DOCSLIB.ORG

Development of a Biosensor for Ergot Alkaloids

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Development of a Biosensor for Ergot Alkaloids Thesis Proefschrift voorgelegd tot het behalen van de graad van Doctor in de Wetenschappen aan de Universiteit Antwerpen Dissertation for the degree of Doctor in Sciences at the University of Antwerp Development of a biosensor for ergot alkaloids Te verdedigen door/To be defended by: Elsa Rouah-Martin Promotoren/Supervisors: Dr. Johan Robbens and Prof. Ronny Blust Antwerpen 2016 This study was funded by the Federal Public Service of Health, Food Chain Safety and Environment (FOD) project Ergot RF6204. This PhD thesis was supported by a Dehousse grant and by the Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO). Acknowledgements Regarding this PhD project, the first person to be acknowledged is Dr. Johan Robbens, who wrote this topic, which was accepted by the Federal Public Service of Health, Food Chain Safety and Environment (FOD). I am very grateful to Dr. Johan Robbens for having initiated projects about biosensing technologies and gathering different skills in his team, which revealed to be a fruitful research. I also thank Prof. Ronny Blust for allowing the realization of this work in the field of biosensing technologies, which was uncommon for a laboratory of physiology and ecotoxicology. Thanks to this support, it was possible to work on a passionating and innovative project, opening new horizons in the very recent context of biotechnologies, and more especially the use of biological ligands in sensors. Regarding my past as a scientist, and more particularly as a chemist, the use of ligands to bind to pollutants was already one of my favorite topics, as I worked on ligands used for the extraction of lanthanides used as models for the extraction of radioactive elements from radioactive effluents during my Master in Chemistry at the University of Burgundy, under the supervision of Prof. Michel Meyer (University of Burgundy, France). There, I had the opportunity to synthesize chemical ligands binding to lanthanides, study the complexes formed and finally graft them onto a silica columns allowing the extraction of lanthanides from solutions. These ligands were then used by the Commission à l'Energie Atomique to remove radioactive elements from radioactive effluents. Although I enjoyed working on this project, I wished this process would serve other applications than supporting nuclear energy industry and would rather be used for environmental purposes such as the decontamination of radioactively polluted sites. This different point of view about the use of the ligands synthesized, and in a more general way about the use of radioactivity, made me renounce doing a PhD there. However, the study was very interesting and I particularly enjoyed working on Europium element. There, I also learnt a lot about ligands and I always thought to come back one day to the synthesis and use of new ligands for environmental purposes. Then, I started my PhD at the University of Antwerp with Dr. Johan Robbens, who brought me towards the very recent use of synthetic DNA ligands, named aptamers, which can be specifically selected for any compound of interest and used as sensing tools in biosensors. As the use of biological ligands was new for me, I had to learn about the techniques of molecular biology, such as DNA selection and amplification, and molecular cloning. Fortunately, Dr. Jaytry Mehta, molecular biologist and mathematician, was there in the team of Dr. Johan Robbens, together with Dr. Bieke Van Dorst, bioengineer, to help me with this part. I am especially thankful to Dr. Jaytry Mehta, who friendly taught me a lot about aptamers and all the practical work in the laboratory. I really appreciated our constructive talks, which helped me to have a better understanding of the phenomenons underlying the results we obtained. It was always a pleasure to work with you, Jaytry. Bieke Van Dorst is also a person I appreciated a lot and I have to thank many times for at least all the I publications we wrote together. Unfortunately, I arrived in the laboratory when Bieke was ending her PhD, and we did not have so much time to spend together in the laboratory, neither to run all the experiments we wished. Throughout this innovative project involving chemistry and biology, I needed the help of quite a few scientists. Along the way, I met interesting people, who have really played an important role in my PhD. First, Prof. Sarah De Saeger is to be thanked for having organized the Ergot FOD project, having allowed me working with ergot alkaloids and having provided me the standards as well as natural ergot contaminated samples. In this same team of the Ergot FOD project, I thank Prof. Peter