2019 Annual Report for the North Dakota State University Extension Plant Diagnostic Lab

January 1 through December 31, 2019

Available on-line at http://www.ag.ndsu.edu/pdl

Compiled by Jesse Ostrander, Alexander Knudson, and Presley Mosher NDSU Plant Diagnostic Lab Department of Plant Pathology

College of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Natural Resources

NDSU Plant Diagnostic Lab Annual Report 2019

Table of Contents

About the Lab ...... 3 PERSONNEL ...... 3 NATIONAL PLANT DIAGNOSTIC NETWORK AND NPDN FIRST DETECTOR TRAINING ...... 3 ACTIVITIES OF THE NDSU PLANT DIAGNOSTIC LAB ...... 3 2019 ACCOMPLISHMENTS AND HIGHLIGHTS ...... 4

Services and Fees ...... 5

Fee Waivers for Extension Personnel ...... 5

Turn-Around Time ...... 6

Lab Statistics ...... 7 TOTAL SAMPLES RECEIVED BY YEAR, 1991 THROUGH 2019 ...... 7 MONTHLY SAMPLE SUBMISSION 2014 THROUGH 2019 ...... 8 NORTH DAKOTA SAMPLES BY COUNTY 2019 ...... 9 OUT-OF-STATE SAMPLES 2019 ...... 9 TOTAL NUMBER OF SAMPLES RECEIVED BY SAMPLE CATEGORY, 2019...... 10 ROUTINE DIAGNOSES RECEIVED IN 2019 ...... 11 DUTCH ELM DISEASE IN ND AND MN ...... 122 SEED HEALTH AND PHYTOSANITARY SAMPLES OF 2019 ...... 13

2019 Sample Details ...... 13

Specialists consulted ...... 31

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About the Lab

Since 1962, the NDSU Plant Diagnostic Lab has helped individuals and professionals in agriculture and horticulture identify plant pests, diseases, cultural and environmental problems. While the majority of our samples come from the local community, samples originated from 27 different states and Canada in 2019. Before submitting a sample to the NDSU Plant Diagnostic Lab, consider calling or emailing us. In many cases we are able to assist you without receiving a physical sample. In other instances, it might be necessary to aide in sample collection. For more information, please visit our webpage: https://www.ag.ndsu.edu/pdl

If you submit a sample to the NDSU Plant Diagnostic Lab for seed health testing or phytosanitary testing, a modest fee applies to offset the cost of supplies and lab technicians’ salaries. Routine diagnostic fees are waived for some services for some clients. Commercial entities are not exempt from fees. For more information, please refer to page 5 or contact the lab directly. Current fee rates for commonly requested services are available online at https://www.ag.ndsu.edu/pdl/services-and-fees. Other services not listed or bulk pricing may be available on request. Personnel The lab supports a lead diagnostician/director and up to three full-time support personnel. The lab also employs several hourly students at various times throughout the year. Lab technicians and hourly help (as well as supplies and equipment) are supported through funds generated by the lab. Jesse Ostrander (MS, Plant Pathology) has been with the lab since 2013. From 2013-2016, he served as the assistant diagnostician. In 2016, he became the lab director and lead diagnostician. Aimee Thapa (BS, Horticulture) is an extension administrative assistant who supports the lab. Christine Ngoan (MS, Botany) joined the lab as the Seed Health Technician in 2017. She has been with the department of Plant Pathology since 1995. Alex Knudson (MS, Entomology) has been the entomological diagnostician since 2017 and is currently working towards his Ph.D. in Entomology. Presley Mosher (BS, Horticulture) is the assistant diagnostician and joined the lab in November of 2018. He previously worked for the PDL for several years as an undergraduate student. National Plant Diagnostic Network and NPDN First Detector Training The National Plant Diagnostic Network (NPDN) was established in 2002 and consists of five regions. The NDSU Plant Diagnostic Lab is a member of the Great Plains Diagnostic Network (GPDN), a 9-state region of the NPDN. The NPDN provides critical diagnostic training for plant diagnosticians around the country as well as a means of secure communication among plant diagnosticians and regulatory personnel if a high-risk plant pest threat should occur. Its mission stresses the importance of early detection of pests that can negatively impact our agricultural, forestry, natural, or horticultural resources, and to this end the NPDN, via the NDSU PDL, offers NPDN First Detector training in North Dakota through face-to-face training events or online training. NPDN website: https://www.npdn.org/ GPDN website: https://www.npdn.org/gpdn Page 3 of 31 NDSU Plant Diagnostic Lab Annual Report 2019

County extension agents: For a programming idea for your county, consider offering NPDN First Detector training. Learn how by contacting the Plant Diagnostic Lab. A registered NPDN First Detector is any individual in agriculture, horticulture, or forestry who has undergone NPDN First Detector training and who has volunteered to become registered with the NPDN. Professionals and master gardeners who are involved in some way with agriculture, forestry, or horticulture are especially encouraged to consider becoming registered NPDN First Detectors. Self-directed training, via on-line training modules, is available at http://firstdetector.org/. After successfully completing three or more of the online modules, individuals may call the NDSU Plant Diagnostic Lab to become registered in the NPDN First Detector national database, although registration is optional/not required. Face-to-face NPDN First Detector training is an option, and it may be possible to arrange a session near you if interest exists. Contact the lab if you would like to become a registered NPDN First Detector (phone: 701-231-7854; email: [email protected]). Activities of the NDSU Plant Diagnostic Lab Our goal is to provide economical, unbiased plant and pest diagnostic services to agricultural professionals, the horticulture/turf/forestry industries, homeowners, and individuals in North Dakota. We can accept plant, , and soil samples from throughout the United States, including Alaska and Hawaii. Please contact us if you would like a copy of our permit to receive samples. 2019 Accomplishments and Highlights

• The lab once again processed a higher-than average number of samples in 2019. • The lab continued to maintain USDA certification to test for bacterial ring rot to fulfill requirements of the Canadian Seed Potato Certification Program, for seed destined to be sold as certified seed in Canada. • We continued to support the Master Gardener program and other horticultural community programs. • The lab continued to support local potato growers with Dickeya spp. and potato mop-top virus (PMTV) / tobacco rattle virus (TRV) screening services, as well as soil testing for several pathogens, including quantifying the powdery scab pathogen, Spongospora subterranea. • In addition to offering routine diagnostic services, we continued to provide: o Seed health testing for seed growers o Phytosanitary testing to support the efforts of the North Dakota Department of Agriculture to facilitate exportation of ND crops o Research support services for faculty and private entities

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Services and Fees By nature, we are flexible and adaptable, and it is not possible to list everything we can do. For a list of our most common services and their current fee rates, please visit our webpage at: https://www.ag.ndsu.edu/pdl/services-and-fees or contact us by phone. Please contact the lab (phone: 701-231-7854; email [email protected]) for information on special tests, bulk pricing, or research/survey support options not listed – we may be able to offer the services necessary to fulfill your needs, even if they are not listed. Fee Waivers for Extension Personnel The lab offers fee waivers for Extension Personnel. In 2019, samples referred (or submitted) to the lab by Extension Personnel for non-commercial clients usually qualified for a fee waiver. The purpose of these waivers is to help foster relationships between extension personnel and their stakeholders. These waivers were used to waive the following fees: • routine diagnosis • culture (including the Dutch elm disease culture test) • herbicide injury evaluation • herbicide injury evaluation o visual only; NDSU Plant Diagnostic Lab does not offer wet chemistry residue analysis at this time • plant/insect/fungus identification o for common organisms; especially difficult identification requests or requests for a formalized report may be subject to an hourly fee rate at the discretion of the lab director

Note: The fee waiver cannot be applied to seed health/phytosanitary tests, the potato spindle tuber viroid test, DNA-based tests, most serological testing and certain other tests. If you have any questions, please contact the lab. Fee waivers and other information are typically distributed during the annual extension conference.

