MANDERA COUNTY SECONDARY DATA REVIEW 5casualties, 5 deaths), 16th May ( Gunana 1 casualty, 1 death),19th May( Manyatta 4 casualties, 3 deaths), 21st May (18Kms from Guba- Introduction Banisa 1 casualty, 1 death), 28th May ( Karsahama 5 casualties, 2 This document is a baseline for humanitarian needs assessment in deaths). with an aim to provide information that would aid in decision making. The information presented has been gathered The clan conflict has also been compounded by increased attacks by through a review of pre-crisis secondary data and lessons learnt al-shaabab militia in Mandera town and some parts of sub- reports. Available indicator information is by Sub County, county and county. Carjacking was also reported to have increased in the month national (where there is no available district/county information). This of May. See the table below on the incidences. desk review is to help in the process of inter-agency assessment planning for the ongoing event. Date Place of incident Casualties Death Purpose of the Desk review 6/4/2014 County revenue barrier near Moi Girls - - Secondary and Barwaqo revenue This desk review is not a comprehensive survey on food security, barrier livelihoods, WASH, protection e.t.c nor is it an inter-agency needs assessment. It is a process in which a secondary literature and data 11/4/2014 Mandera Town Administrator’s office 1 - has been used to uncover any relevant information of use and guidance for the preparation of primary data collection 2/5/2014 KPLC power plant – Mandera - 2 Alshabab Situation Overview militias Tensions build up since March 2014 along -Mandera border 17/5/2014 Mandera police station - - with the main cause reported to be dispute over territorial boundary between the two counties. The county government and other 19/5/2014 Lethi – Arabia 6 12 stakeholders have intervened through inter-county dialogues but the 28/5/2013 Ledhi –Arabia 1 2 interventions have been disrupted by attacks and counter-attacks by the warring clans. This has lead to population movements, family displacement, schools closed and health centers inaccessible. The conflict has had an impact on livelihoods, food security, education, vulnerable groups and health1 Key Issues The following casualties and deaths occurred in the month of may as a result of the clan conflict. 13th May (Burmayo 3deaths), 14th May  Protection: To all the displaced and the affected in the conflict (bus accident in Elwak 28 casualties, 3 deaths), 15th may (Towfiq area  Food security: There is a decrease in food availabilty, food prices have gone high and the host communities are over-strething on 1 KRCS rapid assessment report their capasity to host the siplaced

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 Health: There is call for medical out reach, health centers have 1% been closed and the medical supplies are running on out on Fincharo 255 2091 agencies giving assistance. 6% Total 1886 15465  WASH: There are reported cases of open defication, communities 5% are relying on water pans which are drying out and there are no Dandu ward 1170 9594 jerricans for carrying water. 7% Mandera Takaba south 1457 11947  Nutrition: The number of meals per day has reduced and women West( 5% are supplimenting breast feeding with other forms of food ie giving 181,682) Lagsure ward 1042 8544 children poridge, water mixd with sugar. 12%  Education: Schools activities have been disrupted as 35 schools Derkale ward 2550 20910 0.32% have been closed as a result of the conflicts on the other children Gither ward 70 574 and their parents have also been diplaced which limits their access Total 6289 51570 28% to school 6% Affected Groups Banissa ward 1263 10357 4%  Breastfeeding mothers Banissa Guba ward 795 6519  School going children (177607) 2% Kiliwaheri ward 370 3034  Children under 5 years 1%  Households who are displaced Malkamari ward 310 2542 Total 2738 22452 13%  House holds hosting the displaced communities GRAND TOTAL 10913 89487 16%  The disabled and the elderly Figure 1: Displaced % to the sub-county. Subcounty population figures from,  Women headed households conigency plans  Men who opt to sleep out to protect their families Cross Sector Analysis

Population and areas directly affected Most Affected areas

% Sub-County  Takaba, Sake, Kiliwehiri, Shimbir-fatuma, Olla and Dimtu Sub County Ward HH Population Population Mandera 2% South( Shimbir fatuma 786 6445 Most Affected Groups 278,216) 2% Wargadud 845 6929  School going children

