Peaked Hill Reservation Chilmark, Massachusetts

Management Plan

Revised April 27, 2018

Approved by the Chilmark Town Advisory Board () Approved by the Martha’s Vineyard Land Bank Commission () Approved by the Secretary of the Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs ()

Julie Russell – Ecologist

Executive Summary

Featuring the highest point in the prominent range hills that form the terminal moraine of the Wisconsin stage glaciers, Peaked Hill Reservation straddles North and Middle Road. The Reservation comprises 148.9 acres in Chilmark and has an undulating contour of wooded hill crests and valleys of both open pastures and dense tangled shrublands. From the reservation emerge the headwaters of Roaring Brook, Fulling Mill Brook and Mill Brook. Boulders of varying shapes and sizes dust the surface while stonewalls meandering through the woodland attest to the countless smaller stones cleared for agrarian uses long ago.

The property is eponymously named for the prominent Peaked Hill that rises into an assembly of four peaks with heights reaching 311 feet. This marks the tallest locale on Martha’s Vineyard. The name Peaked is derived from “peak” meaning “the crest or summit of a hill or mountain ending in a point; a mountain with such a pointed summit; the highest or utmost point of anything; the top rear corner of a fore-and-aft sail, the upper end of the gaff.” Being the tallest hill on the island, and given the island’s strong history with the sea, one could foster the image of Peaked Hill as the tallest ships sail among the fleet of hills in the northern moraine. The hill may also have been used as a site mark for recording boundaries in the early deeds. One such example occurs in a deed from Mary Hillman et al. to Ephraim Mayhew dated June 10, 1858. The property being described “on the North by Chilmark pond, on the East by land of Ephraim Mayhew, on a straight line striking the West ridge of a barn formerly owned by Mary Hancock on a line with a peaked rock on the hill near where the house of James Allen stood, on the West by meadow land of Charles Weeks and George D. Cottle, on the South including all the meadows and beach that belonged to former owners of the above described premises” (Dukes County Registry of Deeds, Book 38, Pages 276- 278).

The Martha’s Vineyard Land Bank Commission purchased, in fee simple, the 148.9 acres of Peaked Hill Reservation as follows: 71.6 acres at auction from NWE, Inc., an agent of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, on July 29, 1992 for $700,000; 17.9 acres from June Brehm Tabor et al. for $800,000; 7.4 acres from Frederick N. Khedouri in the form of a conservation restriction on December 03, 1999 for no payment; 15.6 acres (of 17 acres) from James Allen Athearn et al. in the form of an agricultural preservation restriction on August 31, 2000 for $459,000; 21.9 acres from Jeffery D. Hutchins, trustee of June Brehm Tabor trust on December 23, 2002 for $1,9000,000; and 12.3 acres from Kerry M. Elkin on April 15, 2008 for $825,000 of which 10.5 acres were previously subjected to land bank conservation and agricultural restrictions purchased from Mr. Elkin on June 26 and December 29, 1998 for $195,000.

Seven commonwealth-listed wildlife species – Gerhard’s underwing (Catocala herodia gerhardi), imperial moth (Eacles imperialis), Melsheimer’s sack-bearer (Cicinnus meisheimeri), coastal healthland cutworm (Abagrotis nefascia), eastern box turtle (Terrapene carolina carolina), purple tiger beetle (Cicindela purpurea) and northern parula (Parula americana) – were recorded during surveys on the reservation. One

commonwealth-listed plant species – sandplain blue-eyed grass (Sisyrinchium fuscatum) – along with five watch-listed plant species – woolly panic grass (Dichanthelium acuminatum ssp. acimunatum), awned wheat grass (Elymus trachycaulus ssp. Trachycaulus), butterfly weed (Asclepias tuberosa), Nuttail’s milkwort (Polygala nuttalii) and little ladies-tresses (Spirnathes tuberosa) – are known to occur on the reservation.

This management plan proposes promoting quail and woodcock habitat and plant diversity by converting 7.4 acres of mixed-oak woodland on the ridge of Peaked Hill to a mosaic of grassland, heathland and low shrubland; continuing to maintain the existing 1.3-acre grassland clearing on the southern summit of Peaked Hill; and continuing to maintain the 3.0-acre greenbrier shrubland that exists adjacent to the proposed ridge management area. The plan proposes to expand agricultural land by clearing 4.6 acres of shrubland and creating a 6.4-acre leasehold and create roadside views of the reservation through a 1-acre clearing along North Road. The plan also proposes to expand the trail system to include 4306’ of additional trail. In addition to the proposed objectives, the management plan includes maintaining the existing trail system of 2.2 miles at a width of 6 feet; controlling erosion issues; controlling invasive species; leasing 13.25 acres of open land for agricultural uses; maintaining existing viewsheds; and highlighting historical features of the reservation such as stone walls, prominent boulders and remnants of military fortifications.

This management plan updates a December 29, 1993 plan and presents and analyzes the results of ecological inventories of the reservation. All planning goals, objectives and strategies are outlined in detail in the final section of this management plan. To be implemented, this plan must be presented at a public hearing and approved by the land bank’s Chilmark town advisory board, the Martha’s Vineyard land bank commission and the secretary of the executive office of energy and environmental affairs (EOEEA).

About the author Julie Russell is the primary author and has been the land bank ecologist since August 1999. She is certified as a Wildlife Biologist by the Wildlife Society and holds a Master of Science in zoology from the Cooperative Wildlife Research Lab at Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, and a Bachelor of Science in wildlife biology from the School of Natural Resources at the University of Vermont.

This plan is executed under the supervision of the land superintendent, Ian Peach. Superintendent Ian Peach attended Middlebury College and graduated with a Bachelors of Arts and has a Master of Landscape Architecture from Cornell University.

PEAKED HILL RESERVATION MANAGEMENT PLAN

Table of Contents I. Natural Resource Inventory ...... 6 A. Physical Characteristics...... 6 1. Locus ...... 6 2. Survey Maps, Deeds and Preliminary Management Plan Goals ...... 6 3. Geology and Soils...... 6 4. Topography ...... 7 5. Hydrology ...... 7 6. Ecological Processes ...... 7 B. Biological Characteristics ...... 10 1. Vegetation ...... 10 2. Wildlife Habitat ...... 10 C. Cultural Characteristics ...... 12 1. Land History ...... 12 2. Planning Concerns ...... 19 3. Abutters ...... 20 4. Existing Use and Infrastructure ...... 20 II. Inventory Analysis ...... 23 A. Constraints & Issues ...... 23 1. Ecological Context ...... 23 2. Natural and Cultural Resource Concerns ...... 23 3. Sociological Context ...... 25 4. Neighborhood Concerns ...... 25 B. Addressing Problems and Opportunities ...... 26 1. Land Bank Mandate ...... 26 2. Goals at Purchase ...... 26 3. Opportunities ...... 26 4. Universal Access (UA) ...... 28 III. Land Management Planning ...... 28 A. Nature Conservation ...... 28 B. Recreation and Aesthetics ...... 32 C. Natural Products...... 34 D. Communitiy Interactions ...... 34 E. Land Administration ...... 37 IV. Literature Cited ...... 38 Appendix A. Locus, Topography and Site Management Maps ...... 41 Appendix B. Surveys, Deeds and Preliminary Management Plan Goals ...... 50 Appendix C: Soils Maps and Descriptions ...... 70 Appendix D: Vegetation ...... 70 Appendix E. Wildlife ...... 84 Appendix F. Avian Checklist and Seasonal Tables ...... 98 Appendix G. Endangered Species ...... 104 Appendix H. Abutters ...... 106 Appendix I. Universal Access ...... 111

5 Peaked Hill Reservation Management PLAN

I. Natural Resource Inventory

A. Physical Characteristics 1. Locus Peaked Hill Reservation is located at roughly 4121' 24.71'' N latitude and 70 44’ 18.88'' W longitude. The property consists of 148.9 acres with a portion fronting on North Road and accessible by secondary roads from Tabor House Road and Middle Road in Chilmark. The reservation is shown on Chilmark tax map 20 as parcels 47.14, 48, 50, 101, 54.3, 54.2 46.7, 46.6, 47.9, and 47.8. A Locus Map (USGS Topo 1973 1:24,000) follows as Appendix A. 2. Survey Maps, Deeds and Preliminary Management Plan Goals Larger copies of all surveys are on file at the land bank office and are available for inspection by appointment. Deeds, preliminary management plan goals and reduced copies of surveys are included in Appendix B, Table 1. 3. Geology and Soils The General Soils Map (Appendix C) depicts general classes of soils across Martha’s Vineyard. The property occurs in the “Gay Head Moraine” geologic deposits (Soil Conservation Service (SCS) 1986). The Gay Head Moraine comprises “folded faulted order Pleistocene deposits and coastal plain sand silt and clay of Cretaceous and Tertiary Age” (SCS 1986). The mesic woodlands are supported by a layer of pre-glacial and glacial clay that lies in relative close distance from the surface in certain parts of the moraine.

The general soil type for this area is Eastchop-Chilmark-Nantucket. It is typically identified as very deep, excessively drained sandy soils. This broad soil type covers approximately 27% of Dukes County, is often found in woodland areas; has a nearly level to moderately steep topography; and, in general, is not suitable for homesite and agriculture use due to low available water capacity, instability and susceptibility to ground water pollution (SCS 1986).

