10. 2018 energy topics JAPAN'S ENERGY 2018 10 questions for understanding the current energy situation
How much energy How are electric How much Is the reconstruction 1 can Japan supply 2 power rates 3 greenhouse gases 4 of Fukushima in independently? changing? are being emitted? progress?
What is the Are programs Is the introduction Is nuclear power 5 government’s 6 being implemented 7 of renewable energy 8 generation energy policy? for improving energy in progress? necessary? efficiency? C
Will hydrogen energy 2018 Energy Topics 9 and power storage 10 technologies come into general use?
Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry Agency for Natural Resources and Energy Use this QR code to view the article. 1. How much energy can Japan supply independently? Japan's Energy 2018 https://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/
Decline in the Energy Self-Sufficiency Ratio Securing Resources
How much energy can Japan supply What countries does Japan import What resources does Japan depend on? Q independently from domestic resources? Q Q resources from? Japan has always been a country that lacks resources Japan is largely dependent on fossil fuels such as oil, Japan depends on the Middle East for around 86% of such as oil and natural gas. coal and natural gas (LNG) imported from overseas. its crude oil imports. For natural gas and coal as well, A The energy self-sufficiency ratio of Japan in 2017 was A Before the Great East Japan Earthquake, Japan was A Japan relies almost entirely on overseas imports from 9.6%, which is a low level when compared with other dependent on supply for 81.2% of its fossil fuels regions such as Australia, Russia, Asia-Oceania and the OECD countries. demands (primary energy supply basis). This Middle East. dependence rose to 87.4% in FY 2017 as a result of power generation using thermal power plants resulting Comparison of Primary Energy Self-Sufficiency Ratios of Major Sources of Japanese fossil fuel imports (2018) Countries (2017) from the shutdown of nuclear power plants. Mexico 1.1％ Nuclear Hydro- Renewable geothermal, USA 1.7％ Coal Crude oil Natural Others gas Power electric energy ( ) Oman 1.7％ wind, solar, etc. ％ Trends in Composition of Primary Energy Supply of Japan Iraq 1.8％ 5.0 792.6% Nuclear power Hydroelectric Iran No. 1 Norway Dependence on imported 4.3％ 0.6% 4.4% Renewable energy fossil fuels Russia 1.0% LNG 1.6% Coal 99.7% 4.8％ No. 2 Australia 306.0% 2018 Coal LNG (natural gas) 97.5% Kuwait total Japanese Saudi Arabia 16.9% FY 1973 No. 3 Canada 173.9% Crude oil 99.3% 7.7％ imports of crude oil 38.6％ Dependency on Approx. FY 1973 fossil fuels ％ Source: Comprehensive energy statistics * On Primary 1.1 billion barrels (year of 1st oil crisis) Energy Supply Basis 94.0 No. 5 USA 92.6% domestic supply of Qatar primary energy 7.9 ％
No.11 UK 68.2%
Oil 75.5% Nigeria 1.9％ Others UAE Renewable energy ％ No.18 France 52.8% USA 3.0％ 2.1％ 25.4 Hydroelectric 4.4% 3.3% Oman 3.7％ Papua No.22 Germany 36.9% New Guinea Nuclear 3.8％ power No.28 Spain 26.7% 11.2% ■ From Middle East Coal Brunei 5.0％ 22.7% ■ From Asia-Oceania Australia No.33 South Korea 16.9% FY 2018 ■ From Russia 2010 UAE FY total Japanese LNG 34.6％ Dependency on 2010 6.0％ ■ From North and fossil fuels ％ (before Great East Japan (natural gas) imports No.34 Japan 9.6% * On Primary Earthquake) Central America Energy Supply Basis 81.2 LNG domestic supply of Indonesia Approx. 18.2% ■ From Nigeria primary energy 6.2％ 82.85 million tons No.35 Luxembourg 5.3% ■ Other Oil 40.3% Russia 8.1％ Malaysia Canada Japan energy self-sufficiency ratio Qatar ％ 1.7％ Renewable energy 7.6% 13.6 China ％ 12.0 USA 0.7％ Hydroelectric 2.8％ Others 2010 Nuclear 3.5% Self-sufficiency 0.8％ ratio power ％ 1.4% 20.3 Coal Russia 25.1% 10.8％ 2 011 In order to secure a stable Self-sufficiency 2017 FY 2017 ratio 2016 Self-sufficiency supply of resources, Japan is Self-sufficiency ratio Dependency on ％ 2012 2015 ratio LNG FY 11. 6 2013 2014 Self-sufficiency 2017 fossil fuels endeavoring to strengthen Self-sufficiency Self-sufficiency ratio ％ ％ ％ ratio Self-sufficiency 23.4% (most recent year) 2018 ratio ratio 8.2 9.6 * On Primary ％ domestic supply of Energy Supply Basis 87.4 relations with oil-producing Indonesia ％ total Japanese 6.7 ％ ％ 7.4 primary energy 6.6 6.4 countries in the Middle East 11. 8 ％ coal imports that are its main sources of Approx. A low energy self-sufficiency ratio results in dependence on other countries Oil 39.0% crude oil. It is also diversifying 113.67 million tons for resources. This makes a country susceptible to the effects of international its supply sources, working for situations, raising concerns over the stability of the energy supply. further acquisition of resource Australia Energy self-sufficiency ratio：In primary energies required for life and economic activity, the rights and interests, and 71.5％ ratio that can be secured within one's own country. Source: Comprehensive energy statistics. pursuing more active LNG Source: 2017 estimates in IEA “World Energy Balances 2018”. For Japan only, the FY 2017 figures from * The total amount expressed in % may not be 100% due “Comprehensive energy statistics of Japan”. transactions. to rounding. * The ranks in the table are those of the 35 OECD member countries in 2017. Source: Trade statistics * Renewable energy here includes unused energy such as biomass and excludes hydroelectric power. 1 2 2. How are electric power rates changing? Japan's Energy 2018 https://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/
Changes in electricity rates
