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Masterarbeit / Master's Thesis MASTERARBEIT / MASTER’S THESIS Titel der Masterarbeit / Title of the Master‘s Thesis „Voices, Dialog, and Life Writing: A Study of Biographical Texts about Nina Simone and Thelonious Monk“ verfasst von / submitted by Peter Georg Robin Heldt, B.A. angestrebter akademischer Grad / in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts (MA) Wien, 2019 / Vienna 2019 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt / A 066 840 degree programme code as it appears on the student record sheet: Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt / Anglophone Literatures and Cultures degree programme as it appears on the student record sheet: Betreut von / Supervisor: Univ.-Prof. Mag. Dr. Alexandra Ganser-Blumenau Acknowledgments After years of studying and reading books, my journey finally comes to an end. My time at the University of Vienna has been inspiring and I am thankful for everyone who accompanied me along the way. At this point, I would like to thank my supervisor, Univ.-Prof. Mag. Dr. Alexandra Ganser-Blumenau, for her support and input. I would also like to express my gratitude for Professor Robin D. G. Kelley whose answers to my e-mail questionnaire were a valuable contribution to my work. I dedicate this thesis to my parents who always supported me and encouraged me to be curious, creative, and open-minded. Further, I would like to thank my brothers with whom I shared many laughter and who reminded me that life is not always serious business. I am deeply grateful for everything. Vienna, January 2019 Table of Contents 1. Introduction.............................................................................................................................1 2. Theorizing Biographies...........................................................................................................5 2.1 Life Writing and Biography Studies................................................................................6 2.2 Mikhail Bakhtin: Dialogism and Heteroglossia.............................................................12 2.3 Black Feminism and Intersectionality ...........................................................................17 3. Contextualizing Jazz Music..................................................................................................25 4. What Happened, Miss Simone?............................................................................................28 5. Thelonious Monk: The Life and Times of an American Original.........................................47 6. Comparison: Shared or Unique Experience?........................................................................68 7. Conclusion............................................................................................................................72 8. Bibliography..........................................................................................................................74 9. Appendix...............................................................................................................................77 9.1 E-mail Correspondence with Professor Robin D. G. Kelley..........................................77 9.2 Abstract German ............................................................................................................89 9.3 Abstract English.............................................................................................................90 1. Introduction Jazz music can imply a multitude of different meanings – it offers a space for cultural exchange, a way of exploring creative and intellectual ideas, and a reflection of the order and disorder which surrounds and influences the music. During the last century, the genre and its composers emerged and an increasing interest was paid to the artists, their music, and their lives. Consequently and not surprisingly, several autobiographies as well as biographies on jazz personalities have been published in recent years. Among these publications are the two biographies What Happened, Miss Simone?, written by Alan Light, and Thelonious Monk: The Life and Times of an American Original, written by Robin D. G. Kelley. Having read both books, I felt encouraged to engage in an academic analysis of both works in which I want to investigate how these biographies create and mediate their biographical subjects. The composition of the biographical text has evoked my curiosity since it incorporates historical accounts, textual descriptions of music, and the guiding voice of the author. This combination of sources suggests an approach connected to cultural studies, biography studies, and black feminism. I set out to explore how my primary sources construct a single narrative voice or incorporate multiple, possibly conflicting, voices. Further, the aim of my research is to analyze the relationship between the voice of the author, the mediated voice of his or her subject, and of a collective subject group, for example, of women, jazz musicians, or African Americans. Hopefully, my study will contribute to understand how readers and authors alike construct images of narrated lives in the 21st century. In addition to that, my thesis should answer the question how biographers negotiate a multitude of voices and what this indicates about current discourses on race, power, and gender. The idea behind the selection of my primary sources is to create a balance in terms of ethnicity and gender between the biographers and their subjects. The following chapters focus on theoretical ideas and concepts to approach the research topic, background information on jazz music, a thorough analysis of both primary sources, a comparison of the results, as well as a final and conclusive part. The theoretical chapter constitutes the foundation of my analysis and will cover approaches used in biography studies, Mikhail Bakhtin's ideas of dialogism and heteroglossia, along with black feminism and its concept of intersectionality. A short chapter about jazz will present information on the historical and social context of the genre as well as on an intergenerational dimension. Moreover, I will highlight how political protest and jazz are connected and how music, as a 1 cultural product, can work as a form of resistance against social and racial injustice. Subsequently, the following two chapters will link the theory to the biographies What Happened, Miss Simone? and Thelonious Monk: The Life and Times of an American Original. The results will then be compared and interpreted in order to highlight differences in the construction of the biographical subject. My research sets out to answer the question how current discourses of power, gender, and race are reflected and even reproduced in contemporary jazz biographies. In the last chapter, I will shortly summarize the main findings, insights, and results of my work. Before moving on to the theory part of the thesis, I want to use the remaining space of the introduction to discuss the present state of autobiography and biography studies. In their article “Introduction: Auto/Biography in Transit,” Jason Breiter, Orly Lael Natzer, Julie Rak, and Lucinda Rasmussen suggest that the research field of life writing is in a constant state of flux. Currently, scholars are concerned with numerous areas of research, “including the study of translation, migration, borders, displacement, and most recently, of online ways to construct and represent identities” (Breiter et al. vi). This quote reflects that technological progress along with a dynamic social environment have an effect on the research field which makes a fixed definition of research topics impractical. Further, these developments display that the construction of the self and ideas of representation can change through different circumstances. With regard to autobiographies and biographies, the authors state that “[t]he field of life writing has always recognized the importance of narrative forms, and that cultural producers make the lives they create, rather than simply represent them” (Breiter et al. vi). In that sense, biographers do not present or reflect the true self of a person but construct a textual persona which is shaped by linguistic choices and the interpretation of sources. “Looking Forward: The Futures of Auto | Biography Studies,” written by Emily Hipchen and Ricia Anne Chansky, is another article discussing developments in life writing studies. According to the authors, their publication should be understood as “a collaborative and inclusive dialogic space that gives established and emerging scholars from multiple disciplines the time and space to enter into lively discourse on [...] possible futures” (Hipchen and Chansky 139). This indicates that the future of the research field is shaped by an interdisciplinary and collaborative approach. Both articles agree on the fact that autobiography and biography studies are constantly developing. Writing about the 2 commercial aspect of publishing, Philip Holden regards “the worldly text not as a document to be read in isolation but as part of a large assemblage that includes processes of production, consumption and subjectification on a global scale” (Holden qtd. in Hipchen and Chansky 142)1. To gain a better understanding of the text and its interrelations, Holden proposes to investigate the context in which a biographical work is created. A book published by a university press, for example, might have a more scholarly preface or cover text than a book promoted by a commercial publishing house. This leads to the question of consumption and
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