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 Expactant and breast feeding mothers  Population of children under 5years is 14.07% lower than national 2  Women headed households under 5years of 15.47. 1.80% of the population is between the age of 0 – 5 months and  Children under the age of 5years 5.4% are between the age of 6 – 23 months.3  Disabed and the elderly  It is estimated that the county’s deprived child population is 4 74.77% . Immediate intervention requirements identified  In 2011, the national birth rate per 1,000 was 37.6 (World Bank, 2011) and the annual population growth rate was 2.67% (World  Water supplies, hygiene and sanitation items and facilities bank, 2012)  Medical supplies and oureach  has a Gender Index of 0.25% for 2012, and a Human  Food supplies Development Index score of 0.509 for 2011, placing it at 143 out of 187 countries. (SIGI, 2012)  Non Food items (i.e shelter, cooking items, water fetching and # Populati Total Area in storage materials) County Househol on Male Female Populati Sq.Km ds Density on Mandera 1,025,75 Operational Constrains 125,497 1,038 988.2 559,943 465,813 County 6  Reports of the inter-comunal conflict making the roads in 8,767,10 96,252 19,192,4 19,417,6 38,610,0 Kenya 401.1 accessible and also some affected areas not being accessible. 4 .0 58 39 97 Table 1: Population statistics Mandera (Source: KNBS 20125 Source 2009 Census6) Demography of Population  The population of Mandera County is 2.7% of the Kenyan Area Profile populations with 54.6% male and 45.4% female Table 1  Mandera Town is the largest urban population center with a Geography, climate and economy population of 9%, Rhamu 3%, Elwak 2% and Takaba 2% of  Mandera is an Arid county situated on the nothern tip of Kenya’s Mandera population CRA 2012 boundary with and . (CRECO 2012)  It has a population density of 988.2 which is 40.6% higher than the national population density of 401.1 per square kilometer see Table 1 with a population of 39 people per square KM

 The average household size is 8.2, 53.7% larger than the national 2 Kenya Integrated Household Budget Survey 2005 average household size of 4.4. Table 1. 3 UNICEF Mandera profile 4 SPME CDI by county 5 http://knbs.or.ke/countydata.php 6 2009 Census Volume 1 Population HHs by sub location

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 The primary ecnomic activity is livestock pastoralism with cross  Mandera is one of the poorest counties, ranked at 46/47 with a border trade in Mandera town. It is believed that the county has poverty rate of 89.1%, 43.2% higher than the national poverty potential mineral wealth (petroleum) CRECO 2012. rate.8  The county is hot with mean annual average temperatures of  Pregnant and lactating mothers, 7.80% of Mandera population 300C, maximum 370C. Rainfall is scanty and unpredictable  Global Acute malnutrition rate of 25.3% which ranks its averaging at 255mm7 Malnutrition prevalence 2nd highest in country. 24% of children under the age of 5 years are at risk of malnutrition9  The gross national income per capita was $820 in 2010. (World Bank,2013)  The county’s disable person’s is lower than the national disability population of 3.46%. 0.87% of Mandera have visual disability,  Kenya’s inflation rate stood at 4.45% in February 2013 Trading 0.97% hearing 0.62% speech, 1.14% physical/self care, 0.34% Economics mental and 0.12 other disability Census 2009 Socio-cultural characteristics Hazards and Historic Sources of Conflict  Majority of the population belongs to the Somalia ethnic community. The community is divided into 5 clans which are the Shocks and Hazards Garre, Murulle, Degodia, Marehan and Muhammad Zuber or ‘corner tribes’ CRECO 2012  The most re-ocurrent hazard in Mandera is drought, most recent hit happening in 2010/2011.  Islamic religion mainly dominates the county, the religion emerged from Al Itthad Al Ismam a form of Salafi Jihadism as a result of  Scarse and inconsistence rainfall performance Somalia conflict CRECO 2012.  Re-occurent clan conflicts over natural resources, admnistrative conflicts and politics Governance and coordination  Floods during long rains impacts on food production  The provincial administration is constrained by inadequate  Conflicts interefers with transportation which results to increased infrastrure and logistics as a result some residence rely on food prices. traditional justice mechanisms (by community elders) where disputes are resolved by repayment of Maslaha “compensation”  Girl child early marriages and preference to school more boys than CRECO 2012. girls posses threat on the county education numbers.  Telecommuncation is poor in remote areas except for urban Historic triggers/Sources of tentions locations FS statistics  Garre sense of all teritories entitlment in mandera and the feeling Vulnerable Groups that other communities are encroachers has always created tentions and hostilities in the county CRECO 2012.

