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The Pulitzer Prizes for International Reporting in the Fourth Phase of Their Development, 1978-1989

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The Pulitzer Prizes for International Reporting in the Fourth Phase of Their Development, 1978-1989 INTRODUCTION THE PULITZER PRIZES FOR INTERNATIONAL REPORTING IN THE FOURTH PHASE OF THEIR DEVELOPMENT, 1978-1989 Heinz-Dietrich Fischer As a result of the Vietnam war, the American people lost much of their confidence in the basic political constellations and institutions.1 This crisis of public confidence pertained also to the media in the United States. "A powerful and influential segment of the American public," Hohenberg states in June, 1978, "has developed strong doubts about its press, both as to reliability and judgment. While this has happened before in the history of the republic, the separation has seldom been so pronounced. Nor has it lasted so long. The gab between press and people is not easy to define. In all probability, it parallels to a very large degree the sense of alienation and resentment that exists between many prime movers in government and the most influential part of the press."2 These strained relations finally influenced the attitude of the Pulitzer Prize Committees toward the submitted press material. It was no longer the "hard" stories which prevailed in the lists of prize-winners, but those involving human interest and feelings, as exemplified by Henry Kamm's coverage of the boat people's tragedy which had won the award in 19783 for stories published during the preceding year.4 The idea to award the Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting on a humanitarian foreign subject seems to have had its effects of the following year's prize decision, too. When President William McGill of Columbia-University announced the Pulitzer Prize-winners on April 16, 1979, his list included the name of Richard Ben Cramer of the Philadelphia Inquirer who was elected prize-winner, out of a total number of 60 nominees in his category, "for 1 Cf. Anthony Lake (Ed.): The Vietnam Legacy. The War, American Society and the Future of American Foreign Policy, New York: New York University Press, 1976, pp. 392 ff. 2 John Hohenberg: A Crisis for the American Press, New York: Columbia University Press, 1978, p. VII. 3 Cf. John Hohenberg: The Pulitzer Prize Story II. Award-Winning News Stories, Columns, Editorials, Cartoons, and News Pictures, 1959-1980, New York: Columbia University Press, 1980, p. 201. 4 Cf. Heinz-Dietrich Fischer (Ed.): Outstanding International Press Reporting. Pulitzer Prize Winning Articles in Foreign Correspondence, Vol. 3: 1963-1977 - From the Escalation of the Vietnam War to the East Asian Refugee Problems, Berlin - New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1986, pp. 289 ff. XX Introduction reports from the Middle East" in 1978.5 Behind this rather general definition of the subject of Cramer's reports there was hidden, however, an extraordinary journalistic accomplishment which Hohenberg describes as follows: "Although the world's leaders loftily proclaimed peace year after year in the strife-torn Middle East, there was no peace... Both sides - the Israelis and the Arabs alike - mistrusted the changeable Americans, whether they were diplomats, soldiers, or correspondents. Any one of them could be a part of the CIA apparatus, in the view of the combatants, and any one of them could therefore be a target. This was the position in which Richard Ben Cramer found himself when he was sent to the Middle East in 1977 by the Philadelphia Inquirer... He left the bulletin news and the filing about military and diplomatic developments to the wire services that served the Inquirer and concentrated instead on how the continual warfare in the Middle East had affected the lives of ordinary people."6 In the words of the Philadelphia Inquirer," Cramer did not merely write soft pieces of hard news. Soft, yes, often. But they were damned hard to get. And their significance was indicated by their impact. The people about whom Cramer reported were not the cutouts of a less complicated era, an era in which United States readers knew one side of the Middle East conflict better than the other. Reporting that added dimension and character to Arab as well as Jew was not immediately popular in Philadelphia..."7 It is probably of interest that a short time after the bestowal of the Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting on Richard B. Cramer for his reports from the Middle East, a study about the working conditions and sources of foreign correspondents in that region was published, a study which had been developed at the Graduate School of Journalism, Columbia University. Questionnaires were sent to American correspondents stationed in the Middle East in those days in order to find out, among other things, "who these correspondents were, how they perceived their job, and what problems they faced in covering the Middle