The SCS (1986) mapped three soil series – Eastchop loamy sand (EcB, EcC, EcD, EdB, EdC, EdD), Chilmark sandy loam (ChB, ChB, ChC), and Nantucket sandy loam (NaB, NaC, NnB, NnC) – on the reservation. The dominant soil series is Eastchop loamy sand. The Eastchop soils are most often wooded and are not suitable for cultivation due to slope, stones and low water availability (SCS 1986). The Nantucket and Chilmark sandy loam soils are prime agricultural soils and are located in the southern corner as well as the northwestern corner of the reservation. Soil series that occur on the reservation

6 Peaked Hill Reservation Management PLAN are discussed in Appendix C following a detailed Soils Map.

4. Topography As the name implies, topography is a chief feature of Peaked Hill Reservation. Elevations at the reservation range from 140 feet in the northwest corner of the reservation to 311 feet at the highest apex of Peaked Hill. Two other peaks comprise Peaked Hill and stand at 302 and 300 feet. The contours of the property are illustrated in a portion of the USGS Squibnocket quadrangle labeled USGS Topographic Maps in Appendix A. 5. Hydrology Nearly 80% of Peaked Hill Reservation is in the Menemsha Pond major watershed which comprises 2,633 acres and Mill Brook–Chilmark sub watershed which comprises 885 acres (Hydrology Map, Appendix A). There are two streams on the reservation, a shrub swamp and red maple swamp, bordering vegetated wetland habitat and one small 0.04-acre vernal pool. Additionally, the headwaters of the Mill Brook, Fulling Mill Brook and Roaring Brook spring from the reservation. 6. Ecological Processes Ecological processes are the “dynamic biogeochemical interactions that occur among and between biotic and abiotic components of the biosphere” as described by the USGS (2012). There are seven major ecological processes – disturbance, structural complexity, hydrological patterns, nutrient cycling, biotic interactions, population dynamics and genetic diversity – occurring on the reservation.

- Disturbance – The natural disturbance regime for northeastern deciduous woodlands typically includes fire, wind and insect damage. Fire is a less frequent means of natural disturbance, as fire suppression is an active part of forest management. Wind remains an active force of nature, especially along the coast-facing northeast. Recent insect damage to oak species, black oak in particular, in the form of winter and gypsy moths and cynipid gall wasps has successfully altered the woodlands of various areas of Martha’s Vineyard. The woodland on the reservation was not significantly affected by these insects primarily due to the diversity of deciduous trees there.

Human-induced disturbance in the form of historic land clearing in the upland habitats has resulted in opportunities for different stages of the community to prosper over time. One grove of pitch pines, a heathland and several large stands of greenbrier shrublands, with scattered American holly and red cedar

7 Peaked Hill Reservation Management PLAN trees, occur on the reservation and are lasting indicators of a once-open landscape. The oak woodland, pitch pine woodland and shrublands all are visible on 1938 photographs and have persisted for the past 80 years. The pitch pine community is an early sere and often is replaced by shade-tolerant oaks growing in the understory. On Martha’s Vineyard pitch pine seedlings are thought to infiltrate fields following red cedar after approximately 15 to 40 years of abandonment and remain the dominant canopy tree for 50 to 100 years before oak trees begin to appear in the overstory. Oaks dominate the woodland for 125 to 300 years before species such as sassafras (Sassafras albidum), beech (Fagus spp.), and pignut hickory (Carya glabra) begin to appear in the canopy (Ogden 1962) The greenbrier-dominated shrublands suggest an earlier successional stage. Common greenbier is an early pioneer species, in addition to being an understory species that spreads via rhyzomes and seeds. The greenbrier clone can expand up to 10 radial inches per year. A dense thicket of greenbrier is capable of resisting invasion by trees for approximately 15 years (Carey 1994). Heathlands are also an indicator of past disturbance of woodlands and often occur in areas of well-drained, acidic soil where wind or topography are factors that make tree seedling establishment difficult.

- Structural complexity – The reservation has a complex structure of plant species ranging from low-growing herbaceous plants to taller woodland trees that allows the reservation to accommodate more species by providing a more diverse array of habitats for species to survive in. The woodland has great structural complexity and includes ground-cover vegetation such as wintergreen and mosses; taller flowering plants and ferns such as low-bush blueberry and goldenrods; taller shrubs such as sweet pepperbush, highbush blueberry and arrowwood; understory sapling trees dominated by oak species and various canopy tree species including snags that, when leaning or fallen, add to the structural complexity of the woodland. Not all areas of the woodland share the same composition of structure. Depending on soil, slope and light penetration some areas of the woodland have a more dominant shrub layer of sweet pepperbush and greenbrier than other areas of the woodland that have a greater presence of low shrubs such as black huckleberry and low-bush blueberry. The areas of open canopy due to tree die-off are opportunities to mow the shrub layer and promote a diverse low-growing community of herbs and grasses. Allowing dead trees to exist; creating uneven patterns of mowing; and cutting of vegetation all contribute to spatial complexity (USGS 2012).

- Hydrological patterns – It is important to consider the impact of the vegetation communities on the water cycle in an ecosystem. Vegetation layers help catch water and aid in soil infiltration whereas larger-scale cleared woodlands and various heterogeneous agricultural practices can result in increased overland

8 Peaked Hill Reservation Management PLAN flow, channel incision and fragmentation of wetland habitats (USGS 2012). Past clearing of the area in the late 18th century and removal of topsoil in an area slated for development in the 1980’s likely resulted in soil erosion and a greater water yield in the surrounding wetlands due to reduced interception, evaporation and transpiration. Maintaining vegetative buffers around wetland habitats and maintaining a diverse structural ecosystem help protect the hydrological patterns of the ecosystem (USGS 2012).

- Nutrient cycling – Important elements such as nitrogen, phosphorous and carbon naturally travel through ecosystems and when combined with water and sunlight determine the productivity of an ecosystem (USGS 2012). Activities that increase (use of fertilizers) or decrease (erosion) nutrients can alter the nutrient cycle and change the ecological integrity of the ecosystem. Protecting soils from erosion by reducing exposure through vegetative cover and keeping snags and downed logs helps maintain the nutrient richness in the ecosystem.

Additionally, human-enhancing and -depleting nutrient practices each lead to increased invasion of opportunistic non-native plants that have different nutrient cycling characteristics and as a result alter the nutrient cycling of the invaded ecosystem (USGS 2012). Following any woodland understory mowing and tree removal promoting native plantings and seed distribution will ensure that a native vegetative cover will have the advantage over establishing invasive exotic plants.

- Biotic interactions – The distribution and abundance of species is heavily dependent on the interactions among organisms such as competition for resources, predation, parasitism and mutualism (USGS 2012). Disturbances such as introduction of exotic species, over-collection of a species and disease not only affect the “target species” but have a trickle-down effect that depends on the nature and strength of interactions that the “target species” had within its community (USGS 2012). Pollinators and exotic plants play both positive and negative roles, respectively, in biotic interactions of an ecosystem. Spraying pesticides and introducing exotic pollinators can impact other non- target pollinators, sometimes resulting in a major decrease in species diversity of plants that are reproductively dependent on native pollinators. Protecting species with high community importance values such as scrub oak; removing exotic species before they have aggressively invaded; and implementing elastic management strategies that are modified in response to monitoring are all strategies that can reduce effects on biotic interactions.

- Population dynamics – The loss of a species can have many unseen effects on a community depending on the interactions that the species had in its

9 Peaked Hill Reservation Management PLAN environment. Species dispersion, recruitment, fertility and mortality compose a species’ population dynamics and, along with genetic diversity, play an important role in the success of a species (USGS 2012). Small populations isolated by reduced habitat or habitat fragmentation are vulnerable to extinction, locally and globally. Other species are more widespread but occur in few numbers and are vulnerable due to low genetic diversity. Ecosystems are not static and species require genetic diversity to adapt to their ever- changing world or risk extinction. Special care must be taken to consider the effects management actions may have on the rare wildlife species known to occur on the reservation.

B. Biological Characteristics 1. Vegetation

Peaked Hill Reservation comprises three general habitat communities – woodland, shrub/heathland and open grassland. They are described in detail and shown on the Ecological Communities Maps in Appendix D. The woodland and shrub/heathland are divided on the reservation by topography into lowland and upland habitats.

A total of 261 plant species is known to occur on Peaked Hill Reservation (Appendix D, Table 2). The woodland is the dominant vegetation cover type on the reservation. However, the grassland contributes the greatest to the richness of the species on the property. Species richness is the number of species present in a community (Begon et al. 1990). Species richness measured in both 1993 (160 species) and 2012 (156 species) surveys was similar.

One commonwealth-listed plant species and five watch-listed species are known to occur on the reservation. Several exotic invasive plants including, but not limited to, multiflora rose, autumn olive, Morrow’s honeysuckle, common reed grass, glossy buckthorn and black locust occur along the old roads and paths of the property.

2. Wildlife Habitat

Formal avian surveys and invertebrate black-light traps were the primary tools used for analysis of rare wildlife habitat. Additional direct observations of wildlife occurrences and signs throughout the year contribute to the understanding of the habitat value of the reservation. Six commonwealth-listed wildlife species – Gerhard’s underwing, Imperial moth, Melsheimer’s sack-bearer, coastal

10 Peaked Hill Reservation Management PLAN heathland cutworm, eastern box turtle and northern parula – were recorded on the reservation.

(a) Invertebrates

Moth Species: A total of 350 moth species representing 11 families was identified from nocturnal black-light traps set throughout the reservation in the woodland, grassland and shrubland habitats between June and October during 2008, 2011, 2012 and 2015 (Appendix E, Table 3). The woodland and shrubland are a draw to various rare moth species as these habitats provide specific forage, breeding habitat and cover due to the presence of pitch pine and various oak species.

Butterfly Species: Twelve butterfly species were observed throughout the reservation in the spring and early summer (Appendix E, Table 4).

Other Invertebrates: Direct observations of invertebrates on the reservation revealed additional species including beetles, bees, ticks, flies and mosquitoes. A survey of the vernal pool revealed several aquatic beetles and fairy shrimp (Appendix E, Table 4).

(b) Amphibians, Reptiles and Fish

The spring peepers are heard chorusing, in addition to the occasional green and pickerel frog, in the shrub and wooded swamps of the reservation. Eastern garter, northern ring-neck and eastern milk snake occur on the reservation and periodically can be observed sunning on the trails. The redback salamander, an upland species, can be observed under fallen logs and loose rocks throughout the woodland. On two separate occasions the eastern box-turtle was observed on a trail near the grassland on the reservation (Appendix E, Table 4).

