The Relationship Between Traditional Activities and the Mass-Space Pattern in Bali Aga Customary Village Society – Tenganan Pegringsingan

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https://journal.unwira.ac.id/index.php/ARTEKS Research paper doi: 10.30822/arteks.v5i3.536

The relationship between traditional activities and the mass-space pattern in Bali Aga Customary Village society – Tenganan Pegringsingan

Lydia Dewi Setiawan, Purnama Salura* , Bachtiar Fauzy

Architecture Study Program, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Katolik Parahyangan Jl. Ciumbuleuit no. 94, Bandung, Indonesia

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: Globalization is being experienced throughout the world with its Received May 18, 2020 impact also observed in architecture, even in traditional villages of Received in revised form June 23, 2020 Indonesia. Some of them have, however, been able to maintain their Accepted July 26, 2020 identity such as the mass-space pattern of the customary village of Available online December 01, 2020 Bali Aga Mountains in Bali which is discovered not to have changed. This research was, therefore, conducted to determine the Keywords: relationship between the activities of the traditional society and their Customary Village Bali Aga mass-space patterns using the customary village of Bali Aga Mass-space pattern Tenganan Pegringsingan as the case study. This involved the Relation selection of respondents purposively and collection of data using Society traditional activity cross sections by identifying unchanged buildings, taking photos, videos, drones, and through direct interviews in the field. The data obtained were analyzed qualitatively based on structuring theory or ordering principles and the results confirmed the mass-space pattern in Tenganan Pegringsingan village was built due to the close *Corresponding author: Purnama Salura relations with the traditional activities of the society. The findings Architecture Study Program, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Katolik can be used in developing architecture by local governments as Parahyangan, Indonesia policymakers as well as academic architects and practitioners, and Email: [email protected] the wider society. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3652- 7192

Introduction It is, therefore, possible to interpret vernacular architecture as the original architecture built by Austronesian culture originated from the people the local community (Oliver 1998). One of the recorded to have lived along the rivers of South attributes of these in Indonesian is the settlement China and North Vietnam in the middle of the 4th environment characterized by the traditional century BC (Noerwidi 2018). One of their society (Sahroni 2012). This involves inheritance is the residential architecture which understanding mass and space patterns in serves as an identity and social position in the accordance with the traditional values of the society (Sahroni 2012). The Austronesian society in order to accommodate, respect, and architecture is known as Indonesian vernacular maintain the existence of villages, as a form of architecture (Penny 1987) and it was explained in national cultural identity preservation (Antariksa the book Encyclopedia of Vernacular 2018). Architecture by Paul Oliver to have been built The concept of globalization influences using local resources by local people and with culture, including those related to architecture, as simple technology (Nabakov and Nabokov 1999). observed with the erosion of national identity

ARTEKS : Jurnal Teknik Arsitektur, Volume 5 Issue 3 December 2020 pISSN 2541-0598; eISSN 2541-1217

through designs with almost the same shape for (Dwijendra 2009) and one of its most visible structures in major cities throughout the world features is the death ceremony which involves (Hidayatun, Prijotomo, and Rachmawati 2014b). being buried and not knowing ngaben (Widiastuti This is also evident in customary villages of 2018). It is, therefore, important to explore this Indonesia, especially those with tourism village in order to fill the treasury void in the potentials with the functions, shapes, building relation between activities and mass-space materials, and other buildings being added found patterns. not to be suitable with the traditional mass-space This research was conducted to study the pattern (Kumurur and Damayanti 2011). The relationship between traditional social activities positive impact of globalization is, however, related to customs, religion and mass-space evident in the attitude of the society in patterns, especially those in the mountains, in the maintaining the uniqueness of its customary customary village of Bali Aga. The areas selected villages (Hidayatun, Prijotomo, and Rachmawati for this research were ensured to have met the 2014a). following criteria: (1) Represent the Bali Aga According to the Minister Regulation of village; (2) located in the mountains; (3) has been Culture and Tourism No. around for a long time, 700-800 years old; and (4) PM.26/UM.001/MKP/2010, March 18th, 2010, the buildings currently being inhabited with the the customary villages used for tourism in livelihood maintained. Indonesia include Ke'te Kesu-Tana Toraja, Wae One of the villages with these criteria is the Rebo Village-East Nusa Tenggara, Praijing and Tenganan Pegringsingan (Tenganan Ratenggaro Villages-Southwest Sumba-NTT, Pegringsingan Customary Village) and observed Nagari Pariangan-West Sumatra, Torosiaje to be existing with reference to the traditional Villages-Gorontalo, Baduy Customary Villages- rules and customs inherited from their ancestors Banten and several others in Bali (Menteri (Kumurur and Damayanti 2011). The shape and Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata RI 2010). arrangement of the building, yard, and temple are Meanwhile, those in Bali have been observed to in line with the customary rules which have been have the easiest achievement as indicated by a maintained for generations. The daily activities large number of tourist visits and this further are also being governed by the customary law exposes the communities to globalization known as the awig-awig (Sumunar, Suparmini, influence (Budihardjo 2019). It is, however, and Setyawati 2017). important to study this area due to the fact that Tenganan Pegringsingan Customary Village some customary Balinese villages have not is located in one Tenganan service environment in experienced significant changes due to outside Manggis District, Karangasem Regency Level II, influences (Kumurur and Damayanti 2011). ± 18 km from Amlapura city or ± 67 km from Those maintaining the cultural tradition include Denpasar City, 3 km from the sea to the North, Bali Mula or Bali Aga which has been existing for with an altitude of 70 m above sea level and more than 1100 years without been influenced by temperature 28ºC. It is specifically located in the Majapahit but the influence is observed in Bali valley between three hills which are the Bukit Apanaga. Bali Aga does not know Meru which is Kangin in the East, Bukit Kaja in the North, and a sacred building with a multi-story roof and their Bukit Kauh in the West (figure 1; figure 2). Some worship place is like the stones of the megalithic other villages on its boundaries include: era (Bali Teen Adventure 2015). The people - Bebandem at its North worship ancestral spirits they believed are - Nyuh Tebel and Pasedahan at the South protecting them and this has led to the - Ngis at the West construction of menhirs (pillars or stone pillars), - Karang Asem Subdistrict at the East punden berundak (stone with pyramidal The total area is 894.88 ha consisting of structure), stone statues, and dolmen or altar for 583.04 uplands, 255.85 ha rice fields, and 8 ha worship (Soeriadiredja and Aliffiati 2017). settlements (Runa 2018). The concepts in Bali Aga Village are very rare in contrast to those observed in Bali Apanaga Village