7 Dynamic and Trends of Conflict in Greater Mandera 8 http://www.undp.org/content/dam/kenya/docs/Amani%20Papers/AP_Vol Basic Report on Well-being in Kenya KIHBS 2005/06 ume1_n2_May2010.pdf 9 Health facility Master List 2012

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 The Garre and Murulle have violently clashed in the past (1983/4, Politics 2001/5 and 2007/8) on matters closely related to politics CRECO  Ogranization of politics is along tribal lines, the Garre comprise 2012. the majoity and their numericl strength dominate Mandera West  Creation of administration units has been a source of conflicts, and Central while Mulure contro Mandera East CRECO 2012. this has created tentions over use of shared resources such as Security Issues water and pasture. Any slight incident is believed to trigger street  Mandera is part of the Nothern Frontier Districts (NDF) that took fights between rival clans CRECO 2012. part in the Shifta wars. The county has seen proliferation of small arms which is associated with the collapse of Somalia government and Instability of Ethiopia CRECO 2012  It is also believed that cultural tools such as local poetry, songs and rhetoric has been used to incite people against rival community

Sector Analysis Food Security Pre-Crisis Situation Current crisis impact  The entire county is food insecure and it’s classified on the stressed  For fear of attack when using the roads, there is minimal transportation phase of food insecurity (IPC Phase 2). Parts of Eastern Mandera of food items for sale which has led to increase in food items. 10 bordering Somalia improved from Crisis (Phase 3) 2012-2013 SRA  There is also reported reduction of livestock prices pulling down the  The 5year average Maize price is 33KES per Kg, 66% below the terms of livestock trade to food. 11 2010/2011 drought period  The host community capacity to host the displaced has been overstretched as the food they have is not enough for the increased Factors Affecting food security in the area family.  Consecutive poor rainfall performance.  Reduced household livestock holdings due to cumulative livestock mortalities.  Successive crop failure particularly in the agro-pastoral zone.  Depletion of pasture, and browse Poor recharge of temporary water sources

10 https://kenya.humanitarianresponse.info/document/kenya-2012-2013-short-rains-season-assessment-report-february-2013 11 2006 – 2010 Commodity prices

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Priorities  Distribution of food supplies

Health Pre-Crisis Situation Current crisis impact  67.61% of the hospitals in the county are public and are government  Reported mosquito swarms in some area and displaced population not owned12 while the ratio of doctor to patient is 1:508,878 CRA 2012. having access to mosquito nets. 13 78.6% of health facilities are implementing HiNi  There is lack of access of medical facilities and fear of traveling to the  53.1% fully immunized population is below the national immunized hospital because of insecurity. KRCS and the GoK have airlifted 14 population of 83.0% while national birth registration of children referral cases to . under 5 is at 6015  There is need for more medical out reaches as most health facities  On every first outpatient visit 17.9% are found to have malaria while  have been closed and the medical health staffs have vacated. TB infection is 9% of every 10,000 people see Table 2  Only 8.2% deliveries are in health centers.  The county’s population of those that have had all vaccination is 47% see Table 2  The rate of stunting was 24% in 2013, 11.3% lower than the national stunting rate of 35.3%16 Health coverage Mandera Kenya *

Fully-immunized pop <1yr (%, 2010/11) 54.3 (31) 64 Malaria (as % of all 1st outpatient visits) 17.9 (17) 27.7 TB in every 10,000 people (2009/10) 9 (6) 39

12 UNCEF 13 National facility data 2013 14 District Information Health Systems (DHIS) 2012 15 Nyanza MICS 2011/ * Informal settlements/ ** MICS 16 Nutrition survey 2013, KDHS 2008/2009