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Turn-Around Time The NDSU PDL is a first-come first-serve lab, with some exceptions. Under certain circumstances, some samples, particularly commercial ones or those suspected to be infected by a ‘high risk’ pest (as defined by USDA-APHIS or the National Plant Diagnostic Network), may be given priority, especially if a very narrow window of time for treatment or response exists.

While some samples are easily diagnosed the same day they are received, many samples have uncommon or unusual symptoms that are not routinely encountered by the diagnosticians or supporting experts. As a result, be prepared for longer turn-around times.

Actual turnaround times may vary, depending on complexity of the problem, availability of expert consultants, types of tests needed, number of tests needed, number of samples, knowledge of the crop, type of problem suspected, priority, availability of reagents, availability of PDL staff, and so on.

Turn-around times for certain tests like PCR and ELISA are generally within one working week, however, it may take longer depending on which day of the week the sample was received on, quantity of material submitted for testing, and the amount of available reagent. Additionally, conferences and utilization of annual leave time may interfere with average turn-around time. If you have any concerns, please contact us.

Often, by the time a sample is submitted to the lab, corrective measures for the current season may not be available; thus, the problem may be a management issue for subsequent seasons. In some cases, if the problem is especially new or unusual, there is no realistic way to determine the turn-around time. All submitters should contact the lab with any concerns regarding turn-around times.

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Lab Statistics Total samples Received by Year, 1991 through 2019 A historical perspective of total number of samples received by the lab is presented in the graph below. The total number of samples received per year includes routine diagnosis, phytosanitary certification, seed health, research, and survey samples. The average total sample number has been steadily on the rise, albeit inconsistently. A historical average of 2,038 samples have been processed per year (dotted red line).

5500 Number of Samples Annually, 1991 - 2019 4904 5000 4515 4500 4254

4000 3854 38573865

3500 3264 3124 3000 2762 2790

2500 2260 2334 2062 2000 1398 1500 1186 1213 960 9571028 1049 955 884 926 840 1000 792783 729740 835

500

0

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Monthly Sample Submission 2015 through 2019 Samples submitted for routine diagnosis, seed health testing, phytosanitary testing, surveys, and research support are received throughout the year. A large proportion of samples received during June, July, and August are those for routine diagnosis, although survey samples and phytosanitary samples are also received during this time. Samples received in December, January, and February are predominantly research samples. Phytosanitary samples are received throughout the year and seed health testing occurs largely during fall, winter, and spring. The numerical data labels in the chart below correspond to 2019 data only.

Number of Samples By Month for 2015 - 2019 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 1200

1000

800

648

600 546 533 521 505 430 400 289 220 175 178 200 113 96

0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

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North Dakota Samples by County 2019 Includes Routine Diagnosis, Insect Identification, Phytosanitary, Research, Seed Health, and Survey samples.

Divide Pembina Burke Renville Bottineau Rolette Towner Cavalier 15 2 31 0 6 5 35 10 Williams Walsh Pierce 3 31 280 33 Ward McHenry 4 Ramsey Mountrail 41 Benson 31 McKenzie 1 Nelson Grand Forks 3 51 McLean Eddy 2 14 5 Sheridan Wells 1 6

0 Traill Dunn 4 Foster Griggs Steele Mercer 282 2 Billings 1 76 5 Oliver 3 2 Golden Burleigh Kidder Stutsman Barnes Cass Morton Valley Stark 6 56 2 15 2 590 13 1 Slope 2 Logan 3 LaMoure 5 Ransom Hettinger 8 Grant Richland Emmons 6 33 10 1 1 26 Bowman Adams 26 McIntosh Dickey 3 Sargent 0 Sioux

Out-of-State samples 2019 (Includes routine diagnosis, seed health, and phytosanitary samples)

Location # Samples Location # Samples Arizona 1 Nebraska 450 California 48 New York 24 Colorado 546 North Carolina 1 Florida 4 New Mexico 1 Idaho 440 Oklahoma 1 Illinois 2 Oregon 233 Kentucky 1 Pennsylvania 4 Maine 2 South Dakota 13 Maryland 4 Texas 5 Michigan 74 Utah 1 Minnesota 543 Washington 4 Missouri 1 Wisconsin 27 Montana 5 Wyoming 1 Total Out of State 2436

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Photo Insect Identification requests by country 2019 (This only includes photos submitted to the PDL from other countries)

Location # Samples Canada 1 France 1 Turkey 1

Total Number of Samples Received by Sample Category, 2019 Samples processed by the lab are separated into five main categories: 1. Support 2. Routine Diagnosis 3. Insect ID 4. Seed Health 5. Phytosanitary A total of 4,253 samples were submitted in 2019. The pie chart below summarizes the total number of samples submitted by main category.

All Samples by Category, 2019

407 542 Support

Routine Diagnosis

Insect Id 484 Seed Health

Phytosanitary 321

2421

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Routine Diagnoses Received in 2019 The following figure details sample numbers for Routine Diagnosis only (Phytosanitary, Seed Health, and Research samples are NOT included). The ten-year average is 733.7 (dashed red line). Sample totals were at the highest in 2014, and are similar for 2019. Insect identification request totals were added to routine diagnostic samples in years 2017 to 2019.