Factors causing changes in electricity rates ①: Fuel prices According to the new policy scenario and other How are electric power rates changing? forecasts of the International Energy Agency (IEA), the Q The Situation in the Past Where the Crude Oil Price Fell price of crude oil is expected to be 96 USD/barrel in and the Current Situation 2030 and 112 USD/barrel in 2040. This will make an impact on electricity rates and energy costs. Electricity rates were increased multiple times after the Great East Japan Earthquake. The rates then began trending downward since FY 2014 due to factors such as the subsequent decline in crude oil International crude oil price WTI (USD/barrel) Japan imported LNG price (USD/MMBTU) (* Million British Thermal Units) prices. However, they have recently begun to rise again. A 120 20 International crude oil price WTI Arab Spring IEA Outlook Japan imported LNG price (New Policy Scenario) 18 2030： 96 USD/barrel Changes in average electricity rates 100 2040: 112 USD/barrel 16 （Yen/kWh） The production reduction Homes 14 26 agreement by OPEC and 25.5 Around 16% increase 80 non-OPEC oil producers 12 24.3 Compared with FY 2010 before 24 24.2 23.7 the Great East Japan Earthquake, 60 10 Around 25% increase in FY 2014 electricity rates for 22.3 22.4 22 homes increased by around 25%, 8 21.3 and rates for industries 40 54 USD/barrel US shale oil boom 6 20.4 increased by around 38%. in January 2019 20 Decade since 2010: Since the start of the “Arab Spring”, crude Although rates had been Industries oil prices have hovered around 100 USD due to geopolitical 4 18.9 declining since FY 2014, they 20 risks in the Middle East and North Africa regions. Subsequently 18 Around 21% increase have recently begun to rise the price has fallen due to sluggish demand, oversupply 2 17.5 17.7 caused by steady production of US shale oil, and other factors. again. Compared with the rates 0 0 16.6 before the Great East Japan 16 January 2010 January 2011 January 2012 January 2013 January 2014 January 2015 January 2016 January 2017 January 2018 January 2019 15.7 15.6 Earthquake, electricity rates have Around 38% increase Source: Created based on NYMEX announced figures and IEA World Energy Outlook 2018. 14.6 increased by around 16% for 14 13.7 homes, and around 21% for industries. Factors causing changes in electricity rates ②: Renewable energy cost 12 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017（FY） Changes in installed capacity resulting from Trends in Surcharge after Source: Created based on monthly reports of generated and received electric power, and financial materials of each electric power company. renewable energy and other factors Introducing the FIT (Excluding large scale hydroelectric power) Surcharge price Surcharge price 2.95 7,000 2.90 Yen/kWh (million kW) Surcharge price Yen/kWh Changes in Electricity Rates Changes in the Japan composition of power sources (Average model) ■Solar (supply) Feed-in tariff scheme 2.64 (Average model) Yen/ ■Wind Surcharge price Yen/ month* Electricity rates in Japan increased repeatedly after (billion kWh) 6,000 Yen/kWh month 767 ■Small/medium 754 the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake as a result of March 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake (Average model) 12.00 scale hydroelectric 2.25 growing oil thermal power generation and LNG ■Hydroelectric ■Renewable (except hydroelectric) ■Nuclear Average Yen/kWh Yen/ FIT costs ■Geothermal annual growth 686 month FIT costs ■Oil, etc. ■LNG thermal ■Coal 5,000 (Average model) Around 3.6 thermal power generation to make up for the 7.3% ■Biomass Around 3.1 trillion yen 10,602 Yen/ shutdown of nuclear power plants. In addition, ％ month FIT costs trillion yen 2.2% 585 because crude oil prices and oil-linked gas prices 22 Around 2.7 7.9% 4,000 during this period were high, comparing the rates FIT costs trillion yen before the earthquake in FY 2010 and those in FY Around 2.3 8.1% Average Surcharge price trillion yen 2014, the electricity rates for homes and industries 9.00 25.1% 3,000 annual growth rose significantly by 25% and 38% respectively. 3.1% 0.75 ％ Yen/kWh Thereafter oil prices fell as a result of the shale 8.7% 9 Surcharge price (Average model) Surcharge Surcharge Surcharge revolution in the United States and electricity rates 2,000 Yen/ month Around Around Around began to decrease. However oil prices began to rise 0.22 195 Surcharge 8.6% Yen/kWh again from FY 2016 and at the same time the Around 2.1 2.4 2.4 sources on fossil fuels Dependency of power 1,000 (Average model) Around 9,000 trillion yen trillion yen trillion yen renewable energy surcharge rates also increased. As Yen/ billion yen 6.00 57 month 1.8 a result, electricity rates began rising again in FY trillion yen 2017. 39.5% 0 2010 2 011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Around 2,500 billion yen Around 6,500 According to IEA long-term forecasts, energy 29.0% （FY） Source: Created by Agency for Natural Resources and Energy based on JPEA solar Around 1,300 billion yen demand in emerging nations will continue to grow for batteries shipment statistics, NEDO wind power capacity/generation statistics, survey billion yen some time, and oil prices are expected to exceed for potential water power, current status and trends of geothermal power generation, certified results of the RPS system/FIT. FY 2012 FY 2014 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 FY 2019 100 USD per barrel in 2030 - 2040. EPC. *767 yen = 6.97 USD (approx.) Aiming to increase the energy self-sufficiency ratio 3.00 and create a composition of power sources that is Thanks to the introduction of the Feed-In Tariff scheme (FIT) in 2012, the installed capacity of renewable energy systems is growing resistant to changes in international oil prices, the 80.9% rapidly. However the purchase costs have reached 3.6 trillion yen (approximately 33 billion USD) and cost of the surcharge based on the government of Japan is working to stabilize standard model (260kWh/month) has risen to 767 yen/month. In order to maximize the introduction of renewable energy while also 32.7% electricity rates by promoting competition between 27.8% reducing the burden on the people, it will be necessary to expand cost-efficient introduction. For this purpose, we will proceed with setting business operators through the full liberalization of long-term price targets for the FIT system, utilize a “top runners approach” to reducing solar and wind power prices to meet those targets, use a competitive bidding system, and develop technologies for reducing cost. the electricity retail market that was started in FY This is a system in which the electricity generated by renewable energy is purchased by electric power 2016, by restarting nuclear power generation with 0 Feed-In Tariff Scheme (FIT)： safety as the top priority, and by lowering the cost of 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 (FY) companies at a fixed rate for a certain period of time. The purchase costs are collected by means of a surcharge that is paid by electricity users. renewable energy. Source: Agency for Natural Resources and Energy “Comprehensive energy statistics” Average model： Monthly power usage 260 kWh model that is posted on the websites of the Tokyo EPC and Kansai EPC.