(c) Birds

Seventy-eight bird species were observed during avian 5-minute point- count surveys conducted on Peaked Hill Reservation during spring and fall migration, the summer breeding season and the winter. Seasonal counts were conducted in 1993, 2000, 2005, 2008, 2012 and 2013. Additionally, land bank staff performed owl surveys of the reservation during mid-March in 2000 and during the last week in July in 2013 using a wildlife caller and playback-calls of 8 local owls; eastern screech owls

11 Peaked Hill Reservation Management PLAN were heard during both survey periods. American woodcocks were heard on the reservation during non-survey periods. Detailed tables and descriptive summaries of the avian fauna on the reservation are included in Appendix F (Tables 5-9).

(d) Mammals

Seven mammal species – white-tailed deer, raccoon, striped skunk, eastern cottontail, grey squirrel, eastern chipmunk and short-tailed shrew – or signs thereof were observed on Peaked Hill Reservation (Appendix E, Table 4). Actual wildlife sightings were observed primarily during the spring and fall. However, signs, such as tracks, scat and den evidence, were observed throughout the year.

(e) Rare and Endangered Species

The Massachusetts natural heritage and endangered species program (MA NHESP) does not designate the reservation as priority or estimated habitat for rare species. The commonwealth-listed Lepidoptera species observed on the reservation require pitch pine/scrub oak barrens; they, however, may utilize the various oak species on the reservation. The eastern box turtle is an upland turtle of woodlands and grasslands. The northern parula is a migrant of deciduous mesic woodlands that typically breeds in southern Canada and the southeastern United States, south of Massachusetts. The purple tiger beetle was observed on the path through the grassland in April. Details about the various listed species observed on the property and a copy of the Endangered Species Maps are located in Appendix G.

C. Cultural Characteristics 1. Land History The reservation is situated in the drift hills that mark the terminus of the advancing Laurtentide ice sheet of the late Wisconsinan glacial stage approximately 21,000 years ago. The area is demarcated by a mile and one-half wide belt of irregular knobs, ridges, and hollows consisting predominantly of till strewn with variably sized boulders. On the south side of Peaked Hill, beneath the boulders and glacial drift, tertiary clay deposits exist up to heights of 225 to 250 feet above sea level (Upham 1879, USGS 1976). The topography and surface materials of the moraine area of Martha’s Vineyard create a less desirable location for dwelling

12 Peaked Hill Reservation Management PLAN sites and crops. Archaeological evidence of the western portion of the island indicates native Wampanoag populations focused village sites on the shores of Chilmark Pond, Menemsha Pond, Squibnocket Pond and Nashaquitsa Pond (Quitsa Pond) with the major archaeological evidence on the north shore of Chilmark/Aquinnah being of a camp or workshop area near the brickyard and Roaring Brook (Guernsey 1916, Ritchie 1969). The only formal trail reported for the Contact time period (1500-1620) was an east/west trail that connected the north side of Chilmark Pond with the Takemmy and Nashowakemmuck sachemships to the northeast. The native population at this time was estimated to be 1,500 individuals for the whole island. Analysis of midden deposits from the Menemsha Pond, Hornblower site, indicates the native population diet was dominated by white-tailed deer followed by gray seal, red fox, fish, sea ducks, shellfish and less common species such as box turtle and raccoon (Ritchie 1966).

European settlements began on Martha’s Vineyard in 1641 in Great Harbor and Takemmy (Banks 1911). The Mayhews were purchasing land throughout the Vineyard from the native populations. Thirty years later, in 1671, Tisbury Manor was created and incorporated Chilmark, Chickemoo, Nomans Land, the Elizabeth Islands what would become the native reservation at Gay Head (MHC 1984). In 1714, the town of Chilmark was established, Chickamoo was incorporated into Tisbury in 1736, the boundary between the Gay Head reservation and Chilmark was established in 1855 and the Town of Gosnold was born of the Elizabeth Islands in 1864 (MHC 1984). Chilmark retained a strong native presence with an estimated 188 natives residing in Chilmark as reported in the Provincial census of 1765 (Banks 1911).

The reservation is located on both sides of the “Middle Line” that distinguished Wampanoag land from land sold to Thomas Mayhew in 1657. In a later agreement between the Wampanoags and Mr. Mayhew’s son, Mathew Mayhew, the line was described as the “line drawn straight from a great Rock standing by takemie bound to the middle of a line drawn across the island and so to the pond: said line to be drawn across as near the said pond as may be called Monamesha pond” (Banks 1911). The “great Rock” in this agreement refers to Waskosim’s Rock. The Wampanoag natives owned the land to the north of this line and the Mayhews owned the land to the south. An intermittent stonewall defines the line from Waskosim’s Rock as far as Peaked Hill, where it forms much of the northern border of the Peaked Hill Reservation.

Colonial Period (1675-1775) Chilmark at this time was not a place of residence, with the exception of John Mayhew, rather a place for woodlots and farm fields owned or leased by village dwellers. The first deed recording land purchased in Chilmark was to James Allen

13 Peaked Hill Reservation Management PLAN of Tisbury in 1677 at the beginning of the Colonial Period (Banks 1911). Subsequent settlers between 1677 and 1697 who took up residency in Chilmark include Daniel Stewart, Simon Athearn, Benjamin Skiffe, Richard Ellingham, Nathan Skiffe, Samual Tilton, Nathaniel Skiffe, Ephraim Higgins, William Homes, Reverend Rodolphus Thacher, Nathan Bassett and William Hunt. Many of the early settlers purchased land south of the Middle Line around Abel’s Hill. However, Benjamin Skiffe and Samual Tilton both purchased land in the Kephigon region located from the sound south to the middle of the island. Thirty of the early land owners were granted proprietors rights and in 1704 the Woodland Lots division along Middle line was carried out as well as the Second Division of 1714 followed by the Hill Lots division located on the west side of the New Mill River or Tiasquam River (Banks 1911).

An industrial movement began in northern Chilmark at the turn of the 18th century. Although northern Chilmark was not settled at this time it was a mecca for economic growth derived from natural resources: iron ore was mined from the wetland bogs; the major streams were used to power fulling and grist mills; peat was harvested and sold as fuel; kaolin was mined to make clay china. Historic maps of Chilmark in 1780 depict Chilmark north of Middle Road devoid of houses (Des Barres “Atlantic Neptune” 1780). A tan pit, circa 1726, is located to the south east of Peaked Hill and is often used in early deeds as a landmark (MHC 1984, Appendix A, Wallings Map of 1850). Large tracts of land owned by a few families resulted in the houses being situated closer to the meeting house and the main road to down-island. The large tracts of undeveloped land were either slated for industry or used for agriculture. An estimated 20,000 sheep were said to roam the lands of Chilmark prior to Gray’s Raid in 1770 (MHC 1984).

Federal Period (1775-1830) The industrial movement and farming in Chilmark continued into the 19th Century. Clay was mined from pits in the ground for bricks. The first brickyard was situated on Roaring Brook in 1836 and was owned by Smith and Borrows (Banks 1911). In 1867, Nathaniel Harris purchased the brickyard and many acres of surrounding land plus mineral rights, including land that is part of the reservation (Appendix A, Clay Rights Map 1868; Dukes County Registry of Deeds bk447, pg223; bk475, pg471). Eventually the brickyard in Chilmark failed in the late 1870’s due to lack of trees for fuel to fire the ovens to cure the bricks. Farming remained the main source of income in Chilmark (MHC 1984). In 1856, there were 6,088 sheep, 289 milk cows, 629 acres of English mowing that produced 293 tons of wet meadow hay and 203 tons of salt hay (Vineyard Gazette June 20, 1856).

14 Peaked Hill Reservation Management PLAN

Boundary descriptions in deeds for land in and around Peaked Hill Reservation reference general land uses and specific locations that provide a glimpse into the landscape of the early 1800’s. General descriptions such as pasture lands, meadow land, marsh lands and woodlands were used to define the tracts of land being granted and specific locations such as “ Great Pasture”, “Great Meadow’, “South Meadow”, “Barn Lot”, “Cheek’s Place”, “Tillton’s Great Pastures” “Horse Pasture”, “Old Orchard”, “Clay Lot”, “Tan Barn Lot” were used to define parcel boundaries (bk26, pg262; bk14, pg151; bk16, pg344). It was not until the mid- 1800’s that the term Peaked Hill is used in deeds to describe a tract of land. One of the first deeds to reference Peaked Hill is from Marie W. Norton, Frances Chase and James Hancock when they granted a portion of the estate of Rodolphus Hancock to John Johnson in 1859 (bk39, pg54). Earlier deeds that describe land purchases that Rodolphus Hancock, his father, John Hancock, and his grandfather, Russell Hancock, made in Chilmark do not mention Peaked Hill Place as a landmark. No buildings are shown on the area of the Peaked Hill and stonewalls outline the perimeter of much of the reservation in the Henry Whiting map of Land and Waters of Martha’s Vineyard, 1850. Much of the original Peaked Hill Place as depicted on an 1868 map of “Land and Clay Privileges at the Roaring Brook and Vicinity” made for Nathaniel Harris exists in the Peaked Hill Reservation with stonewall boundaries that have remained intact over the past 126 years (Appendix A, Clay Rights Map of 1868 and Whiting 1850 Survey). Additional lots once owned by William Norton in the mid 1800’s were incorporated into the reservation with Peaked Hill Place. Much of the reservation interior is unfragmented by stone boundaries and cattle or sheep likely roamed the knobs and valleys of the reservation much like the photos below.