Number of samples recieved for Routine Diagnoses, 2010-2019 900

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

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Dutch Elm Disease in ND and MN Dutch elm disease continues to infect American elm trees throughout the Red River Valley and the state of ND. The data presented here is limited to samples submitted to the Diagnostic Lab and as such cannot fully indicate whether incidence has risen or lowered from one year to the next. While symptoms of Dutch elm disease are fairly diagnostic by experienced tree health professionals, only a laboratory test can confirm the presence of the Dutch elm disease pathogen. Keeping American elm trees healthy is the best defense against infection, as the bark beetle vectors can be attracted to stressed trees and healthy trees can delay the rate of movement of the pathogen via grafted roots, providing additional time to implement control measures. An NDSU Extension bulletin is available with more information on managing Dutch elm disease. An electronic version of this publication is available online at: http://www.ag.ndsu.edu/publications/landing-pages/gardens-lawns-trees/dutch-elm-disease-in- nd-pp-1635 A PDF version is available at: http://www.ag.ndsu.edu/pubs/plantsci/trees/pp1635.pdf

Dutch Elm Disease Samples by ND County, 2015 - 2019

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 County,

Number submitted Not Not Not Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive Detected Detected Detected

Barns ------1 -- -- Burleigh ------1 Cass 2 3 3 2 2 5 2 3 5 2 Clay, MN ------1 2 ------1 Dicky 1 ------1 ------Eddy ------1 ------Emmons ------1 Griggs ------1 ------Grand ------1 ------Forks Mountrail ------1 ------Stutsman ------1 -- -- Total: 3 3 3 3 7 6 3 5 5 5

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2019 Sample Details The table below summarizes selected diagnoses by the NDSU Plant Diagnostic Lab, sorted by host or habitat. Note that the level of confidence of the diagnosis is included, where Confirmed or Suspected indicates that the pest or pathogen was keyed out (morphology) or verified with serological or genetic testing, or based on general morphology, microscopy, or other evidence; Not Detected means that the pathogen was not detected using one or more tests such as microscopy, culture, serology, or PCR; or test results were contradictory or unresolved. Host Diagnosis (Pathogen) Confirmed Suspected Not Detected Adzuki Bean (Vigna angularis) Dome Test 1 0 0 Alder (Alnus sp.)

Twospotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) 1 0 0 Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) Alfalfa mosaic (AMV) (Alfamovirus Alfalfa 1 0 0 Mosaic Virus) Thrips damage (Unidentified thrips) 0 1 0 Apple, Domestic (Malus domestica) Apple maggot (Rhagoletis pomonella) 0 0 1 Calcium deficiency (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 Chemical injury (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 Fire Blight (Erwinia amylovora) 4 1 2 House and stable flies (Family Muscidae; 1 0 0 Diptera) No pathogen found (Identification Analysis) 1 0 0 Spider mite injury (Unidentified Spider Mite) 0 1 0 Crabapple (Malus sp./spp.) Fire blight (Erwinia amylovora) 1 1 0 Trunk girdling (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 Arborvitae (Thuja sp./spp.) Cultural/environmental problem (Abiotic 0 1 0 disorder) Ash (Fraxinus sp./spp.) Aceria fraxini 1 0 0 Ash anthracnose (Gnomoniella fraxinii) 1 0 0 Ash plant bug (Tropidosteptes sp.) 1 0 0 Chemical injury (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 2 Eriophyid gall mite (Aceria sp.) 1 0 0 Mite damage (Unidentified Mite) 1 0 0 Manchurian Ash (Fraxinus mandshurica) Drought stress damage (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 Jumping spider (Family Salticidae; Araneae) 1 0 0 Mantispids (Family Mantispidae) 1 0 0 Barley (Hordeum sp./spp.) Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus- MAV (BYDV-MAV) 0 0 3

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Host Diagnosis (Pathogen) Confirmed Suspected Not Detected Barley (Hordeum sp./spp.) cont. Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus-PAV (BYDV-PAV) 0 0 3 Cereal Yellow Dwarf Virus (CYDV) 0 0 3 High plains disease (HPV) 0 0 3 Planting too shallow (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 Wheat streak mosaic Virus (WSMV) 0 0 1 Dwarf bunt (Tilletia controversa) 0 0 2 Flag smut (Urocystis agropyri) 0 0 2 No pathogen found (Identification Analysis) 1 0 0 Spot blotch (Bipolaris sp./spp.) 1 0 0 Wheat streak mosaic Virus (WSMV) 0 0 1 Basswood (Linden) (Tilia sp./spp.) Erineum galls (Family Eriophyidae) 1 0 0 Herbicide injury- G;4 Synthetic auxin (Abiotic 0 1 0 disorder) Linden, Small-leaved European (Tilia cordata) Spider mites (Family Tetranychidae) 0 1 0 Bean; Dry Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris var.) Anthracnose (Colletotrichum sp./spp.) 0 0 4 Bacterial brown spot (Pseudomonas syringae 1 0 0 pv. syringae) Bean Anthracnose (Colletotrichum 0 0 4 lindemuthianum) Bean pod mottle virus (BPMV) 0 0 1 Chemical injury (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 Common bacterial blight (Xanthomonas 1 0 0 campestris pv. Phaseoli) Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) 0 0 1 Cucumber Mosaic Virus (CMV) 1 0 0 Dome test 11 0 0 Potassium deficiency (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 Potyvirus Group (Potyvirus sp./spp.) 0 0 1 Rhizoctonia root rot (Rhizoctonia sp./spp.) 3 0 0 Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) 0 0 1 Unspecified pathology (Fusarium sp./spp.) 2 0 0 Kidney Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) Anthracnose (Colletotrichum sp./spp.) 0 0 1 Dome Test 1 0 0 Navy Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) Bean anthracnose (Colletotrichum 0 0 1 lindemuthianum) Navy Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) cont. Dome Test 1 0 0

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Host Diagnosis (Pathogen) Confirmed Suspected Not Detected

Snap Bean; green bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) Dingy cutworm (Feltia jaculifera) 0 1 0 Twospotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) 0 2 0 Beet, Garden (Beta vulgaris) Mechanical damage (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 o Beet, Sugar (Beta vulgaris vulgaris var. altissima) Beet Necrotic Yellow Vein Virus (BNYVV) 0 0 3 Chemical injury (Abiotic disorder) 0 3 0 Fusarium root rot (Fusarium sp./spp.) 1 7 0 Fusarium root rot (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. 3 0 0 radicis-betae) Rhizoctonia root; Crown rot (Rhizoctonia 1 1 0 sp./spp.) Rhizoctonia Crown and Root Rot (Rhizoctonia 2 1 0 solani) Root rot (Aphanomyces sp./spp.) 0 0 1 Root rot (Aphanomyces cochlioides) 1 0 0 Birch (Betula sp./spp.) Woodwasp (Xiphydria mellipes) 1 0 0 Blueberry (Vaccinium sp./spp.) Stem canker (Botryosphaeria corticis) 0 1 0 Wilt (Unknown Agent) 0 1 Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) Alternaria leaf spot (Alternaria sp./spp.) 0 1 0 Calla Lily (Zantedeschia sp./spp.) Fluoride toxicity (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 low pH (Abiotic disorder) 0 0 1 Abiotic disorder Carrot (Daucus carota sativus) Bacterial soft spot (Pectobacterium sp./spp.) 1 0 0 Pythium sp./spp. 0 0 1 Choke Cherry (Prunus virginiana) Iron; Manganese deficiency (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 Sour Cherry (Prunus cerasus) Fire blight (Erwinia amylovora) 0 1 0 Plum (Prunus sp./spp.) Brown rot (Monilia sp./spp.) 0 1 0 Chickpea (garbanzo) (Cicer arietinum) Ascochyta blight (Ascochyta rabiei) 1 0 0 Bulb; Stem Nematodes (Ditylenchus sp./spp.) 0 0 10 Chimera (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 Cyst Nematodes (Heterodera sp./spp.) 0 0 10

