BJARNE HASTRUP

SOCIAL WELFARE

The Danish Model

Multivers CONTENTS

PREFACE 9

INTRODUCTION 12

THE DANISH KINGDOM 26 Denmark and Her Neighbors 27 The Social Weifare Nation 32 The Resources of Denmark 42 Trade and Power 50 Denmark's Economic Condition 60 Denmark and the Danes Today 65

THE DANISH SOCIAL WELFARE MODEL 76 Policy Stakeholders and Funding Sources 77 The Universal Principle 81 The Social Weifare System 86 Main Components of the Model 89 The Five Waves of Social Weifare 94 Public Sector Growth 114 Public Sector Organization 120 The 98 Local Municipalities 123 The 5 regions • 125 The Municipal Subdivision (2007) 126 Local Municipalities 126 The Regions 128 Government 129 Government Revenues and Expenditures 129

•5- Cost Distribution Controversy 131 Government Revenues 136 The Social Safety Net 145 Taxes and Cash Transfers 148 Cash Transfers from Birth to Death 151 Support for Families 152 Student Financial Assistance 154 Unemployment Benefits 155 Vacation Benefits 157 Sick Pay Benefits 157 Public Pension and Retirement Subsidies 158 Voluntary Early Retirement Pension 159 Disability Pension 163 Cash Assistance 164 Options for Appeal 165 The EU and Danish Social Policy 166 Low-income Families in Denmark 168 Health Care 172 Education and Enlightenment 180 The Labor Market 192 Flexicurity 194 Elex Jobs 199 Match Croups 200 Trade Unions 201 Immigrants and Refugees 210 Housing 214 Energy and the Environment 218 The Danish Model Performance 230

•6- The Future of the Social Weifare State 238 Social Weifare Technologies 244 Solidarity 246

ORGANIZED DENMARK 248 An Organized People 250 The Historical Roots 252 Membership in Organizations 255 The Practical Work of Organizations 256 Labor Organizations 259 Organized Agriculture 272 Humanitarian, Pohtical and Recreational Organizations 274 Public Sector Organization 279

COMMERCIAL DENMARK 283 Business Sector Resource Areas 296 The Services Sector 333 Domestic and International Services 334 Employment 337 Research, Development and Innovation 341 Business Sector Policy 343 Consumer Protection Policy 350 The Need for New Entrepreneurs 351

POWER AND DEMOCRACY 355 The Constitution, the Monarchy and Government 358 The Pohtical Parties 368 The Velvet Revolution of 1848 376 Danish Democracy at Work 383 The People and Their Democracy . 394 DENMARK AND THE WORLD 405 Human Rights and Democracy 418 Foreign Development Policy 419 Climate and the Environment 422 Foreign Policy Actors in Denmark 423 European Affairs 425 New Challenges in Danish Foreign Policy 426

DANISH VALUES 429 Foreign Observers' Views of the Danes 431 Lifestyles, Values and Attitudes 438 Social Capital: Trust and Tolerance 440 Danish Identity and Self-Understanding 448

ACRONYMS USED IN BOOK 452

APPENDIX 453

BIBLIOGRAPHY AND OTHER DATA SOURCES 481

INDEX 488

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