15 Peaked Hill Reservation Management PLAN

An example of farm land in Chilmark sometime between 1890-1940, Basil Welch Collection

Deforested Landscape highlights the boulders of the Glacial Till, Basil Welch Collection

John Johnson of Tisbury did not retain Peaked Hill Place for long and in 1865, John and Philura (Hancock) Johnson grant their interest in the land described as Peaked Hill place to James Edmund (bk41, pg’s 483, 490). The following year, James Edmund deeds a ¾ interest in the property to Owen Hillman (bk42, pg’s 389, 392). Owen Hillman was the son of Captain Owen Hillman and Polly Norton. He married Charlotte Tilton in 1828 and was deeded additional land in Chilmark from Samuel and William Tilton that same year (bk25, pg84; bk28, pg136). Owen Hillman also purchased ¼ interest in the “Peaked Hill Lot” and the “Basset Lot” totaling 160 acres from Franklin King and Joseph Colburn from the E. and F. King corporation in 1867 (bk43, pg139). Franklin King purchased land in Chilmark

16 Peaked Hill Reservation Management PLAN between 1864 and 1866 from John and Mary Tilton, Jeremiah and Emily Stewart and John Davis (bk41, pg’s 428, 418, 548; bk42, pg’s 259, 403). The “Bassett Place” is located on Chilmark Pond and is referenced in a deed from John Johnson et al. to Mary Hancock, the guardian to the minor heirs of Rudolphus Hancock dated 1842 (bk35, pg12).

Owen Hillman, was a judge in Edgartown. Although he purchased several tracts of land in Chilmark he was not a farmer. He may have leased some of the land for farming. He did sell an interest in clay rights to the Boston Fire and Brick and Clay Manufacturing Company. Owen and Charlotte had six children, Beriah, Charlotte, Caroline, Warren, Francis and Zachariah. Owen Hillman died in 1873 and Charlotte divided the Basset and Peaked Hill Lots among his 4 surviving children (bk63, pg530). In 1882, Beriah Hillman grants his ¼ interest in the 160 acres to his siblings, Caroline Nickerson, Charlotte Mayhew, Warren Hillman; they in turn grant a ¾ interest in meadow and pasture land in Chilmark back to Beriah (bk70, pg22; bk70, pg24). Charlotte Mayhew married John Mayhew, a farmer in Chilmark, and had four children, Eva, Harold, Emma V. and Inez (Swan 1998). In 1886 Charlotte Mayhew grants woodland in Chilmark to her sister, Caroline Nickerson (bk76, pg119). In 1888, Anna Hillman, daughter of Beriah Hillman, grants a 1/3 interest in the Peaked Hill and Bassett lots to her brother Horace Hillman (bk79, pg288).

According to Susan Whiting, during the next half of the 20th century the land was leased to James Adams who kept a herd of guernsey heifers at Peaked Hill. Mr. Adams was a West Tisbury farmer but he brought the cattle to Peaked Hill each year for summer grazing until around his death in the 1920’s (Whiting 1993). His farm was located off South Road on the line between West Tisbury and Chilmark and was the location of the Nashonohkamuk Golf Club in Chilmark in 1899 (Hough 1949).

James Adams barn in Chilmark/West Tisbury

17 Peaked Hill Reservation Management PLAN

A portion of the Peaked Hill Place was passed on to Caroline (Hillman) and Joseph Nickerson’s children, Frank, Nellie and Hepsie. In 1922, Nellie Mayhew and Hepsie Look grant their cousin, Emma V. (Mayhew) Whiting, their 1/3 share in the Peaked Hill Lots (bk155, pg550). Emma V. Whiting was married to Johnson Whiting, the youngest son of Henry L. Whiting, who was one of the founders of the Agricultural Society and prominent figure in the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey. He created the topographic system used by the bureau (Martha's Vineyard Museum, RU 74). Emma and Johnson lived on their farm in West Tisbury and raised sheep with their two sons Everett Davis and John W.M. (Wesley Mayhew). She was a writer and historian. Her collection of detailed notes throughout her life offer a glimpse into the island during the turn of the 19th century (Wilson, 2007).

The United States took possession of one of the knobs of Peaked Hill from Emma V. Whiting et. al., the heirs of Charlotte (Hillman) Mayhew, in 1941 (bk203, pg500). The land was taken for the location of a U-boat signal station or Army Air Warning Service Station. A road was paved up to the top of the knob, a signal tower installed and barracks built for the Martha’s Vineyard AWS #6 station. By January 18, 1946 the facility was abandoned. The 4.4 acres atop the hill were sold to John W.M. Whiting in 1947 (bk213, pg218). The Massachusetts Institute of Technology leased the site from Mr. Whiting later that year for radar research. The United States government once again issued an order of taking for the hilltop in 1957 to be used as a gap filler radar station by the Air Force during the Cold War (bk232, pg309). The knob became informally known as Radar Hill. In 1970 the General Services Administration granted 0.42 acres to Frank Nuovo after first offering the site to the Town of Chilmark. The Vineyard Open Land Foundation later purchased the hilltop in 1975.

The balance of the 160-acre holding passed from Emma and Johnson Whiting to their two sons, John and Everett. During the mid-1980’s John purchased back the mineral rights to approximately 140 acres of land around Peaked Hill (bk461, pg10; bk447, pg221; bk455, pg62; bk475, pg471; bk447, pg223). In 1987, Daniel Whiting et al. grant the balance of the hilltop to Cal Denison of the Peaked Hill Pasture Realty Trust (bk486, pg284). The Peaked Hill Pasture Realty Trust created a 24-house subdivision on Peaked Hill Place in 1987 that was never built. The land bank joined the town and David Flanders and purchased the subdivision, in 1991, with 71.6 acres becoming Peaked Hill Reservation and the town portion being used for affordable housing and municipal land (bk585, pg’s 621, 626, 634,154).

18 Peaked Hill Reservation Management PLAN 2. Planning Concerns

(a) Massachusetts Endangered Species Act: No management activity proposed in this management plan is within the boundaries of priority habitat for rare species (NHESP Map, Appendix G). The creation of new trails, relocation of existing trails and creation of an open mosaic of meadow, shrubland and heathland will not impact the specific habitat requirements of the commonwealth-listed species observed on the reservation during surveys.

(b) Wetland Protection Act: There are two intermittent streams and associated bordering vegetated wetlands in the northwestern corner of the reservation that are considered “wetland resource areas” under the Massachusetts wetlands protection act. The wetland resources area and 100-foot buffer zone around the wetland resource areas and bordering vegetated wetland are subject to the jurisdiction of the Chilmark conservation commission. There are no proposed activities within the resource area and buffer zone of the shrub swamp that the land bank is proposing to undertake at this time.

(c) District of Critical Planning Concern The Martha’s Vineyard Commission has the power to designate Special Places Districts that govern and protect areas such as inland pond zones, hilltop zones and historic/cultural zones. The elevation at Peaked Hill falls under one such district. A special permit is required with site plan review for most uses pertaining to structures and a height restriction is in place that restricts structures above tree-line. The Chilmark zoning bylaws designate all land on Peaked Hill at elevations greater than 280 feet as protected against any residential development. The land bank is not proposing any unpermitted uses or uses that would require a special permit in this management plan.

(d) Development of Regional Impact Peaked Hill Reservation is subject to a “development of regional impact decision” of the Martha’s Vineyard Commission dated October 22, 1992. The land bank is required under the decision to contact the soil conservation service to prepare a plan for any proposed agricultural activity and that plan must be approved by the Chilmark conservation commission. Additionally, the land bank is required to prepare a plan for cutting and clearing vegetation on slopes greater than eight percent with plan approval from the Chilmark conservation commission. Lastly, the Martha’s Vineyard Commission must be notified of the resolution of the public access issue at

19 Peaked Hill Reservation Management PLAN the site of the former army radar installation. The DRI for Peaked Hill is attached in Appendix C.

The soil conservation service has prepared a plan for the pasture at Peaked Hill Reservation with subsequent approval by the Chilmark conservation commission. The soil conservation service was also consulted prior to the execution of a 12.5-acre lease of a pasture located southwest of Peaked Hill. This management plan shall serve as the plan for cutting and clearing on slopes greater than eight percent and also as the resolution of the issue of public access to the former army radar installation.

(e) Road Maintenance Agreement The land bank is subject to a road maintenance agreement between the land bank, the town of Chilmark and the heirs of David Flanders for Pasture Road that dictates the terms of work done on Pasture Road. Pasture Road connects the trailhead to Tabor House Road.

3. Abutters A list of those owning land abutting or within 200 feet of the Peaked Hill Reservation appears in Appendix H (Table 9), as does the Chilmark Assessors Map as it appears in the AXISGIS program.

4. Existing Use and Infrastructure The Existing Use map (Appendix A) identifies eight significant locations or features on the property. An explanation for each is as follows:

1. Trailheads: A six-vehicle trailhead, constructed in 1994, features two parking bays for three vehicles each and serves as the primary access to the reservation for vehicles. A sign station at the start of the trail system includes a map of the reservation and connecting trail systems as well as property rules and notices. The trailhead is located off Pasture Road, an earthen road that connects to Tabor House Road.

An additional one-vehicle universal access trailhead is located at the top of Peaked Hill Road where the army radar installation once stood.

2. Access Roads: Pasture Road is an earthen road that connects Tabor House Road to the trailhead. It is maintained by the Pasture Hill Road Association. It is 12 feet wide and subject to erosion in steeper areas.

The Peaked Hill Road is a 9-foot wide paved road that connects the

20 Peaked Hill Reservation Management PLAN hilltop where the army radar installation once stood with Middle Road. The road is rather steep and sinuous which, along with its narrow width, creates visibility issues.

3. Hilltops: The 302’ hill upon which stood the former army radar installation now holds a tower and antenna for relaying maritime emergencies. The paved Peaked Hill Road terminates in a partially paved area that can accommodate approximately 5 vehicles. The town of Chilmark owns 0.42 acres of the hilltop including most of the paved area. Expansive views of the south shore, Squibnocket Pond, Aquinnah, Menemsha Pond and Menemsha Bight are available from this industrial knob.

The highest hilltop of the Peaked Hill system is 311’ feet in elevation and is located to the northwest of the above mentioned hill and is the highest spot on Martha’s Vineyard. The land bank has cleared viewsheds near this greater summit that opened up views of Aquinnah, Menemsha Pond, Vineyard Sound and the Elizabeth Islands.

4. Ramparts: Mortar pits, machine gun nests, cement sandbagged trenches and galvanized fence posts surround the contours of the site of the former army radar installation. Trees have grown and engulfed the remnants of wire fencing. The land bank property line runs through a concrete bunker, just to the east of the Peaked Hill Road. These fortifications were constructed during World War II when the site was first used as a lookout for German submarines.