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Host Diagnosis (Pathogen) Confirmed Suspected Not Detected Chickpea (garbanzo) (Cicer arietinum) cont. Sclerotinia blight (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) 1 0 0 Clover (Trifolium sp./spp.) Chemical injury (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 Coneflower (Echinacea sp./spp.) Thrips (Thrips sp./spp.) 0 1 0 Corn (Zea mays) Anthracnose (Colletotrichum graminicola) 1 0 0 Bacterial leaf streak (Xanthomonas vasicola pv. 0 0 1 vasculorum) Common corn rust (Puccinia sorghi) 2 0 0 Ear rot (Cladosporium sp./spp.) 1 0 0 Fusarium crown rot (Fusarium sp./spp.) 1 2 0 Goss’s Wilt/Goss’s Bacterial Blight (Clavibacter 7 1 4 michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis) Holcus spot (Pseudomonas syringae) 0 0 1 Yeast contamination (Yeast Contamination) 0 1 0 Creeping Bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) Anthracnose (Colletotrichum cereale) 0 0 1 Melting out (Turfgrass) (Drechslera sp./spp.) 0 1 0 Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) Twospotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) 1 0 0 Western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) 0 1 0 Currant (Ribes sp./spp.) White pine blister rust (Cronartium ribicola) 1 0 0 Elm (Ulmus sp./spp.) Bacterial wetwood; Slime flux (Various 0 1 0 Pathogens) Dutch Elm Disease (Ophiostoma sp./spp) 2 0 3 Elm, American (Ulmus americana) Dutch Elm Disease (Ophiostoma sp./spp) 2 0 2 Dutch Elm Disease (Ophiostoma novo-ulmi) 1 0 0 Elm, Siberian (Ulmus pumila) Chemical injury (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 Epimedium (Epimedium sp./spp.) Root rot (Unidentified Agent) 0 1 0 Fava (broad) bean (Vicia faba) Broadbean Ascochyta blight (Ascochyta fabae) 0 1 0 Poor nodulation 0 1 0 Fescues (Festuca spp) Pythium root rot (Pythium sp./spp.) 0 1 0

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Host Diagnosis (Pathogen) Confirmed Suspected Not Detected Flax (Linum usitatissimum) Rhizoctonia stem and root rot (Rhizoctonia 1 1 0 sp./spp.) Grape (Vitis sp./spp.) Chemical injury (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 Grape blister gallmaker (Janettiella brevicauda) 0 2 0 Grapevine beetle (Pelidnota punctata) 1 0 0 Leaf /stem/twig blight; Rot; Gray mold (Botrytis 1 0 0 cinerea) Nitidulid beetle (Glischrochilus quadrisignatus) 1 0 0 Hemp (Cannabis sativa) Alfalfa Mosaic Virus (AMV) 0 0 1 Bacterial leaf spot (Unidentified Bacteria) 4 2 0 Cannabis aphid (Phorodon cannabis) 1 1 0 Cucumber Mosaic Virus (CMV) 0 0 1 Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum) 0 1 0 Helminthosporium sp./spp 0 1 0 Mechanical damage (Abiotic disorder) 0 2 0 No insect found (Identification Analysis) 1 0 0 No pathogen found (Identification Analysis) 18 0 0 Potyvirus Group (Potyvirus Group) 0 0 1 Redheaded Systena (Systena frontalis) 1 3 0 Rhizoctonia root and stem rot (Rhizoctonia 1 0 0 solani) Tobacco mosaic Virus (TMV) 0 0 1 Unidentified fungus 1 0 0 Unspecified pathology (Cercospora sp./spp.) 0 1 0 Unspecified pathology (Fusarium sp./spp.) 2 0 0 Unspecified pathology (Rhizoctonia sp./spp.) 0 1 0 Verticillium wilt (Verticillium sp./spp.) 0 1 0 Hibiscus (Hibiscus sp./spp.) Chemical injury (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 Honeysuckle (Lonicera sp./spp.) Chemical injury (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 Hops (Humulus lupulus) Thrips Feeding Injury 0 1 0 Insect Identification Acarines (Order Acari) 2 0 0 Achemon Sphinx (Eumorpha achemon) 6 0 0 American dog tick (Dermacentor variabilis) 6 1 0 Andrena milwaukeensis 1 0 0 Ants (Family Formicidae) 2 0 0 Apid bees (Family Apidae) 1 0 0

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Host Diagnosis (Pathogen) Confirmed Suspected Not Detected Insect Identification cont. (Arthropoda) 0 0 6 Ash plant bug (Tropidosteptes sp./spp.) 1 0 - Baldfaced hornet (Dolichovespula maculata) 2 0 0 Barklice (order Psocoptera) 3 0 0 Bed bug (Cimex lectularius) 9 1 0 Birch lace bug (Corythucha pallipes) 1 0 0 Black blister beetle (Epicauta pennsylvanica) 1 0 0 Blacklegged tick (Ixodes scapularis) 4 0 0 Blister mites (Family Eriophyidae) 1 0 0 Botfly (Cuterebra sp./spp.) 1 0 0 Braconid parasite wasps (Family Braconidae) 1 0 0 Butterflies; ; Caterpillers (Order 1 0 0 ) Cactus coreid bug (Chelinidea vittiger) 1 0 0 Calliphorid fly (Calliphora sp./spp.) 1 0 0 Canadian tiger swallowtail (Papilio canadensis) 1 0 0 Cantharid beetle (Chauliognathus 1 0 0 pennsylvanicus) Carpenter ant (Camponotus sp./spp.) 6 0 0 Carpet beetles (Dermestidae) 6 1 0 Cattle biting louse (Bovicola bovis) 0 0 98 Cattle itch mite (Sarcoptes bovis) 0 0 98 Cattle tail louse (Haematopinus quadripertusus) 0 0 98 Cecropia (Hyalophora cecropia) 2 0 0 Celery looper (Anagrapha falcifera) 1 0 0 Cerambycid beetle (Prionus sp./spp.) 1 0 0 Cercyon sp. 0 1 0 Cereal leaf beetle (CLB) (Oulema melanopus) 1 0 0 Chicken mite (Dermanyssus gallinae) 0 1 0 Cimicid bat bug (Cimex adjunctus) 1 0 0 Chickweed geometer (Haematopis grataria) 1 0 0 Cimicid bug (Cimex sp./spp.) 2 0 0 Clothes moths (Family Tineidae) 1 0 0 Cloudy flower beetle (Anthicus cervinus) 1 0 0 Clover mite (Bryobia praetiosa) 1 0 0 Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa 1 0 0 decemlineata) Corythucha immaculata 1 0 0 Cowpea weevil (Callosobruchus maculatus) 1 0 0 Crane flies (Family Tipulidae) 1 0 0 Crickets (Family Gryllidae) 1 0 0

