„Schönheit Hat Heute Einen Neuen Sinn“ – Zum Westdeutschen Design Der 1950Er Jahre Am Beispiel Der Tapetenindustrie

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„Schönheit Hat Heute Einen Neuen Sinn“ – Zum Westdeutschen Design Der 1950Er Jahre Am Beispiel Der Tapetenindustrie „Schönheit hat heute einen neuen Sinn“ – Zum westdeutschen Design der 1950er Jahre am Beispiel der Tapetenindustrie Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der Philosophischen Fakultät der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg i. Br. vorgelegt von Hanna Elisabeth Koch aus Hannover SS 2014 Erstgutachterin: Prof. Dr. Angeli Janhsen Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Hans W. Hubert Drittgutachterin: Prof Dr. Natascha Adamowsky Vorsitzender des Promotionsausschusses der Gemeinsamen Kommission der Philologischen, Philosophischen und Wirtschafts- und Verhaltenswissenschaftlichen Fakultät: Prof. Dr. Hans-Helmuth Gander Datum der Fachprüfung im Promotionsfach: 16. Januar 2015 Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Einleitung 5 1.1. Fragestellung 5 1.2. Die Tapetenindustrie als Untersuchungsgegenstand 8 1.3. Forschungsstand 10 2. Tapetendesign der 1950er Jahre in Westdeutschland 18 2.1. Rückblick: Der Weg zu einer „dekorativen Ehrlichkeit“ 18 2.2. Traditionslinien im Tapetendesign 21 2.2.1. Die „schlichte Wand“ 21 2.2.2. Figürliche Ornamentik 34 2.2.3. Bildtapeten 41 2.3. Neue Gestaltungsansätze 50 2.3.1. Freies Spiel aus Formen und Farben 50 2.3.2. Optische Effekte Ende der 1950er Jahre 57 3. Entwerfer, Unternehmer und Verbraucher 62 3.1. Entwerfer für die Industrie 62 3.1.1. Historischer Rückblick 63 3.1.2. Musterzeichner: Firmenateliers und freie Ateliers 74 3.1.3. Industriedesigner – ein neues Berufsfeld entsteht 79 3.2. Exkurs: Design und Kunst 87 3.3. Die Unternehmer 96 3.3.1. Industrielle als moderne Mäzene? 96 3.3.2. Künstler im Dienst der Industrie 102 3.4. Der Verbraucher 122 3.4.1. Kaufen will gelernt sein 122 3.4.2. Konsumieren als kreative Tätigkeit? 132 3.5. Exkurs: Design in der DDR 139 4. Ästhetische Konzepte in den 1950er Jahren 147 4.1. Merkmale der Raumgestaltung in den 1950er Jahren 147 4.1.1. Die Stellung der Wand in der Raumgestaltung 157 4.1.2. Philosophische Raumkonzepte in den 1950er Jahren 167 4.2. Die Farbe in der Raumgestaltung 175 4.3. Die Auslegung des „Form“-Begriffes 189 4.3.1. Die „organische“ Form 191 4.4. Das Ornament in den 1950er Jahren 201 5. Zusammenfassung 209 Abkürzungsverzeichnis 210 Literatur- und Quellenverzeichnis 211 Abbildungen 242 Abbildungsnachweise 281 Anhang 284 Entwerfer für die westdeutsche Tapetenindustrie in den 1950er Jahren 284 Ausstellungen und Wettbewerbe (Auswahl) 389 Tapetenfirmen in Westdeutschland in den 1950er Jahren 397 Ostdeutsche Tapetenfabriken 431 Danksagung 432 1. Einleitung 1.1. Fragestellung „Schönheit hat heute einen neuen Sinn – sie besteht aus Rhythmus und der befreiten formal nicht gebundenen Farbe.