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HIV+ ante-natal care clients (%, 2010) 0.2 (1) 5.9 Delivered in a health centre 8.2 (45) 37.5 Qualified medical assistant during birth 11.3 (45) 37.6 Had all vaccinations 47 (46) 75 Table 2 Health coverage indicators by county, () ranked with other 46 counties (CRA, 2011) Figures shown are percentage of population, figure in brackets indicates the rank compared across all 47 counties. * indicates Kenya county average  Common prevalent diseases in the county include Malaria, urinary truck infection, pneumonia and HIV/AIDS CRA 2012  Mortality rate is estimated at 0.28% on every 10,000 per day in pastoral areas and 0.68% on every 10,000 per day in Agro pastoral areas CRA 2012 Proprieties  Distribution of mosquito nets

Nutrition Pre-Crisis Situation Current crisis impact  The average number of mothers initiating breast feeding – 1 hour  Livestock are being migrated towards the Ethiopia border in fear of has gone down to 78.33% in 2013 from 83.40% in 2012 and 80.60% attack which has interfered with milk availability for children. 17 in 2011  Mothers are unable to exclusively breastfeed as they fear any sudden  Mothers practicing exclusive breastfeeding went unto 50.88% in disruption by conflict. This has also affected the number of times they 2013 from 44.70 in 2012. 18 breastfeed in a day.Some have resorted to substituting breastfeeding  37.75% of children between the age of 1 and 5 were dewormed in with water mixed with sugar, porridge and even tea. 2013 higher than 31.475 in 201319  The number of meals eaten per day has drastically reduced.

17 Data from Mandera North, Central, West and East (UNICEF) 18 Data from Mandera North, Central, West and East (UNICEF) 19 Data from Mandera North, Central, West and East (UNICEF)

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Key Priorities  Medical outreach in more areas  Medical supplies

WASH Pre-Crisis Situation Current crisis impact  39.6% of the population have access to safe water, 14.5% lower  Affected areas rely on water pans which are drying up. Various sites than the national population who have access to safe water 20 visited during the initial assessment reported shortage of water and  The average distance to the nearest water source is 20KMs and only increased water price. 11% of the population have access to portable water point FS  Women and children have been observed trekking long distances in statistics search of water  The normal livestock trekking distance to water points is 15 – 20 KM  Inadequate jerricans for fetching water, the displaced are borrowing in agro pastoral areas and 30-50Km in pastoral areas LRA 2011 from relatives and host communities  Main water sources in the county for both domestic and livestock  Poor latrine coverage in all of the affected areas and open defecation include boreholes, water pans and rivers LRA 2011 Most of the was observed in areas already visited. Increased numbers in the surface water points dry during dry seasons households have also crowded the use of 1 latrine in households with  Water waiting time is between 0.5 – 1hours with isolated longer latrines cases for places that are points for both domestic and livestock’s LRA 2011  The price of water ranges between 2-5 shillings per 20 litre jerry can with an average household water consumption of 10 – 12 litres per person per day LRA 2011

Mandera Kenya*

Improved water (% households 2009) 51.9 (36) 66.5 Improved sanitation (% households 2009) 33.9 (42) 87.8 Table 3: Access to improved water and sanitation by County (CRA, 2011)

20 2009 Kenya Population and Housing Census

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Figures shown are percentage of population, figure in brackets indicates the rank compared across all 47 counties. * indicates Kenya county average

 Low level of sanitation with only 16.4% (ranked 44/47) having improved their sanitation practices, 17.6% unimproved and 66% (ranked 42/47) using open defecation21  Common mode of waste disposal is in pit latrine (majority being from urban) while 47.5% disposing their waste in the bushes Census 2009.  Hygiene practices such as hand washing are not consistently observed by households which has led to cases of diarrhea LRA 2011  In 2012 only 36.83% of the population washed hands with soap/ash, majority being from Mandera central 47.50%, Mandera West 37.40% and Mandera East and North 25.60% 22  Less than 20% latrine coverage in most parts of the county with the highest coverage being in Mandera East 38% diarrhea LRA 2011 Priorities  Jerri cans for fetching water.  Hygiene and sanitation services Water tracking servies for water stressed areas

Sector Analysis – Education Pre-Crisis Situation Current crisis impact

21 Kenya Open Data https://www.opendata.go.ke/Water-and-Sanitation/Sanitation-type-by-County/bdst-na8p 22 UNICEF, mandera profile

