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Journal of Threatened Taxa Building evidence for conservaton globally www.threatenedtaxa.org ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) | ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) Short Communication Early stages and larval host plants of some northeastern Indian

Tarun Karmakar, R. Nitn, Vivek Sarkar, Sarika Baidya, Subhajit Mazumder, V.K. Chandrasekharan, Rudraprasad Das, G.S. Girish Kumar, Swapnil Lokhande, Joyce Veino, Lightson Veino, Rakoveine Veino, Zeeshan Mirza, Rajesh V. Sanap, Bimal Sarkar & Krushnamegh Kunte

26 May 2018 | Vol. 10 | No. 6 | Pages: 11780–11799 10.11609/jot.3169.10.6.11780-11799

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Threatened Taxa Early stages and larval host plants of buterfiesJournal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 May 2018 | 10(6): 11780–11799Karmakar et al.

Early stages and larval host plants of some northeastern Indian butterflies

ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) 1* 2* 3 4 5 Short Communication Short Tarun Karmakar , R. Nitn , Vivek Sarkar , Sarika Baidya , Subhajit Mazumder , ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) V.K. Chandrasekharan 6, Rudraprasad Das 7, G.S. Girish Kumar 8, Swapnil Lokhande 9, Joyce Veino 10, Lightson Veino 11, Rakoveine Veino 12, Zeeshan Mirza 13, Rajesh V. Sanap 14, OPEN ACCESS Bimal Sarkar 15 & Krushnamegh Kunte 16

1,2,3,8,13,14,16 Natonal Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Insttute of Fundamental Research, Bellary Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560065, 1–16 Indian Foundaton for Buterfies, C-703, Alpine Pyramid Apts, Canara Bank Layout, Kodigehalli, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560097, India 4 NatureMates Nature Club, 4/10 A , Bijoygarh, Jadavpur, Kolkata, 700032, India 1 [email protected], 2 [email protected], 3 [email protected], 4 [email protected], 5 [email protected], 6 [email protected], 7 [email protected], 8 [email protected], 9 [email protected], 10 [email protected], 11 [email protected], 12 [email protected], 13 [email protected], 14 [email protected], 15 [email protected], 16 [email protected] (* These authors contributed equally to this paper); corresponding authors: 2 [email protected], 16 [email protected]

Abstract: Eastern Himalaya and northeastern India are part of two Eastern Himalaya and northeastern India are part global biodiversity hotspots, yet the critcal buterfy-plant associatons of two global biodiversity hotspots—the Himalaya and and early stages of most buterfy species in this region are poorly recorded. We have reported early stages and larval host plants of Indo-Burma (Myers et al. 2000)—that are separated by 78 buterfy species, some of which are rare and endemic, providing the Brahmaputra River with eastern Himalaya falling specifc informaton on spatal and temporal details associated with these records. These records contribute region-specifc informaton north of the river in India. Forests of these regions are on Indian buterfies, which may be useful in basic ecological and rich in endemic, rare and endangered buterfy species conservaton studies in the future. (Evans 1932; Wynter-Blyth 1957; Kunte et al. 2012, 2018; Keywords: Eastern Himalaya, Indo-Burma Biodiversity Hotspot, larval Ghatak & Roy 2013; Sondhi & Kunte 2016). While recent ecology, . studies highlight the diversity and spatal occurrence of

DOI: htp://doi.org/10.11609/jot.3169.10.6.11780-11799 | ZooBank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:433A4FC8-0689-415A-A219-D6C6DA9D6191

Editor: Keith V. Wolfe, Antoch, California, USA. Date of publicaton: 26 May 2018 (online & print)

Manuscript details: Ms # 3169 | Received 24 May 2017 | Final received 05 May 2018 | Finally accepted 14 May 2018

Citaton: Karmakar, T., R. Nitn, V. Sarkar, S. Baidya, S. Mazumder, V.K. Chandrasekharan, R. Das, G.S.G. Kumar, S. Lokhande, J. Veino, L. Veino, R. Veino, Z. Mirza, R.V. Sanap, B. Sarkar & K. Kunte (2018). Early stages and larval host plants of some northeastern Indian buterfies. Journal of Threatened Taxa 10(6): 11780–11799; htp://doi.org/10.11609/jot.3169.10.6.11780-11799

Copyright: © Karmakar et al. 2018. Creatve Commons Atributon 4.0 Internatonal License. JoTT allows unrestricted use of this artcle in any medium, reproducton and distributon by providing adequate credit to the authors and the source of publicaton.

Funding: This work was supported by a Ramanujan Fellowship from the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India, and an NCBS research grant to KK.