“1 Diese Worte schrieb die Journalistin Irene Zander im Begleittext zur ersten Tapetenkollektion der jungen Entwerferin Elsbeth Kupferoth für die Marburger Tapetenfabrik in der Saison 1954/55. Die Dessins der Künstlerin spiegelten den Geschmackswandel wider, der die Interieurs und die Alltagskultur Westdeutschlands im Verlauf dieses Jahrzehntes prägen sollte. Die Betonung von Linie und Fläche im Design sowie ungegenständliche Motive auf Tapeten, Textilien und Plastikfolien etablierten sich zu Beginn der 1950er Jahre als neue Gestaltungsmerkmale. Eine derartige Ästhetik sollte bis zum Ende der Dekade – neben „Gelsenkirchener Barock“ und dem Neofunktionalismus der Ulmer Schule – den Markt beherrschen, bevor neue Strömungen sie allmählich verdrängten. Vieles ist bereits über den so genannten „Nierentisch-Stil“ und das Design der 1950er Jahre geschrieben worden. Nicht eindeutig geklärt bleibt jedoch, wie sich der neue Geschmack in der Nachkriegssituation konkret etablierte und in welchem Zusammenhang er mit Umwandlungsprozessen innerhalb der westdeutschen Gesellschaft stand. Durch Nationalsozialismus und Zweiten Weltkrieg war Deutschland von den Entwicklungen des Auslandes − auch in kultureller Hinsicht − abgeschnitten worden. Umso rascher vollzog sich hier, sobald es der wachsende Wohlstand zuließ, ein Wandel, der insbesondere das tägliche Leben erfasste. Die Kunstwissenschaft widmet sich diesem Aspekt jedoch selten. Während die ungegenständliche Kunst in der Forschung als Bestandteil eines Prozesses nationaler Identitätsfindung angesprochen wird2, spielt das Design meist eine untergeordnete Rolle. 1 Vorbemerkung von Irene Zander, in: Elsbeth Kupferoth (Entw.)/Marburger Tapetenfabrik, Musterbuch „neue form. Künstlerkollektion Elsbeth Kupferoth“, Kirchhain, 1954/55, Firmenarchiv Marburger Tapetenfabrik J. B. Schaefer GmbH & Co. KG, Kirchhain, Fach 3, Archivnr. 18. 2 Vgl. Katja von der Bey: Nationale Codierungen abstrakter Malerei: Kunstdiskurs und - ausstellungen im westlichen Nachkriegsdeutschland 1945 – 1952, Oldenburg, Univ., Diss., 1997, Online-Ressource: urn:nbn:de:gbv:715-oops-4057. 5 Dabei kann die Alltagssphäre durchaus als Gradmesser für Veränderungen gelten, wie es sich im eingangs erwähnten Zitat andeutete. So wies Martin Warnke darauf hin, dass sich innerhalb der Warenwelt längst Neuerungen vollzogen, bevor sich die „abstrakte Kunst“3 in der jungen Bundesrepublik als anerkannter Stil etabliert hatte.4 Zudem trafen neue Gestaltungsweisen in der Populärkultur auf ungleich größere Akzeptanz als in der Malerei oder Plastik.5 Markus Brüderlin stellte fest, dass in den 1950er und 1960er Jahren „die Abstraktion vom Publikum […] nicht als autonome, eigenständige Kunstleistung akzeptiert, wohl aber als Ornament auf Plastikvorhängen, Bekleidung und Tapeten“6 geschätzt worden sei. Der Blick in zeitgenössische Fachzeitschriften, Publikationen und in die erhaltenen Firmenarchive bestätigt diesen Eindruck. Hier lässt sich der ästhetische Umbruch bereits frühzeitig nachvollziehen. Dies ist umso bemerkenswerter, als sich eine Diskrepanz zur Wahrnehmung der Zeitgenossen verzeichnen lässt: In Umfragen sprach sich damals nur eine Minderheit für einen modernen Einrichtungsstil aus.7 Nichtsdestotrotz wurden Produkte mit modischem Flair massenhaft produziert und konsumiert. Die Alltagssphäre ist, so scheint es, ein sensibler Marker für Veränderungen, noch bevor sie im allgemeinen Bewusstsein fest verankert sind. