Ontology Based Document Annotation: Trends and Open Research Problems
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Semantics Developer's Guide
MarkLogic Server Semantic Graph Developer’s Guide 2 MarkLogic 10 May, 2019 Last Revised: 10.0-8, October, 2021 Copyright © 2021 MarkLogic Corporation. All rights reserved. MarkLogic Server MarkLogic 10—May, 2019 Semantic Graph Developer’s Guide—Page 2 MarkLogic Server Table of Contents Table of Contents Semantic Graph Developer’s Guide 1.0 Introduction to Semantic Graphs in MarkLogic ..........................................11 1.1 Terminology ..........................................................................................................12 1.2 Linked Open Data .................................................................................................13 1.3 RDF Implementation in MarkLogic .....................................................................14 1.3.1 Using RDF in MarkLogic .........................................................................15 1.3.1.1 Storing RDF Triples in MarkLogic ...........................................17 1.3.1.2 Querying Triples .......................................................................18 1.3.2 RDF Data Model .......................................................................................20 1.3.3 Blank Node Identifiers ..............................................................................21 1.3.4 RDF Datatypes ..........................................................................................21 1.3.5 IRIs and Prefixes .......................................................................................22 1.3.5.1 IRIs ............................................................................................22 -
XSAMS: XML Schema for Atomic, Molecular and Solid Data
XSAMS: XML Schema for Atomic, Molecular and Solid Data Version 0.1.1 Draft Document, January 14, 2011 This version: http://www-amdis.iaea.org/xsams/docu/v0.1.1.pdf Latest version: http://www-amdis.iaea.org/xsams/docu/ Previous versions: http://www-amdis.iaea.org/xsams/docu/v0.1.pdf Editors: M.L. Dubernet, D. Humbert, Yu. Ralchenko Authors: M.L. Dubernet, D. Humbert, Yu. Ralchenko, E. Roueff, D.R. Schultz, H.-K. Chung, B.J. Braams Contributors: N. Moreau, P. Loboda, S. Gagarin, R.E.H. Clark, M. Doronin, T. Marquart Abstract This document presents a proposal for an XML schema aimed at describing Atomic, Molec- ular and Particle Surface Interaction Data in distributed databases around the world. This general XML schema is a collaborative project between International Atomic Energy Agency (Austria), National Institute of Standards and Technology (USA), Universit´ePierre et Marie Curie (France), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (USA) and Paris Observatory (France). Status of this document It is a draft document and it may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use this document as reference materials or to cite them as other than “work in progress”. Acknowledgements The authors wish to acknowledge all colleagues and institutes, atomic and molecular database experts and physicists who have collaborated through different discussions to the building up of the concepts described in this document. Change Log Version 0.1: June 2009 Version 0.1.1: November 2010 Contents 1 Introduction 11 1.1 Motivation..................................... 11 1.2 Limitations..................................... 12 2 XSAMS structure, types and attributes 13 2.1 Atomic, Molecular and Particle Surface Interaction Data XML Schema Structure 13 2.2 Attributes .................................... -
Rdfa in XHTML: Syntax and Processing Rdfa in XHTML: Syntax and Processing
RDFa in XHTML: Syntax and Processing RDFa in XHTML: Syntax and Processing RDFa in XHTML: Syntax and Processing A collection of attributes and processing rules for extending XHTML to support RDF W3C Recommendation 14 October 2008 This version: http://www.w3.org/TR/2008/REC-rdfa-syntax-20081014 Latest version: http://www.w3.org/TR/rdfa-syntax Previous version: http://www.w3.org/TR/2008/PR-rdfa-syntax-20080904 Diff from previous version: rdfa-syntax-diff.html Editors: Ben Adida, Creative Commons [email protected] Mark Birbeck, webBackplane [email protected] Shane McCarron, Applied Testing and Technology, Inc. [email protected] Steven Pemberton, CWI Please refer to the errata for this document, which may include some normative corrections. This document is also available in these non-normative formats: PostScript version, PDF version, ZIP archive, and Gzip’d TAR archive. The English version of this specification is the only normative version. Non-normative translations may also be available. Copyright © 2007-2008 W3C® (MIT, ERCIM, Keio), All Rights Reserved. W3C liability, trademark and document use rules apply. Abstract The current Web is primarily made up of an enormous number of documents that have been created using HTML. These documents contain significant amounts of structured data, which is largely unavailable to tools and applications. When publishers can express this data more completely, and when tools can read it, a new world of user functionality becomes available, letting users transfer structured data between applications and web sites, and allowing browsing applications to improve the user experience: an event on a web page can be directly imported - 1 - How to Read this Document RDFa in XHTML: Syntax and Processing into a user’s desktop calendar; a license on a document can be detected so that users can be informed of their rights automatically; a photo’s creator, camera setting information, resolution, location and topic can be published as easily as the original photo itself, enabling structured search and sharing. -
