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Instalace a Konfigurace Debian Linuxu Instalace a konfigurace Debian Linuxu Tomáš Davídek Ústav částicové a jaderné fyziky MFF UK, Praha (poslední aktualizace dne 29. května 2007) Abstrakt Tento spis původně vznikl shrnutím znalostí, které jsem získal v průběhu roku 1997 při instalaci Debian Linuxu (distribuce 1.3) na různá PC. Chtěl bych proto poděkovat svému kamarádovi Jiřímu Mašíkovi, expertovi na tento operační sys- tém, který mě zasvětil do tajů Linuxu, pomáhá mi řešit nové dosud neznámé problémy a svými postřehy přispěl i ke zpřesnění níže uvedených údajů. Od té doby doznaly tyto stránky řady změn. Na podzim roku 2000 se stala stabilní distribuce Debianu 2.2 (potato), v roce 2002 se stala stabilní distribuce 3.0 (woody), na podzim roku 2005 se stala stabilní distribuce 3.1 (sarge). Ne- dávno — o velikonocích 2007 — se stala stabilní distribuce 4.0 (etch), pracuje se na testovací distribuci lenny. Vývojářská, tzv. nestabilní distribuce se jmenuje sid, je však určena především pro vývojáře a opravdové experty. Jak se vyvíjí systém, mění se i názvy a umístění konfiguračních nástrojů, vylepšují se použí- vané nástroje a mění se i hardware, se kterým pracujeme. Proto jsem se snažil poznámky týkajících se starších distribucí (slink, potato, woody) aktualizovat tak, aby odpovídaly distribucím sarge, případně etch. Z historických důvodů jsem ponechal poznámky týkající se distribucí potato a woody, uživatelé těchto verzí je najdou v příloze. Jak se vyvíjí Debian, vyvíjejí se i jádra Linuxu. Jednotlivé postřehy a po- známky jsou nyní aktualizovány tak, aby odpovídaly jádrům typu 2.4 a 2.6. Zvláštní kapitola je věnována instalaci Debian Linuxu na notebooky. Dů- vodů je několik: někteří výrobci Linux nepodporují a proto občas bývá problém zprovoznit nějaký hardware. Na druhou stranu, na novějších modelech se uži- vatelům používající jádra 2.6.XX otevírají nové možnosti (škálování výkonu a spotřeby proudu, monitorování stavu baterií, hibernace atd). Do této kapitoly jsem přesunul i poznámky týkající se zprovoznění sítě pomocí PCMCIA karet či bezdrátového internetu (WiFi). Údaje se snažím pravidelně aktualizovat a doplňovat s ohledem na neustálý vývoj jak hardware a jeho podpory, tak i jednotlivých softwarových částí (ba- líčků) Debianu. Pokud najdete nějakou chybu či nepřesnost, budu vděčen za upozornění a podniknu kroky k nápravě. Obsah 1 Novinky v různých verzích Debianu 1 2 Základní instalace 2 2.1 Rozdělení disku . 2 2.1.1 Geometrie disku . 3 2.2 Instalace modulů . 4 2.3 Bootování Linuxu . 5 2.3.1 Linux Loader . 5 2.3.2 GRUB . 6 2.3.3 Pomocí WinNT boot-manažeru a LILO . 7 2.3.4 Pomocí Loadlin . 8 2.4 Instalace balíčků . 9 2.4.1 tasksel . 9 2.4.2 dselect . 9 2.4.3 apt-get . 10 2.4.4 dpkg . 12 2.5 Linux File System . 13 3 Zprovoznění dalšího hardware 14 3.1 Připojení sítě . 14 3.2 Připojení modemu . 15 3.3 Tiskárna . 16 3.3.1 lprng . 17 3.3.2 CUPS . 18 3.4 SATA disk . 20 3.5 CD, DVD . 20 3.6 Digitální fotoaparát či přenosný USB disk . 22 3.7 ZIP drive . 23 3.7.1 Externí ZIP drive . 23 3.7.2 Interní ZIP drive . 24 3.8 Zvuk . 24 3.9 UPS . 25 3.10 Web-kamera . 27 I 4 Instalace a konfigurace dalšího software 29 4.1 Diskové kvóty . 29 4.2 X-windows . 30 4.2.1 Podpora myši . 32 4.2.2 Podpora více myší . 34 4.2.3 Direct Rendering . 35 4.2.4 Hotkeys . 36 4.3 Display Manager . 37 4.4 X-konzole . 39 4.5 Úprava textové konzole . 40 4.6 Network File System Server . 41 4.7 Automounter . 42 4.8 Samba . 42 4.9 Editor Emacs . 44 4.9.1 Některá globální nastavení . 44 4.9.2 Podpora zdrojových textů . 45 4.9.3 Podpora češtiny . 46 4.9.4 Úprava menu . 48 4.10 Český TeX a LaTeX . 48 4.11 Pine a editor Pico . 49 4.12 OpenOffice . 49 5 Debian na notebooku 51 5.1 Podpora PCMCIA . 51 5.2 Wireless karty . 52 5.3 Infračervený port . 55 5.4 Power Management . 57 5.4.1 APM . 57 5.4.2 ACPI . 