Dubruel for his interesting suggestions about organic synthesis. Regarding the problems that arised in this project, I am very grateful to Prof. Bert Maes, who nicely guided me to find a way to obtain the ergot alkaloid template, on which the study was based. Dr. Tom Raws is to be thanked for having done the little-risky chemical cleavage of metergoline. Then, I thank Prof. Erik Goormaghtigh, who helped me with the infrared analysis of ergot-coated material. Also, I thank Prof. Wouter Herrebout for having made possible the infrared analysis in his laboratory. I also thank the team of Prof. Lemiere and Norbert Hancke for having analyzed by mass spectrometry my synthesis products. Prof. François Van Hove is acknowledged for his interest in this topic and for having evaluated the results obtained as a jury member of the FOD project. I especially thank Prof. François Van Hove for having elucidated the mechanism underlying the results obtained with the surface plasmon resonance analysis, and improving the quality of the article that was published about the selection of aptamers for ergot alkaloids. I have to thank Dr. Larysa Darchuck for having done a Raman analysis of the complexes of DNA and ergot alkaloids. Unfortunately, due to the complexity of the results, this analysis could not be completed as Larysa's contract was already ending. I really wished we could proceed further with this analysis, and maybe write an article about it. Then, I thank Prof. Adrian Covaci and Lic. Walid Maho for having done the mass spectrometry analysis of the samples in the study of extraction of ergot alkaloids from naturally ergot contaminated samples by DNA-supported silica. I also thank all the jury members for the reviewing of this thesis and their comments and suggestions in the redaction of this thesis. Then, I thank the members of the SPHERE (Laboratory of Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research) laboratory, alias EBT, who made it a good working atmosphere. The SPHERE laboratory, of what it became in a more personnal view, "my sphere of innovation in sensing technology and extraction systems", was a pleasant environment for the realization of this PhD project. I sincerely hope that this present thesis will be representative of the work accomplished and informative enough for the reader to enter the huge world of small molecules. And finally, I have to thank my great family for always having supported me in my projects. II Table of Content List of abbreviations p. 1 Introduction 3 1. Definition and history of ergot 2. Fungi and plant species producing ergot alkaloids 4 2.1. Main species of the genus Claviceps 2.2. Superior plants producing ergot alkaloids 9 3. Economic impact of ergot 10 4. Regulations concerning ergot 11 5. Analytical and chemical techniques for the identification of ergot 12 alkaloids 5.1. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) 5.2. High-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) 5.3. Mass spectrometry techniques 13 5.4. Capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) 6. Conclusion 14 Chapter I: Aim and outline of this PhD study 23 1. Problem 2. Production of recognition elements for ergot alkaloids 2.1. Ligands used in sensing and extraction systems 2.1.1. Chemical ligands 24 2.1.2. Biological ligands 27 III 2.2. Selection of DNA aptamers for ergot alkaloids 32 2.3. Monitoring the formation of complexes between ergot alkaloids and 33 DNA aptamers 3. Production of an aptamer-based optical test for ergot alkaloids 34 4. Other applications with the aptamers selected for ergot alkaloids 35 Chapter II: Chemistry of Ergot alkaloids 43 1. Introduction 2. Classification of ergot alkaloids 44 2.1. Lysergic acid and its simple amides 2.2. Clavines 45 2.3. Peptide ergot alkaloids 46 2.4. Synthetic ergot alkaloids 48 3. Experimental part I: Synthesis of a template ergot alkaloid 49 3.1. Materials and Method 50 3.2. Mass spectrometry analysis of the product of the reaction 4. Experimental Part II: Coating of magnetic beads with ergot 51 alkaloids 4.1. Materials and method 4.2. Results and Discussion 53 5. Conclusion 56 Chapter III: Selection of DNA aptamers for ergot alkaloids 61 1. Introduction 2. Chemical structures of nucleic acids 62 2.1. RNA IV 2.2. DNA 2.3. Other types of synthetic nucleic acids 63 3. Hybridization assays with nucleic acids 64 4. Nucleic acid aptamers 65 4.1. Systematic Evolution of Ligands by EXponential enrichment (SELEX) 4.2. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) 68 4.3. Gel electrophoresis 69 4.4. Cloning and sequencing of aptamers 70 5. Experimental Part: Selection of DNA aptamers for ergot alkaloids 71 5.1. Materials and Methods 5.2. Results and Discussion 76 6. Conclusion 84 Chapter IV: Study of the complexes formed by ergot 91 alkaloids and DNA aptamers 1. Introduction 2. Binding parameters of a complex 3. Techniques for the determination of the binding parameters of a 92 complex 3.1. Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) 93 3.2. Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) 3.3. Isothermal Titration Calorimetry (ITC) 96 3.4. Fluorescence techniques 97 3.5.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Ergot Alkaloids Mycotoxins in Cereals and Cereal-Derived Food Products: Characteristics, Toxicity, Prevalence, and Control Strategies