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Host Diagnosis (Pathogen) Confirmed Suspected Not Detected Insect Identification cont. Darkwinged fungus gnats (Sciaridae) 3 0 0 Darkwinged fungus gnat (Bradysia sp./spp.) 1 1 0 Deltocephaline leafhopper (Deltocephalinae) 2 0 0 Dermestid beetles (Family Dermestidae) 2 0 0 Dermestid beetle (Anthrenus sp./spp.) 1 0 0 Dermestid beetle (Trogoderma sp./spp.) 2 0 0 Doris'' pinemoth ( doris) 1 0 0 Earwig (Euborellia sp./spp.) 1 0 0 Eastern tent caterpillar (Malacosoma 2 0 0 americanum) Elm borer (Saperda tridentata) 1 0 0 Elm Sphinx (Ceratomia amyntor) 2 0 0 Epicauta blister beetle (Epicauta sp./spp.) 0 1 0 Fall cankerworm (Alsophila pometaria) 0 1 0 Firebrat (Thermobia domestica) 1 0 0 Flat bark beetles (Family Cucujidae) 1 0 0 Flour beetle (Tribolium sp./spp.) 2 1 0 Flower fly (Eupeodes sp.) 1 0 0 Foreign grain beetle (Ahasverus advena) 4 1 0 Fruit flies (Family Drosophilidae) 3 0 0 German cockroach (Blattella germanica) 1 0 0 German yellowjacket (Vespula germanica) 2 0 0 Giant horntail-eating ichneumonid (Megarhyssa 1 0 0 macrurus) Giant waterbug (Lethocerus americanus) 1 0 0 Goldenrod crab spider (Misumena vatia) 0 1 0 Granary weevil (Sitophilus sp./spp.) 1 0 0 Grape Phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae) 0 1 0 Grass spider (Agelenopsis sp./spp) 2 0 0 Ground beetles (Family Carabidae) 1 0 0 Hairy fungus beetle (Typhaea stercorea) 1 0 0 Hairy rove beetle (Creophilus maxillosus) 3 0 0 Handsome Yucca Beetle (Enoclerus spinolae) 1 0 0 Head louse (Pediculus humanus) 1 0 0 Hoplia beetles (Hoplia sp./spp.) 1 0 0 Hyaline grass bug (Liorhyssus hyalinus) 0 1 0 Ichneumons (Wasps) (Family Ichneumonidae) 1 0 0 Indra swallowtail butterfly (Papilio indra) 1 0 0 (Class insecta) 0 0 1 Interrupted dagger (Acronicta interrupta) 1 0 0 Ixodid tick (Ixodes sp./spp.) 1 0 0 Juanita sphinx ( juanita) 1 0 0

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Host Diagnosis (Pathogen) Confirmed Suspected Not Detected Insect Identification cont. Jumping spider (Family Salticidae; Araneae) 1 0 0 Katydids (Family Tettigoniidae) 1 0 0 Larder beetle (Dermestes lardarius) 3 0 0 Lasius ant (Lasius sp./spp.) 2 0 0 Leafcutting bees (Family Megachilidae) 1 0 0 Leafy spurge hawkmoth (Hyles euphorbiae) 4 0 0 Lice (Suborders Anoplura; Mallophaga) 1 0 0 Listronotus sp. 0 1 0 Little blue cattle louse (Solenopotes capillatus) 0 0 98 Lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum) 0 1 0 Longnosed cattle louse (Linognathus vituli) 0 0 1 Masked hunter (Reduvius parsonatus) 1 0 0 Mole cricket (Gryllotalpa sp.) 1 0 0 Merchant grain beetle (Oryzaephilus mercator) 1 0 0 Nitidulid sap beetle (Glischrochilus sp./spp.) 0 1 0 Noctuid moths (Family Noctuidae) 1 0 0 Northern fowl mite (Ornithonyssus sylviarum) 1 0 0 Northern rat flea (Nosopsyllus fasciatus) 1 0 0 Nuttall's blister beetle (Lytta nuttali) 1 0 0 Oak bullet gall wasp (Disholcaspis globulus) 0 1 0 Pigeon Tremex (Tremex columba) 1 0 0 Reticulate-winged trogiid (Lepinotus reticulatus) 1 0 0 Rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae) 1 0 0 Rose chafer (Macrodactylus subspinosa) 0 1 0 Rove beetles (Family Staphylinidae) 1 0 0 Sac spider (Family Clubionidae; Araneae) 1 0 0 Shortnosed cattle louse (Haematopinus 0 0 1 eurysternus) Skin beetle (Dermestes sp./spp.) 0 1 0 Slender springtails (Family Entomobryidae) 3 1 0 Small honey ant (Prenolepis imparis) 1 0 0 Spider beetles (Family Ptinidae) 2 0 0 Spotted oleander caterpillar moth (Empyreuma 1 0 0 pugione) Straight-faced solifugid (Eremobates pallipes) 1 0 0 Sycamore seed bug (Belonochilus numenius) 1 0 0 Thief ant (Solenopsis molesta) 1 0 0 Tomato hornworm (Manduca quinquemaculata) 1 0 0 Western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) 1 0 0 Whitelined Sphinx (Hyles lineata) 1 0 0 Wireworms (Click beetles) (Family Elateridae) 0 1 0

Page 20 of 31 NDSU Plant Diagnostic Lab Annual Report 2019

Host Diagnosis (Pathogen) Confirmed Suspected Not Detected Insect Identification cont. Yellow ants (Lasius interjectus) 2 0 0 Iris (Iris sp./spp.) Iris severe mosaic virus (ISMV) 1 0 1 Bearded Iris (Iris germanica) Iris severe mosaic virus (ISMV) 0 1 0 Japanese Iris (Iris ensata) Iris severe mosaic virus (ISMV) 0 0 1 Sweet Iris (Iris pallida) Iris severe mosaic virus (ISMV) 0 0 1 Larkspur (Delphinium spp.) No pathogen found (Identification Analysis) 1 0 0 Lentil (Lens culinaris) Fusarium root rot (Fusarium sp./spp.) 2 0 0 Nitrogen deficiency (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 Nematodes, Bulb & Stem (Ditylenchus sp./spp.) 0 0 322 Nematodes, Cyst (Heterodera sp./spp.) 0 0 322 No pathogen found (Identification Analysis) 1 0 0 Root rot (Aphanomyces sp./spp.) 3 0 1 Soil compaction (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 Licorice Plant (Helichrysum sp.spp.) Rhizoctonia damping off (Rhizoctonia sp./spp.) 1 0 0 Lilac, Japanese Tree (Syringa reticulata) Bacterial Blight (Pseudomonas syringae pv 0 1 0 syringae) Planting too deep (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 Root girdling (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 Lily (Lilium sp./spp.) Pythium root rot (Pythium sp./spp.) 0 1 0 Rhizoctonia root; crown rot (Rhizoctonia 1 0 0 sp./spp.) Tulip breaking virus (TBV) 0 0 1 Lobelia (Lobelia sp./spp.) Rhizoctonia damping off (Rhizoctonia sp./spp.) 1 0 0 Magnolia (Magnolia sp./spp.) Leaf/Bud Rot (Botrytis sp./spp.) 0 1 0 Maple (Acer sp./spp.) Bacterial leaf scorch (Xylella fastidiosa) 0 0 2 Iron deficiency (Abiotic disorder) 0 3 0 Maple Bladdergall Mite (Vasates quadripedes) 1 0 0 Red Maple (Acer rubrum) Stem canker (Unidentified fungus) 1 0 0