3 4 3. How much greenhouse gases are being emitted? Japan's Energy 2018 https://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/
An increase in the amount of CO₂ emissions Global warming countermeasures: Paris Agreement, COP negotiations
November 2015: Adoption of the How much greenhouse gases are emitted in Japan? Paris Agreement (COP21) All countries including Q The target is set to keep a global developed and developing temperature rise well below 2°C above countries must submit targets Since the Great East Japan Earthquake, the amount of greenhouse gas emissions in Japan pre-industrial levels and pursue efforts for reducing greenhouse gas has been increasing, reaching a historical peak of 1.4 billion tons in FY 2013. to limit the temperature increase even emissions. A The level started to decline after FY 2013, and in FY 2017 emissions of greenhouse gases further to 1.5°C. have dropped to below the level of FY 2010 before the Great East Japan Earthquake. November 2016: Paris Agreement We must continue making efforts with the standards that are comparable to other takes effect. countries' reduction targets. December 2018: Decision of Paris Agreement implementation rules Changes in Japan’s greenhouse gas emissions All countries are to take action (COP24 Katowice, Poland) including reporting their The rules necessary to fully implement FY 2013 FY 2017 emissions and submitting FY 2015 the Paris Agreement beginning from FY 2010 reduction targets under the 1,410 1,324 1,292 2020 were adopted. (million t-CO₂) 1,305 Greenhouse gas same rules. emissions 1,400 other than CO₂ from 175 energy sources 1,200 168 177 181 1,000 Japan 2030 target: 26% reduction from FY 2013 level Other than CO₂ emissions from energy 800 electric power 682 662 628 619 sources +37million Comparison to Comparison to Comparison to 600 t-CO₂ Country 86.0% 1990 2005 Reduction 2013 400 1,111 target (million t-CO₂) Amount due to ▲26.0% 200 455 573 519 492 Japan ▲18.0% ▲25.4% electric power (by 2030) Japan reduction targets are in Reduction 0 target comparison to the 2013 level. USA FY 2010 FY 2013 FY 2015 FY 2017 ▲26～28% Source: Comprehensive energy statistics, environmental action plans (FEPC), and calculation results of the amount of greenhouse gas emissions in Japan (Ministry of the Environment). USA ▲14～16% (by 2025) ▲18～21% targets are in comparison to the 2005 FY 2017 greenhouse gas emissions Reduction level. EU targets are in comparison to target National Institute for Environmental Studies: http://www.nies.go.jp/whatsnew/20190416/20190416.html the 1990 level. When the targets are EU ▲40% ▲35% ▲24% (by 2030) all converted to 2013 values for Changes in greenhouse gas emissions from global energy sources (1990 - 2016) comparison, you can see that the ・ Reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 60 - 65% per unit of GDP Global greenhouse gas emissions from energy sources in 2016 were 32.1 billion tons of CO2. Although emissions in North America China by 2030 compared with 2005 levels. target for Japan is high. and the EU are declining, they are growing in China, India, and Africa. Japan is the only country with declining emissions in the ・ Reach peak greenhouse gas emissions in or around 2030. growing Asia region. South ・ Reduce emissions by 37% by 2030 compared to expected 2030 (million t-CO₂) Share of greenhouse gas emissions produced by Korea levels with no measures taken. 10,000 each country (2018) Source: Comparison of pledges from major countries (targets for reduction of greenhouse gas emissions)(Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry created) China (9,101)
8,000 Forecast for fossil fuel (coal, oil, gas) demand CO₂ emissions forecast South Africa 1.1% (MTOE) Scenario of maintaining current policies (Mt) Scenario of maintaining current policies Australia Others 16,000 50,000 China New policy scenario New policy scenario 6,000 1.3% 22.9% 15,143 26.6% Sustainable development scenario Sustainable development scenario 42,475 Sounth Korea USA (4,833) 14,000 41,250 1.4% 13,139 35,881 4,000 Saudi Arabia 28 EU countries 1.4% USA 12,000 32,500 (3,192) Mexico 12.9% 1.5% 2,000 India (2,076) 10,000 23,750 Iran Russia (1,438) 28 EU 1.7% India Africa (1,157) countries 6.7% 8,186 17,647 Japan (1,147) Canada 9.0% 8,000 15,000 0 South Korea (589) 1.7% 2000 2016 2017 2025 2030 2040 2000 2016 2017 2025 2030 2040 Itan (563) Source: IEA World Energy Outlook 2018 Source: IEA World Energy Outlook 2018 1990 2000 2005 2010 2016 Indnesia Canada (540) Note: 2000 and 2016 figures are actual. 2017 figure is an estimate. Note: 2000 and 2016 figures are actual. 2017 figure is an estimate. 1.9% Brazil Japan Russia 2.5% 2.7% 4.6% Source: CO₂ Emissions from Fuel Combustion 2018 Highlights (IEA) As the consumption of fossil fuels has a large impact on the planet, it is important to change energy sources and shift away from carbon. Top 10 countries and regions in terms of greenhouse gas emissions from energy Units: Converted to million tons CO₂ sources, figures in parentheses are 2016 emissions (million tons) Source: IEA CO₂ EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION (2018 Edition) Notes: Scenario of maintaining current policies = If no changes are made to current policies * Greenhouse gas emissions from non-energy sources are not included. 2015 Greenhouse-gas emissions (2018Edition).pdf New policy scenario = If the currently announced policy targets are achieved Sustainable development scenario = If the shift to clean energy is accelerated, ensuring universal access, preventing climate change, and achieving a clean atmosphere 5 6 4. Is the reconstruction of Fukushima in progress? Japan's Energy 2018 https://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/
Decommissioning of Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station Toward Reconstruction of Fukushima
How is the progress of decommissioning & the management of the How is the progress of the reconstruction of Fukushima? Q contaminated water at Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station? Q
Although it is an unprecedented challenge, continuous measures are being implemented By spring 2017, all “restricted residence areas” and “areas in preparation for lifting of the evacuation order” had been lifted except for Okuma Town and Futaba Town. Efforts to construct bases for safely and steadily based on the “Mid-and-Long-Term Roadmap.” A A reconstruction are also being made in designated “difficult-to-return” areas. In addition, we are working for regional revitalization of Fukushima in a number of ways, such as by accelerating decontamination and the construction of infrastructure and daily living services, by creating new Decommissioning Contaminated Water Management technologies and industries, and by promoting industrial clusters.
Stable conditions are being kept at all reactors, and rubble removal, Amount of contaminated water generated at Fukushima Fukushima Innovation Coast Framework : Fukushima Robot Test Field (Minamisoma City, Namie Town) decontamination, and other measures are carried out aimed at removing Daiichi Nuclear Power Station has reduced to one third by Has constructed robot testing fields the fuel from the spent fuel pool. Internal investigation of the multi-layered countermeasures (frozen-soil wall, etc.), We are working for constructing a new industrial infrastructure to for development and demonstration of robots, and an international containment vessel are conducted toward retrieval of the fuel debris compared to it before measures were taken. revitalize industries in the Hama-dori (coastal) area and other areas. (fuel that melted and resolidified). Based on the investigation results, the Contaminated water from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear facility for collaboration by industry, academia, and government (partially method of retrieval will be determined and retrieval will start in 2021. Power Station is processed by multiple treatment facilities to opened in July 2018). remove as much of the radioactive substances as possible Fukushima Hydrogen Energy Research Field (Namie Town) before the water is stored in the tanks. The quality of water (Current conditions of each reactor) of the surrounding sea areas has also greatly improved. Conducting demonstration projects for large-scale production of Unit 1 Unit 2 Iitate hydrogen from renewable energy Multi-nuclide removal Time of the accident Now Time of the accident Now using the world's largest 10,000 kW facility (ALPS) class water electrolyzer. Kawamata Minamisoma Okuma Analysis and Research Center (Okuma Town)
Conducting analysis of low- and medium-dose Unit 3 Unit 4 radioactive rubble and fuel debris.
