TP 14371E

Transport Canada Aeronautical Information Manual (TC AIM)

AIR—AIRMANSHIP OCTOBER 8, 2020 TC AIM October 8, 2020

TRANSPORT CANADA AERONAUTICAL INFORMATION MANUAL (TC AIM) EXPLANATION OF CHANGES EFFECTIVE—OCTOBER 8, 2020

NOTES: 1. Editorial and format changes were made throughout the TC AIM where necessary and those that were deemed insignificant in nature were not included in the “Explanation of Changes”. 2. Effective March 31, 2016, licence differences with ICAO Annex 1 standards and recommended practices, previously located in LRA 1.8 of the TC AIM, have been removed and can now be found in AIP Canada (ICAO) GEN 1.7. TC AIM October 8, 2020 Table of Contents

AIR—AIRMANSHIP 389

1.0 GENERAL INFORMATION ...... 389 1.1 General ...... 389 1.2 Pilot Vital Action Checklists ...... 389 1.3 Aviation Fuels ...... 389 1.3.1 Fuel Grades ...... 389 1.3.2 Aviation Fuel Handling ...... 389 1.3.3 Fuel Anti-Icing Additives ...... 389 1.3.4 Refuelling—Fires and Explosions ...... 390 1.3.4.1 Understanding Flashpoint, Static and Auto-ignition ...... 390 1.4 Aircraft Hand Fire Extinguishers ...... 390 1.4.1 General ...... 390 1.4.2 Classification of Fires ...... 391 1.4.3 Types of Extinguishers ...... 391 1.5 Pressure Altimeter ...... 391 1.5.1 General ...... 391 1.5.2 Calibration of the Pressure Altimeter ...... 392 1.5.3 Incorrect Setting on the Subscale of the Altimeter ...... 392 1.5.4 Non-Standard Temperatures ...... 392 1.5.5 Standard Pressure Region ...... 393 1.5.6 Effect of Mountains ...... 393 1.5.7 Downdraft and Turbulence ...... 393 1.5.8 Pressure Drop ...... 393 1.5.9 Abnormally High Altimeter Settings ...... 393 1.6 Canadian Runway Friction Index (CRFI) ...... 394 1.6.1 General ...... 394 1.6.2 Reduced Runway Coefficients of Friction and Aircraft Performance ...... 394 1.6.3 Description of Canadian Runway Friction Index (CRFI) and Method of Measurement ...... 394 1.6.4 Aircraft Movement Surface Condition Reports (AMSCR) ...... 394 1.6.5 Wet Runways ...... 396 1.6.6 Canadian Runway Friction Index (CRFI) Application to Aircraft Performance ...... 396 1.7 Jet and Propeller Blast Danger ...... 400 1.8 Marshalling Signals ...... 401

2.0 FLIGHT OPERATIONS ...... 405 2.1 General ...... 405 2.2 Crosswind Landing Limitations ...... 405 2.3 Carburetor Icing ...... 405 2.4 Low Flying ...... 406 2.4.1 Flying Near Power Lines ...... 406 2.4.2 Logging Operations ...... 406 2.5 Flight Operations in Rain ...... 407 2.6 Flight Operations In Volcanic Ash ...... 407 2.7 Flight Operation Near Thunderstorms ...... 407 2.7.1 General ...... 407 2.7.2 Considerations ...... 408 2.8 Low-Level Wind Shear (WS) ...... 408 2.9 Wake Turbulence ...... 409 2.9.1 Vortex Characteristics ...... 410 2.9.2 Considerations ...... 410 2.10 Clear Air Turbulence (CAT) ...... 411 2.11 Flight Operations on Water ...... 412 2.11.1 General ...... 412 2.11.2 Ditching ...... 412 2.11.3 Life-Saving Equipment For Aircraft Operating Over Water ...... 413 2.11.4 Landing Seaplanes on Glassy Water ...... 413 2.12 Flight Operations in Winter ...... 413 2.12.1 General ...... 413 2.12.1.1 Fan Blade Ice Shedding Procedure ...... 413 2.12.2 Aircraft Contamination on the Ground – Frost, Ice or Snow ...... 413 2.12.3 Aircraft Contamination in Flight – In-flight Airframe Icing ...... 417 2.12.3.1 Types of Ice ...... 417 i TC AIM October 8, 2020

2.12.3.2 Aerodynamic Effects of Airborne Icing ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������417 2.12.3.3 Roll Upset ��������������������������������