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Host Diagnosis (Pathogen) Confirmed Suspected Not Detected Milkweed (Asclepias sp./spp.) Nutrient imbalance (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 Mold id request Aureobasidium sp./spp. 0 1 0 Black mold (Stachybotrys chartarum) 0 0 1 Doratomyces spp. 0 1 0 Mold; Mildew (Chaetomium sp./spp.) 0 1 0 Mold; Mildew (Penicillium sp./spp.) 1 0 0 Slime mold 0 1 0 Streptomyces sp./spp 0 1 0 Norfolk Island pine (Araucaria heterophylla) Cultural/environmental problem (Abiotic 0 1 0 disorder) Oats (Avena sativa) Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV-MAV) 0 0 1 Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV-PAV) 0 0 1 Oak (Quercus sp./spp.) Black mold (Unidentified) 1 0 0 Bur Oak (Quercus macrocarpa) Clearwing borers (Family Sesiidae) 0 1 0 Sudden oak death (Phythophthora ramorum) 0 0 1 Ohio Buckeye (Aesculus glabra) Soft scales (Family Coccidae) 0 0 1 Orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata) Leaf spot (Drechslera dactylidis) 0 1 0 Pear (Pyrus sp./spp.) Wood decay fungus (Unidentified fungus) 1 0 0 Peas, Dry Field Peas (Pisum sativum) Ascochyta Blight (Ascochyta sp./spp.) 1 0 2 Ascochyta leaf and pod spot (Ascochyta pisi) 1 0 0 Chemical injury (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 Fusarium root rot (Fusarium solani) 1 0 0 Leaf beetles (Family Chrysomelidae) 0 0 1 Nematodes, Bulb & Stem (Ditylenchus sp./spp.) 0 0 56 Nematodes, Cyst (Heterodera sp./spp.) 0 0 56 Pea leaf weevil (Sitona lineatus) 0 1 0 Pea seed-borne Mosaic Virus (PsbMV) 0 0 2 Rhizoctonia root rot (Rhizoctonia sp./spp.) 1 0 0 Pepper (Capsicum sp.) Crown and root rot (Phytophthora sp./spp.) 2 0 0 Cucumber mosaic Virus (CMV) 0 0 2

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Host Diagnosis (Pathogen) Confirmed Suspected Not Detected Potyvirus Group (Potyvirus sp./spp.) 0 0 2 Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus (TSWV)) 0 0 2 Bell Pepper (Capsicum annuum grossum) Bacterial leaf spot (Xanthomonas campestris 0 1 0 pv. vesicatoria) Perennial Phlox (Phlox paniculata) Chemical injury (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 Petunia, Garden (Petunia x hybrida) Nutrient imbalance (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 Pigweed (Amaranthus sp.) Ashgrey leaf bugs (Family Piesmatidae) 0 1 0 Pine (Pinus sp.) Diplodia blight (Sphaeropsis sapinae) 1 0 0 Diplodia tip blight; canker (Diplodia sapinae) 1 0 0 Lepidopteran needle miner 0 0 1 Winter injury (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 Pine, Jack (Pinus banksiana) Pine needle scale (Chionaspis pinifoliae) 0 1 0 Winter injury (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 Pine, Korean (Pinus koraiensis) Pine needle scale (Chionaspis pinifoliae) 0 1 0 Winter injury (Abiotic disorder) 1 0 0 Pine, Ponderosa (Pinus ponderosa) Adelgids (Family Adelgidae) 1 0 0 Dothistroma needle blight (Dothistroma pini) 1 0 0 Dothistroma needle blight (Dothistroma 1 0 0 sp./spp.) Environmental stress; Problem (Abiotic 0 1 0 disorder) Pine needle scale (Chionaspis pinifoliae) 2 0 0 Pine, Scots (Pinus sylvestris) Diplodia blight (Sphaeropsis sapinea) 1 0 0 Environmental stress; Problem (Abiotic 0 1 0 disorder) Plant Identification Apple (Malus sp.) ''Goodland' 1 0 0 Apple (Malus sp.) ''Haralred'' 1 0 0 Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) 1 0 0 Biennial wormwood (Artemisia biennis) 1 0 0 Bishops goutweed (Aegopodium podagraria) 1 0 0 Blackberries and raspberries (Rubus sp./spp.) 1 0 0 Common apple (Malus sylvestris) 1 0 0 Common hops (Humulus lupulus) 1 0 0 Crabapple (Malus sp./spp.) 1 0 0

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Host Diagnosis (Pathogen) Confirmed Suspected Not Detected Plant Identification cont. Dotted Blazing Star (Liatris punctata) 1 0 0 Freeman's Maple (Acer freemanii) 1 0 0 Goldenrod (Solidago sp./spp.) 0 1 0 Green foxtail (Setaria viridis) 1 0 0 Horseweed (Conyza canadensis) 0 1 0 Large crabgrass; Hairy crabgrass (Digitaria 0 1 0 sanguinalis) Lindens (Family Tiliaceae) 0 1 0 Powell amaranth (Amaranthus powellii) 1 0 0 Prickly lettuce (Lactuca serriola) 1 0 0 Smooth crabgrass (Digitaria ischaemum) 0 1 0 Stinkgrass (Eragrostis cilianensis) 1 0 0 Virginia-creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia) 1 0 0 Western poison ivy (Toxicodendron rydbergii) 1 0 0 Yellow foxtail (Setaria glauca) 1 0 0 Poplar (Populus sp./spp.) Cerambycid beetles (Family Cerambycidae) 0 0 1 Balsam Poplar (Populus balsamifera) Poplar borer (Saperda calcarata) 0 1 0 Eastern Cottonwood (Populus deltoides) Rust (Melampsora sp./spp.) 1 0 0 Potato (Solanum tuberosum) Bacterial Identification (Curtobacterium sp./spp.) 1 0 0 Bacterial Ring Rot (Clavibacter michiganensis 15 0 1595 subsp. sepidonicum) Bacterial rot; Bacterial blight (Dickeya sp./spp.) 1 0 242 Bacterial soft rot (Pectobacterium sp./spp.) 4 2 4 Bacterial soft rot (Unidentified Bacterium) 0 1 0 Black dot (Colletotrichum coccodes) 7 0 1 Black leg; Stem rot (Dickeya dianthicola) 0 0 6 Black scurf (Rhizoctonia solani) 0 0 1 Brown rot; Wilt (Ralstonia solanacearum) 0 0 1 Chemical injury (Abiotic disorder) 0 2 0 Common scab (Streptomyces scabies) 7 1 1 Cucumber Mosaic Virus (CMV) 0 0 1 Early blight; leaf spot (Alternaria solani) 3 1 2 Fusarium dry rot (Fusarium sp./spp.) 0 0 1 Fusarium stem rot (Fusarium sp./spp.) 1 1 2 Fusarium dry rot (Fusarium sambucinum) 0 1 0 Hollow heart (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0