Studying Social Tagging and Folksonomy: a Review and Framework
Studying Social Tagging and Folksonomy: A Review and Framework Item Type Journal Article (On-line/Unpaginated) Authors Trant, Jennifer Citation Studying Social Tagging and Folksonomy: A Review and Framework 2009-01, 10(1) Journal of Digital Information Journal Journal of Digital Information Download date 02/10/2021 03:25:18 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/105375 Trant, Jennifer (2009) Studying Social Tagging and Folksonomy: A Review and Framework. Journal of Digital Information 10(1). Studying Social Tagging and Folksonomy: A Review and Framework J. Trant, University of Toronto / Archives & Museum Informatics 158 Lee Ave, Toronto, ON Canada M4E 2P3 jtrant [at] archimuse.com Abstract This paper reviews research into social tagging and folksonomy (as reflected in about 180 sources published through December 2007). Methods of researching the contribution of social tagging and folksonomy are described, and outstanding research questions are presented. This is a new area of research, where theoretical perspectives and relevant research methods are only now being defined. This paper provides a framework for the study of folksonomy, tagging and social tagging systems. Three broad approaches are identified, focusing first, on the folksonomy itself (and the role of tags in indexing and retrieval); secondly, on tagging (and the behaviour of users); and thirdly, on the nature of social tagging systems (as socio-technical frameworks). Keywords: Social tagging, folksonomy, tagging, literature review, research review 1. Introduction User-generated keywords – tags – have been suggested as a lightweight way of enhancing descriptions of on-line information resources, and improving their access through broader indexing. “Social Tagging” refers to the practice of publicly labeling or categorizing resources in a shared, on-line environment. -
Rdf Repository Replacing Relational Database
RDF REPOSITORY REPLACING RELATIONAL DATABASE 1B.Srinivasa Rao, 2Dr.G.Appa Rao 1,2Department of CSE, GITAM University Email:[email protected],[email protected] Abstract-- This study is to propose a flexible enable it. One such technology is RDF (Resource information storage mechanism based on the Description Framework)[2]. RDF is a directed, principles of Semantic Web that enables labelled graph for representing information in the information to be searched rather than queried. Web. This can be perceived as a repository In this study, a prototype is developed where without any predefined structure the focus is on the information rather than the The information stored in the traditional structure. Here information is stored in a RDBMS’s requires structure to be defined structure that is constructed on the fly. Entities upfront. On the contrary, information could be in the system are connected and form a graph, very complex to structure upfront despite the similar to the web of data in the Internet. This tremendous potential offered by the existing data is persisted in a peculiar way to optimize database systems. In the ever changing world, querying on this graph of data. All information another important characteristic of information relating to a subject is persisted closely so that in a system that impacts its structure is the reqeusting any information of a subject could be modification/enhancement to the system. This is handled in one call. Also, the information is a big concern with many software systems that maintained in triples so that the entire exist today and there is no tidy approach to deal relationship from subject to object via the with the problem. -
Instructions on the Annotation of Pdf Files
P-annotatePDF-v11b INSTRUCTIONS ON THE ANNOTATION OF PDF FILES To view, print and annotate your chapter you will need Adobe Reader version 9 (or higher). This program is freely available for a whole series of platforms that include PC, Mac, and UNIX and can be downloaded from http://get.adobe.com/reader/. The exact system requirements are given at the Adobe site: http://www.adobe.com/products/reader/tech-specs.html. Note: if you opt to annotate the file with software other than Adobe Reader then please also highlight the appropriate place in the PDF file. PDF ANNOTATIONS Adobe Reader version 9 Adobe Reader version X and XI When you open the PDF file using Adobe Reader, the To make annotations in the PDF file, open the PDF file using Commenting tool bar should be displayed automatically; if Adobe Reader XI, click on ‘Comment’. not, click on ‘Tools’, select ‘Comment & Markup’, then click If this option is not available in your Adobe Reader menus on ‘Show Comment & Markup tool bar’ (or ‘Show then it is possible that your Adobe Acrobat version is lower Commenting bar’ on the Mac). If these options are not than XI or the PDF has not been prepared properly. available in your Adobe Reader menus then it is possible that your Adobe Acrobat version is lower than 9 or the PDF has not been prepared properly. This opens a task pane and, below that, a list of all (Mac) Comments in the text. PDF ANNOTATIONS (Adobe Reader version 9) The default for the Commenting tool bar is set to ‘off’ in version 9. -
