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Från Tredje Riket, Mot En Tredje Position Från Tredje Riket, mot en Tredje Position Nationalsocialistisk fronts ideologiska utveckling till Svenskarnas parti Henrik Magnusson Masteroppgave ved Institutt for arkeologi, konservering og historie UNIVERSITETET I OSLO Vår 2016 II Från Tredje Riket, mot en Tredje Position: Nationalsocialistisk fronts ideologiska utveckling till Svenskarnas parti III © Henrik Magnusson 2016 Från Tredje Riket, mot en Tredje Position: Nationalsocialistisk fronts ideologiska utveckling till Svenskarnas parti Henrik Magnusson http://www.duo.uio.no/ Trykk: Activ Print og kopi AS IV Sammandrag Svenskarnas parti (SvP) bildades i samma andetag som det nazistiska partiet Nationalsocialistisk front (NSF) lades ned. Partiledningen var densamma. Medlemmarna skrevs över till det nya partiet, liksom alla ekonomiska tillgångar. Enligt vissa observatörer var slutsatsen klar: SvP var ett nazistiskt parti. I min uppsats ställer jag mig frågan om denna, relativt enkla, analys är riktig. Uppsatsen fokuserar på den ideologiska resa som inleddes år 1994, då NSF bildades, via omorganiseringen år 1999, då NSF utropade sig till ett politiskt parti, till bildandet av SvP, ett parti som var verksamt mellan år 2008-2015. Med utgångspunkt i internationell forskning på nationalsocialism, fascism och nyfascism analyserar jag SvP:s ideologi, samt hur partiet rörde sig från klassisk partipolitik till att i allt större utsträckning anamma metapolitiska idéer och strategier, hämtade från franska Nouvelle Droit. V VI Förord Jag vill tacka min handledare, Øystein Sørensen, som har bidragit med både nyfikenhet och kunskap, skarpa insikter och goda råd. Tack också till Stiftelsen EXPO som bjöd in mig till sina lokaler i Stockholm och lät mig ta del av deras arkiv. Jag riktar ett speciellt tack till EXPO:s Anders Dalsbro som fann fram allt material jag kunde önska mig om Nationalsocialistisk front. Personalen på Kungliga Biblioteket i Stockholm förtjänar också ett tack, för allt material ni plockade fram åt mig under ett par intensiva dygn. Tack till mina föräldrar som har visat engagemang, och som har läst mina utkast. Sist, men inte minst, vill jag tacka min fina Kira, för allt stöd och all uppmuntran jag har fått under dessa studieår. Iben Jolin och Holger, tack för all glädje ni ger mig, och för att ni har distraherat, och inspirerat, mig när studierna har känts tunga. VII VIII Innehållsförteckning 1 Inledning……………………………………………………………………………………1 2 Teori………………………………………………………………………….…………….9 3 Långa och korta linjer…………………………………………………………..….……...24 4 Nationalsocialistisk front: Den första fasen (1994-1999)…………………………....…….38 5 Stagnation eller utveckling?: Den andra fasen (2000-2008)………………………..……..63 6 Svenskarnas parti: Den tredje fasen (2008-2015)…………………………………..….…..84 7 Avslutning………………………………………………………………………….……112 Litteraturlista………………………………………………………………………………...121 Källmaterial…………………………………………………………………………….……126 IX 1 Inledning Temat för min uppsats är den svenska, nazistiska, organisationen Nationalsocialistisk fronts (NSF) utveckling till att bli Svenskarnas parti (SvP). Syftet är att skildra den ideologiska och strategiska utveckling som föranledde nedläggningen av NSF till fördel för SvP. Min uppgift är att placera, och definiera, NSF och SvP i en större, rasideologisk och nationalsocialistisk, kontext. Framförallt är jag intresserad av SvP:s ideologiska utgångspunkt, och hur man bör förstå partiets politiska projekt. SvP:s valresultat år 2014 var en besvikelse, och en bidragande orsak till att partiet upplöstes i maj år 2015. SvP var ett litet parti, och aldrig i närheten av att nå de 4 % av rösterna som krävs för att vinna inträde till den svenska riksdagen. Jag menar att det är en fördel att studera radikala och nationalistiska organisationer eller partier, mens de ännu är relativt små, och lång från makten. Det är, som historikern Zeew Sternhell har påpekat, innan de har vunnit makt, som ideologier och rörelser av den här typen kan studeras i sin renaste form; innan politisk press eller framtvingade kompromisser fört till en förändringsprocess som gör att partiet, mer eller mindre, liknar andra parlamentariska partier (Sverigedemokraterna är, enligt vissa kritiker, ett exempel på detta fenomen). ”Den politiska ideologins natur framträder alltid mer klart i sina strävanden än i sin tillämpning”.1 Frågeställningar och avgränsning Uppsatsen är centrerad runt tre övergripande frågeställningar: 1. På vilket sätt var kontinuitet eller brott dominerande aspekter när Svenskarnas parti bildades, i förhållande till NSF:s ideologiska utveckling? 2. Vilka strategier använde NSF/SvP sig av för att nå de uppsatta målen, och ansågs bruk av våld, som politisk metod, acceptabelt? 