Competng interests: The authors declare no competng interests.

Acknowledgements: We acknowledge Arjan Basu Roy, Alok Chorge and Anuradha Joglekar for identfcaton of host plants. Collecton of specimens was supported by research and voucher specimen collecton permits issued by the Nagaland Forest, Ecology, Environment & Wildlife Department (CWL/GEN/240/522-39, dated 14/08/2012), Meghalaya Forests and Environment Department (FWC/G/173/Pt-II/474-83, dated 27/05/2014), Arunachal Pradesh Environment and Forests Department (CWL/G/13(95)/2011-12/Pt-III/2466-70, dated 16/02/2015), Forests, Environment & Wildlife Management Department (dated 21/03/2011), West Bengal Forest Department (2115(9)/WL/4K-1/13/BL41, dated 06/11/2013) for which we thank the ofces of the Principal Chief Conservator of Forest of those states. We also thank Kunal Chakraborty and Kurban Khan for helping us during feld work.

11780 Early stages and larval host plants of buterfies Karmakar et al. buterfies in this region, litle is known about their larval host plant records which had not been recorded before host plants and early stages (Wynter-Blyth 1957; Igarashi for those species, and 11 larval host plants which had & Fukuda 1997, 2000; Robinson et al. 2001; Kunte et al. not been recorded for those species in India before. The 2018), which is critcal informaton for ecological as well results are presented below with the informaton given as conservaton studies. To fll this gap, we here report in the following order: scientfc name and authority, our observatons of larval host plants and early stages of common name, scientfc name of plant and plant type, 78 buterfy species, along with spato-temporal details. locaton, date and other comments.

Materials and Methods Family Hesperiidae (Images 1–3) From 2009 to early 2016 we conducted buterfy 1. Ancistroides nigrita diocles (Moore, [1866]) — surveys in the states of West Bengal, Sikkim and Bengal Chocolate Demon: Curcuma sp. (Zingiberaceae): Arunachal Pradesh, which belong to eastern Himalaya, wild ginger. The larvae fed on young leaves. Cooch Behar Meghalaya and Nagaland which belong to the Indo- Sadar, Cooch Behar District, West Bengal. December Burma region, following the research and collecton 2013. Curcuma sp. (Zingiberaceae) has previously permits issued by state forest departments. During been reported as host plant of this buterfy from India these survey we opportunistcally encountered early (Robinson et al. 2001). stages of several buterfy species. We raised the eggs 2. Burara gomata gomata (Moore, [1866]) — and caterpillars to adult stages on fresh parts of the host Bengal Pale Green Awlet: Schefera elliptca (Blume) plants on which we found them, maintaining them in Harms (Araliaceae): epiphytc straggler. The larvae fed plastc jars at campsites. The caterpillars were fed and on young leaves. Rajabhatkhawa, , the frass was cleaned everyday. The records below are Alipurduar District, West Bengal. November 2013. This based on this direct evidence. We photographed and is a new larval host plant for this species, which has not released most buterfies shortly afer eclosion. Some been recorded anywhere before. specimens were preserved as voucher specimens in the 3. Celaenorrhinus leucocera (Kollar, [1844]) — research collectons of the Natonal Centre for Biological Common Spoted Flat: Eranthemum pulchellum Sciences. Buterfy species identfcatons were done Andrews (Acanthaceae): shrub. The larvae fed on young with these images and voucher specimens using leaves. Rajabhatkhawa, Buxa Tiger Reserve, Alipurduar standard identfcaton keys and reference material District, West Bengal. October 2013. This is a new larval from the Natural History Museum, London, and NCBS host plant of this species from India. research collectons. We report larval host plants of 4. Choaspes furcata Evans, 1932 — Hooked Awlking: some common species that are already reported in Sabia limoniacea Wallich ex J.D. Hooker & Thomson literature, but we include them here again because we (Sabiaceae): evergreen tree. The larvae fed on young are providing seasonal and locaton informaton with our leaves. Rajabhatkhawa, Buxa Tiger Reserve, Alipurduar records. Such precise spatal and temporal informaton District, West Bengal. October 2013. This is the frst on host plant use is useful to understand ecological record of early stages and larval host plant of this species requirements of buterfies in their critcal early stages. from India. We identfed plants from publicatons of regional foras 5. Choaspes stgmata Evans, 1932 — Branded (Hooker 1872–1887; Kanjilal et al. 1934–1938; Haridasan Awlking: Meliosma simplicifolia (Roxb.) (Sabiaceae): & Rao 1987), and in consultaton with plant experts on evergreen tree. The larvae fed on young leaves. eFlora groups (Anonymous 2016a,b; The Plant List 2013). Rajabhatkhawa, Buxa Tiger Reserve, Alipurduar District, More informaton on early stages and larval host plants West Bengal. November 2013. This is the frst record reported here is available on the Buterfies of India of early stages and larval host plant of this species from website (htp://www.ifoundbuterfies.org/lifecycles), India. which is contnually updated. 6. Coladenia agnioides Elwes & Edwards, 1897 — Brown-tpped Pied Flat: Rhaphiolepis sp. (Rosaceae): Results shrub. The larvae fed on young leaves. Tura Peak, West We recorded early stages of 78 buterfy species Garo Hills District, Meghalaya. June 2014. This is the feeding on 64 plant species. These records include frst record of early stages and larval host plant of this nine buterfy species for which early stages had never species from India. been known before, 17 buterfy species for which early 7. Erionota apex Semper, 1892 — White-tpped stages had not yet been recorded in India, 14 new larval Palm-redeye: Caryota monostachya Becc. (Arecaceae):