5. Pasture: A 10.8-acre pasture is situated below Peaked Hill to the south. It was cleared by developers who intended to create a horse pasture. The land bank consulted with the soil conservation service about restoration techniques, obtained an order of conditions from the Chilmark conservation commission and removed an artificial fire pond, filled in ditches and began the process of restoring the field. The land bank created a 12.5-acre leasehold in 2009 that encompassed this pasture. An abutting farmer, James Athearn, has been the lessee since the inception of the leasehold. Mr. Athearn installed wire fencing, fertilizes and limes the pasture according to soil tests taken and grazes 10-26 head of cattle on the pasture for grazing in June and again in the fall. Mr. Athearn began to sublet a portion of his leasehold in 2011 to Timothy Colon for keeping bees.

A 1.4-acre portion of a larger abutting pasture owned by Mr. Athearn is situated in the western portion of the reservation and is leased to Mr.

21 Peaked Hill Reservation Management PLAN Athearn whose family owns the fee interest in the northern restriction. He uses the pasture for cattle grazing. (Leasehold agreements are attached in Appendix C).

In the northeastern corner of the reservation is an existing agricultural field created by the prior owner. A 3-acre leasehold was developed and leased to a flower farmer, Krishana Collins, in 2008. She plants annuals and perennials, mulches with wood chips in the aisles, applies horse manure compost annually and/or fertilizer according to soil test results and plants a winter cover crop of rye. Ms. Collins began subleasing a portion of the leasehold in 2013 to Joshua and Lindsey Scott for pig farming. Fencing was installed in a wooded area of the leasehold and piglets are raised in the paddocks during the summer. (Leasehold agreements are attached in Appendix C).

An additional 2.25-acre pasture occurs just off North Road in the far northwestern portion of the reservation. A portion of the pasture has an intermittent stream that runs through it near the North Road.

6. Trails: There are 2 miles of existing trails that climb the hills and loop through the woodlands and pastures of the reservation. Trails are 6 feet wide and earthen. A 690-foot universal access earthen trail hardened with dense mix loops around the knob at the top of Peaked Hill Road.

7. Restrictions: The agricultural backbone of the reservation is in the leaseholds on the reservation and the restrictions that the land bank holds over acres of historic farm land surrounding the reservation. There is an agricultural restriction over 17 acres of pasture to the west and 12.6-acre agricultural restriction and 7.9-acre conservation restriction to the east (Appendix A, Restrictions and Leasehold Map)

8. Land Bank Easements: The land bank has two trail easements over Athearn family land that connect to existing or future conservation land plus a trail easement over land of Leonard Blum and Matthew Litchtenberg, co-trustees of the Blum Land Trust, connecting the reservation to North Road. The land bank has a view easement over Chilmark map-parcel 20-55 at the top of Peaked Hill Road on the eastern side (Appendix A, Restrictions and Leasehold Map).

9. Other Easements: The town of Chilmark and David Flanders have well easements over the reservation. The town has an easement to

22 Peaked Hill Reservation Management PLAN connect to wells on lots 20, 21 and 22 and Mr. Flanders has an easement to connect to a well on lot 14. Mr. Flanders also has a utility easement to connect to existing underground utilities on the reservation. The town of Chilmark has an access easement that enables the town to access the 0.42-acre parcel over Peaked Hill Road.

10. Peaked Hill Realty Trust Subdivision remnants: Eleven wells occur on the reservation.

11. Stonewalls: An extensive stonewall runs around much of the perimeter of the reservation.

II. Inventory Analysis

In this section, problems and opportunities that may arise in the management of Peaked Hill Reservation are analyzed.

A. Constraints & Issues 1. Ecological Context The reservation is in close proximity to other conservation land. The Trustees of Reservation’s Menemsha Hills Reservation is located to the north of Peaked Hill Reservation; Fulling Mill Reservation is located across the Middle Road to the south of the reservation; and Middle Line Woods Reservation is located to the east of the reservation. The properties are connected via public and private roads and trails.

The reservation provides a mix of upland and wetland habitats. The open pastures of the reservation are connected by the trail system and the woodland is part of a much larger woodland corridor comprising Menemsha Hills, Middle Line Woods Preserve and Fulling Mill Brook Reservation amidst larger tracts of open farm land. Deer crossings on North Road, Middle Road and South Road along this wooded corridor are frequent. Additionally, the headwaters of four major watersheds spring from the reservation. These watersheds ultimately spill into Mill Brook, Fulling Mill Brook and Roaring Brook. The vegetated wetlands of the reservation help catch and filter water into the groundwater that feeds these watersheds.

2. Natural and Cultural Resource Concerns There are three main areas of concern at Peaked Hill Reservation, each briefly

23 Peaked Hill Reservation Management PLAN addressed below and then addressed in more detail in the land management section of the plan:

(a) Commonwealth-listed rare species Seven commonwealth-listed wildlife species – four moth, one beetle, one turtle and one bird species – and one commonwealth-listed plant species were recorded during surveys on the reservation. The reservation provides general upland habitat requirements for these moth species. However, specific habitat requirements such as scrub oak barrens and pitch pine woodland are sparse. Upland woodland and agrarian habitats of the reservation meet the habitat requirements of the listed turtle and bird species. The sandy trails, heathland and pastures provide habitat for the listed beetle. The plan proposes to use the existing trails where possible and to site new trails and create the woodland clearing to increase box turtle and woodcock habitat while limiting impact to specific habitat requirements of the above mentioned rare moth species.

(b) Erosion There is significant topography on the reservation. Re-routing/closing trails and continuing to explore new management techniques to control erosion on the existing trails will minimize soil loss, root exposure and rutting on the property.

(c) Invasive Species Invasive species are a concern on any property. Exotic, invasive species outcompete and displace native species, altering the composition of natural vegetation communities (Somers 1996). Often without natural enemies, exotic, invasive plant seedlings compete for nutrients, water and light with neighboring plants. Annual monitoring and quick control and removal of invasive species are important to maintain an ecological balance and the integrity of habitats on the reservation.

(d) Wetland Resource Areas Three wetland resource areas – vernal pool, shrub swamp and intermittent stream – occur at Peaked Hill Reservation. The wetlands provide important habitat for various wildlife and plant species and are groundwater recharge areas. Care must be taken to ensure erosion of soil from trails and other open surfaces does not result in siltation of a wetland and that management activities do not unduly alter habitat characteristics.

(e) Succession Peaked Hill Reservation is undergoing natural shrubland and forest

24 Peaked Hill Reservation Management PLAN succession. Absent major disturbances, forest succession to a climax community will gradually displace pitch pine from the upland forest. A shrub swamp may eventually convert to a red maple or beetlebung-dominated woodland. Of additional concern are the heathlands that provide habitat to the listed plant species on the reservation. Overtopping oaks in the open heath will eventually create a closed canopy, eliminating shade-intolerant species such as bearberry, heather and various grass species. Management activities that create disturbance such as grazing and mowing can maintain and, in some cases, set back the timetable of succession.

3. Sociological Context

Peaked Hill Reservation is located in Chilmark in a relatively rural and agrarian section of Martha’s Vineyard. The reservation is surrounded by low-density residential developments, farms and woodlands. The crest where the old radar installation once stood is a popular location for sunset viewing and lunch. It is visited by many despite the description in the land bank map directing visitors to access the reservation via Tabor House Road if coming by vehicle. Visiting this hilltop by vehicle is a longstanding custom by many who are familiar with the area. All the land above 280’ above mean sea level at Peaked Hill is designated as a special place district and is protected by restrictions listed in the Chilmark zoning bylaws.

4. Neighborhood Concerns

The land bank considers the concerns of neighbors as part of the planning process. All abutting property owners and the local conservation commission are sent written notice of a public hearing on the draft plan. All neighbors -- and all members of the public -- are invited to review the draft plan, attend the public hearing and make written or oral comments. The land bank's Chilmark town advisory board and the Martha’s Vineyard land bank commission review all comments and can change the draft plan if desired. Anyone may also express concerns at any public meeting of the Martha’s Vineyard land bank commission and Chilmark town advisory board or may simply contact land bank staff.

Several neighbors have expressed concern about the management of Peaked Hill Reservation over the years. These include: -concern over the safety of Peaked Hill Road and pedestrian use on the road

25 Peaked Hill Reservation Management PLAN -concerns regarding parking, vandalism and uses of the 302’ hilltop

B. Addressing Problems and Opportunities 1. Land Bank Mandate

In 1986, the voters of Martha’s Vineyard created the land bank to acquire, hold, and manage land in a predominantly natural, scenic, or open condition. The land bank keeps open space open and allows modest public use. Its “shared- use” policy strives to provide a range of public benefits, from low-impact recreation and aesthetics to wildlife conservation and watershed protection. Protection of natural resources is the land bank’s highest priority, yet “shared- use” demands balancing the public use of natural resources with protection of the same.

2. Goals at Purchase

The purchase of Peaked Hill Reservation meets seven of the land bank's nine criteria for property acquisition: forest land conservation; wildlife habitat protection; freshwater wetlands and groundwater protection; easements for trails and for publicly owned lands; agriculture; scenic vistas; and sites for passive recreation. Preliminary management plans were adopted by the land bank commission and Chilmark advisory board and are attached as Appendix B.

3. Opportunities Peaked Hill Reservation offers a number of opportunities for use of the property. They are as follows:

a.) Access: The primary access for vehicles to Peaked Hill Reservation exists off Pasture Road in Chilmark. This access is divided into two bays and can accommodate up to six vehicles. An area at the end of Peaked Hill Road where the Emergency Communications Antenna is located is designated for one universal access vehicle.

b.) Trails: Approximately 2 miles of existing trails meander through the woodland, shrubland, pastures and hilltops of the property. A 690’ universal access trail loops around the summit of the 302’ hill at the top of Peaked Hill Road. The plan proposes a 3700’ connector trail to North Road.