    agronomy Review Ergot Alkaloids Mycotoxins in Cereals and Cereal-Derived Food Products: Characteristics, Toxicity, Prevalence, and Control Strategies Sofia Agriopoulou Department of Food Science and Technology, University of the Peloponnese, Antikalamos, 24100 Kalamata, Greece; [email protected]; Tel.: +30-27210-45271 Abstract: Ergot alkaloids (EAs) are a group of mycotoxins that are mainly produced from the plant pathogen Claviceps. Claviceps purpurea is one of the most important species, being a major producer of EAs that infect more than 400 species of monocotyledonous plants. Rye, barley, wheat, millet, oats, and triticale are the main crops affected by EAs, with rye having the highest rates of fungal infection. The 12 major EAs are ergometrine (Em), ergotamine (Et), ergocristine (Ecr), ergokryptine (Ekr), ergosine (Es), and ergocornine (Eco) and their epimers ergotaminine (Etn), egometrinine (Emn), egocristinine (Ecrn), ergokryptinine (Ekrn), ergocroninine (Econ), and ergosinine (Esn). Given that many food products are based on cereals (such as bread, pasta, cookies, baby food, and confectionery), the surveillance of these toxic substances is imperative. Although acute mycotoxicosis by EAs is rare, EAs remain a source of concern for human and animal health as food contamination by EAs has recently increased. Environmental conditions, such as low temperatures and humid weather before and during flowering, influence contamination agricultural products by EAs, contributing to the Citation: Agriopoulou, S. Ergot Alkaloids Mycotoxins in Cereals and appearance of outbreak after the consumption of contaminated products. The present work aims to Cereal-Derived Food Products: present the recent advances in the occurrence of EAs in some food products with emphasis mainly Characteristics, Toxicity, Prevalence, on grains and grain-based products, as well as their toxicity and control strategies.
    [Show full text]
  • Upregulation of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-Α And
    Upregulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α and the lipid metabolism pathway promotes carcinogenesis of ampullary cancer Chih-Yang Wang, Ying-Jui Chao, Yi-Ling Chen, Tzu-Wen Wang, Nam Nhut Phan, Hui-Ping Hsu, Yan-Shen Shan, Ming-Derg Lai 1 Supplementary Table 1. Demographics and clinical outcomes of five patients with ampullary cancer Time of Tumor Time to Age Differentia survival/ Sex Staging size Morphology Recurrence recurrence Condition (years) tion expired (cm) (months) (months) T2N0, 51 F 211 Polypoid Unknown No -- Survived 193 stage Ib T2N0, 2.41.5 58 F Mixed Good Yes 14 Expired 17 stage Ib 0.6 T3N0, 4.53.5 68 M Polypoid Good No -- Survived 162 stage IIA 1.2 T3N0, 66 M 110.8 Ulcerative Good Yes 64 Expired 227 stage IIA T3N0, 60 M 21.81 Mixed Moderate Yes 5.6 Expired 16.7 stage IIA 2 Supplementary Table 2. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis of an ampullary cancer microarray using the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID). This table contains only pathways with p values that ranged 0.0001~0.05. KEGG Pathway p value Genes Pentose and 1.50E-04 UGT1A6, CRYL1, UGT1A8, AKR1B1, UGT2B11, UGT2A3, glucuronate UGT2B10, UGT2B7, XYLB interconversions Drug metabolism 1.63E-04 CYP3A4, XDH, UGT1A6, CYP3A5, CES2, CYP3A7, UGT1A8, NAT2, UGT2B11, DPYD, UGT2A3, UGT2B10, UGT2B7 Maturity-onset 2.43E-04 HNF1A, HNF4A, SLC2A2, PKLR, NEUROD1, HNF4G, diabetes of the PDX1, NR5A2, NKX2-2 young Starch and sucrose 6.03E-04 GBA3, UGT1A6, G6PC, UGT1A8, ENPP3, MGAM, SI, metabolism
    [Show full text]
  • Zebrafish Behavioral Profiling Links Drugs to Biological Targets and Rest/Wake Regulation