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 May 2018 | 10(6): 11780–11799 11781 Early stages and larval host plants of buterfies Karmakar et al.

Image 1. Early stages of Hesperiidae.

11782 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 May 2018 | 10(6): 11780–11799 Early stages and larval host plants of buterfies Karmakar et al.

Image 2. Early stages of Hesperiidae.

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 May 2018 | 10(6): 11780–11799 11783 Early stages and larval host plants of buterfies Karmakar et al.

Image 3. Early stages of Hesperiidae. palm. The larvae fed on both young and mature leaves. 10. Gangara lebadea lebadea (Hewitson, [1868]) Wakabah Fall valley, Sohra, East Khasi Hills District, — Bornean Banded Redeye: Bismarckia nobilis Hildebr. Meghalaya. October 2014. This is the frst record of & H.Wendl. (Arecaceae): palm. The larvae fed on both early stages and larval host plant of this species, which young and mature leaves. Pakke TR, East Kameng has not been recorded anywhere before. District, Arunachal Pradesh. May 2007. This is a new 8. Erionota thrax thrax (Linnaeus, 1767) — Oriental larval host plant for this species, which has not been Acute Palm-redeye: Musa x paradisiaca (Musaceae): recorded anywhere before. cultvated banana. The larvae fed on both young and 11. Hasora chromus chromus (Cramer, [1780]) — mature leaves. Lungpuk, Mara Autonomous District Oriental Common Banded Awl: Pongamia pinnata (L.) Council, Mizoram. November 2009. Musa sp. and Musa (Fabaceae): small tree. The larvae fed on young leaves. x paradisiaca (Musaceae) have previously been reported Rajabhatkhawa, Buxa Tiger Reserve, Alipurduar District, as host plants of this buterfy from India (Robinson et West Bengal. July 2014. Pongamia pinnata (Fabaceae) al. 2001). has previously been reported as host plant of this 9. Erionota torus Evans, 1941 — Rounded Palm- buterfy from India (Wynter-Blyth 1957; Robinson et al. redeye: Musa balbisiana Colla. (Musaceae): wild 2001). banana. The larvae fed on both young and mature 12. Hyarots adrastus praba (Moore, [1886]) — leaves. Rajabhatkhawa, Buxa Tiger Reserve, Alipurduar Bengal Tree Fliter: Phoenix acaulis Roxb. (Arecaceae): District, West Bengal. October 2013. This is a new larval palm. The larvae fed on both young and mature leaves. host plant of this species from India. Domjur, Howrah District, West Bengal. July 2011. Phoenix