Time of the accident Now Time of the accident Now Katsurao Namie Collaborative Laboratories for Advanced Decommissioning Science (Tomioka Town) Futaba Universities, research institutes, and Tamura Fukushima Daiichi companies within and outside Japan have Okuma Photographed from top of building (at time Nuclear gathered in Fukushima and are conducting of the accident) Power Plant research related to decommissioning nuclear reactors and other subjects. Image of underground Steel impermeable wall Tomioka frozen soil wall (sea side) Kawauchi Fuel assembly handle Previous investigations have identified the Naraha Center for Remote Control Technology Development Areas where returning is difficult Fukushima Daini containment vessels, such as distribution Nuclear (Naraha Town) Areas in preparation for the of fuel debris. 20km Power Plant lifting of the evacuation order Naraha In February 2019 during an investigation Conducting investigations of reactor contain- of Unit 2, deposits thought to be fuel Areas where evacuation orders lifted ment vessels, development and demonstration debris were successfully grasped and lifted tests of repair robots, and training for workers up. using virtual reality systems.
The Fukushima Plan for a New Energy Society : Food safety in Fukushima Prefecture Radioactive material concentration in surrounding ocean areas ● Agricultural, forestry, and fishery products are subject to thorough monitoring inspections before shipping, and the March 2011 March 2019 We are creating a model for a “future energy of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station results of these and other inspections are made public. (immediately after the accident) (nearly 8 years after the accident) society” and promoting the “Fukushima Model” to the ● Unlike the period immediately after the earthquake, almost no products exceed the standard limit (100 Bq/kg) in world. recent years. About 10000 Bq/L Less than 0.6 Bq/L ● There have been zero incidents of rice exceeding the standard since 2015 crop, and zero incidents of seafood exceeding the standard since April 2015. Expanding the introduction of renewable energy ● If food exceeding the standard is found, the necessary steps are taken to prevent it from reaching the market.
● Reinforcement of transmission lines for new wind Status of monitoring inspections for agricultural, (April 1, 2017 - February 28, 2018) * Aug. 22, 2017 - Feb. 28, 2018 for brown rice only Handling of the water stored in the tanks farms in the Abukuma and Futaba areas forestry and fishery products Number of Number exceeding Percentage Classification inspections standard exceeding standard Development of a model for realizing a Brown rice Approx. 0 0.00％ At present, the water in the tanks has been treated by multiple treatment facilities which “Hydrogen Society” (produced in 2017) 9.89 million reduced the concentration of radioactive substances to around 1/1,000,000 of the Livestock products 3,814 0 0.00％ None exceeding ● Demonstration project for large-scale hydrogen standard Cultivated original value. Because this water contains tritium, which cannot be removed by 1,066 0 0.00％ production using renewable energy plants/mushrooms ▶ Safe product purification facilities, and other nuclides. The handling of the water is the problem. shipments (10,000 kW demonstration project - the largest in Marine seafood 7,680 0 0.00％ ▶ Continuing Consultations are being conducted, including societal perspectives such as the the world) Fish from inland investigations aimed at 68 0 0.00％ fisheries ending restrictions reputational damage. ● Demonstration project for next-generation For a simple explanation of the basics and the latest information related to the Vegetables/fruits* 2,830 0 0.00％ When an item exceeding hydrogen transport and storage technologies the standard is detected, Edible wild 836 1 0.12％ shipment is restricted contaminated water management, please visit our website. (To be utilized during the 2020 Tokyo Olympics plants/mushrooms from the entire area and Paralympics) Fish in rivers and lakes 677 8 1.18％ where the item was produced. Creation of Smart Communities * Fruits excludes chestnuts from certain areas. ALPS-Treated Water Stored at the TEPCO Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station ● Support for construction of Smart Communities in Argentina, Turkey, and Brazil have lifted their import restrictions, while import Related Article restrictions have been relaxed in China and the USA. JEF: Japan Economic Foundation some Fukushima regions including Shinchi Town, Reference: https://www.jef.or.jp/journal/pdf/225th_Special_Article_01.pdf Soma City, Namie Town, Naraha Town and Source: Created by Reconstruction Agency based on Progress of Fukushima Recovery (Ver. 22) Use this QR code and the “Newly released in Fukushima” homepage. to view the article. Katsurao Village (English) 7 8 5. What is the government’s energy policy? Japan's Energy 2018 https://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/
Basic Policies
Q What are the basic energy policies? Q What does "decarbonization" mean?
Keeping in mind that Safety always comes first, programs are being carried out in order to The policy is to reduce carbon emissions. simultaneously achieve improvement of Energy Security, Economic Efficiency, and It will change the energy supply structure of Japan that is highly dependent on fossil fuels, A Environment Suitability. (3E+S) A and also help reduce greenhouse gas emissions. It is essential to create a multi-layer energy supply structure where each power source delivers its maximum strength and complements the weaknesses of the others. Flow of energy choice Japan achieved economic growth through past policy choices to reduce dependence on coal and oil. The country is making steady Energy Security progress towards achieving the target energy mix in 2030, and a carbon-free energy supply has become visible as a possible direction Self- for 2050. sufficiency Exceed the level from beforethe Great East Japan Earthquake (approx. 20%). 3E+S Approx. 25% (currently 9.6%) 1st choice 2nd choice 3rd choice 4th choice 5th choice Change from domestic 2 oil crises Liberalization and global Great East Japan 50 year targets of the coal to oil (1960s) (1970s) warming (1990s) Earthquake and 1F Paris Agreement Economic Efficiency - Dramatic decline in energy - Soaring prices - Kyoto Protocol accident (from 2011) (from 2030) Electric Dself-sufficiency (adopted 1997) - Largest supply crisis - Participation of many nations Energy self-sufficiency Electricity rates (1970 = 100) - Issue of reducing CO₂ Agreement on ambitious Safety power cost Reduce costs from their current level. - Value of safety targets 1960 1970 1970 1980 emissions (FY 2013 9.7 trillion yen FY 2030 9.5 trillion yen) → → - Emergence of renewable - Structural innovations in 58% 15% 100 203 energy as a choice * When formulating the energy mix technologies, industries, and * Consumer price index systems
