NATIVE AMERICAN DATELINE: ARCHEOLOGICAL PERIODS PALEO- ARCHAIC WOODLAND MISSISSIPPI INDIAN

11,500 8500 1000 b.c. | a.d. 1000 1500

Nomadic hunter-gath- Gradual shift to more settled lifeways; Small villages and burial mounds; pottery Large towns develop; maize agriculture; complex societies erers enter present-day local edible seed plants domesticated in • Pottery making begins ca. 600b.c . • Bow-and-arrow adopted ca. a.d. 600 Arkansas Late Archaic • Maize (corn) introduced ca. a.d. 800

DALTON CULTURE CULTURE HOPEWELL/ MISSISSIPPIAN, PLAQUEMINE, and CADDOAN 8500 – 8000 b.c. ca. 2000 – 1000 b.c. CULTURES, ca. a.d. 900 – 1600 Earliest cemetery in Massive earthworks in NE Louisiana; 200 b.c. – a.d. 300 America in NE Arkansas trade networks and cultural influence Trade, ritual, and burial PLUM BAYOU CULTURE PARKIN PHASE extend into SE Arkansas ceremonialism a.d. 650 – 1050 a.d. 1350 – 1600 Mounds constructed in Mississippian in NE Arkansas central Arkansas PROTOHISTORIC HISTORIC 1500 1700 (1800s) (1900s)

1543–1673 1763 1803 1887 No record of contact between Indians and Europeans France cedes territory to United States acquires Indian Allotment Act splits Spain and England Louisiana Territory reservations into family allotments 1541 1673 1831–32 1890s De Soto crosses welcome Marquette, Jolliet 1808 1788 Choctaw Trail of Ghost Dance and Peyote religions the Mississippi and Osages cede control of most Caddos abandon villages on the Tears crosses south introduced in Indian Territory meets Parkin phase 1682 of NW Arkansas to U.S. Great Bend of Red River, move Arkansas people at Casqui Quapaws welcome La Salle, who 1817 1934 claims territory for France south to Caddo Lake vicinity A Cherokee reservation 1838–39 Indian Reorganization Act 1542 was established in Arkansas restores civil rights De Soto dies 1686 Cherokee Trail of Tears 1790s in present-day Tonti establishes first Arkansas Post 1820 crosses Arkansas 1967 1687 Cherokees begin to settle in Dwight Mission established Arkansas Act 59 protects ar- Arkansas 1845 Joutel visits Caddos on the Arkansas; a few Choctaws, among the Cherokees cheological sites on state land Chickasaws, Coushattas, Caddos granted reserva- Red and Ouachita Rivers 1825 and Delawares follow tion lands in Texas 1990 1690 Osages granted a 1859 Native American Graves Tonti visits Koroas and Caddos reservation in Kansas Caddos removed to Protection and Repatria- 1826 1690s Indian Territory tion Act Quapaws removed to Red Tunicas of SE Arkansas move to River area in Louisiana 1991 Yazoo River area in Mississippi; Arkansas Act 753 Caddos abandon most of SW 1828 protects unmarked Arkansas Arkansas Cherokees re- moved to Indian Territory graves

Produced by the Arkansas Archeological Survey (a unit of the University of Arkansas System), 2475 North Hatch Avenue, Fayetteville AR 72704 https://archeology.uark.edu Period dates before European contact are estimates based on various published sources and are subject to revision; updated August 2020