11784 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 May 2018 | 10(6): 11780–11799 Early stages and larval host plants of buterfies Karmakar et al. acaulis (Arecaceae) has previously been reported as host 20. Castalius rosimon rosimon (Fabricius, plant of this buterfy from India (Wynter-Blyth 1957; 1775) — Contnental Common Pierrot: Ziziphus sp. Robinson et al. 2001). (Rhamnaceae): small tree. The larvae fed on young 13. Lotongus sarala sarala (de Nicéville, 1889) — leaves. Rajabhatkhawa, Buxa Tiger Reserve, Alipurduar Khasi Yellow-banded Palmer: Calamus sp. (Arecaceae): District, West Bengal. October 2013. Ziziphus rugosa palm. The larvae fed on both young and mature leaves. and Ziziphus jujuba (Rhamnaceae) have previously Nongriat, East Khasi Hills District, Meghalaya. April been reported as host plants of this buterfy from India 2015. This is the frst record of early stages and larval (Wynter-Blyth 1957). host plant of this species, which has not been recorded 21. Cheritra freja evansi Cowan, 1965 — Khasi anywhere before. Common Imperial: Rosa acicularis Lindl. (Rosaceae): 14. Matapa cresta Evans, 1949 — Fringed Branded shrub. The larvae fed on young leaves. Chapramari Redeye: nigrociliata (Buse) (): Wildlife Sanctuary, Jalpaiguri District, West Bengal. bamboo. The larvae fed on young leaves. Gongrot, December 2014. This is a new larval host plant for this Balpakram Natonal Park, South Garo Hills District, species, which has not been recorded anywhere before. Meghalaya. November 2009. This is the frst record of 22. Curets saronis gloriosa Moore, [1884] — early stages and larval host plant of this species, which Sylhet Saronis Sunbeam: Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre has not been recorded anywhere before. (Fabaceae): small tree. The larvae fed on young leaves. 15. Matapa druna (Moore, [1866]) — Grey-branded Alipurduar juncton, Alipurduar District, West Bengal. Redeye: Gigantochloa nigrociliata (Buse) (Poaceae): August 2015. This is the frst record of early stages and bamboo. The larvae fed on young leaves. Mawlong- larval host plant of this species from India. Terna Road, East Khasi Hills District, Meghalaya. October 23. Heliophorus epicles latlimbata (Fruhstorfer, 2014. This is the frst record of early stages and larval 1908) — Himalayan Purple Sapphire: Persicaria host plant of this species from India. chinensis (L.) H. Gross (Polygonaceae): herb. The larvae 16. Notocrypta feisthamelii alysos (Moore, [1866]) fed on young leaves. Damanpur, Alipurduar District, — Himalayan Spoted Demon: Alpinia galanga (L.) West Bengal. January 2015. This is the frst record of Willd. (Zingiberaceae): herb. The larvae fed on young early stages of this species from India. leaves. Mawkisyiem, East Khasi Hills District, Meghalaya. 24. erylus himavantus Fruhstorfer, October 2014. This is a new larval host plant for this 1912 — Sikkim Common Tit: Ixora singaporensis hort. species, which has not been recorded anywhere before. (Rubiaceae): shrub. The larvae fed on foral buds and 17. Plastngia naga (de Nicéville, [1884]) — young leaves. Damanpur, Alipurduar District, West Silver-spoted Lancer: Caryota monostachya Becc. Bengal. January 2015. This is a new larval host plant for (Arecaceae): palm. The larvae fed on both young and this species in India. mature leaves. Wakabah Fall valley, Sohra, East Khasi 25. Lampides boetcus (Linnaeus, 1767) — Pea Hills District, Meghalaya. October 2014. This is a new Blue: Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. (Fabaceae): perennial larval host plant of this species from India. legume. The larvae fed on young seed pods. Ramsai 18. Tagiades litgiosa litgiosa Möschler, 1878 — Buterfy Conservatory, Gorumara Natonal Park, Sylhet Water Snow Flat: Dioscorea pyrifolia Kunth. Jalpaiguri District, West Bengal. February 2016. Butea (Dioscoreaceae): climber. The larvae fed on young monosperma, Cajanus cajan, Crotalaria capensis, leaves. Tura peak, West Garo Hills District, Meghalaya. Crotalaria juncea, Crotalaria pallida, Crotalaria June 2014. This is a new larval host plant of this species saltana, Lablab purpureus, Lupinus sp., Melilotus sp., from India. Pisum satvum, Vigna unguiculata and Xylia xylocarpa (Fabaceae) have previously been reported as host Family (Images 4–5) plants of this buterfy from India (Wynter-Blyth 1957; 19. elna noliteia (Fruhstorfer, 1918) — Indo- Robinson et al. 2001). Chinese Elbowed Pierrot: Ziziphus oenopolia (L.) Mill. 26. Mahathala ameria ameria (Hewitson, 1862) — (Rhamnaceae): straggler. The larvae fed on young Khasi Falcate Oakblue: Mallotus repandus (Willd.) Müll. leaves. Gorumara Natonal Park, Jalpaiguri District, West Arg. (Euphorbiaceae): climbing shrub. The larvae fed on Bengal. July 2015. Ziziphus rugosa (Rhamnaceae) has young leaves. DVC Canal, Baidyabat, Hooghly District, previously been reported as host plant of this buterfy West Bengal. September 2015. This is the frst record of from India (Wynter-Blyth 1957). early stages of this species from India.