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht das westdeutsche Design der Nachkriegszeit hinsichtlich seiner Neuerungen und deren zeithistorischer Aussagekraft. Dabei soll nachvollzogen werden, wie sich Gestaltungslösungen etablierten und wie sie 3 Bei der Bezeichnung „abstrakte Kunst“ knüpfe ich in dieser Arbeit an den Sprachgebrauch der 1950er Jahre an und verwende den Terminus synonym zu „ungegenständlicher Kunst“. Der Begriff ist hier also bewusst in einem historischen Sinne zu verstehen, wobei die Frage nach seiner terminologischen Präzision im Kontext dieser Arbeit ausgeklammert wird. Vgl. dazu: Angeli Janhsen-Vukićević: Dies. Hier. Jetzt. Wirklichkeitserfahrungen mit zeitgenössischer Kunst, München 2000, S. 7ff. sowie Klaus von Beyme: Das Zeitalter der Avantgarden. Kunst und Gesellschaft 1905-1955, München 2005, S. 356f. 4 Vgl. Martin Warnke: Von der Gegenständlichkeit und der Ausbreitung der Abstrakten, in: Dieter Bänsch (Hrsg.): Die fünfziger Jahre. Beiträge zu Politik und Kultur, Tübingen 1985, S. 209-222. 5 Ebd. 6 Markus Brüderlin: Einführung: Ornament und Abstraktion, in: Ders. (Hrsg.): Ornament und Abstraktion. Kunst der Kulturen, Moderne und Gegenwart im Dialog, Ausst.-Kat. Fondation Beyeler, Riehen/Basel, Köln 2001, S. 17-27, hier S. 20. 7 Vgl. Hans Dieter Schäfer: Das gespaltene Bewusstsein. Vom Dritten Reich bis zu den langen Fünfziger Jahren, erweiterte Neuausg., Göttingen 2009, S. 278. 6 in den historischen Kontext einzuordnen sind. Es lässt sich, so die These, ein neues Selbstverständnis der Entwerfer, Hersteller und Verbraucher feststellen sowie ein Umschwung in deren Verhältnis zueinander. Ferner wandelte sich die Art und Weise, wie Design rezipiert wurde. Das junge Berufsfeld des Industriedesigners, die enge Zusammenarbeit zwischen Firmen und Künstlern und die Motivation des Verbrauchers zu eigenständiger innovativer Anwendung der Artikel kennzeichneten die Produktkultur der 1950er Jahre in Westdeutschland. Der Begriff der „Kreativität“ wurde während dieses Jahrzehntes in bisher unbekanntem Maße ausgeweitet. Die Alltagskultur dieser Ära ist damit mehr als nur eine vorübergehende Zeiterscheinung. Sie ist Ausdruck einer sich wandelnden Grenzziehung zwischen Kunst, Design und Kommerz. 7 1.2. Die Tapetenindustrie als Untersuchungsgegenstand Die skizzierten Veränderungen in den 1950er Jahren verliefen äußerst dynamisch und sind daher im Einzelnen nur schwer zu erfassen. Daher empfiehlt es sich, die Untersuchung auf ein exemplarisches Feld zu konzentrieren, an dem sich die verschiedenen Aspekte aufzeigen lassen. Bei meiner Arbeit habe ich mich für die westdeutsche Tapetenindustrie als Studienobjekt entschieden. Für diesen Industriezweig sprechen verschiedene Gründe: Die Tapete kann Veränderungen rasch aufgreifen und durch ihren vergleichsweise geringen Preis und ihre leichte Austauschbarkeit einen großen Personenkreis in kurzer Zeit erreichen. Sie ist dadurch ein früher Indikator für Veränderungen. Traditionell steht sie der bildenden Kunst nahe. Darüber hinaus spielt sie im Raumbild eine zentrale Rolle, da sie zwischen Architektur und Einrichtung vermittelt. Die Tapete berührt verschiedene ästhetische Fragestellungen, wie etwa die Stellung der Wand im Interieur. So kann eine Wand als optische wie haptische Begrenzung hervorgehoben oder aber mittels Wandmalerei oder Tapete eine illusionistische Raumerweiterung gestaltet werden. Die Tapete wirkte hier in ihrer Geschichte auf unterschiedliche Weise: Während etwa die Seidenbespannungen und Goldledertapeten der Barockzeit die
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