Safety always Greenhouse Environment comes first. gas Achieve targets for reduction in greenhouse gases that are comparable to From 1960 From 1970 From 1990 From 2011 From 2030 emissions Shift away from coal Shift away from oil Shift away from carbon Western countries. (domestic coal, oil) (Oil crises → Soaring oil prices) (Uncertainty in oil prices, global warming) (26% reduction from FY 2013 levels by FY 2030)
Innovations aimed at achieving zero carbon Innovations are the key to the decarbonization challenge that we are looking at for 2050. For this purpose, it is important to pursue all Q What will the future composition of power sources look like? options including renewable energy, nuclear power, hydrogen, storage batteries, and CCUS. Main elements Decarbonization oriented future
The figure below shows the ideal energy supply and demand structure for the future (FY Transport Vehicles, systems Electrification, autonomous driving, materials 2030) that will be realized by policies aimed at achieving 3E+S based on the basic energy (210 million tons) Fuel Electricity, hydrogen, bio fuels A policies. Processes CCUS, hydrogen reduction, smarter use of energy Industry Innovations (310 million tons) Products Non-fossil energy materials Primary energy supply Composition of Power Sources Geothermal Heat sources Electricity, hydrogen, others (Total generated 1.0 - 1.1% Consumers electric power) (120 million tons) 519 million kl (Total generated Devices Expanding IoT for devices, M2M control electric power) Approx. Approx. 489 million kl Biomass Thermal power CCUS, hydrogen power generation, others Renewable energy 1.060 trillion kWh 1.065 trillion kWh 3.7 - 4.6% Electric power 11% Nuclear power Next-generation nuclear reactors Renewable energy (520 million tons) Nuclear power 1% Renewable energy Wind 1.7% 13 - 14% Renewable energy Renewable energy Electricity storage × System innovations 16% 22 - 24% * Figures in parentheses are 2015 emissions Nuclear power
Natural gas * The breakdown has been adjusted to produce a total of 100. Solor 7.0% * CCUS: Carbon dioxide Capture, Utilization and Storage Source: Created by the Agency for Natural Resources and Energy. 11 - 10% 23% Nuclear power 3%
LPG 3% Natural gas Nuclear power Column: Progress towards achieving the 2030 energy mix 18% 22 - 20% Hydroelectric LPG 3% Natural gas 40% 8.8 - 9.2% Although steady progress is being made towards achieving the 2030 energy mix, we are still only halfway there. Coal 25% Energy Security Economic Efficiency Environment Coal 25% 30 Energy self-sufficiency 15 Electric power cost * 15 CO₂ emissions from energy sources Natural gas 27%
9 10 6. Are programs being implemented for improving energy efficiency? Japan's Energy 2018 https://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/
Energy efficiency
Q Why is improving energy efficiency necessary? Further improvement of energy efficiency in the industrial sector Proposed energy efficiency improvements through business collaboration It is necessary in view of effective use of limited resources. In addition, measures to improve The pace of improvements will be accelerated not only through the steps taken by individual companies but also through new measures energy efficiency can reduce CO₂ emissions, and can lead to a solution to the problem of for improving energy efficiency conducted in cooperation by multiple companies. A global warming. Continuing efforts for improving energy efficiency measures is essential. Case 1: Concentration of production facilities of multiple Case 2: Optimization through supply chain alliance companies in the same industry
Sharing of demand Eliminated forecasts Reduced based on weather energy Upper Lower Final process products information To what extent have measures to improve energy efficiency in consumption Company process A Overall reduced Q Japan progressed? energy Overall reduced consumption energy Japan is a nation with excellent energy efficiency and advanced measures for energy efficiency consumption improvements. However from 1990 to 2010, improvements of energy efficiency stalled. Large Some reduction in Company C Company D reduction in Increased energy (manufacturer) (sales) energy A Further measures to improve energy efficiency will need to be implemented in the future. Upper Lower Final energy consumption consumption process process products Reduction of Food Reduction of consumption Company production loss products disposal loss Final energy demand in the energy mix Improvement of Energy Consumption Efficiency B Economic Before Thorough energy 110 growth measures efficiency 1.7%/year 376 million kl Reduction of approx. 361 million kl 50.3 million kl
Households: Approx. 326 million kl 100 52 million kl Further improvement of energy efficiency in the transport sector (cargo transportation) Households: 38 million kl Transport: As trucks are more difficult to electrify than passenger vehicles, improving the efficiency of logistics in cargo transportation is 84 million kl Transport: 90 essential. Actions are needed to be taken against concerns of growing energy consumption resulting from the increase in small 62 million kl Households: shipments and repeated deliveries in the rapidly expanding ecommerce market (which has grown 1.8 times for the past 5 years). Services: Services: 11.60 million kl Improved by 35％ 65 million kl 56 million kl Transport: 80 Changes in home deliveries 16.07 million kl 1970-1990 The internet retailers which determine the 1990-2010 (100 millions) methods of transport are subject to the Act on Services: 2012-2030 46.0 12.26 million kl 70 44.0 4.25 billion in 2017 the Rational Use of Energy, and they are also Industry: Industry: 160 million kl 170 million kl Industry: 42.0 implementing measures for improving energy 170 million kl 40.0 efficiency. 38.0 60 12% increase 0 5 10 15 20 36.0 (approx. 530 million percels) FY 2013 FY 2030 * Energy efficiency in 1970, 1990, and 2012 is taken as 100. (Elapsed years) 34.0 in 5 years (results) (after energy * Energy efficiency = Final energy consumption / Real GDP 32.0 efficiency programs) 30.0 3.22 billion in 2010 28.0 Internet sales Determine the Consumers Progress of improving energy efficiency 26.0 24.0 transport method. Main measures to improve energy efficiency FY 2016 FY 2030 22.0 25% of energy 20.0 consumption associated 18.0 with home delivery is Industry: Approx. 41% (450,000 kl) All sectors 16.0 redelivery. All LED Adoption rate Services: Approx. 39% (880,000 kl) Households: Approx. 43% (860,000 kl) 100％ (5.38 million kl) 14.0 12.0 10.0 Top Runner Motors (5.38 million kl) Approx. 1.66 million units Approx. 31.2 million Industry (Widespread use in Units in use FY FY FY FY FY FY Transport company (90,000 kl) Expected to replace half of all units in use 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 pumps, fans, etc.) (66 million units). (shipper) Source: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism “FY 2015 Investigation of the Numbers of Parcel Deliveries” Rate of compliance Large scale: Approx. 97% Note: From FY 2007, the numbers include the quantity handled by Japan Post. with energy Services Buildings efficiency standards Medium scale: Approx. 94% Allmost 100% (3.32 million kl) Small scale: Approx. 69% (440,000 kl) (Floor size basis) The Act on the Rational Use of Energy