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 May 2018 | 10(6): 11780–11799 11785 Early stages and larval host plants of buterfies Karmakar et al.

Image 4. Early stages of Lycaenidae.

11786 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 May 2018 | 10(6): 11780–11799 Early stages and larval host plants of buterfies Karmakar et al.

Image 5. Early stages of Lycaenidae.

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 May 2018 | 10(6): 11780–11799 11787 Early stages and larval host plants of buterfies Karmakar et al.

27. Mota massyla (Hewitson, 1869) — Safron: (Robinson et al. 2001). Acacia sp. (Fabaceae): small tree. The larvae fed on 34. Aglais caschmirensis aesis (Fruhstorfer, 1912) — young leaves. Pange, Ziro District, Arunachal Pradesh. Himalayan Tortoiseshell: Urtca dioica L. (Urtcaceae): August 2015. This is the frst record of early stages and herb. Rangli, East Sikkim District, Sikkim. May 2011. larval host plant of this species, which has not been Urtca sp. (Urtcaceae) has previously been reported as recorded anywhere before. host plant of this buterfy from India (Robinson et al. 28. Pratapa deva lila Moore, [1884] — Sylhet 2001). White Tufed Royal: Scurrula ferruginea (Jack) Danser 35. Ariadne merione tapestrina (Moore, 1884) (Loranthaceae): hanging hemiparasite. The larvae fed on — Himalayan Common Castor: Ricinus communis L. young leaves. Arovindanagar, Alipurduar District, West (Euphorbiaceae): shrub. The larvae fed on young Bengal. November 2014. This is a new larval host plant leaves. Arovindanagar, Alipurduar District, West Bengal. of this species, which has not been recorded anywhere January 2014. Ricinus communis, Tragia hispida and before. Tragia plukeneti (Euphorbiaceae) have previously been 29. Rapala pheretma petosiris (Hewitson, 1863) — reported as host plants of this buterfy from India Indian Copper Flash: Ziziphus sp. (Rhamnaceae): small (Wynter-Blyth 1957; Robinson et al. 2001). tree. The larvae fed on foral buds and young leaves. 36. Athyma perius perius (Linnaeus, 1758) — Jayant, Alipurduar District, West Bengal. October 2014. Oriental Common Sergeant: Glochidion zeylanicum This is the frst record of early stages and larval host (Gaertn.) A. Juss. (Phyllanthaceae): tree. The larvae plant of this species from India. fed on young leaves. Ramsai Buterfy Conservatory, 30. Rapala varuna orseis (Hewitson, 1863) — Gorumara Natonal Park, Jalpaiguri District, West Variable Indigo Flash: Ziziphus sp. (Rhamnaceae): small Bengal. March 2015. This is a new larval host plant of tree. The larvae fed on young leaves. Rajabhatkhawa, this species from India. Buxa Tiger Reserve, Alipurduar District, West Bengal. 37. Cethosia biblis tsamena Fruhstorfer, 1912 January 2015. Combretum indicum (Combretaceae), — Himalayan Red Lacewing: Passifora foetda L. Lantana camara (Verbenaceae), Sapindus trifoliatus (Passiforaceae): climber. The larvae fed on young leaves. (Sapindaceae), Ziziphus rugosa and Ziziphus xylopyrus Pabung Khola, South Sikkim District, Sikkim, May 2011, (Rhamnaceae) have previously been reported as host and Khonoma, Kohima District, Nagaland, May 2013. plants of this buterfy from India (Wynter-Blyth 1957; Adenia sp. and Passifora foetda (Passiforaceae) have Robinson et al. 2001). previously been reported as host plants of this buterfy 31. Surendra quercetorum quercetorum (Moore, from India (Wynter-Blyth 1957; Robinson et al. 2001). [1858]) — Himalayan Common Acacia Blue: Albizia 38. Cethosia cyane cyane (Drury, [1770]) — odoratssima (L.f.) Benth. (Fabaceae): evergreen Bengal Leopard Lacewing: Passifora caerulea L. tree. The larvae fed on young leaves. Rajabhatkhawa, (Passiforaceae): climber. The larvae fed on young Buxa Tiger Reserve, Alipurduar District, West Bengal. leaves. Cooch Behar, Cooch Behar District, West Bengal. November 2013. Albizia odoratssima (Fabaceae) has February 2016. Passifora sp. (Passiforaceae) has previously been reported as host plant of this buterfy previously been reported as host plant of this buterfy from India (Robinson et al. 2001). from India (Wynter-Blyth 1957; Robinson et al. 2001). 32. Zeltus amasa amasa (Hewitson, 1865) — Indian 39. Charaxes bernardus hierax C. & R. Felder, Flufy Tit: Ixora singaporensis hort. (Rubiaceae): shrub. [1867] — Variable Tawny Rajah: Litsea cubeba (Lour.) The larvae fed on foral buds. Damanpur, Alipurduar Pers. (Lauraceae): small tree. The larvae fed on both District, West Bengal. January 2015. This is the frst tme young and mature leaves. Koomsong, Bordubi, Tinsukia that early stages of this species have been observed, and District, . January 2015. This is a new larval its larval host plant recorded, in India. host plant record for this species, which has not been recorded anywhere before. Family (Images 6–9) 40. Danaus genuta genuta (Cramer, [1779]) — 33. issoria issoria (Hübner, [1819]) — Oriental Striped Tiger: Holostemma ada-kodien Schult. Himalayan Yellow Coster: Debregeasia saeneb (Forssk.) (Apocynaceae): creeper. The larvae fed on young leaves. Hepper & J.R.I.Wood (Urtcaceae): shrub. The larvae fed Chilapata Wildlife Sanctuary, Alipurduar District, West on young leaves. Kabi, North Sikkim District, Sikkim. April Bengal. October 2012. This is a new larval host plant of 2008. Debregeasia saeneb (Urtcaceae) has previously this species from India. been reported as host plant of this buterfy from India