26 Peaked Hill Reservation Management PLAN

c.) Views: The reservation offers expansive long-distance views of the south shore from the 302’ elevation and of Vineyard Sound and Elizabeth Islands from the 311’ elevation. Additional viewshed clearing in alliance with box turtle and upland gamebird habitat expansion will open further views to the south shore.

A stonewall and field along North Road are hidden from view of the road. The proposed clearing of one acre of vegetation along the North Road would create pastoral roadside views of the stonewall and grassland.

d.) Agriculture: In the northern grassland, a 5-acre clearing of abutting shrubland and subsequent 6-acre leasehold of pasture land is proposed in this plan (Appendix C, Restrictions and Leasehold Map). The proposed leasehold is situated in land with soils suitable for agriculture. Good tilth can be maintained and erosion controlled with proper stocking rates and rotational grazing practices (SCS 1986).

e.) Hunting: White-tailed deer range throughout the reservation. A vast majority of the reservation is huntable and outside the 500-foot no- hunting zone from occupied dwellings and 150-foot no hunting zone from a road. Deer, rabbits, raccoon, ducks, geese are hunted on the reservation under the current land bank hunting policy. Hunting of upland game birds, with the exception of turkey and pheasants, is prohibited on the reservation. Bobwhite quail and American woodcock occur on the reservation but not in adequate numbers for hunting.

f.) Horseback riding and bicycling: Bicycle and horseback riding are possible on the reservation. The hilly terrain is a popular feature among mountain bikers. However, some proposed trails and off- premises trail easements leading to major roads or nearby conservation land contain boardwalks that are not appropriate for this activity.

g.) Bird-watching: The reservation offers opportunities for viewing woodland species of birds as well as edge and shrubland species.

h.) Astronomy: Peaked Hill offers excellent vantage points from which to observe stars.

27 Peaked Hill Reservation Management PLAN

4. Universal Access (UA)

Peaked Hill Reservation presents reasonable opportunities for universal access on the 302’ elevation due to the level terrain and paved road leading up to the summit. However, limited opportunities exist on the balance of the reservation due to extremes in topography. The reservation’s ROS (‘Recreation Opportunities Spectrum’) classification is “less-developed.” Further details are included in Appendix I.

III. Land Management Planning This final section of the management plan states goals for Peaked Hill Reservation and outlines strategies for achieving them. These goals and strategies are designed to fit within the social and ecological constraints defined previously. The plan addresses five areas of planning concern: nature conservation; recreation and aesthetics; natural products; community interaction; and land administration.

A. Nature Conservation Provide long-term protection for plants, animals and natural processes occurring at Peaked Hill Reservation.

Objective 1: Protect and encourage rare and endangered species on the reservation. Strategies: a. Monitor the property for rare plants and animals during regular property checks. b. Develop and implement a strategy to protect any additional rare species observed on the property. c. Report new observations of rare and endangered species to the proper commonwealth authority.

d. Reroute or close trails in the event that the recreational use interferes with a rare species.

e. Consider predator control, if advised, for protecting federal- and Massachusetts-listed species.

f. Protect rare sandplain grasslands and plants:

i. promote a mosaic of grass, herbs, bare ground, boulders, and shrubs in the 7.4 acre clearing on Peaked Hill around the 311’

28 Peaked Hill Reservation Management PLAN elevation; and ii. maintain existing and future agricultural areas as open habitat.

g. Protect purple tiger beetle habitat:

i. avoid compaction and rutting of consolidated sand by minimizing use of heavy equipment by staff and farmers; controlling erosion; and restricting uses if they pose a risk to tiger beetle habitat and larvae; and ii. promote open habitat with a mosaic of vegetated and non- vegetated surfaces.

h. Protect northern parula habitat:

i. site trails to avoid cutting trees in mesic woodlands; and ii. minimize agricultural impacts on wetlands through proper siting of leaseholds, and limitations on intensity and time of year of grazing and application of soil amendments.

i. Protect existing rare moth species habitat:

i. utilize existing trails as much as possible; ii. site new trails and clearings in such a way as to avoid cutting pitch pine and scrub oak; and iii. retain large tracts of contiguous woodland.

j. Protect eastern box turtles and habitat: i. create additional breeding habitat in the proposed 7.4-acre 311’ elevation clearing and the 4.6-acre clearing near North Road; ii. maintain existing pasture and agricultural fields in an open state regardless of leasehold; and iii. use caution when using equipment on the reservation during the breeding season between April and October and use alternative methods where possible to maintain grasslands in an open state.

Objective 2: Reduce and control erosion of trails. Strategies: a. Reroute or temporarily close any trail where necessary.

b. Install water bars and switch-backs where necessary.

c. Explore alternative erosion control measures as such methods are

29 Peaked Hill Reservation Management PLAN discovered.

d. Cover trails with tailings and woodchips as needed to manage erosion issues and prevent further surface soil erosion.

e. Minimize trail use by heavy maintenance equipment on trails with a slope of greater than 8%.

f. Create and use a skid trail for tree removal when cutting and clearing on slopes greater than 8%.

g. Prohibit use of motorized vehicles such as dirt bikes and all-terrain vehicles on the trail system.

Objective 3: Protect the value of the reservation as migratory and breeding habitat for avian and other wildlife species. Strategies: a. Retain snags in woodland where these trees do not pose unacceptable safety or fire hazard.

b. Protect the pitch pine component of the woodland.

c. Protect shrub swamps on the reservation by siting trails on the perimeter when possible and by maintaining a vegetated buffer from nearby habitat alteration projects.

d. Maintain and install kestrel and bluebird boxes near open habitats.

e. Monitor changes in vegetation cover during regular property checks and by updating ecological inventory in 2028.

Objective 4: Promote shrublands on the reservation for winter deer habitat Strategies: a. Mow 3-acre upland shrubland divided into three management units on a 5-year rotational basis.

b. Lengthen rotation time as necessary.

Objective 5: Monitor for and control the spread of invasive species. Strategies: a. Cut or uproot invasive species as they are observed.

30 Peaked Hill Reservation Management PLAN b. Monitor for re-growth and continue to manage invasive plants.

c. Explore other control methods and implement with permission of the MVLBC if physical control methods fail.

Objective 5: Reduce forest fire danger on the reservation. Strategies: a. Prohibit open camp fires on the reservation.

b. Work with a forester to create a forest management plan to reduce ladder fuels in the woodland.

Objective 6: Maintain open heathland habitats. Strategies: a. Cut back overtopping trees that cast unwanted shade on the plant community b. Remove invading woody trees and shrubs that are outcompeting the slow-growing lichen and other heathland plants. Use hand-held machinery during the winter when the ground is frozen.

Objective 7: Diversify the existing ecological communities on the reservation to provide habitat for additional species. Strategies: a. Create around the 311’ elevation a 7.4-acre mosaic of shrubs, grass and herbaceous plants, bare ground and heath as depicted on the Proposed Project Map a. Remove trees and young saplings. b. Retain large spreading specimen trees. c. Mow huckleberry and sweet pepperbush understory and till if necessary. d. Re-seed and plant plugs of native plants as necessary to promote diversity, preferably from native island seed stock. e. Seek permits to collect seed, grow and plant broomfoot crowberry (Corema conradii) f. Maintain a dense layer of shrubs in pockets in and around the clearing to promote American woodcock and northern bobwhite quail habitat.

b. Monitor and remove invasive plants as they are discovered.

c. Mow meadow annually in the early spring or pasture livestock to control woody growth during the growing season (as necessary).

31 Peaked Hill Reservation Management PLAN B. Recreation and Aesthetics

Allow limited, low-impact recreational use of the area for hiking, bicycling, horseback-riding and picnicking; and maintain attractive views and landscapes provided that these uses do not preclude attainment of nature conservation objectives.

Objective 1: Maintain the property open for low-impact recreation. Strategies: a. Open the property for hiking, non-motorized biking, horseback-riding and other passive uses.

b. Utilize existing trails and install new trail(s) where appropriate (see Proposed Project Map).

c. Allow picnicking and maintain a “carry in-carry out” policy for litter.

d. Monitor impact of passive recreational use on the reservation annually and manage accordingly.

Objective 2: Maintain six-vehicle trailhead off Pasture Road and one-vehicle universal access trailhead off Peaked Hill Road (see Proposed Project Map). Strategies: a. Maintain surface of trailhead and add material to control erosion as necessary. b. Maintain and update sign station, as needed, designating the appropriate uses and rules of the reservation. c. Monitor for vandalism and address as needed with surveillance equipment and working with local authorities.

Objective 3: Manage existing trail system and create new trails as shown on the Proposed Project Map. Strategies: a. Create new trails as shown on the Proposed Project Map: i. create ±2200 linear feet of new trail; ii. make trail corridors six to eight feet wide and eight feet tall when possible, with the exception of existing old roads which may be maintained at their present width; iii. install 80’ of raised boardwalk and 20’ of ground level boardwalk; iv. free trails of rocks, roots and other obstacles where

32 Peaked Hill Reservation Management PLAN practical; v. install erosion control measures where needed; vi. mark trails with colored markers or directional signs if needed; vii. site trails so that they are as unobtrusive as possible to nearby homes and sensitive wildlife habitat; and viii. site trails so that they connect, as well as possible, to other conservation land, ancient ways and trail easements.

b. Screen views of houses as necessary from trails and view-points using native vegetation. c. Minimize need for signs by siting trails appropriately. d. Allow land bank staff discretion to close or relocate trails or add new trails, such as spur trails for off-property trail connections. e. Allow multiple uses of trails where appropriate by hikers, Nordic skiers, horseback-riders and bicyclists. f. Use brush or temporary fences to close unauthorized or relocated trails if necessary. g. Prohibit visitors’ use of motorized vehicles, such as but not limited to dirt bikes and all-terrain vehicles. h. Check and maintain trails monthly. i. Maintain existing trail system in good condition. j. Ensure that the lessee of the pasture installs sufficient fencing and gates to ensure a peaceful experience between cattle and people.

