C r o s s r o a d s
The University of Michigan Undergraduate Journal of Anthropology
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor — Department of Anthropology Fall 2020 Edition Editor-in-Chief Madeline Topor
Associate Editors
Sociocultural: Molly Rose Powers Biological: Matt Kipp Archaeology: Martin Anderson
Copy Editors Juliet Christin Sean Higgins Caitlin Hoyng Eloise Janssen Carly Sahr Ami Sanghvi Duey Smith
ii Letter from the Editor ...... iv White Noise and African American Linguistic Discrimination in the American Soundscape..... 1 by Skylar Clark Humanitarian Motivation on the U.S./Mexico Border...... 29 by Emily Rodden Filling the Gaps: Our Neglected Army of Healthcare Workers...... 53 by Noelle McNamara The Discrepancies Between Social Psychology and Evolutionary Psychology...... 61 by Josephine Schmidt The Moving of Food: The Emergence and the History of Chifa in Peru...... 73 by Shihua Lu The Spiritual Athletes in a Mountain of Sorrow: Bodily-Mediated Cultural Performances Here and Beyond the Kyōto Landscape...... 87 by Catherine Cao
iii Letter from the Editor
Dear Readers, On behalf of the Editorial Board, it is my pleasure to share with you this volume of Crossroads: The University of Michigan Undergraduate Journal of Anthropology. The articles in this volume represent the outstanding anthropological research and writing that is currently being accomplished at the undergraduate level at the University of Michigan and many other institutions across the country. We are proud that this journal represents the diversity of theoretical and methodological approaches at use in anthropology today.
This volume is comprised of six essays which draw on archaeological, biological, sociocultural, linguistic, and evolutionary anthropology to examine social change and cultural transformation across the world. In the first essay, “White Noise and African American Linguistic Discrimination in the American Soundscape,” author Skylar Clark discusses the relationship between language and race to understand linguistic discrimination in American society. Author Emily Rodden then discusses aid organizations working on the U.S./Mexico border in the article “Humanitarian Motivation on the U.S./Mexico Border” and examines the motivations of aid workers in the context of the current border policy. In “Filling the Gaps: Our Neglected Army of Healthcare Workers,” Noelle McNamara next explores how community health workers have been effectively used in past pandemics and how they can alleviate the burden on the U.S. healthcare system caused by COVID-19. Next Josephine Schmidt focuses on how evolutionary psychology supports the feminist movement and how this framework relates to social psychology in “The Discrepancies Between Social Psychology and Evolutionary Psychology.” In “The Moving of Food: The Emergence and the History of Chifa in Peru,” Shihua Lu argues how a Peruvian Chinese culinary tradition reflects the Chinese diaspora in South America and shows how language can be tied to food. Ending this edition of Crossroads, author Catherine Cao examines how certain Japanese religious practices use the human body to connect social beings along with secular and sacred spaces in “The Spiritual Athletes in a Mountain of Sorrow: Bodily-Mediated Cultural Performances Here and Beyond the Kyōto Landscape.”
I would like to thank every member of the Editorial Board, as well as our authors, for the time and effort they have dedicated to the success of this publication. The process would not have been nearly as rewarding without their thoughtful revisions and brilliant ideas. In addition, this issue would not have been possible without the help of faculty in the Department of Anthropology.
Sincerely,
Madeline Topor, Editor-in-Chief, Crossroads iv
White Noise and African American Linguistic Discrimination in the American Soundscape
Social Change and Cultural Tra