11788 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 May 2018 | 10(6): 11780–11799 Early stages and larval host plants of buterfies Karmakar et al.

41. Dichorragia nesimachus nesimachus (Loranthaceae) have previously been reported as host (Doyère, [1840]) — Himalayan Constable: Meliosma plants of this buterfy from India (Wynter-Blyth 1957; simplicifolia (Roxb.) Walp. (Sabiaceae): evergreen tree. Robinson et al. 2001). The larvae fed on young leaves. Chilapata Wildlife 47. monina kesava (Moore, 1859) — Assam Sanctuary, Alipurduar District, West Bengal. November Powdered Baron: Diospyros sp. (Ebenaceae): small 2013, and in Gorumara Natonal Park, Jalpaiguri District, tree. The larvae fed on both young and mature leaves. West Bengal. February 2014. Meliosma rhoifolia Maxim. Joychandrapur, Trishna WLS, South Tripura District, (Sabiaceae): small tree. The larvae fed on young leaves. Tripura. September 2014. Diospyros melanoxylon Gorumara Natonal Park, Jalpaiguri District, West Bengal. (Ebenaceae) and Shorea robusta (Dipterocarpaceae) January 2014. This is the frst record of early stages and have previously been reported as host plants of this larval host plants of this species from India. buterfy from India (Robinson et al. 2001). 42. sondaica zal Westwood, [1851] 48. Euthalia phemius phemius (Doubleday, [1848]) — Indian Common Dufer: sp. (Poaceae): — Sylhet White-edged Blue Baron: Mangifera indica bamboo. The larvae fed on young leaves. Dimapur, L. (Anacardiaceae): tree. The larvae fed on both young Dimapur District, Nagaland. January 2015. This is the and mature leaves. Legship, West Sikkim District, Sikkim. frst record of early stages and larval host plant of this November 2009. Mangifera indica (Anacardiaceae) and species from India. Litchi chinensis (Sapindaceae) have previously been 43. Doleschallia bisaltde indica Moore, 1899 reported as host plants of this buterfy from India — Himalayan Autumn Leaf: Erythrina variegata L. (Igarashi and Fukuda 1997; Robinson et al. 2001). (Fabaceae): tree. The larvae fed on young leaves. 49. Faunis eumeus assama (Westwood, 1858) — Mawlong-Terna Road, East Khasi Hills District, Meghalaya. Khasi Large Faun: Caryota monostachya Becc. and October 2014. Graptophyllum pictum (Acanthaceae) and Caryota maxima Blume ex Mart. (Arecaceae): palms. Urtca sp. (Urtcaceae) have previously been reported as The larvae fed on young leaves. Larvae freely fed on host plants of this buterfy from India (Robinson et al. both plant species. Wakabah Fall valley, Sohra, East 2001). Khasi Hills Dristct, Meghalaya. October 2014. Caryota 44. Elymnias malelas malelas (Hewitson, 1863) — monostachya is a new larval host plant of this species, Bengal Spoted Palmfy: Dypsis lutescens (H.Wendl.) which has not been recorded anywhere before. Beentje & J. Dransf. (Arecaceae): palm. The larvae fed 50. Junonia almana almana (Linnaeus, 1758) on young leaves. Arovindanagar, Alipurduar District, — Oriental Peacock Pansy: Hygrophila auriculata West Bengal. November 2014. We observed a female (Schumach.) (Acanthaceae): herbaceous medicinal ovipositng, and then raised the caterpillar from the egg plant. The larvae fed on young leaves. Arovindanagar, up to the fourth instar, when it developed a microbial Alipurduar District, West Bengal. October 2013. This is a infecton and died. This is the frst record of early stages new larval host plant of this species from India. Acanthus and larval host plant of this species from India. sp., Barleria sp., Hygrophila costata (Acanthaceae), 45. Euthalia anosia anosia (Moore, [1858]) — Patkai Gloxinia sp. (Gesneriaceae), Mimulus gracilis Grey Baron: Mangifera indica L. (Anacardiaceae): tree (Phrymaceae) and Osbeckia sp. (Melastomataceae) have in an evergreen forest opening. The larvae fed on both previously been reported as host plants of this buterfy young and mature leaves. Deban, Namdapha Natonal from India (Wynter-Blyth 1957; Robinson et al. 2001). Park, Changlang District, Arunachal Pradesh. March 51. Junonia atlites atlites (Linnaeus, 1763) — 2015. Mangifera indica has previously been reported as Oriental Grey Pansy: Hygrophila auriculata (Schumach.) host plant of this buterfy from India (Robinson et al. Heine (Acanthaceae): herbaceous medicinal plant. The 2001). larvae fed on young leaves. Arovindanagar, Alipurduar 46. Euthalia lubentna lubentna (Cramer, [1777]) — Court, Alipurduar District, West Bengal, May 2015. Oriental Gaudy Baron: Scurrula ferruginea (Jack) Danser Barleria sp., Hygrophila auriculata and Hygrophila (Loranthaceae): hemiparasitc hanging shrub. The costata (Acanthaceae) have previously been reported larvae fed on young leaves. Loranthus cordifolius Wall. as host plants of this buterfy from India (Wynter-Blyth (Loranthaceae): hemiparasitc hanging shrub. The larvae 1957; Robinson et al. 2001). fed on young leaves. Caterpillars preferentally fed on 52. Junonia lemonias lemonias (Linnaeus, 1758) L. cordifolius. Arovindanagar, Alipurduar District, West — Chinese Lemon Pansy: Hygrophila auriculata Bengal. November 2014. Dendrophthoe glabrescens, (Schumach.) Heine (Acanthaceae): herbaceous medicinal Loranthus longiforus and Scurrula parasitca plant. The larvae fed on young leaves. Arovindanagar,

