Tall Buildings a Sustainable & Practical Design Approach

Tall Buildings A Sustainable & Practical Design Approach

presented by Vince Ugarów - Director, Hilson Moran

Swegon Air Academy Seminar Tallinn, Estonia 6th December 2017 www.hilsonmoran.com @vinugaro Introduction

Building performance and efficiency

equally important as...

aesthetics, quality & iconic status

why? Introduction

Building performance and efficiency

equally important as...

aesthetics, quality & iconic status

it has a direct impact on our environment Impact of Tall Buildings

Environment Socio-Cultural Economic landscape politics cost environment public realm culture investment

energy water religion economics economic air quality media

ecology socio-cultural

evaluate all criteria Why is it Important?

uncontrolled development infrastructure pressures 1 Our Design Approach Sustainable Practical

2 Case Study: 20 Fenchurch Street, London Energy Hierarchy

5 On-site Renewables photo voltaics, solar, wind, fuel cells

4 Infrastructure district energy centres, off site renewables 3 Energy Efficient Systems € lighting, air conditioning, mixed mode, controls

2 Facade Design thermal, light transmission, shading

1 Mass & Built Form orientation, shape & fabric

Return on Investment 1 Wind Studies

2 Solar Analysis 3 Facade Performance Prevailing Wind Conditions

influence...

Building Orientation Building Form Leading Edge Shape

30 St Mary Axe, London Wind Tunnel Tests

Reduces Design Assumptions Provides Design Assurance Delivers Cost Savings

Chamber Tracer Patterns Computational Fluid Dynamic Analysis

Building shapes can be tested early in the design process

Small adjustments can make significant improvements

Multiple tall buildings in close proximity will influence results Influence on Building Form & Orientation

25% 25% 5% 20%

5% 65% 55%

Square Form Aerodynamic Form Aerodynamic Analysis

Public Realm Street level assessment Public open spaces Wind mitigation measures

Building Occupants Comfort Natural ventilation design Noise Air quality

Engineering Design Facade surface pressures Positioning air intakes and exhausts Tameer Towers, Abu Dhabi Solar Analysis

Sun Path Studies Facade Influence Thermal Comfort Sun Path Analysis

South Facade - Greatest Identifies... solar intensity Exposed & shaded elevations Direct solar intensity

West Facade - part shaded from solar intensity

West Facade - exposed to solar intensity Elizabeth House, London Internal Environmental Comfort

1 Daylight 2 Thermal Comfort 3 Air Quality New Workspace Trends

Daylight

How to increase daylight Facade Performance - visual v thermal Facade Passive Design Measures

North Facade East Facade - - No Shading Vertical Fins

South Facade - Horizontal Fins West Facade - Vertical Fins 20 Fenchurch Street, London Human Comfort Study

Operative Temperature influenced by façade g-value and u-value

limit = 26oC to 27oC

ref: BS ISO 7730;2005 Facade Performance Factors

g-value = % of the total solar radiant heat energy entering a room through the glass

u-value = heat transmittance through a surface by conduction, convection and radiation Facade Thermal Performance

Balance between…

g-value: heat gain, from outside to inside

u-value: heat loss from inside to outside Air Temperature Data

London

Tallinn In Hot Climates...

Traditional Arab Mashrabiya Today's Equivalent Design In Colder Climates...

solid versus glass Thermal Performance Summary

Hot climates... external shading

Temperate climates... g-value dominant transparency

Cold climates u-value dominant solidity Triple Ventilation Facade

Suitable in all climates We eat 1kg of food per day

We drink 2 litres per day

We breathe 25kg of air per day Sources of Air Pollutants Atmospheric Particulate Matter

Asthma Lung cancer Cardiovascular issues Respiratory diseases Birth defects Premature defects Air Quality Monitoring

NO2

Nitrogen Dioxide exceeds the UK AQLV of 40 µg/m3 for annual exposures across the site This is PM10 fairly common for busy city centre areas

Particulate Matter is within the UK AQLV of 40 µg/m3 for annual exposures. The short-term limit of 50 µg/m3 was exceeded once at the southerly site 18 exceedances of the short-term limit are allowed per annum. Air Quality Data Mechanical Ventilation

High efficiency NO2 Absorption filtration up to F9 Filter Standard International Accreditation

Neo, 9 Charlotte Street, Manchester, M1 4ET +44 (0)161 876 2700 [email protected] 1 Plant Strategy 2 Tenant Requirements

3 Cores & Risers 4 System Hydraulics For a Developer...

optimal building height when

cost meets income

net to gross floor area efficiency becomes even more critical Central Plant Locations R Efficient riser distribution Hydraulic efficiency Simple ventilation strategy R Plant Floor Co-ordinate with lift strategy 55 R 40 35 R 35

20 20 20 20

2 2 2 2 B B B B 35 floors 50 floors 65 floors 80 floors Tenant Requirements

Ventilation Ability to increase outside air Redistribution between adjacent floors Ability to cope with kitchens and restaurants Cooling 24 hour operation Resilient installations for business critical loads Space for independent systems Gas Spare capacity Space for risers or connections Washrooms Ability to extend for increased occupancy Tenant Requirements