    www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/327/5963/348/DC1 Supporting Online Material for Zebrafish Behavioral Profiling Links Drugs to Biological Targets and Rest/Wake Regulation Jason Rihel,* David A. Prober, Anthony Arvanites, Kelvin Lam, Steven Zimmerman, Sumin Jang, Stephen J. Haggarty, David Kokel, Lee L. Rubin, Randall T. Peterson, Alexander F. Schier* *To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: [email protected] (A.F.S.); [email protected] (J.R.) Published 15 January 2010, Science 327, 348 (2010) DOI: 10.1126/science.1183090 This PDF file includes: Materials and Methods SOM Text Figs. S1 to S18 Table S1 References Supporting Online Material Table of Contents Materials and Methods, pages 2-4 Supplemental Text 1-7, pages 5-10 Text 1. Psychotropic Drug Discovery, page 5 Text 2. Dose, pages 5-6 Text 3. Therapeutic Classes of Drugs Induce Correlated Behaviors, page 6 Text 4. Polypharmacology, pages 6-7 Text 5. Pharmacological Conservation, pages 7-9 Text 6. Non-overlapping Regulation of Rest/Wake States, page 9 Text 7. High Throughput Behavioral Screening in Practice, page 10 Supplemental Figure Legends, pages 11-14 Figure S1. Expanded hierarchical clustering analysis, pages 15-18 Figure S2. Hierarchical and k-means clustering yield similar cluster architectures, page 19 Figure S3. Expanded k-means clustergram, pages 20-23 Figure S4. Behavioral fingerprints are stable across a range of doses, page 24 Figure S5. Compounds that share biological targets have highly correlated behavioral fingerprints, page 25 Figure S6. Examples of compounds that share biological targets and/or structural similarity that give similar behavioral profiles, page 26 Figure S7.
    [Show full text]
  • Pharmacy and Poisons (Third and Fourth Schedule Amendment) Order 2017
    Q UO N T FA R U T A F E BERMUDA PHARMACY AND POISONS (THIRD AND FOURTH SCHEDULE AMENDMENT) ORDER 2017 BR 111 / 2017 The Minister responsible for health, in exercise of the power conferred by section 48A(1) of the Pharmacy and Poisons Act 1979, makes the following Order: Citation 1 This Order may be cited as the Pharmacy and Poisons (Third and Fourth Schedule Amendment) Order 2017. Repeals and replaces the Third and Fourth Schedule of the Pharmacy and Poisons Act 1979 2 The Third and Fourth Schedules to the Pharmacy and Poisons Act 1979 are repealed and replaced with— “THIRD SCHEDULE (Sections 25(6); 27(1))) DRUGS OBTAINABLE ONLY ON PRESCRIPTION EXCEPT WHERE SPECIFIED IN THE FOURTH SCHEDULE (PART I AND PART II) Note: The following annotations used in this Schedule have the following meanings: md (maximum dose) i.e. the maximum quantity of the substance contained in the amount of a medicinal product which is recommended to be taken or administered at any one time. 1 PHARMACY AND POISONS (THIRD AND FOURTH SCHEDULE AMENDMENT) ORDER 2017 mdd (maximum daily dose) i.e. the maximum quantity of the substance that is contained in the amount of a medicinal product which is recommended to be taken or administered in any period of 24 hours. mg milligram ms (maximum strength) i.e. either or, if so specified, both of the following: (a) the maximum quantity of the substance by weight or volume that is contained in the dosage unit of a medicinal product; or (b) the maximum percentage of the substance contained in a medicinal product calculated in terms of w/w, w/v, v/w, or v/v, as appropriate.
    [Show full text]
  • Endophytic Fungi: Treasure for Anti-Cancerous Compounds
    International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences ISSN- 0975-1491 Vol 8, Issue 8, 2016 Review Article ENDOPHYTIC FUNGI: TREASURE FOR ANTI-CANCEROUS COMPOUNDS ANAND DILIP FIRODIYAa*, RAJESH KUMAR TENGURIAb aCSRD, Peoples University, Bhopal 462037, Madhya Pradesh, India, bDepartment of Botany, Govt. PG College, Rajgarh 496551, Madhya Pradesh, India Email: [email protected] Received: 22 Apr 2016 Revised and Accepted: 20 June 2016 ABSTRACT Endophytic fungi that live asymptomatically inside the plant tissues have novel bioactive metabolites exhibiting a variety of biological activities, especially against cancer. This review highlights the research progress on the production of anticancer compounds by endophytic fungi from 1990- 2015. Anticancer activity is generally associated with the cytotoxicity of the compounds present in the endophytic fungi. The ubiquitous nature of endophytic fungi synthesise diverse chemicals with promising anticancer activity from either their original host or related species. Modification in fermentation parameters and genetic insight of endophytes may produce novel anti-cancerous compounds. Keywords: Cancer, Medicinal plants, Secondary metabolites © 2016 The Authors. Published by Innovare Academic Sciences Pvt Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) INTRODUCTION endophytic fungi detectable by high-performance liquid chromate- graphy, nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectrophotometer and The interest in the biogenic medicines has revived throughout the X-ray crystallography and its cytotoxicity of the bioactive world, as the increase in awareness of the health hazards and compounds against cancer cell lines. The compounds with potential toxicity associated with the random use of synthetic drugs and application were also considered in the selection of antitumor antibiotics [1].