Page 24 of 31 NDSU Plant Diagnostic Lab Annual Report 2019

Host Diagnosis (Pathogen) Confirmed Suspected Not Detected Potato (Solanum tuberosum) cont. Impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV) 0 0 18 Insufficient Sample 1 0 0 Late Blight (Phytophthora infestans) 0 0 3 Leak (Pythium sp./spp.) 0 0 5 No pathogen found 1 0 0 Non-pathogenic; Saprophytic fungus 0 1 0 Physiological Responses (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 Black Dot (Colletotrichum coccodes) 29 0 7 Canker and black scurf (Rhizoctonia solani) 5 0 3 Common Scab (Streptomyces scabies) 19 0 7 Potato Leaf Roll Virus (PLRV) 0 0 92 Potato Mop Top Virus (PMTV) 11 0 68 Potato Powdery Scab (Spongospora 1 1 8 subterranea) Potato Spindle Tuber Viroid (PSTVd) 0 0 4 Potato Virus A (PVA) 0 0 85 Potato Virus M (PVM) 0 0 85 Potato Virus S (PVS) 0 0 85 Potato Virus X (PVX) 0 0 100 Potato Virus Y (PVY) 15 0 127 Potato Virus Y Necrotic strain (PVYN) 1 0 0 Potyvirus Group (Potyvirus Group) 0 0 2 Ringlegged earwig (Euborellia annulipes) 1 0 0 Septoria leaf spot (Septoria lycopersici) 1 0 0 Silver scurf (Helminthosporium solani) 0 0 8 Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) 0 0 1 Tobacco Rattle Virus (TRV) 1 0 78 Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus (TSWV) 2 0 18 Potato (Solanum tuberosum); Soil Health Testing Black dot (Colletotrichum coccodes 5 0 25 Common scab (Streptomyces scabies) 12 0 14 Potato mop-top (PMTV) (Pomovirus Potato 0 0 21 Mop-top Virus) Powdery scab (Spongospora subterranea) 97 0 289 Silver scurf (Helminthosporium solani) 0 0 15 Rape; Canola (Brassica napus var. napus) Cabbage maggot (Delia radicum) 0 1 0 Garden springtail (Bourletiella hortensis) 1 0 0 Green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) 0 1 0 Leptosphaeria maculans 0 0 1

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Host Diagnosis (Pathogen) Confirmed Suspected Not Detected Blackberry (Rubus sp./spp.) Purple blotch; Stem spot disease (Septocyta 0 1 0 ruborum) Wilt (Unknown Agent) 0 1 0 Raspberry (Rubus sp./spp.) Chemical injury (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 Rudbeckia (Rudbeckia sp./spp.) Twospotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) 1 0 0 Rye (Secale cereale) Dwarf bunt (Tilletia controversa) 0 0 1 Flag smut (Urocystis agropyri) 0 0 1 Flag smut (Urocystis tritici) 0 0 1 Salvia; Sage (Salvia sp./spp.) Chrysanthemum lace bug (Corythucha 1 0 0 marmorata) Serviceberry (Amelanchier sp./spp.) Chemical injury (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 Grain Sorghum (Sorghum vulgare) Bacterial leaf spot (Pseudomonas syringae) 0 1 0 Fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) 0 1 0 Fusarium crown rot (Fusarium sp./spp.) 1 0 0 Physiological responses (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 Twostriped grasshopper (Melanoplus bivittatus) 1 0 0 Soybean (Glycine max) Arrhopalitid spring tail (Family Arrhopalitidae) 1 0 0 Chemical Injury (Abiotic disorder) 0 3 0 Crown and root rot (Unidentified Agent) 1 0 0 Crown rot; Root rot; Stem rot (Phytophthora 1 0 0 sp./spp.) Diaporthe Canker (Diaporthe sp./spp.) 1 0 0 EPSPS protein expression 2 0 3 Gallmaking midges (Family Cecidomyiidae) 1 0 0 Hypogastrurid springtail (Family 4 0 0 Hypogastruridae) Iron deficiency (Abiotic disorder) 0 2 0 Nitrogen fixing nodules (Bradyrhizobium 0 0 1 sp./spp.) Onychurus groenlandicus 5 0 0 Phytophthora stem rot (Phytophthora sp./spp.) 1 0 0 Phytophthora root and stem rot (Phytophthora 2 0 2 sojae) Slender springtails (Family Entomobryidae) 1 0 0 Soil Compaction (Abiotic disorder) 0 3 0 Soybean Brown Stem Rot (Phialophora 1 0 0 gregata)

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Host Diagnosis (Pathogen) Confirmed Suspected Not Detected Soybean (Glycine max) cont. Soybean Cyst Nematode (SCN) (Heterodera 2 0 0 glycines) Soybean sudden death syndrome (Fusarium 0 0 2 virguliforme) White mold (stem rot) (Sclerotinia sp./spp.) 1 0 0 White mold gall midge (Karshomyia caulicola) 1 0 0 Soybean (Glycine max); Soil Health Testing Soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines) 22 0 12 Spruce (Picea sp./spp.) damage (Animal Damage) 0 1 0 Chemical injury (Abiotic disorder) 0 2 0 Cultural/environmental problem (Abiotic 0 1 0 disorder) Cytospora canker (Cytospora kunzei) 0 1 0 Environmental stress; Problem (Abiotic 0 9 0 disorder) Horticultural oil injury (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 Pine needle scale (Chionaspis pinifoliae) 1 0 0 Rhizosphaera needle cast (Rhizosphaera 1 0 0 sp./spp.) Spider Mites (Family Tetranychidae) 3 2 0 Spruce needle cast (Stigmina sp./spp.) 3 0 0 Spruce spider mite (Oligonychus ununguis) 2 4 0 Stigmina Needle Blight (Stigmina lautii) 2 0 0 Unknown abiotic disorder (Abiotic disorder) 0 2 0 Spruce, Black Hills (Picea glauca ‘Densata’) Environmental stress; Problem (Abiotic 0 1 0 disorder) Freeze; Frost; Cold damage (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 Pine needle scale (Chionaspis pinifoliae) 2 0 0 Spider mites (Family Tetranychidae) 0 1 0 Spruce spider mite (Oligonychus ununguis) 2 0 0 Spruce, Colorado Blue (Picea pungens fastigiata) Chemical injury (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 Drought stress damage (Abiotic disorder) 0 3 0 Environmental stress; Problem (Abiotic 0 1 0 disorder) Eriophyid mites (Family Eriophyidae) 1 0 0 Needle cast (Lirula sp./spp.) 0 0 1 Pine needle scale (Chionaspis pinifoliae) 1 0 0 Rhizosphaera needle cast (Rhizosphaera 0 1 1 sp./spp.) Spider mites (Family Tetranychidae) 1 0 0 Spider mite injury (Unidentified Spider Mite) 0 2 0 Spruce needle cast (Stigmina sp./spp.) 0 0 1

