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Phytosociological and Ethnobotanical Studies of District Nowshera Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

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Phytosociological and Ethnobotanical Studies of District Nowshera Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL AND ETHNOBOTANICAL STUDIES OF DISTRICT NOWSHERA KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA, PAKISTAN SAJJAD ALI Ph.D. (Scholar) DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY ISLAMIA COLLEGE PESHAWAR 2016 PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL AND ETHNOBOTANICAL STUDIES OF DISTRICT NOWSHERA KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA, PAKISTAN Thesis submitted to the Department of Botany, Islamia College Peshawar in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN BOTANY DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY ISLAMIA COLLEGE PESHAWAR 2016 267 Plagiarism Undertaking I solemnly declare that research work presented in the thesis titled “Phytosociological and Ethnobotanical Studies of District Nowshera, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan” is solely my research work with no significant contribution from any other person. Small contribution/help wherever taken has been duly acknowledged and that complete thesis has been written by me. I understand the zero tolerance policy of the HEC and University Islamia College Peshawar towards plagiarism. Therefore I as an Author of the above titled thesis declare that no portion of my thesis has been plagiarized and any material used as reference is properly referred/cited. I undertake that if I am found guilty of any formal plagiarism in the above titled thesis even after award of PhD degree, the University reserves the rights to withdraw/revoke my PhD degree and that HEC and the University has the right to publish my name on the HEC/University Website on which names of students are placed who submitted plagiarized thesis. Student /Author Signature: ____________ Name: Sajjad Ali Author’s Declaration I Mr. Sajjad Ali hereby state that my PhD thesis titled “Phytosociological and Ethnobotanical Studies of District Nowshera, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan” is my own work and has not been submitted previously by me for taking any degree from this University Islamia College Peshawar Or anywhere else in the country/world. At any time if my statement is found to be incorrect even after my Graduate the university has the right to withdraw my PhD degree. Sajjad Ali : _______________ Dated:12/02/2018 267 TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of contents ....................................................................................... i List of tables ............................................................................................ iv List of figures .......................................................................................... vi List of appendices .................................................................................. vii Acknowledgements ............................................................................... viii Abstract .................................................................................................... x Chapter-1 ................................................................................................ 1 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................. 1 1.1 Introduction to the study area ....................................................... 1 1.1.1 Area and topography ........................................................ 1 1.1.2 Nature of land ................................................................... 1 1.1.3 Climate, rainfall and temperature ..................................... 2 1.1.4 Languages ........................................................................ 3 1.2 Phytosociology .............................................................................. 5 1.2.1 History of phytosociology ................................................ 5 1.2.2 Introduction to the phytosociology .................................. 6 1.3 Ethnobotany ................................................................................ 13 1.3.1 History of ethnobotany ................................................... 13 1.3.2 Introduction to the ethnobotany ..................................... 13 Chapter-2 .............................................................................................. 23 MATERIALS AND METHODS ........................................................ 23 2.1 Floristic structure and ecological characteristics ........................ 23 2.2 Biological spectra ....................................................................... 23 2.3 Leaf size spectra .......................................................................... 24 2.4 Phenological behavior................................................................. 25 2.5 Phytosociology / Vegetation structure ........................................ 25 2.5.1 Density ........................................................................... 26 2.5.2 Frequency ....................................................................... 26 2.5.3 Relative frequency ......................................................... 26 2.5.4 Cover .............................................................................. 26 2.5.5 Importance Value ........................................................... 27 2.5.6 Family Importance Value (FIV) .................................... 27 i 2.5.7 Edaphology .................................................................... 27 2.5.8 Soil texture ..................................................................... 28 2.5.9 Water holding capacity .................................................. 28 2.5.10 Calcium carbonate .......................................................... 28 2.5.11 Nitrogen .......................................................................... 28 2.5.12 Phosphorus ..................................................................... 28 2.5.13 Potassium ....................................................................... 28 2.5.14 pH ................................................................................... 28 2.5.15 Electrical conductivity ................................................... 29 2.5.16 Total soluble salts ........................................................... 29 2.5.17 Carbonates and bicarbonates .......................................... 29 2.5.18 Chloride ........................................................................... 29 ++ ++ 2.5.19 Calcium Magnesium .................................................. 29 2.5.20 Sodium ............................................................................. 30 2.5.21 Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) ...................................... 30 2.5.22 Sulphates ........................................................................ 30 2.6 Ethnobotany ................................................................................ 30 2.6.1 Ethnobotanical profile .................................................... 30 2.6.2 Observations ................................................................... 31 2.6.3 Interviews ....................................................................... 31 2.6.4 Preservation of vascular plants ...................................... 31 2.6.5 Fuel and timber wood species ........................................ 31 2.6.6 Fodder plants .................................................................. 32 2.6.7 Local medicinal use of plants ......................................... 32 2.6.8 Analysis and documentation of research data ................ 32 2.7 Phytochemical screening ............................................................ 33 2.7.1 Test for alkaloids ............................................................ 33 2.7.2 Test for tannins ............................................................... 33 2.7.3 Test for reducing sugars (Fehling’s test) ........................ 33 2.7.4 Test for saponins ............................................................ 34 2.7.5 Test for flavonoids ......................................................... 34 2.7.6 Test for terpenoids .......................................................... 34 2.7.7 Test for cardiac glycosides (Keller-Killiyani test) ......... 34 2.7.8 Total phenolic contents .................................................. 34 ii 2.7.9 Test for anthraquinones .................................................. 35 Chapter-3 .............................................................................................. 36 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION .......................................................... 36 3.1 Floristic composition .................................................................. 36 3.1.1 Life form and seasonal variation .................................... 37 3.1.2 Leaf size spectra and seasonal variation ........................ 39 3.2 Phenological behavior................................................................. 66 3.3 Vegetation structure .................................................................... 88 3.3.1 Autumn aspect ................................................................ 89 3.3.2 Winter aspect .................................................................. 93 3.3.3 Spring aspect .................................................................. 96 3.3.4 Summer aspect ............................................................. 101 3.4 Ethnobotany .............................................................................. 109 3.5 Ethnomedicine .......................................................................... 130 3.6 Phytochemical screening .......................................................... 153 3.6.1 Alkaloids ...................................................................... 153 3.6.2 Tannins ........................................................................
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