(2.69 million kl) High efficiency hot Approx. 13.01 million Approx. 46.3 million Lacking in fossil fuels, Japan has worked on improving energy efficiency and has Households Units in use water systems (520,000 kl) Expected to increase to around 90% of the total (51.2 million households). achieved top class results on a worldwide scale. The Act on the Rational Use of Energy was revised in June 2018, and improving energy efficiency methods that are adapted to 50 - 70% (part of 9.39 million kl) the changing times will be used to achieve further improvements in energy efficiency. EV/PHV, FCV, and other Percentage of Approx. 36% It is expected that EV/PHV will account for up Transport Reference: https://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/about/special/tokushu/ondankashoene/shoenehoukaisei.html next-generation automobiles new vehicle sales (part of 720,000 kl) to 20 - 30% of new vehicle sales (16% of all vehicles) while FCV will account for up to 3% Use this QR code to view the article. (1% of all vehicles). (Japanese only)
11 12 7. Is the introduction of renewable energy in progress? Japan's Energy 2018 https://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/
Introduction of Renewable Energy
Q Why does renewable energy need to be introduced? Q Is it possible to supply electricity only from renewable sources? The amount of electricity generated by renewable energy varies significantly depending on Renewable energy is an important source of energy for Japan as it generates energy the weather or season, which makes power supply unstable. Flexible power sources such as without emitting CO₂ and contributes to energy self-sufficiency. A A thermal power need to be prepared as a backup. There are also a number of remaining issues, such as securing batteries and other means of energy storage, and determining how to transform power network that can integrate a large Q Is the introduction of renewable energy in progress in Japan? amount of electricity generated by renewable sources. Image of supply/demand situation on the lowest demand day (such as a sunny day in May) As of 2017, the percentage of electrical power generated by renewable energy in Japan is 16.0% (8.1% if hydroelectric power is excluded). This is low compared to other major A countries, and further expansion is needed. Solar power curtailment In order that consumers can use Electricity electricity in a stable manner, a Comparison of the Renewable Energy Ratio of Total Generated Electric Power demand balance between generation (Percentage of total generated power) Nuclear power Nuclear power Solar (supply) and consumption 3.5 3.1 Supply (demand) is needed on the same 100％ Increased Increased Nuclear Curtailment level. To this end, flexible power Nuclear power Natural gas generation generation power 0.0 Nuclear 2.8 sources such as thermal power 11.8 power Thermal power generation Curtailment Thermal power Nuclear Nuclear Nuclear Oil,other 0.4 are used to adjust the fluctuation power 14.7 (LNG, oil, etc.) generation control power power of renewable energy. 21.3 21.1 19.8 Base load power sources (hydro power, nuclear power, geothermal power, coal-fired power, etc.) Natural gas Natural gas 80％ 13.4 9.2 Morning Noon Night Natural gas Natural gas 47.5 Oil,other 1.3 39.5 Oil,other 2.3 Coal 9.0 Column: Energy network in Europe Natural gas 23.0 Nuclear Natural gas power 31.0 72.6 For example, Germany is connected by cross-border electricity interconnections to around 10 nearby countries including Poland, 60％ Natural gas Coal 68.6 Czech Republic, Austria, Switzerland, France, The Netherlands, Denmark, and Sweden. When renewable electricity surplus occurs in one 40.0 area, it is exported to other countries. When electricity is insufficient in one area, it is imported from other countries. Transmission network among countries are highly developed in Europe and it is possible to maintain a balance between supply and demand as a Coal 38.9 Oil,other 6.1 Oil,other 8.7 Oil,other 5.0 whole. Oil,other 1.1 European grid map (from ENTSO-E)
Coal 17.2 Coal 11.9 40％ Oil,other 2.2 Hydro electric 58.5 Coal 7.0 Coal 31.1 Coal 32.7 Hydro Hydro electric Hydro electric electric 3.1 Hydro 6.9 12.3 electric 1.8 Natural gas 7.2
20％ Renewable Oil,other 1.2 Renewable energy Renewable Coal 2.5 Hydro energy Renewable (excluding energy Hydro electric (excluding energy hydro (excluding Hydro electric 18.8 Hydro hydro (excluding electric) hydro electric 7.1 electric electric) hydro 30.5 electric) 9.0 7.9 27.9 electric) Renewable 25.5 Renewable 23.3 energy Renewavble Renewable Renewable energy (excluding energy energy energy (excluding hydro electric) (excluding (excluding (excluding hydro electric) 9.9 hydro electric) hydro electric) hydro electric) 0％ 7.5 7.2 6.1 8.1 750kV Germany Spain UK France Italy USA Canada China Japan 500kV 380-400kV 300-330kV 220kV 33.6% 32.4% 29.7% 16.5% 35.6% 17.0% 65.7% 24.9% 16.0% 132-150kV renewable renewable renewable renewable renewable renewable renewable renewable renewable energy energy energy energy energy energy energy energy energy 220kV (2017) (2017) (2017) (2017) (2017) (2017) (2017) (2016) (2017) DC Source: Investigation by the Agency for Natural Resources and Energy https://www.entsoe.eu/map/Pages/default.aspx 13 14 8. Is nuclear power generation necessary? Japan's Energy 2018 https://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/
Regarding Nuclear Power Plants
Treatment and disposal of spent fuel Is nuclear power generation necessary? Q Spent nuclear fuel that is produced by the operation of a nuclear power plant is recycled and reused as fuel. Raw glass material is melted into the remaining waste water to create a solidified glass mass known as “vitrified waste”. This mass is disposed by burying and isolating it deep underground (geological disposal). For a country that lacks natural resources, nuclear power generation is essential in order to achieve the following 3 objectives: ① securing a stable supply of power, ② reducing electric power costs, ③ Aboveground facility Nuclear A reducing CO₂ emissions. In order for nuclear power plants are restarted, conformance with new power Spent fuel Final regulatory requirements that prioritize safety is required. plant disposal (geological Separating and disposal) extracting uranium and plutonium Vitrified waste Operating status of nuclear power plants in Japan ● Reactors in operation ...... 9 300m ● Reactors approved for A barrier consisting of metal containers 20 cm thick and installment license Re- Reused processing buffer material (clay) 70 cm amendment ...... 