Type Annotations Specification
Type Annotations Specification (JSR 308) Michael D. Ernst [email protected] May 2, 2013 The JSR 308 webpage is http://types.cs.washington.edu/jsr308/. It contains the latest version of this document, along with other information such as a FAQ, the reference implementation, and sample annotation processors. Contents 1 Introduction 2 2 Java language syntax extensions 2 2.1 Source locations for annotations on types . 2 2.1.1 Implicit type uses are not annotatable . 5 2.1.2 Not all type names are annotatable . 5 2.2 Java language grammar changes . 6 2.2.1 Syntax of array annotations . 8 2.2.2 Syntax of annotations on qualified types . 9 2.3 Target meta-annotations for type annotations . 9 3 Class file format extensions 11 3.1 The type annotation structure . 12 3.2 The target type field: the type of annotated element . 13 3.3 The target info field: identifying a program element . 13 3.3.1 Type parameters . 13 3.3.2 Class supertypes: extends and implements clauses . 14 3.3.3 Type parameter bounds . 14 3.3.4 Method return type, receiver, and fields . 15 3.3.5 Method formal parameters . 15 3.3.6 throws clauses . 15 3.3.7 Local variables and resource variables . 15 3.3.8 Exception parameters (catch clauses) . 16 3.3.9 Type tests, object creation, and method/constructor references . 16 3.3.10 Casts and type arguments to constructor/method invocation/references . 16 3.4 The type path structure: Identifying part of a compound type . 17 A Examples of classfile structure 18 A.1 Examples of type parameter bounds . -
Folksannotation: a Semantic Metadata Tool for Annotating Learning Resources Using Folksonomies and Domain Ontologies
FolksAnnotation: A Semantic Metadata Tool for Annotating Learning Resources Using Folksonomies and Domain Ontologies Hend S. Al-Khalifa and Hugh C. Davis Learning Technology Research Group, ECS, The University of Southampton, Southampton, UK {hsak04r/hcd}@ecs.soton.ac.uk Abstract Furthermore, web resources stored in social bookmarking services have potential for educational There are many resources on the Web which are use. In order to realize this potential, we need to add suitable for educational purposes. Unfortunately the an extra layer of semantic metadata to the web task of identifying suitable resources for a particular resources stored in social bookmarking services; this educational purpose is difficult as they have not can be done via adding pedagogical values to the web typically been annotated with educational metadata. resources so that they can be used in an educational However, many resources have now been annotated in context. an unstructured manner within contemporary social In this paper, we will focus on how to benefit from 2 bookmaking services. This paper describes a novel tool social bookmarking services (in particular del.icio.us ), called ‘FolksAnnotation’ that creates annotations with as vehicles to share and add semantic metadata to educational semantics from the del.icio.us bookmarked resources. Thus, the research question we bookmarking service, guided by appropriate domain are tackling is: how folksonomies can support the ontologies. semantic annotation of web resources from an educational perspective ? 1. Introduction The organization of the paper is as follows: Section 2 introduces folksonomies and social bookmarking Metadata standards such as Dublin Core (DC) and services. In section 3, we review some recent research IEEE-LOM 1 have been widely used in e-learning on folksonomies and social bookmarking services. -
Supporting Source Code Annotations with Metadata-Aware Development Environment
Proceedings of the Federated Conference on DOI: 10.15439/2019F161 Computer Science and Information Systems pp. 411–420 ISSN 2300-5963 ACSIS, Vol. 18 Supporting Source Code Annotations with Metadata-Aware Development Environment Ján Juhár Department of Computers and Informatics Technical University of Košice Letná 9, 042 00 Košice, Slovakia Email: [email protected] Abstract—To augment source code with high-level metadata Recovering approaches use intrinsic metadata, which either with the intent to facilitate program comprehension, a program- define source code elements themselves or can be derived from mer can use annotations. There are several types of annotations: these elements. In contrast to them, preserving approaches either those put directly in the code or external ones. Each type comes with a unique workflow and inherent limitations. focus on extrinsic metadata, which complement the intrinsic In this paper, we present a tool providing uniform annotation ones by adding custom, high-level details explicitly recorded process, which also adds custom metadata-awareness for an by programmers. On one side, the more accurate preserved industrial IDE. We also report an experiment in which we sought knowledge may help to bridge the abstraction gap better than whether the created annotating support helps programmers to the lower-level recovered one. On the other side, recording annotate code with comments faster and more consistently. The experiment showed that with the tool the annotating consistency programmer’s mental model of the code brings in an additional was significantly higher but also that the increase in annotating cost: the programmer must spend extra time to record it. -
Robust Web Content Extraction Marek Kowalkiewicz Maria E