    [Show full text]
  • Hallucinogens: a Cause of Convulsive Ergot Psychoses
    Loma Linda University TheScholarsRepository@LLU: Digital Archive of Research, Scholarship & Creative Works Loma Linda University Electronic Theses, Dissertations & Projects 6-1976 Hallucinogens: a Cause of Convulsive Ergot Psychoses Sylvia Dahl Winters Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsrepository.llu.edu/etd Part of the Psychiatry Commons Recommended Citation Winters, Sylvia Dahl, "Hallucinogens: a Cause of Convulsive Ergot Psychoses" (1976). Loma Linda University Electronic Theses, Dissertations & Projects. 976. https://scholarsrepository.llu.edu/etd/976 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by TheScholarsRepository@LLU: Digital Archive of Research, Scholarship & Creative Works. It has been accepted for inclusion in Loma Linda University Electronic Theses, Dissertations & Projects by an authorized administrator of TheScholarsRepository@LLU: Digital Archive of Research, Scholarship & Creative Works. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ABSTRACT HALLUCINOGENS: A CAUSE OF CONVULSIVE ERGOT PSYCHOSES By Sylvia Dahl Winters Ergotism with vasoconstriction and gangrene has been reported through the centuries. Less well publicized are the cases of psychoses associated with convulsive ergotism. Lysergic acid amide a powerful hallucinogen having one.-tenth the hallucinogenic activity of LSD-25 is produced by natural sources. This article attempts to show that convulsive ergot psychoses are mixed psychoses caused by lysergic acid amide or similar hallucinogens combined with nervous system
    [Show full text]
  • Nematotoxicity of Neotyphodium Infected Tall Fescue Alkaloids and Other Secondary Metabolites on Pratylenchus Scribneri
    NEMATOTOXICITY OF NEOTYPHODIUM-INFECTED TALL FESCUE ALKALOIDS AND OTHER SECONDARY METABOLITES ON THE PLANT- PARASITIC NEMATODE PRATYLENCHUS SCRIBNERI by ADA ANTONIA BACETTY (Under the direction of Charles W. Bacon) ABSTRACT Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) is a perennial, cool-season turf and forage grass species in the United States that covers over 20 million hectares of pastureland. Neotyphodium coenophialum, an endophytic fungus associated with cool-season grasses, enhances host fitness and imparts pest resistance to the grass. Biologically active alkaloids and other secondary metabolites are produced in this association that not only cause adverse effects on livestock, fescue toxicosis, but may also play a role in the reduction of plant-parasitic nematode populations. Currently there is little information available on the effects of these biologically active compounds on nematodes associated with tall fescue. Therefore, this research examines the interaction of ergot and loline alkaloids, as well as polyphenolic compounds, from endophyte-infected tall fescue on toxicity to the lesion nematode, Pratylenchus scribneri. In vitro bioassays were performed to assess the effects of specifically identified compounds on P. scribneri motility, mortality, and chemoreception. While separate greenhouse studies evaluated the effects of endophyte- infected tall fescue on P. scribneri viability. Root extracts served as nematistatic agents to the nematodes in the chemical submersion assays and affected nematode behavior by acting as repellents in chemoreception studies. During individual tests, ergovaline and α-ergocryptine were nematicidal at 5µg/ml and 50µg/ml respectively. However, chemotaxis studies revealed α-ergocryptine as an attractant (1-20µg/ml) and repellent (50-200µg/ml). Ergovaline was an effective repellent (1-5µg/ml) and a nematicidal (10-200µg/ml).