6 as fuel * Turning waste water thick ● Reactors under assessment into solidified glass mass Hokkaido Aomori for new regulatory (Hokkaido EPC) (Electric Power Development Co.) Reprocessing plant Radioactive materials are Underground facility vrequirements ...... 12 Niigata Tomari Nuclear Power Plant ❶❷❸ Ooma Nuclear Power Plant ● confined within the mesh Deep underground (TEPCO) ● Reactors that have not structure of the glass. locations are stable, with applied for assessment ...... 9 almost no flow of oxygen Kashiwazaki-Kariwa Nuclear Power Plant ❶❷❸❹❺❻❼ or water. ● Reactors to be Ishikawa decommissioned ...... 24 Scientific characteristics map (Hokuriku EPC) Shika Nuclear Power Plant ❶❷ (As of Aug. 5, 2019) To provide a better understanding of the mechanism of geological disposal and the (JAPC) Tsuruga Nuclear Power Plant ❶❷ Aomori geological environment of Japan, we published the "Scientific Characteristics Map" (KEPCO) (Tohoku EPC) Higashidori Nuclear Power Plant ❶ in July 2017 which shows the scientific characteristics of each region of Japan. Mihama Nuclear Power Plant ❶❷❸ (TEPCO) Higashidori Nuclear Power Plant ❶ Fukui Reference: https://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/category/electricity_and_gas/nuclear/rw/kagakutekitokuseimap/ (KEPCO) Ooi Nuclear Power Plant ❶❷❸❹ Miyagi Use this QR code (Tohoku EPC) Onagawa Nuclear Power Plant to view the article. (KEPCO) ❶❷❸ (Japanese only) Takahama Nuclear Power Plant ❶❷❸❹ Fukushima Shimane ❶❷❸ (TEPCO) Fukushima #1 Nuclear Power Plant ❶❷❸❹❺❻ Current state of spent fuel: Towards completion of a nuclear fuel cycle (Chugoku EPC) Shimane Nuclear Power Plant Fukushima Saga ❶❷❸❹ (TEPCO) Fukushima #2 Nuclear Power Plant ❶❷❸❹ The spent fuel that is produced by power plants in Japan will be reprocessed (Kyushu EPC) Genkai Nuclear Power Plant Ibaraki at Rokkasho reprocessing plants to create MOX fuel which can be reused (JAPC) Tokai/Tokai No.2 Power Station ●● for power generation. The Rokkasho reprocessing plants are required to Ehime Kagoshima conform to the new regulatory requirements for nuclear power facilities, and ❶❷ (Shikoku EPC) Shizuoka (Kyushu EPC) Sendai Nuclear Power Plant are now under construction, with completion planned for the first half of FY Ikata Nuclear Power Plant ❶❷❸ (Chubu EPC) Hamaoka Nuclear Power Plant ❶❷❸❹❺ 2021. Use this QR code to view the article. Reference: https://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/about/special/johoteikyo/shiyozuminenryo.html (Japanese only)
Response to the new regulatory requirements for higher safety Column: Global trends in nuclear power
The Nuclear Regulation Authority requires that before a nuclear power plant is restarted, it must conform to its new Based on the nuclear power generation results shown below, the leading countries are the United States, France, China, regulatory requirements. Measures to prevent accidents are being reinforced and preparation for emergencies enhanced Russia, and Korea. The nuclear power generation capacity of plants under construction shows that China is as well. constructing a large number of plants. New regulatory requirements (July 2013) Power generation capacity of nuclear power plants Power generation capacity of nuclear power plants worldwide (2017) under construction (at the end of 2017) Measures against intentional aircraft Anti-terrorism measures (TWh) (GW) collisions (newly introduced) USA 805.6 China 21.1 Measures against the proliferation of radioactive materials France 381.8 South Korea 5.7 China 232.8 Severe accident UAE 5.6 Measures against container damage measures (newly introduced) Russia 190.1 Russia 4.7 Measures against reactor core damage South Korea 141.3 Conventional (in the case of multiple instruments India 4.3 regulatory requirements malfunctioning) Canada 95.1 Preparedness for internal overflows Ukraine 80.4 USA 2.5 Standards for prevention (newly introduced) of severe accidents Germany 72.2 Belarus 2.4 (design standards) Preparedness for natural phenomena (Volcanic eruptions, tornadoes, and forest UK 63.9 Pakistan 2.2 fires have been newly introduced.) Preparedness for natural Sweden 63.1 Strengthened Ukraine 2.2 phenomena Preparedness for fires or newly introduced Spain 55.6 Finland 1.7 Preparedness for fires Belgium 40.0 Reliability of power sources France 1.7 India 34.9 Reliability of power sources Japan 29.3 Bangladesh 1.2 Performance of other Performance of other instruments instruments Czech Republic 26.8 Slovakia 0.9 Performance against eathquakes Performance against 0 225 450 675 900 0 7.5 15 22.5 30 eathquakes and tsunami and tsunami Strengthened Source: IAEA Energy, Electricity and Nuclear Power Estimates for the Period up to 2050 Source: Documents of the Nuclear Regulation Authority IEA Tracking Clean Energy Progress
15 16 9. Will hydrogen energy and power storage technologies come into general use? Japan's Energy 2018 https://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/
Hydrogen energy Mineral resources
Have there been advances in research and development of Will the use of hydrogen energy become widespread in the future? Q Q domestic resources?
In the future, hydrogen energy is expected to be used for a wide range of purposes and to An electric vehicle (EV) requires a large amount of mineral resources. Of particular play a central role of a future source of energy replacing oil and other energy sources. importance are the minerals known as “rare earth metals”. The lithium-ion battery that A A accounts for 1/3 of the vehicle price contains rare earth metals such as lithium, cobalt, nickel, A hydrogen based society using clean energy - Power to Gas and graphite. Japan relies on imports for nearly 100% of its mineral resources demands. Expanding the use of renewable energy with fluctuating output such as solar and wind power will require technologies for storage of excess power. For this purpose, power-to-gas technologies which store energy as hydrogen are Lithium (2017) Cobalt (2017) Nickel (2017) receiving attention both in Japan and overseas. Zimbabwe 2.3% Others 1.6% China 7.0% Solar, wind, and other renewable energy Others Zambia 2.6% Others Indonesia 11.8% Papua New Guinea 2.9% 19.0% Water 21.0% Unstable electrolysis Argentina 12.8% Global Madagascar 3.5% Global Global Democratic electrical power annual The Philippines annual annual Australia 3.6% Republic of China 4.7% The Philippines (excess power) production production production 43.5% Cuba 3.8% the Congo 11.0% 430,00 110,000 2,100,000 58.2% tons Canada 3.9% tons Brazil 6.7% tons Fuel cell bus Canada Chile 32.8% Australia 4.5% Hydrogen station Russia 8.6% 10.0% Russia 5.1% New Caledonia Australia 9.0% Source: USGS (Mineral Commodity Summaries 2018) 10.0% Fuel cell Stable electrical power cogeneration (amount that can be Fuel cell vehicle Japan has the world’s 6th largest Territorial Sea / Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). This ocean area includes 4 marine mineral accepted by the grid) Hydrogen resource areas each containing different metals. Suitable technologies are being developed according to the depth and distribution of each resource.