Robust Web Content Extraction Marek Kowalkiewicz Maria E. Orlowska Tomasz Kaczmarek Witold Abramowicz Department of Management Department of Information Department of Management Department of Management Information Systems Technology and Electrical Information Systems Information Systems The Poznan University of Engineering The Poznan University of The Poznan University of Economics The University of Economics Economics Al. Niepodleglosci 10 Queensland Al. Niepodleglosci 10 Al. Niepodleglosci 10 60-967 Poznan, Poland Brisbane, St. Lucia 60-967 Poznan, Poland 60-967 Poznan, Poland +48 (61) 8543631 QLD 4072, Australia +48 (61) 8543631 +48 (61) 8543381 +61 (7) 33652989 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] ABSTRACT There is a number of technologies to extract information from We present an empirical evaluation and comparison of two webpages. For a state of the art analysis, see previously content extraction methods in HTML: absolute XPath expressions mentioned paper [2] and an extensive study by Laender et al. [3]. and relative XPath expressions. We argue that the relative XPath Robustness of content extraction methods, with a focus on XPath, expressions, although not widely used, should be used in has been presented in a work by Abe and Hori [1]. The authors preference to absolute XPath expressions in extracting content proposed four content anchoring approaches and tested them on from human-created Web documents. Evaluation of robustness documents from four Web sites. The samples used in theory study covers four thousand queries executed on several hundred were too small to be statistically valid. However the authors make webpages. We show that in referencing parts of real world a significant step towards establishing an understanding of the dynamic HTML documents, relative XPath expressions are on applicability of content extraction methods in real world Web average significantly more robust than absolute XPath ones. -
User Needs/Requirements: Social Reading/Text Annotation
NYU-UAG User Needs/Requirements: Social Reading/Text Annotation Immediate Needs ● Text-specific annotations (with ability to color-code or otherwise mark the author of the annotation) in following forms: ○ Text, including rich-text editor and to use mathematical notation (minimally, for underline, bold, italics; ideally, for embed of images, video, footnotes, etc.) ○ Link ○ Audio response/voiceover (both simultaneous narration and video stopped while comment plays) ○ Comment on annotations ● Collaborative Annotation/Social Reading ○ Ability to designate members who can see/post/share annotations ○ Ability to create private sub-groups ○ Ability for all sub-group members to post annotations (with annotations that can be set either to be visible only to sub-group members or beyond the sub-group) ○ Ability for a group member to post queries (annotations that ask for additional information/response from the group), with optional notification to other group members ○ Ability to thread responses and to easily open all responses in a thread at once ○ Ability for instructor to save annotations for future use (with student permission; option to anonymize) ○ Option to anonymize comments to students but reveal author to instructor ● Markers to show where annotations are placed ● Optional time-stamps on annotations ● Option to set deadline for submission of comments; ability to grade comments and send grade to gradebook; ability, when appropriate, to machine-grade annotations ● Annotation overlay on major document formats (pdf, google docs, Word) and -
Wandaml a Markup Language for Digital Document Annotation
WandaML a markup language for digital document annotation Katrin Franke2, Isabelle Guyon1, Lambert Schomaker3, and Louis Vuurpijl4 1. ClopiNet, 955 Creston Rd, Berkeley, USA, [email protected] (corresponding author.) 2. Fraunhofer Institute, Berlin, Germany. 3. Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, The Netherlands. 4. University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands. Abstract WandaML is an XML-based markup language for the annotation and filter jour- naling of digital documents. It addresses in particular the needs of forensic handwriting data examination, by allowing experts to enter information about writer, material (pen, paper), script and content, and to record chains of image filtering and feature extrac- tion operations applied to the data. We present the design of this format and some annotation examples, in the more general perspective of digital document annotation. Annotations may be organized in a structure that reflects the document layout via a hierarchy of document regions. WandaML can lend itself to a variety of applications, including the annotation all kinds of handwriting documents (on-line or off-line), im- ages of printed text, medical images, and satellite images. Keywords: Handwriting, forensic data, XML, annotations, data format, document analysis. 1 Introduction We present the design of an XML-based markup language to annotate digital documents, called WandaML . This markup language is designed for processing, analyzing and storing handwriting samples in application to forensic handwriting examination and writer iden- tification. In the context of this application, particular specifications were met to ensure objectivity and reproducibility of the processing steps and examination results [6, 5]. Writer identification can never be as accurate as iris or DNA-based identification.