Electrical Diverse routing Resilient supplies and infrastructure Standby generation Space for UPS Communications Diverse & secure routing Space for satellite dishes Structural soft spots for comms rooms BMS Ability to monitor base build plant Network node controllers on floors Hydraulics

Limit working pressures…

Selections fall within equipment capability Reduces risk of failure Provides economic component selection Reduces weight & imposed forces

Consider high pressure circuits… Limits temperature drop through circuits Saves plant space Reduces additional pumping & associated equipment Reduces operating costs Costs

PN16 PN25 PN40 Plant Replacement Strategy

Consider early in the process…

Replacement of major plant 20+ years Engage specialist advice Identify weights of major plant items Consider routes through the building Document the strategy and follow it through Preferred Strategy

Use of goods lifts

3000kg goods lift handles… Sheet materials Partitioning systems Furniture

In safe lift mode handles… Transformers Other heavy plant

Consider sectionalised plant… Modular air handling units Sectional cooling towers Risers

Air distribution 15 to 25% Varies with system selection

Pipework 15 to 20%

Firefighting 12 to 17% Sprinkler and wet risers Staircase and lobby pressurisation Electrical 25 to 30% Diverse routing Good access onto floor Tenant risers 8 to 10% Kitchen extracts Communications 8 to 10% Routing to plant zones Diverse and secure routing Good access onto floor Core

Minimising riser requirements…

Optimise shape & size Pre-fabrication Pre-insulated ductwork Jointing techniques Concrete risers Case Study: 20 Fenchurch Street

CLIENT: Land Securities & Canary Wharf ARCHITECT: Rafael Vinoly Architects MEP ENGINEERS: Hilson Moran

38 Floors 63,800m2 of Grade A commercial office space, retail units A public space, at the top of the building, featuring botanical gardens, restaurant and roof Typical Office Floor Layout

Central core accommodating: Toilet blocks 7 Double decker passenger lifts 2 Goods lifts 2 Fire fighting lifts 2 Sky Garden lifts MEP Services risers Design Criteria Load Densities for Power & Cooling

Lighting: Small Power: 12W/m2 infrastructure 30W/m2 + 5W/m2 power allowance for FCU terminals

Enhanced allowance: Additional 50W/m2, for max 30% of any individual office floor

Additional tenant equipment allowances: On floor comms rooms (SERs) 20kW per floor Main comms room (MER) 625kW total, allocated on a pro rata basis

Uninterruptable Power Supply systems (UPS) Future allowance 15W/m2 for max 10,000m2 floor area Design Criteria Load Densities for Ventilation

Outside Air Rate: 2 l/s/m2

Additional allowance: 30 l/s/floor extract rate for tea points

Additional tenant on-floor kitchen allowances: 4No dedicated extract ducts - 4 x 800 x 800mm 4m3/s outside supply air allowance per kitchen in landlord air plant

Metered gas supply infrastructure Plantroom Strategy

Level 34-37 Cooling towers Ventilation plant Sub stations Basement Switchrooms Incoming utilities Boilers Chillers Fuel cell Sub stations Level 2 Switchrooms Ventilation Plant Water storage Floor Sprinkler tanks Plant Locations - Annexe Roof

Air cooled chillers Standby generators Satellite dishes Fuel cell heat rejection

Tenant allowances: Platform located on roof, capable of accommodating 5 satellite dishes Core Layout Supply & Extract Ventilation Comms

Electrical Supply & Extract F Ventilation G 1 4 Pipework 2 5 Kitchen Extract Kitchen Extract 3 6

Pipework WCs Electrical 7 Lift Lobby

G Supply & Extract F Ventilation Supply & Extract Ventilation Comms Anatomy Central Ventilation Air Handling Units

Riser Core Cooling Towers

Flues: Boilers, Fuel Cell & Generators

Boilers, Chillers, Standby Generators Fuel cell Sub-stations, Switchrooms and Air Cooled Chillers Water storage

Central Ventilation Air Handling Units Low Zero Carbon Technologies

300kW Fuel Cell 6.6% CO2 reduction Low Zero Carbon Technologies

Roof mounted PVs predicted to generate 27,300 kWh per year Cooling Resilience Strategy

1 x 100kW absorption chiller 2 x 1200kW 3 x 3300kW water cooled chillers

1 x 531kW 1 x 728kW 3300kW Chiller air cooled chillers Air Conditioning System Choice

4 pipe Fan coil unit Chilled beam unit An Interesting Trend

1930 Empire State & Chrysler Buildings The great depression

1972 to 1974 Willis Tower American economic stagflation

1998 1989 Petronas Towers Canary Wharf Asian financial crisis 1990’s recession An Interesting Trend

DrivenThe down Times by debt, Dubai expats give new meaning to long-stay car park 2017 Brexit

2009 Burj Kalifa Engineering the Future for the Built Environment