botanical and can found in between the rind and the inner leaf of Zymbal's gland carcinoma. There was equivocal evidence of material. Aloe latex contains a constituent called aloin (α and β ); carcinogenic activity of emodin in male B6C3F1 mice based on α- or β-linked C-glycoside anthrone, which is known to have strong a low incidence of uncommon renal tubule neoplasms. There was laxative properties, aloe emodin and emodin. IASC has established no evidence of carcinogenic activity of emodin in female B6C3F1 a quality standard of <10 mg of aloin per liter of Aloe vera juice [1] mice exposed to 312, 625, or 1,250 ppm. Exposure of rats to emodin products for oral consumption . resulted in increased incidences of renal tubule hyaline droplets The present review shows prophylaxes of aloe latex; mainly and pigmentation in males, increased incidences of renal tubule emodin and aloe emodin, and aloe inner gel; pectin/protein/lectin, hyaline droplets in females, and increased severities of renal tubule and Aloe vera, to rheumatoid arthritis, and immunomodulatory pigmentation in males and females. Emodin exposure resulted in efficacy. increased incidences of renal tubule pigmentation in male and female mice and increased incidences of nephropathy in female mice. ALOE VERA-TISSUE MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY Incidences of mononuclear cell leukemia decreased in male and [3] AND ALOE LATEX female rats exposed to 2,500 ppm . The inner parenchymal tissues are divided into two zones, an outer layer composed of vascular bundles, which consist of a series of EMODIN AS AN IMMUNOMODULATORY tubules which run the long dimension of the leaf just beneath the AGENT green epidermis; between the vascular bundles but on the same plane are found the large mesophyll cells called the outer lacunae or lacunar The polysaccharide and flavonoid concentrations of two-, three-, mesophyll. The second layer of the parenchyma, located deeper to and four-year-old Aloe vera were determined, and their antioxidant the vascular bundles and the lacunar mesophyll cells, is comprised activities were evaluated compared to BHT and α-tocopherol by the of small spongy mesophyll cells, which serve the function of water DPPH radical scavenging method and the linoleic acid system at 100 storage and help maintain the plant when exposed to hot, arid μg of soluble solids per mL of ethanol.The growth stage plays a vital [4] climates. The spongy mesophyll contains 99.5% water and a wide role in the composition and antioxidant activity of Aloe vera . There array of other substances, but is essentially devoid of anthraquinones. is no doubt that antioxidants are necessary components for our health Throughout the spongy mesophyll is a series of small "veins" or plant but we do not forget that the antioxidants and free radicals production vascular channels whereby water may be moved from the xylem should be in balance. Some free radicals are good in that they enable tubles of vascular bundles into the spongy mesophyll for storage.
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