Objective 4: Highlight stonewalls and maintain existing views. Strategies:

a. Continue to trim and cut vegetation to maintain long-distance views of the south shore, Vineyard Sound and Elizabeth Islands from the ridge trail and Peaked Hill summits.

b. Clear vegetation from the stonewall along North Road. c. Cut snags if they significantly detract from the aesthetic quality of the view. d. When cutting vegetation on slopes greater than 8%, limit soil disturbance by maintaining ground cover where possible and installing erosion control measures if necessary.

33 Peaked Hill Reservation Management PLAN e. Install rustic benches where appropriate. f. Work with the town of Chilmark to maintain the 302’ summit in an attractive manner through screening with vegetation and regular removal of debris. g. Graze goats in and around stonewalls to clear vegetation and highlight walls where possible and suitable. h. Clear vegetation around military fortifications by hand so that these structures are visible to the pubic from the trail system.

Objective 5: Entertain possibilities for other trail links Strategies: a. Use existing trails on the reservation where possible and create new trails as necessary to connect the reservation to future conservation land and trail easements.

b. Maintain existing links to other conserved properties

c. Create links to other conserved land and easements

Objective 6: Require that dogs are leashed during the avian ground-nesting and eastern box turtle nesting season from April 1 through October 1. Strategies: a. Post the dog policy at the various sign stations and property entrances and in the land bank map. b. Encourage visitors to clean up after their pets.

C. Natural Products

Allow agriculture, silviculture, hunting and gathering provided that these uses do not preclude attainment of nature conservation objectives; generally prohibit camping on the reservation.

Objective 1: Promote agriculture use of the designated fields and pastures on the reservation. Strategies: a. Lease existing 12.5-acre pasture, 3-acre planting fields and proposed 6-acre pasture to a farmer per the land bank farmland leasing policy.

34 Peaked Hill Reservation Management PLAN b. Clear 5 acres of shrubland abutting an existing grassland and create an approximate 6-acre pasture to lease to a farmer.

c. Establish pasture vegetation and implement soil conservation measures in the proposed pasture.

d. Allow farmer to use existing wells on the reservation and install new wells or bring water from off-site and store in troughs, tanks or other storage facilities.

e. Require farmer to have a soil conservation and grazing plan.

f. Ensure farmer installs appropriate gates and fences.

Objective 2: Permit hunting on the reservation for deer, turkey, pheasant and raccoon. Strategies: a. Notify the public of the hunting policy on the reservation, in the land bank hunting policy and on the land bank website. b. Follow the hunting policy regarding types or hunting and numbers of hunters on the reservation; revise policy for the reservation as recommended by the land bank hunting subcommittee.

Objective 3: Prohibit camping. Strategies: a. Prohibit camping on the reservation unless special permission is granted by the land bank commission for scouting and like groups and it is in compliance with appropriate Chilmark town bylaws. b. Monitor the reservation for squatters and remove unauthorized campers promptly

Objective 4: Allow gathering of natural products according to the land bank’s public use policy. Strategies: a. Prohibit collecting of locally rare plants and wildlife on the reservation. b. Require that gathering occur within the immediate environs of the trail system.

Objective 5: Allow silvicultural use of the reservation. Strategies: a. Develop a community woodlot program for the growth and harvest of

35 Peaked Hill Reservation Management PLAN firewood if the land bank commission determines that there is a public need for such a program. b. Establish a forest management plan for the reservation specifically designed for the growth and harvest of hardwood firewood on a sustainable annual basis that addresses likely impacts to nature conservation and recreational goals; proposes mitigation of impacts; and proposes steps to maintain or improve site productivity.

D. Community Interaction Provide helpful and interesting information about the property for visitors; promote cultural resource conservation; and allow educational use of the property. Objective 1: Help people find the property and avoid trespassing. Strategies a. Mark the property on land bank website (www.mvlandbank.com) and map and provide directions. b. Install “end of land bank property” signs where appropriate. c. Install land bank logo markers on property. d. Limit trespassing by closing existing trails not intended for use. e. Install gates or fencing as needed. f. Inform visitors, in the land bank map, how to access the reservation’s trailhead and its intended use. g. Post map of property and trails as well as an aerial overview of the connecting conservation land and trails on sign station and website as they are updated. h. Plant vegetation where residential dwellings are visible from the trail, as necessary, that blends in with the natural context of its environs in order to define and screen the boundaries.

Objective 2: Present useful and interesting information about Peaked Hill reservation to the public. Strategies: a. Provide the Chilmark public library and conservation commission with copies of this management plan if so desired. b. Make a copy of this plan available at the land bank office and, when file size is not restrictive, on the land bank website. c. Post information about the cultural and natural history of the reservation at the trailheads.

36 Peaked Hill Reservation Management PLAN E. Land Administration Oversee and police Peaked Hill Reservation on a regular basis and develop good neighborhood relations

Objective 1: Maintain good relations with abutters and neighbors. Strategies: a. Establish contact and working relations with neighbors. b. Maintain contact and working relations with the Chilmark conservation commission; send a draft copy of the plan to the Chilmark conservation commission prior to the public hearing. c. Post the activities allowed and prohibited on the reservation.

Objective 2: Keep property well-maintained. Strategies: a. Inspect property at least monthly. b. Clean up any litter and junk which may occur. c. Promptly respond to problems. d. Employ adequate staff to effectively implement land management goals.

Objective 3: Maintain set hours for use. Strategies: a. Open property every day of the year from sunrise to sunset. b. Prohibit nighttime use unless special permission is granted by the land bank commission. c. Post “closed at dark” signs on the sign station.

Objective 4: Keep well-maintained boundaries. Strategies: a. Locate and GPS corners. b. Walk boundaries annually. c. Post boundary flags where appropriate. d. Correct encroachments as they occur.

Objective 5: Keep good records of all land management activities and natural events. Strategies: a. Record all significant events, natural or otherwise.

37 Peaked Hill Reservation Management PLAN b. Continue to update plant and wildlife inventories. c. Maintain photographic record of landscape appearance.

Objective 6: Comply with all applicable regulations and agreements. Strategies: a. Comply with Massachusetts endangered species act. b. Comply with wetlands protection act and Chilmark town wetland by- laws. c. Request recommendations from the Massachusetts historical commission regarding the proposed activities in the plan.

IV. Literature Cited

Avery, T. and H. Burkhart. 2002. Forest Measurements. McGraw-Hill,. Boston, MA. 456 pp.

Banks, C. E. 1911 (1966). The History of Martha’s Vineyard Dukes County Massachusetts. Volume III. The Dukes County Historical Society, Edgartown, MA 565pp.

Begon, M., J. L. Harper and C. R. Townsend. 1990. Ecology: Individuals, Populations and Communities. Blackwell Scientific Publications. Boston, MA. 945 pp.

Carey, Jennifer H. 1994. Smilax rotundifolia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer).

Cornell Ornithology Laboratory. 2009. All About Birds. http://www.allaboutbirds.org.

Guernsey, S. J. 1916. Notes on Explorations of Martha’s Vineyard. American Anthropologist. Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 81-97.

Haines, A. 2011. Flora Novae Angliae. Yale University Press. New Haven, CT. 973pp.

Hough, Henry B. 1949. Vineyard Got Along Minus Golf Till ’93. Vineyard Gazette Vol 104, No 8.

Martha's Vineyard Museum, RU 74, Henry L. Whiting Papers.

38 Peaked Hill Reservation Management PLAN Massachusetts Geographic Information System. 2003. Executive Office of Environmental Affairs. www.state.ma.us/mgis/massgis.htm.

MHC. 1984. MHC Reconnaissance Survey Town Report: Chilmark. Massachusetts Historical Commission. Boston, MA14pp.

MV Museum Notes on Henry Laurens Whiting: http://mvlandandsea.com/sites/default/files/Notes/8- Whiting-Notes.pdf).

Ogden, J. Gordon, III. 1962. Forest history of Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts. I. Modern and pre-colonial forests. The American Midland Naturalist. 66(2): 417-430. [10118]

Potter, John. 1993. Peaked Hill Reservation Land Management Plan. Martha’s Vineyard Land Bank Commission. Edgartown, Massachusetts. Unpublished.

Ritchie, W. 1969. The Archaeology of Martha’s Vineyard: A framework for the prehistory of Southern New England. The Natural History Press, New York, pp253.

Soil Conservation Service. 1986. Soil Survey of Dukes County, Massachusetts. United States Department of Agriculture. 144 pp.

Somers, P. 1996. Invasive Non-indigenous Plants in Massachusetts. Massachusetts Association of Conservation Commissions Newsletter 25(3):7-8.

Swan, Judy. 1998. The 1880 Federal Census of Chilmark Mass, transcribed by J. Swan.

Upham, Warren. 1879. The Formation of Cape Cod. The American Naturalist, Vol. 13. No. 8 pp. 189-502.

United States Geologic Survey (USGS). 1976. Geologic History of Cape Cod, Massachusetts. U.S. Covernment Printing Office O-207-952.

USGS. 2012. Science Topics: Biological and Physical Processes.

Vineyard Gazette. June 20, 1856.

Whiting, S. B., and B. B. Pesch. 1993. Vineyard Birds. Concord Press. Concord, MA. 117 pp.