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 Primary school enrollment has been slightly going up in reference  18 schools closed down in Mandera West, 6 in Mandera North and 11 to the total primary national enrollment. In 2007 the county primary in Banisa while some were relocated to other convenient centers and school enrollment was 0.48% of the national enrollment, 0.55% in schools24 2008, 0.62% in 2009, and 0.60% in 2010 and 2011 (Source  3 schools had their school feeding items (food) looted by the local Enrollment by province 2007-2010). community  The ratio of teacher to pupil is 1:68 in primary public schools and  The settlements around schools were deserted as parents moved 1:24 in secondary public schools CRA 2012 away with their children.  There is a high population with primary education than secondary  School disruption and lack of education services and materials will education and only 9.9% can read and write see Table 4 lead to poor performance in end of term 2 and the progressive terms.  The gender parity index in 2008 was 0.60 which was lower than the  Some pupils especially from were traumatized as they have 23 national GPI of 0.96 (EMIS,2009) had bad experiences in the past from County.  More boys than girls in gender enrollment in primary schools in the  Most schools directly or indirectly affected altered the school ratio of 64:36, this is attributed to girls early marriages, preference for attendance to morning hours and school dismiss in the afternoon.  boys education and beliefs that discourage mixing boys and girls LRA  2011  Reported low dropout rates which could be as a result of school feeding programs LRA 2011

Mandera Kenya Population with primary education (%) 65.7 (32) 66.6 Population with secondary education (%) 9.6 (37) 12.7 Can read & write 9.9 (47) 66.4 Attending School, 15-18 years 42 (46) 70.9 Table 4: County Education coverage (CRA, 2011) Figures shown are percentage of population, figure in brackets indicates the rank compared across all 47 counties. * indicates Kenya county average

Priorities

23 Ministry of Education, 2009, EMIS 24 Sub county education officers and TSC agents

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 Support displaced children to access learning and basic learning materials  Materials to set up temporary learning spaces  Psychological trauma counseling for both the children and even adults  Food to host schools as what is available is over-stretched

Protection Pre-Crisis Situation Current crisis impact Past protection Concerns  Women afraid of going to fetch firewood as they fear being attacked  Proliferation of small arms and light weapons  Some men have resorted to sleeping in the open  Inter-Clan conflicts based on alliance formation and positioning for  Women have complained that they have insufficient privacy as the power in the envisaged County Government, especially among the settlements are over crowded Degodia and Garre  The main access road of Mandera to Nairobi via Wajir is not  Resource sharing e.g. water, pasture accessible due to the inter clan conflicts. Most vehicles go though  Terrorism by militia groups eg Al Shabab Moyale which is a distance  Land disputes  Boundary disputes over electoral and administrative units  Islamic extremist/ fundamentalism  Retrogressive cultural practices,  Influx of refugees and aliens  Porous borders ; Kenya-Somali border and Kenya-Ethiopia border  Banditry Source: National Steering Committee-Nov 201225  Priorities  Communities calling for better shelter.

25 National Steering Committee on Peace Building and Conflict Management (County Conflict Mapping November 2012)

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Existing Partners

WHO ACTED CONCERN ARDA RACIDA CARE Girl Kind COCOP NRC COOPI UNOCHA EPAG Practical Action FADC Save the Children HEWENKA Solidarity International ISLAMIC RELIEF UNICEF KRCS VSF-Suisse Northern Aid WFP NAPAD HABIBA Table 5: GoK, INGO, NGO and Partners working in Mandera, Source Mandera county 3W, 26 UNOCHA Figure 2: Mandera liveihood zones SRA 2013

Maps Useful Links

http://www.geohive.com/cntry/kenya.aspx http:/ Methodology – This desk review presents estimations of scale and severity. It /ww aims to inform decision making for preparedness and emergency response and w.ch intents to complement and integrate assessment-related data from agencies. ildinf Feedback to improve the SDR is welcome ([email protected]) o.or Disclaimer – Information provided is provisional as it has not been possible to g/ independently verify all reports. As this report covers highly dynamic subject, utility http: of the information may decrease with time. //w ww.crakenya.org/county/mandera/

http://www.katibasasa.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/CRECO- Peace-bk-May.pdf 26 Please take not that this list is not up to date.

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http://www.kenyafoodsecurity.org/index.php?option=com_content&vi ew=article&id=82&Itemid=53 http://www.kenyafoodsecurity.org/images/stories/files/dps/north_east ern/mandera.pdf

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