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 May 2018 | 10(6): 11780–11799 11789 Early stages and larval host plants of buterfies Karmakar et al.

Image 6. Early stages of Nymphalidae.

11790 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 May 2018 | 10(6): 11780–11799 Early stages and larval host plants of buterfies Karmakar et al.

Image 7. Early stages of Nymphalidae.

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 May 2018 | 10(6): 11780–11799 11791 Early stages and larval host plants of buterfies Karmakar et al.

Image 8. Early stages of Nymphalidae.

11792 Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 May 2018 | 10(6): 11780–11799 Early stages and larval host plants of buterfies Karmakar et al.

Image 9. Early stages of Nymphalidae.

Alipurduar Court, Alipurduar District, West Bengal. reported as host plants of this buterfy from India May 2015. Hygrophila auriculata, Hygrophila costata, (Wynter-Blyth 1957; Robinson et al. 2001). Nelsonia canescens (Acanthaceae), Corchorus sp. and 53. Kaniska canace canace (Linnaeus, 1763) — Sida rhombifolia (Malvaceae) have previously been Contnental Blue Admiral: Smilax sp. (Smilacaceae):

Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 May 2018 | 10(6): 11780–11799 11793 Early stages and larval host plants of buterfies Karmakar et al. climber. The larvae fed on young leaves. Thangkharang, 59. Thaumants diores diores Doubleday, 1845 — East Khasi Hills District, Meghalaya. May 2014. Smilax Sylhet Jungleglory: Bambusa sp. (Poaceae): bamboo. sp. (Smilacaceae) has previously been reported as host The larva fed on young leaves, but died in its second plant of this buterfy from India (Wynter-Blyth 1957; instar due poor quality of host plant available. Gongrot, Robinson et al. 2001). Balpakram NP, South Garo Hills, Meghalaya. November 54. Melanits leda leda (Linnaeus, 1758) — Oriental 2009. This is the frst record of early stages and larval Common Evening Brown: Saccharum ofcinarum L., host plant of this species, which has not been recorded Gigantochloa nigrociliata (Buse) Kerz and Thysanolaena anywhere before. latfolia (Roxb. ex Hornem.) Honda (Poaceae): grasses. The larvae fed on young leaves. Larvae fed freely on all Family Papilionidae (Image 10) three species. Arovindanagar, Alipurduar District, West 60. Graphium antphates pompilius (Fabricius, 1787) Bengal. November 2014. Gigantochloa nigrociliata and — Indo-Chinese Five-bar Swordtail: Desmos dunalii T. latfolia are new larval host plants for this species, (Wall. ex Hook.f. & Thomson) Saf. (Annonaceae): shrub. which have not been recorded anywhere before. The larvae fed on young leaves. Jayant, Alipurduar 55. Melanits zitenius zitenius (Herbst, 1796) District, West Bengal. October 2014. This is a new larval — Himalayan Great Evening Brown: Gigantochloa host plant of this species, which has not been recorded nigrociliata (Buse) Kerz (Poaceae): bamboo. The larvae anywhere before. fed on young leaves. Sukna, Mahananda WLS, Darjeeling 61. Papilio clyta clyta Linnaeus, 1758 — Oriental District, West Bengal. October 2013. Thysanolaena