3. Vilka tendenser av intern debatt går att spåra inom NSF/SvP? I vilken grad var ledningen i respektive organisation lyhörd för idéer utifrån? Med andra ord: Hur representativ var NSF:s/SvP:s ideologi och politiska strategi för partiets medlemmar? Fråga går också att ställa sig åt motsatt riktning: Hur representativ var medlemmarnas aktivism för partiets politik? 1 Citatet är översatt från engelska: “The nature of a political ideology always emerges more clearly in its aspirations than in its application”: Zeev Sternhell. Neither Right nor Left. Fascist ideology in France (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1986). 1. 1 Varje kapitel har sina inneboende frågeställningar att förhålla sig till. Min förhoppning är att uppsatsen som helhet ska kunna besvara följande frågeställningar: 4. Hur bör man tolka, och förstå, Svenskarnas partis politiska projekt? Var det ett nazistiskt parti? Eller nynazistiskt? Vilka andra begrepp kan vara mer träffande? 5. Vilka tendenser till fascistiska/totalitära idéer fanns inom SvP? Ledorden är strategi och ideologi. NSF var inledningsvis en utomparlamentarisk organisation. De försökte sprida sitt budskap genom torgmöten, flygblad och diverse andra kampanjer. Men de försökte inte vinna politisk makt genom att ställa upp i demokratiska val. Vid ingången till det nya årtusendet ändrade de strategi. NSF ombildades till ett politiskt parti, ämnat för att ställa upp i val. Fram till år 2008 ägnade de sig således åt traditionell partipolitik. När NSF lades ned, och SvP bildades fortsatte den partipolitiska kampen. Jag vill dock hävda att SvP, i viss grad, i tillägg ägnade sig åt metapolitisk kulturkamp. Gällande termerna partipolitik och metapolitik, ser jag dem som idealtyper enligt den tyska socionomen Max Webers teori. En idealtyp existerar inte i empirisk mening, men är en analytisk tankekonstruktion som inte kan placeras inom klart avgränsade, taxonomiska, kategorier. Idealtypens värde består i att vara ett redskap för att tillägna sig, och förstå, empirin. Historikern Roger Griffin använder sig av teorin om idealtyper för att definiera fascism. Olika fascistiska ideologier, såsom Mussolinis fascism eller British Union of Fascists, kan på så vis placeras under samma paraply, trots eventuella skiljaktigheter dem emellan.2 Jag ämnar att skriva mer om metapolitik i uppsatsens andra kapitel. I korthet var NSF:s partipolitiska verksamhet i stor grad styrt av en doktrin, deras partiprogram. Jag menar att SvP hade en viss grad av metapolitisk tillnärmning till sin ideologi. Partiet var mindre dogmatiskt, och mer tillgängliga för att prova nya metoder för att nå framgång. Uppsatsens avgränsning är, årtalsmässigt, naturlig. Den sträcker sig från att Nationalsocialistisk front grundas år 1994, till att Svenskarnas parti läggs ner under våren år 2015. I tillägg har jag skrivit ett kapitel om nationalsocialismens utveckling i Sverige från 1920- talet, fram till 1990-talet. Ett kapitel som tjänar som bakgrund till den huvudsakliga framställningen. En annan orsak till bakgrundskapitlet är att det kan förtydliga huruvida NSF:s och SvP:s verksamhet präglades av kontinuitet eller brott i förhållande till den historiska utvecklingen. 2 Roger Griffin. The Nature of Fascism (London, New York: Routledge, 2006). 9-11. 2 Vidare kräver uppsatsen en tematisk avgränsning. Temat för uppsatsen är NSF:s ideologiska resa, från uppstarten som en utomparlamentarisk organisation, via omorganiseringen till ett politiskt parti, till bildandet av SvP. Uppsatsen berör inte konkurrerande organisationer eller partier, såsom Sverigedemokraterna eller Svenska Motståndsrörelsen. I den mån andra organisationer trots allt blir omnämnda är det för att belysa vissa inriktningar av till exempel nynazism, som antingen har influerat NSF eller SvP, eller som i allt väsentligt skiljer sig från ovan nämnda partier. Jag ämnar med andra ord inte skildra hela den miljö som historikern Heléne Lööw omnämnt som ”Vit Makt”-världen3, utan har fokuserat på ett av alla de partier och organisationer som under årens lopp manat till kamp mot invandring, eller burit på rasideologiska och/eller nationalsocialistiska element. Som nämnt är det här en ideologistudie. Likaså är det en undersökning av olika termer och begrepp som används för att beskriva dessa, eventuellt, fascistiska partier. Samma begrepp som används inom forskningen på fascism kan betyda något annat när media använder dem (och när ”vanligt” folk, som läser tidningarna, tolkar dem). Det är heller inte ovanligt att aktivister inom miljön opponerar sig mot tillämpningen av olika termer och begrepp. Aktivister ogillar som regel att omnämnas som nazister, en term som de uppfattar som nedsättande. De föredrar termen nationalsocialister. En annan bild på problemen som är knutna till användningen av begrepp är att SvP ofta beskrevs som både ett nazistiskt och ett nynazistiskt parti
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