East."8 Of the 56 U.S. correspondents addressed in this region, 24 answered the two-page questionnaire, which means a return quota of about 43%. "American correspondents in the Middle East," the results of the study read, "have an average of 20 years of news experience. On the average, 14 of these years were in foreign correspondence, five and a half in the Middle East. These correspondents have to cover a wide geographic area. Fewer than 10% had been assigned only to one country, and 39% had covered 15 or more countries... Just under one half of the correspondents felt that the Middle East was being adequately covered by U.S. news media. More than one third felt that it was not... The Arab-Israeli conflict," the study says in another passage, "has long been the major story coming out of the Middle East. To many Americans, it was the only one. And the U.S. news media have often been accused of showing pro-Israel and anti-Arab biases (the two are not the same). Most of the surveyed correspondents also believed that such a bias exists. Half of them said the American news media have been pro- Israel since the October, 1973, war. No correspondent accused the U.S. news media of a pro- 5 The Pulitzer Prize Board (Ed.): The Pulitzer Prizes, 1917-1983, New York: Columbia University Press, 1983, p. 30. 6 John Hohenberg: The Pulitzer Prize Story II, op. cit., pp. 134 f. 7 Gene Roberts: The Search for Mideast Peace, a Human Drama, accompanying letter of the Philadelphia Inquirer's exhibit of the work of Richard Ben Cramer, undated (January 1979). 8 Daniel Sreebny: American Correspondents in the Middle East - Perceptions and Problems, in: Journalism Quarterly (Athens/Oh.), Vol. 56/No. 2, Summer 1979, p. 386. Heinz-Dietrich Fischer xxi An unprecedented event in Philadelphia journalism. The Inquirer wins the Pulitzer Prize for the fifth year in a row. It was another ecstatic scene in The Inquirer continuous streak of Pulitzers were: newsroom when the word came that 1975 - Donald Barlett and Richard Ben Cramer won journalism's most James Steele for their series coveted award — the Pulitzer Prize. "Auditing the IRS." Cramer was the winner in the International 1976 - Tony Auth for his Reporting category for his articles from the editorial cartoons. Middle East on Jews and Arabs caught in the 1977 - Acel Moore and swirling turmoil of war and politics. His Wendell Rawls for their dispatches focused on the common hopes and revelation of the conditions fears of Israelis, Egyptians, Jordanians, at Farview State Hospital. Syrians and Lebanese. This marks the fifth consecutive year 1978 - The entire Inquirer staff The Inquirer has won a Pulitzer Prize, a won the Gold Medal for feat accomplished by only one other paper Public Service for its in the history of journalism. coverage of police abuse Now, with this newest Pulitzer, The Inquirer cases in Philadelphia. has won 55 major national awards since 1974. a Good journalism is a product of dedicated record unmatched by any other paper in the journalists. We're proud of all the special country. people whose efforts have brought The Other winners in The Inquirer's Inquirer national recognition as one of America's best newspapers. Witt JpftilaMpfua ^Inquirer [Source: Editor & Publisher (New Yoric), Vol. 112/No. 17, April 28, 1979, p. 37.] xxii Introduction Arab bias (nine of the 24 said that the coverage was neutral),"9 a statement, furthermore, that also applied to the Pulitzer Prize-winning articles from that area by Richard B. Cramer. As to the change in the proceedings of the announcement of the Pulitzer Prizes that had been planned some time ago, an important decision fell in autumn, 1979. "Nominees for the Pulitzer Prize," the concept of reforms ran, "will be made public along with the winners in April (1980) as part of a new policy announced... by the Pulitzer Board... The Board also voted on its October 9 meeting to expand its membership from 12 to 15, of which up to three can be non-journalists. Tenure of Board members was also changed to limit the maximum of 3 four-year terms to 3 three-year terms. The changes came," a report about the approaching alterations says," six months after the Board came under attack for not following the recommendation of the nominating juries in six of the 19 categories... Last January, the Columbia Board of Trustees, which holds final control of the awards, revised the nominating policy to give the Pulitzer Prize Board ultimate responsibility for awarding the Prize. The most recent changes were designed to give recognition to top nominees as well as the winner, previously the only one made public."10 "We will make the process more open," said Richard Baker, secretary of the Advisory Board and professor of journalism. The names of unsuccessful contenders were in the past often divulged by jurors to the press," so they were known anyway," Baker also said and added: "We hope that this change will ameliorate the relations between the jurors and the Board.
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