Power grid Hydrogen power generation (power lines)
Power generation Production of Transport Use (renewable energy) hydrogen
Fukushima Hydrogen Energy Large-scale network for maritime Hydrogen power generation Research Field hydrogen transport demonstration test
Submarine hydrothermal Mud containing Cobalt-rich crust Manganese nodules mineral deposit rare earth metals Precipitated metal A crust of ferromanganese Ellipses of ferromanganese components of hot water oxides ranging in thickness from Broadly distributed in clay oxides with diameters of 2 - Features that is ejected from several cm to several decimeters sediments underneath the 15 cm scattered on the sea hydrothermal vents on the covering the slopes and peaks sea floor. floor sea floor of undersea mountains Sea areas where Okinawa, Izu, Ogasawara Minamitori Island, others Pacific Ocean Minamitori Island sea area 2020 2020 2018 located (EEZ) (EEZ, international waters) (international waters) (EEZ) Metals Copper, lead, zinc, others Cobalt, nickel, copper, Copper, nickel, cobalt, Demonstration project for large-scale Japan-Australia and Japan-Brunei The world’s first city district to achieve Includes rare earth metals hydrogen production using renewable Hydrogen Energy Supply Chain Project 100% hydrogen supply of heat and contained (including gold and silver) platinum, manganese, others manganese, others
energy - aiming for use during the Tokyo Demonstration power entirely by hydrogen Depth for 700 m - 2,000 m 800 m - 2,400 m 4,000 m - 6,000 m 5,000 m - 6,000 m Olympics (NEDO) development (Namie Town, Fukushima Prefecture)
Fukushima Hydrogen Energy Research Field Learn about the mineral resources that support industries around the world.
One of the projects aimed at the conversion to a hydrogen supply Rare earth metals and other mineral resources have become important structure is the Fukushima Hydrogen Energy Research Field that is resources that support industries all over the world. You may recall that underway in Namie Town, Fukushima Prefecture. The goal is not they have frequently been hot topics, such as “rare earth metals” and only to utilize the hydrogen that is produced in Namie Town within “urban mines” - a term that describes scrapped home electronics and Fukushima Prefecture, but also to utilize it in Tokyo during the mobile phones that contain mineral resources. Here we will introduce Tokyo 2020 Olympic and Paralympic Games. some mineral resources that play a variety of roles in places out of sight. Use this QR code Use this QR code to view the article. to view the article. Reference: https://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/about/special/johoteikyo/fukushimasuiso.html (Japanese only) Reference: https://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/about/special/tokushu/anzenhosho/koubutsusigen.html#header (Japanese only)
17 18 10. 2018 energy topics
Hokkaido earthquake and blackout - 18 minutes from earthquake to blackout
An earthquake with a maximum seismic intensity of 7 struck Hokkaido at 3:07 on the morning of September 6, 2018. As a result of this earthquake, at 3:25 the entire Hokkaido area suffered large-scale blackout, an incident that Japan has never experienced. The blackout resulted from a combination of factors, including stoppage of the No. 1, 2, and 4 generators at the Tomatouatsuma Power Station, and multiple hydroelectric power generators that were taken offline by power transmission line accidents which affected 4 lines on 3 routes.
Hokkaido frequency Current in the Hokkaido/Honshu (Kita-Hon) Linkage Line
1. Tomatouatsuma Power Station generators No. 2 and 4 stop.
9. Power is restored to the Eastern area. 11. Thermal power output increases. 14. Tomatouatsuma Power Station 10. Frequency drops generators No. 1 stops. due to the increase in demand. *1 15. Load shut-off 2. Receiving of Kita-Hon occurs. emergency power starts. 7. The load dispatching center 12. Tomatouatsuma Power Station generator No. 1 output drops. instructs the hydroelectric and Sequence of 3. Load shut-off occurs. thermal power stations that were 16, 17-1, 17-2 *2 stopped for balance to start up. 13. Load shut-off occurs. 4. Wind power stops. 16. Thermal power 5. As a result of the transmission stations Shiriuchi No. 1,. line accidents, power supply to 8. The AFC function of the Kita-Hon Linkage Line Date No. 2, and the Eastern and Kitami areas temporarily balances the frequency at 50 Hz. Naie No. 1 stop. stops. Hydroelectric power 17-1. Hydroelectric and stops. other power generation stop. 6. The frequency drop stops at Measurement not possible 46.13 Hz and begins recovering. at or below 45 Hz. 17-2. Because Earthquake occurrence all power supply in the Hokkaido area had disappeared, the Kita-Hon Linkage Line stopped transmitting power. *1: Includes estimates but regarded highly possible due to data available. *2: It is not certain at the present time, however this sequence of events is possible or at least cannot be ruled out. 18. Blackout Source: Created by the Agency for Natural Resources and Energy from the final report of the Verification Committee for the 2018 Hokkaido Eastern Iburi Earthquake. Reference: https://www.occto.or.jp/iinkai/hokkaido_kensho/hokkaidokensho_saishuhoukoku.html
Renewable energy output restriction in mainland Kyushu
・Renewable curtailment In order to maintain a balance between supply and demand and prevent Supply capacity ・Maximum use of pumping operationof pumped storage widespread blackouts, when power supply exceeds demand, several measures are generation taken based on the priority dispatch rule which is determined by laws and ・Maximum use of the Kanmon interconnection regulations. At first, thermal power is curtailed, and pumping operation of pumped storage generation and electric transmission to other areas through Demand Pumped storage interconnections are maximized. If an electrical surplus still remains, renewable generation Solar poweroutput electricity such as solar and wind is curtailed. In Kyushu, where solar PV was rapidly Increased introduced, renewable curtailment occurred in October 2018 for the first time in generation mainland Japan. Solar and wind power generation tends to fluctuate depending on Thermal power, etc. Thermal powerr, etc. natural conditions, but renewable curtailment serves as a safety valve adjusting Hydro power, Nuclear power, Geothermal power electric output when surplus occurs, which enable more renewable energy to be integrated into the power grid with security. Long-term fixed power sources Source: based on Kyushu Electric Power Co.,Inc （http://www.kyuden.co.jp/power_usages/pdf/common/seigyo.pdf?dt=20190517000000）
Accidents involving solar cell power generation equipment
As a result of the torrential rains that struck western Japan and typhoons in 2018, solar panels were blown away, immersed in water, or dislodged. Windmills were also knocked over, and other accidents occurred that brought concerns about the safety of renewable energy to the forefront. Together with measures aimed at reducing the cost of renewable energy, efforts will be made to ensure safety, to promote cooperation with local communities, and to work out measures for disposal of solar panel waste so that renewable energy can be used as a stable power supply source over the long-term.
Contact: Research and Public Relations Office, General Policy Division, Click here if you would like to know Director- General’ s Secretariat, Agency for Natural Resources more about energy! (Japanese) and Energy, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry Special contents 1-3-1 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-8931 Various topics on energy TEL: +81-(0)3-3501-1511 (main) https://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/ https://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/about/special/ Please go to the below URL to see the electronic version (pdf) of this brochure. Produced by p2company https://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/about/pamphlet/ 2-2-1 Kamiosaki, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-0021 TEL: +81-(0)3-3473-7873 FAX: +81-(0)3-3473-7870
* For effective utilization of resources, this brochure uses recycled paper containing 80% used paper Japan's Energy 2018 and vegetable oil ink. Edition, Issued: June 2019