    [Show full text]
  • 6. Literaturverzeichnis 6
    Seite 148 6. Literaturverzeichnis 6. Literaturverzeichnis Aboud R., Shafii M. & Docherty J.R. (1993). Investigation of the subtypes of α1-adrenoceptor mediating contractions of rat aorta, vas deferens and spleen. Br. J. Pharmacol., 109, 80-87. Aghajanian G.K. & Marek G.J. (1999). Serotonin and hallucinogens. Neuropsychopharmacology, 21 (Suppl.), 16S-23S. Ahlquist R.P. (1948). A study of the adrenergic receptors. Am. J. Physiol.. 153, 585-600. Akin D. & Gurdal H. (2002). Involvement of 5-HT1B and 5-HT1D receptors in sumatriptan mediated vasocontractile response in rabbit common carotid artery. Br. J. Pharmacol., 136, 177-182. Ali A., Cheng H.Y., Ting K.N. & Wilson V.G. (1998). Rilmenidine reveals differences in the pharmacological characteristics of prejunctional α2-adrenoceptors in the guinea-pig, rat and pig. Br. J. Pharmacol., 125, 127-135. Almaula N., Ebersole B.J., Ballesteros J.A., Weinstein H. & Sealfon S.C. (1996a). Contribution of a helix 5 locus to selectivity of hallucinogenic and nonhallucinogenic ligands for the human 5-hydroxytryptamine2A and 5- hydroxytryptamine2C receptors: direct and indirect effects on ligand affinity mediated by the same locus. Mol. Pharmacol., 50, 34-42. Almaula N., Ebersole B.J., Zhang D., Weinstein H. & Sealfon S.C. (1996b). Mapping the binding site pocket of the 3.36(159) serotonin 5-Hydroxytryptamine2A receptor. Ser provides a second interaction site for the protonated amine of serotonin but not of lysergic acid diethylamide or bufotenin. J. Biol. Chem., 271, 14672-14675. Amobi N., Guillebaud J., Coker C., Mulvin D. & Smith I.C.H. (1999). Functional characterization of α1-adrenoceptor subtypes in longitudinal and circular muscle of human vas deferens.
    [Show full text]
  • Spatial Patterns of Claviceps Purpurea in Kentucky Bluegrass And
    SPATIAL PATTERNS OF CLAVICEPS PURPUREA IN KENTUCKY BLUEGRASS AND PERENNIAL RYEGRASS GROWN FOR SEED AND EFFECT OF SOIL-APPLIED FUNGICIDES ON GERMINATION OF ERGOT SCLEROTIA J.K.S. Dung, D.L. Walenta, S.C. Alderman, and P.B. Hamm Introduction protective fungicide applications are required during Ergot, caused by the fungus Claviceps purpurea, is anthesis. Some growers experience severe ergot an important floral disease of grasses that issues even after four fungicide applications. A significantly impacts Kentucky bluegrass (KBG) and limited number of fungicides are currently available perennial ryegrass (PRG) seed production in the and new products or application strategies need to be Pacific Northwest (PNW). The fungus infects evaluated. In addition to timing fungicides during unfertilized ovaries and replaces seed with elongated anthesis, when flowers are susceptible to infection, it black fungal bodies called sclerotia, which may be possible to apply fungicides to sclerotia in overwinter in the soil and germinate to produce the field during the fall and/or as they begin to airborne ascospores in the spring. In addition to germinate in the spring before they release spores. yield losses from ergot, the repeated cleanings Soil-applied fungicides may reduce sclerotia required to remove ergot sclerotia to achieve seed germination and spore production, limiting the certification standards result in additional seed loss production of primary inoculum and subsequent as well as extra costs in time and labor. ergot infection (Hardison 1975). Although ergot is a persistent problem in PNW grass The objectives of this study were to: 1) quantify and seed production, the incidence and intensity of ergot describe the spatial patterns of ergot epidemics in epidemics can vary regionally, locally, and from commercial KBG and PRG fields in Oregon and year to year.