Common Mime: Litsea glutnosa (Lour.) C.B.Rob. latfolia (Roxb. ex Hornem.) Honda (Poaceae): reed-like (Lauraceae): largely evergreen small tree. The larvae plant. The larvae fed on young leaves. Mawlong-Terna fed on young leaves. Gorumara Natonal Park, Jalpaiguri Road, East Khasi Hills District, Meghalaya. October District, West Bengal. August 2012. Alseodaphne 2014. Both these records are new larval host plants for semecarpifolia, Cinnamomum verum, Litsea glutnosa, this species, which have not been recorded anywhere Persea gamblei, Ocotea lancifolia (Lauraceae) and before. Sarcosperma arboreum (Sapotaceae) have previously 56. damaris damaris Gray, 1846 — been reported as host plants of this buterfy from India Himalayan Tigerbrown: Scleria sp. (Cyperaceae): sedge. (Wynter-Blyth 1957; Robinson et al. 2001). The larvae fed on young leaves. Wakabah Fall valley, 62. Papilio memnon agenor Linnaeus, 1758 — Sohra, East Khasi Hills District, Meghalaya. October Contnental Great Mormon: Citrus medica L. (Rutaceae): 2014. We observed a female ovipositng, and then raised evergreen shrub or small tree. The larvae fed on young the caterpillar up to the ffh instar, when it developed leaves. Rajabhatkhawa, Buxa Tiger Reserve, Alipurduar a microbial infecton and died. This is the frst record of District, West Bengal. December 2013. This is a new early stages and larval host plant of this species, which larval host plant of this species from India. has not been recorded anywhere before. 63. Papilio nephelus chaon Westwood, 1845 — Khasi 57. Pseudergolis wedah wedah (Kollar, [1844]) Yellow Helen: Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng. (Rutaceae): — Himalayan Tabby: Debregeasia orientalis C. J. Chen small tree. The larvae fed on young leaves. Refused to (Urtcaceae): shrub. We saw an ovipositng female in feed on Citrus sp. (Rutaceae). Rajabhatkhawa, Buxa Buxa Tiger Reserve, Alipurduar District, West Bengal, in Tiger Reserve, Alipurduar District, West Bengal. August November 2013, and subsequently found caterpillars 2013. This is the frst record of early stages and larval on this species at Mawlong-Terna Road, East Khasi host plant of this species from India. Hills District, Meghalaya. October 2014. The larvae fed 64. Papilio polytes romulus Cramer, [1775] — on young leaves. This is a new larval host plant of this Indian Common Mormon: Zanthoxylum nitdum (Roxb.) species from India. DC. (Rutaceae): scrambler or liana. Citrus medica L. 58. Stbochiona nicea nicea (Gray, 1846) — (Rutaceae): evergreen shrub or small tree, which is a Himalayan Popinjay: Boehmeria sp. (Urtcaceae): small preferred host plant in NE India. The larvae fed on young tree. The larvae fed on young leaves. Mawlong-Terna leaves. Rajabhatkhawa, Buxa Tiger Reserve, Alipurduar Road, East Khasi Hills District, Meghalaya. October 2014. District, West Bengal. November 2013. Citrus medica Boehmeria macrophylla (Urtcaceae) has previously is a new larval host plant of this species, which has been reported as host plant of this buterfy from India not been recorded anywhere before. Aegle marmelos, (Robinson et