57 5.5 Škálování frekvence procesoru . 60 5.6 Hibernace . 60 5.7 Rozlišení v X-windows . 63 5.8 Externí monitor . 63 5.8.1 Problémy s rozlišením . 63 5.8.2 Výstup na externí grafické zařízení . 64 6 Kompilace jádra 66 6.1 Nastavení parametrů jádra . 67 6.2 Vlastní kompilace jádra . 158 6.3 Instalace balíčku jádra . 158 7 Používání vybraných programů 159 7.1 Debugger . 159 7.2 Konverzní utility . 160 7.2.1 Konverze souborů mezi různými operačními systémy . 160 7.2.2 Konverze kódování češtiny . 160 7.3 Secure shell . 161 II 7.4 Screen . 163 8 Čeština v X-windows 165 8.1 České fonty . 165 8.2 Zavedení české klávesnice . 165 8.3 Počeštění některých aplikacích . 166 9 Linux a bezpečnost 169 9.1 TCP-wrappers . 170 9.2 IP-tables . 170 10 Konfigurace Firewall a Gateway 171 10.1 Zprovoznění dvou síťových karet . 171 10.2 Napojení privátní vnitřní sítě . 172 10.3 Firewall – strážce vnitřní sítě . 172 11 Některé problémy a jak na ně 173 11.1 USB disky . 173 11.2 Tisk z Mozilly . 173 11.3 Podezřelé parametry disku . 174 11.4 Pomalé síťové spojení . 175 11.5 Nefunguje výpis souborů na síťově připojeném disku . 175 11.6 Neúplná cesta při spojení pomocí ssh . 175 11.7 Podpora NTFS . 176 11.8 Zhroucení ext2/ext3 file-systému . 176 11.9 Přepínání z grafického režimu X-windows do konzole . 177 Přílohy 178 A Instalace Linuxu z disket 178 B Vytváření vlastních modulů 179 B.1 Instalace modulů jádra ze zdrojových balíčků . 179 B.2 Vkládání externích modulů . 179 C Kompilace překladačů gcc a g77 181 D Jak to bylo v distribuci woody 182 D.1 Instalace . 182 D.2 X-windows . 182 D.3 Český TeX a LaTeX . 183 E Jak to bylo v distribuci potato 184 E.1 X-windows . 184 E.1.1 Zavedení české klávesnice . 184 E.2 Automounter . 185 E.3 Český TeX a LaTeX . 186 E.4 Pine a editor Pico . 186 III E.5 Přechod z potato na woody . 186 IV Kapitola 1 Novinky v různých verzích Debianu Ještě než se podíváme na vlastní instalaci Debianu a konfiguraci jednotlivých komponent, pokusím se stručně shrnout nejdůležitější výdobytky v jednotlivých verzích Debianu1. Distribuce sarge (3.1) obsahuje oproti distribuci woody (3.0) (viz. příloha D) mj. tyto novinky: • Modernější instalační CD, tzv. Debian installer (viz. odstavec 2), které má v sobě např. jádro typu 2.6. Díky tomu lze Debian jednoduše instalovat i na novější hardware. • Integrovaná podpora pro český TEX a (pdf)LATEX přímo v balíčcích typu tetex. • Knihovny CERNLIB existují jako standardní debianní balíčky. Další vylepšení přinesla distribuce etch (4.0): • Nová verzi X-windows (viz. odstavec 4.2), kde XFree86 bylo nahrazeno dlouho očekávanou verzí Xorg. • Balíčky openoffice.org verze 2, které představují velký pokrok směrem k plné kompatibilitě s programy MS-Office. • Jednotlivé balíčky a jejich seznamy jsou nyní podepsané pomocí GPG- klíče. Toto bezpečnostní opatření významně snižuje pravděpodobnost, že při upgrade systému nainstalujeme „podvrženýÿ software. 1Přiznávám, že jde o subjektivní pohled. 1 Kapitola 2 Základní instalace Debian Linux můžeme instalovat různými způsoby — z disket, z CD, z pevného disku, přes NFS atd. Podrobnou dokumentaci nalezneme na stránkách http://www.debian.org Nejběžnější je použití instalačního CD s moderním instalátorem Debian Linuxu, tzv. Debian-installerem. Najdeme jej na adrese http://www.debian.org/devel/debian-installer Tento instalátor je stále ve vývoji, oproti klasickému instalačnímu CD (viz. pří- loha D.1) však obsahuje novější jádro a větší škálu ovladačů. S výhodou ho pou- žijeme, máme-li v počítači relativně nový hardware (např. SATA disk — viz. od- stavec 3.4) nebo chceme-li používat jiný file-systém než ext2/ext3 (např. XFS) Linux lze samozřejmě instalovat i z disket, což je sice zastaralé a časově náročnější, ale stále funkční řešení. Popsáno je příloze A. Při instalaci postupujeme po jednotlivých krocích, které instalátory nabízejí..
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