    [Show full text]
  • Ergot Alkaloid Biosynthesis in Aspergillus Fumigatus : Association with Sporulation and Clustered Genes Common Among Ergot Fungi
    Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports 2009 Ergot alkaloid biosynthesis in Aspergillus fumigatus : Association with sporulation and clustered genes common among ergot fungi Christine M. Coyle West Virginia University Follow this and additional works at: https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd Recommended Citation Coyle, Christine M., "Ergot alkaloid biosynthesis in Aspergillus fumigatus : Association with sporulation and clustered genes common among ergot fungi" (2009). Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports. 4453. https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd/4453 This Dissertation is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by the The Research Repository @ WVU with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Dissertation in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you must obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Dissertation has been accepted for inclusion in WVU Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports collection by an authorized administrator of The Research Repository @ WVU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Ergot alkaloid biosynthesis in Aspergillus fumigatus: Association with sporulation and clustered genes common among ergot fungi Christine M. Coyle Dissertation submitted to the Davis College of Agriculture, Forestry, and Consumer Sciences at West Virginia University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Genetics and Developmental Biology Daniel G. Panaccione, Ph.D., Chair Kenneth P. Blemings, Ph.D. Joseph B.
    [Show full text]
  • Occurrence and Significance of Mycotoxins in Forage Crops And
    J Sci Food Agric 1998, 77,1È17 Occurrence and Signiücance of Mycotoxins in Forage Crops and Silage: a Review Keith A Scudamore1* and Christopher T Livesey2 1 Central Science Laboratory, London Road, Slough, Berks, SL3 7HJ, UK 2 Veterinary Laboratories Agency, New Haw, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK (Received 5 December 1996; revised version received 29 May 1997; accepted 4 September 1997) Abstract: Study of mycotoxins in animal feeding stu†s has concentrated on the occurrence of aÑatoxins and, to a lesser extent, other mycotoxins in cereals, raw materials and concentrate feeds. However, ruminant diets contain a high propor- tion of forage crops such as grass or maize silage, hay and straw. Under adverse growing, production or storage conditions, fungal spoilage is likely to occur with some degree of mycotoxin contamination. The mould Ñora of forage crops is likely to di†er signiÐcantly from that of cereals and mycotoxin contamination, should it occur, could di†er qualitatively and quantitatively. Information relating to forage crops as a potential source of mycotoxins is reviewed. Some Ðeld inci- dents and animal disease which may be mycotoxin related are discussed and analytical methods are reviewed. Information on dose and e†ect of candidate mycotoxins is given where available. The review suggests areas which the authors consider merit further study. Crown Copyright 1998. J Sci Food Agric 77,1È17 (1998) Key words: mycotoxins; fungi; moulds; silage; forage crops; hay; straw; occurrence; analysis; risk assessment; animal disease INTRODUCTION access, silage will be at risk from storage moulds such as Penicillium and Aspergillus. However, moulds may be During growth, forage crops are at risk in the Ðeld from aerobic or anaerobic and this means that, even if infection by a number of di†erent fungi, some of which oxygen is excluded, some moulds may be able to may produce mycotoxins.
    [Show full text]
  • United States Patent
    Patented Aug. 17, 1948 2,447,214 UNITED STATES PATENT OFF ICE 2,447,214 OPTICALLY ACTIVE SALTS OF THE LY SERGIC AND SOLYSERGIC ACD DE RVATIVES AND A PROCESS FOR, THER PREPARATION AND SOLATION Arthur Stoll and Albert Hofmann, Basel, Switzer land, assignors to Sandoz Ltd., Fribourg, Swit zerland, a Swiss firm No Drawing. Application August 23, 1943, Serial No. 499,714. In Switzerland September 16, 1942 16 Claims. (CI. 260-236) 2 The preparation and the isolation of the thera The synthetically prepared derivatives of the peutically valuable and active derivatives con lysergic acid which also correspond to the above tained in ergot is a problem that has occupied cited formula possess also the same lability as chemistry and pharmacy for more than 120 years. the natural lysergic acid derivatives. Their is0 Actually it is known that the action of ergot is 5 lation and preparation encounters the same dif due to the alkaloids contained therein, which have ficulties as in the case of the lysergic acid hydra been isolated in recent years and which are zides C15H15N2CONHNH2 (made according to U. S. always present as pairs of isomers. Chrono Letters Patent 2,090,429) and in the case of the logically the following alkaloids have become alkaloids of the type of ergobasine, which can be 0 prepared by partial synthesis and in which the known up to noW: lysergic acid is combined with an amine in form Ergotinine (1875). Ergotoxine (1906) of an acid amide (see U. S. Letters Patent No. Ergotamine (1918) Ergotaminine (1918) 2,090,430).
    [Show full text]