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Host Diagnosis (Pathogen) Confirmed Suspected Not Detected Spruce, Colorado Blue (Picea pungens fastigiata) cont. Spruce spider mite (Oligonychus ununguis) 1 0 0 Stigmina Needle Blight (Stigmina lautii) 1 0 0 Weevil (Pissodes sp./spp.) 1 0 0 Winter injury (Abiotic disorder) 0 3 0 Yellowheaded spruce sawfly (Pikonema 0 2 0 alaskensis) Squash (Cucurbita sp./spp.) Powdery mildew (Podosphaera xanthii) 1 0 0 Unknown abiotic disorder (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 Pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo) Chemical injury (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 Sugar (food) German yellowjacket (Paravespula germanica) 1 0 0 Sumac (Rhus sp./spp.) Chemical injury (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) Rhizoctonia root and stem rot (Rhizoctonia 0 1 0 solani) Soil compaction (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 Unspecified pathology (Pythium sp./spp.) 0 0 1 Sunflower (Helianthus sp./spp.) Black stem (Plenodomus lindquistii) 1 0 0 Stem rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) 1 0 0 Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) Chemical injury (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 Tospovirus Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus (TSWV) 1 0 0 Tomato (Lycopersicon sp./spp.) Anthracnose fruit rot (Colletotrichum coccodes) 1 0 0 Bacterial canker (Clavibacter michiganensis 1 0 0 michiganensis) Chemical injury (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 1 Cucumber Mosaic Virus (CMV) 2 0 1 Early blight; Leaf spot (Alternaria solani) 1 1 0 Late blight (Phytophthora infestans) 1 0 0 Nutrient imbalance (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 Phosphorus deficiency (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 Potyvirus Group (Potyvirus sp./spp.) 0 0 1 Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) 0 0 1 Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus (TSWV) 0 0 2 Turfgrass (Turfgrass mixed species) Anthracnose (Colletotrichum graminicola) 2 0 0

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Host Diagnosis (Pathogen) Confirmed Suspected Not Detected Turfgrass (Turfgrass mixed species) cont. Anthracnose (Colletotrichum sp./spp.) 1 0 0 Bronzed cutworm (Nephelodes minians) 1 0 0 Cultural/environmental problem (Abiotic 0 2 0 disorder) Dense Thatch Layer (Abiotic disorder) 2 0 0 Dollar spot (Clarireedia homoeocarpa) 1 0 0 Haymaker's mushroom (Panaeolina foenisecii) 0 2 0 High pH damage (Abiotic disorder) 1 0 0 Leaf rust; Rust (Puccinia sp./spp.) 1 0 0 Magnaporthe summer patch (Magnaporthiopsis 2 1 0 poae) Nitrogen deficiency (Abiotic disorder) 1 0 0 Patch disease (Unidentified Fungus) 1 0 0 Pythium root and/or crown rot (Pythium 0 1 0 sp./spp.) Snow mold (Typhula sp./spp.) 0 2 0 Soft scales (Family Coccidae) 1 0 0 Soil compaction (Abiotic disorder) 2 2 0 Turfgrass necrotic ring spot (Ophiosphaerella 2 4 0 korrae) Western chinch bug (Blissus occiduus) 1 1 0 Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) Spider mites (Family Tetranychidae) 1 0 0 Unspecified Viral Disease 0 1 0 Western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) 0 1 0 Wheat (Triticum sp./spp.) Bacterial leaf streak (Xanthomonas sp./spp.) 0 2 1 Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus (BYDV-MAV) 0 0 4 Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus (BYDV-PAV) 0 0 4 Cereal Yellow Dwarf Virus (CYDV) 0 0 4 Chemical injury (Abiotic disorder) 0 1 0 Dwarf Bunt (Tilletia controversa) 0 0 7 Flag smut (Urocystis agropyri) 0 0 2 Flag Smut (Urocystis tritici) 0 0 1 Herbicide injury- G;14 PPO inhibitor (Abiotic 0 1 0 disorder) High Plains Disease Virus (HPV) 1 0 4 Leaf spot (Stagonospora nodorum) 0 1 0 Wheat Streak Mosaic Virus (WSMV) 0 0 4 Wheat (Spring/Winter) (Triticum aestivum) Bacterial leaf streak (Xanthomonas sp./spp.) 13 0 1 Barley Stripe Mosaic Virus (BSMV) 0 0 1 Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus (BYDV-MAV) 0 0 8

Page 29 of 31 NDSU Plant Diagnostic Lab Annual Report 2019

Host Diagnosis (Pathogen) Confirmed Suspected Not Detected Wheat (Spring/Winter) (Triticum aestivum) cont. Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus (BYDV-PAV) 1 0 7 Brown stink bug (Euschistus servus) 1 0 0 Cereal Yellow Dwarf Virus (CYDV) 0 0 8 Chemical injury (Abiotic disorder) 0 3 0 Dwarf bunt (Tilletia controversa) 0 0 11 Flag smut (Urocystis agropyri) 0 0 3 Flag smut (Urocystis tritici) 0 0 8 Fusarium head blight (Fusarium graminearum) 0 1 0 High plains disease (HPV) 1 0 7 Karnal bunt (Tilletia indica) 0 0 3 Phytopythium root rot (Phytopythium sp./spp.) 1 0 0 Tan spot; Yellow leaf spot (Pyrenophora tritici- 1 0 0 repentis) Wheat seed gall nematode (Anguina tritici) 0 0 50 Wheat streak mosaic (WSMV) 0 0 8 Durum (Triticum turgidum) Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus (BYDV-MAV) 0 0 1 Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus (BYDV-PAV) 1 Black chaff (Xanthomonas translucens) 0 0 1 Cereal Yellow Dwarf Virus (CYVD) 0 0 1 Cultural/environmental problem (Abiotic 0 1 0 disorder) Fusarium head blight (Fusarium graminearum) 1 0 0 High Plains Disease (HPV) 0 0 1 Nutrient imbalance (Abiotic disorder) 1 0 0 Wheat Streak Mosaic Virus (WSMV) 1 0 0 Walnut, Black (Juglans nigra) Spider mites (Family Tetranychidae) 1 0 0

Page 30 of 31 NDSU Plant Diagnostic Lab Annual Report 2019

Specialists consulted Given the broad nature of the samples that we accept at the NDSU Plant Diagnostic Lab, accurate diagnoses often rely on collaboration with members of the Department of Plant Pathology, other departments at NDSU, and industry experts. We would like to take this opportunity to acknowledge all faculty and specialists associated with NDSU as well as experts in private industry for their continued support of the lab. Without the expertise of a wide range of individuals, the quality of diagnoses from the lab would suffer tremendously.

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