Wilson, Linda. 2007. Finding Aid to the Martha’s Vineyard Museum Record Unit 55

39 Peaked Hill Reservation Management PLAN Emma Mayhew Whiting Collection, 1680-1946.

40 Peaked Hill Reservation Management PLAN Appendix A. Locus, Topography and Site Management Maps

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Clay Rights Map of 1868

47 Peaked Hill Reservation Management PLAN Enlarged from Wallings 1850 Map

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Whiting 1850 Survey of the Coast of the United States map

49 Peaked Hill Reservation Management PLAN Appendix B. Surveys, Deeds and Preliminary Management Plan Goals Deeds and larger copies of the surveys are on file at the land bank office. They include the following: Table 1. Citations for acquisitions related to Peaked Hill Reservation, Chilmark, MA. Date Citationa Grantor Grantee Descriptionb 1989, 01-20 514-685 Lee H. Kozul, trustee Roland C. Allan, trustee fee-simple 1992, 07-29 585-621 Philip J. Norton, Jr. Town of Chilmark fee-simple 1992, 07-29 585-626 Philip J. Norton, Jr. David M. Flanders et al. fee-simple 1992, 07-29 585-634 Philip J. Norton, Jr. Land bank fee simple in 71.6 acres 1992, 09-09 588-154 David M. Flanders et al. Land bank trail easement 1997, 03-13 696-125 David M. Flanders et al. Land bank view easement and restriction 1997, 04-24 159-49 June Brehm Tabor et al. Land bank fee simple in 17.9 52-035 acres 1997, 04-24 159-51 Constance A. Taylor et Land bank trail easement 29-145 al. 1998, 06-26 734-229 Kerry M. Elkin Land bank APR 1998, 12-29 751-432 Kerry M. Elkin Land bank CR 1999, 12-03 783-691 Frederick N. Khedouri Land bank CR 2000, 08-31 223-03 James Allen Athearn et Land bank APR 26-169 al. 2000, 08-31 808-026 Martha’s Vineyard Land bank APR Agricultural Society 2002, 12-23 916-891 Jeffrey D. Hutchins, Land bank fee simple in 21.9 trustee acres 2005, 08-08 1051- Michael Halbreich, Land bank trail easement 063 trustee 2005, 08-08 55-297 Monina von Opel et al. Land bank trail easement 2005, 08-08 63-101 Matthew Lichtenberg et Land bank trail easement al. trustees 2008, 04-15 1148- Kerry M. Elkin Land bank fee simple in 12.3 410 acres (includes 10.5- acre land bank CR) 2008, 11-24 26-169 James Athearn et al. Land bank trail easement aCitation from the Dukes County Registry of Deeds, Book-Page. bAPR = agricultural preservation restriction; CR = conservation restriction

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64 Peaked Hill Reservation Management PLAN Appendix C. Soils Maps and Descriptions

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The soils on the reservation are from the Chilmark, Eastchop, and Moshup General Soils series. There are three different soil series represented on the reservation. The following soil descriptions are derived from SCS (1986) Dukes County Soil Surveys. c. Eastchop loamy sand (EcB, EcC, EcD, EdB, EdC, EdD) EcB – A very deep soil on a gently slope of 3-8% that is excessively drained. Low available water capacity makes this soil unsuitable for cultivated crops, hay and pasture and woodland productivity.

EcC – A very deep soil strongly sloping 8-15% that is excessively drained. Risk of erosion and low water capacity make this soil poorly suited to woodland productivity or cultivated crops, hay, and pasture. Slope also limits building capability. Erosion is concern for trails, landings, and access roads.

67 Peaked Hill Reservation Management PLAN EcD – A very deep soil steeply sloping 15-35% that is excessively drained and with a low water capacity. This soil is unsuitable for farming because of slope, low water capacity, and erosion hazard which also limit woodland productivity and building. Erosion presents a management hazard for trails, landings, and access roads. EdB – A very deep, gently sloping (3-8%) soil that is excessively drained. This soil often occurs on small hills and has a 1-3% cover of stones and boulders. The low water availability and stoniness making this soil poorly suited to woodland productivity or cultivated crops, hay, or pasture. It is suitable for building with or without basements. EdC – A very deep, moderately sloping (8-15%) soil that is excessively drained. This soil has a 1-3% cover of stones and boulders and occurs on small hills and ridges. Low water capacity, slope, and rocky surface make this soil unsuitable for farming and woodland productivity and limit building. Erosion is a management hazard for trails, landings, and access roads. EdD – A very deep soil moderately to steeply sloping 15-35% that is excessively drained. Up to 3% of the surface is covered by stones and boulders and some parts of this soil may consist of 20-30% gravel. Low water capacity, slope, and rocky surface make this soil unsuitable for farming and woodland productivity and limit building. Erosion is a management hazard for trails, landings, and access roads. d. Chilmark sandy loam (ChB, ChC) ChB – A very deep, gently sloping (3-8%), well drained soil that occurs on small hills and knolls in western Martha’s Vineyard. This soil is well suited to cultivated crops, hay and pasture as well as woodland productivity and has no limitations for building with or without basements but is limited for use as a site for septic tank absorption field. ChC – A very deep, strongly sloping (8-15%), well drained soil on small hills and ridges in western Martha’s Vineyard. This soil is suited to cultivated crops, hay and pasture but erosion is a consideration. Woodland productivity is suitable on this soil with common trees being white oak, eastern white pine and scarlet oak. Slope limits this site for building. c. Nantucket sandy loam (NaB, NaC, NnB, NnC) NaB – A deep, gently sloping (3-8%) soil that is well drained and occurs on the crests and sides of ridges and hills. This soil is well suited to cultivated crops, hay and pasture is fairly well suited to woodland productivity and has no limitations for building with or without basements.

68 Peaked Hill Reservation Management PLAN NaC – A very deep, strongly sloping (8-15%), well drained soil on small hills and ridges in western Martha’s Vineyard. With moderate permeability this soil is well suited to cultivated crops, orchards, hay and pasture as well as woodland productivity. Erosion is a concern and the soil can be droughty during low rainfall periods. Slope is the limitaing factor with with building in this soil. NnB – A deep, gently sloping (3-8%), well drained, very stony soil on the crests and sides of ridges and hills in western Martha’s Vineyard. The stones and boulders make this soil unsuitable for cultivated crops and hay but pasturing is possible. The soil is well suited to woodland productivity with common trees being oak species. There are no limitations for building in this soil. NnC – A deep, strongly sloping (8-15%), well-drained soil with stones and boulders covering 1-3% of the areas on small hills and ridges in western Martha’s Vineyard. The soil is unsuitable to cultivation and hay due to the boulders but is suitable to pasture and woodland productivity. Slope limits building on this soil.

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Appendix D: Vegetation

Vegetation inventories and surveys of Peaked Hill Reservation were conducted in 1992, 2000, 2005, 2008, 2011, 2012 and 2018. The initial woodland survey completed in 1992 surveyed 51.5 acres in 65 circular plots (29m2) plotted 150’ apart. Additional surveys of the woodland followed the point-sampling method as described by Avery and Burkhart (1994). Density and percent cover of understory vegetation were recorded for all points using the Avery and Burkhart method in 3m2 circular plots. Percent canopy and ground cover were measured using a densitometer. A total of 5 plots was surveyed in 2000 on 14 acres and 19 plots were surveyed in 2012 on 72 acres. Random circular plots of varying sizes were used to survey the grassland, shrubland and roadsides of the reservation. The 9.7-acre pasture was surveyed in 17 random 29m2 circular plots in 1992. The northern 1.9 acres of the pasture was surveyed in 2012 in 19 random 2m2 circular plots along two transects. The 2.3-acre grassland off North Road was surveyed in 2005 in 19 random 2m2 circular plots. The 1.5 acres of roadside vegetation was surveyed in eight random 29m2 circular plots. A total of 5.8 acres of the upland shrubland was surveys in 1992 in six 29m2 circular plots and 18.5 acres of shrubland was surveyed in 2012 in nine 2m2 circular plots. A total of 1.34 acres of shrub swamp was surveyed in 2000 in six 2m2 circular plots. The line-transect method as described by Tansley and Chip (1926) was employed to survey the heathland. Plant species and corresponding percent cover were recorded within each 1.5-meter interval along two line transects, each 30.5 meters long. Rare plant species were inventoried on the reservation during ongoing plant inventories conducted by land bank staff from 1992 through 2018. Flora at Peaked Hill Reservation is listed in Table 1 with proper nomenclature according to Haines (2011). A description of each cover type and quantitative summary of surveys follows:

Table 2. Flora of Peaked Hill Reservation from 1992-2018

woodland

Path

Grassland

Shrubland

Heathland

Vernal pool Vernal

%frequency

Shrub swamp Shrub

Pitch pine Pitch Deciduous woodland Deciduous

scientific name common name morph

Bryophytes

1 Cladonia sp. fruticose lichen lichen U x 27

2 Usnea stigoda fruticose lichen lichen U C 27

3 Anomodon sp. moss x x 27

4 Dicranum sp. wind blown moss x U x 27

5 Entodon sp. moss x x 27

6 Leucobryum glaucum pin cushion moss moss x x 27

7 Polytrichum sp. moss U C U C 36

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8 Sphagnum sp. a sphagnum moss moss U x 27

Tracheophytes

FERN

1 Athyrium angustum northern lady fern fern x x 9

2 Comptonia peregrina sweet ferm fern x x 9

3 Dennstaedtia punctilobula hay-scented fern fern U x 64

4 Onoclea sensibilis sensitive fern fern x 9

5 Osmunda regalis royal fern fern x 9 Osmundastrum 6 cinnamomeum cinnamon fern fern U U U 55 Parathelypteris 7 noveboracensis New york fern fern U x U 64

8 Pteridium aquilinum bracken fern fern U U x U 82

9 Thelypteris simulata Massachusetts fern fern x 9

10 Thylypteris palustris marsh fern fern x 9

11 Woodwardia areolata netted chain fern fern x 18

GRAMINOID

12 Agrostis gigantea redtop graminoid U C x x C 55

13 Agrostis perennans autumn bentgrass graminoid x 9

14 Andropogon gerardii big bluestem graminoid x 9

15 Anthoxanthum odoratum sweet vernal grass graminoid x U 27

16 Carex lasiocarpa woolly sedge graminoid U C C 18

17 Carex pensylvanica pennsylvania sedge graminoid C x C U U 64

18 Carex scoparia broom sedge graminoid x x U 36

19 Cinna arundinacea common woodreed graminoid U 18

20 Cyperus filicinus slender umbrella sedge graminoid U C 18

21 Dactylis glomerata orchard grass graminoid U 27

22 Danthonia spicata poverty grass graminoid U x 18

23 Deschampsia flexuosa hairgrass graminoid x C 27 Dichanthelium 24 acuminatum woolly panic grass graminoid U A A 27 Dichanthelium 25 clandestinum deer-tongue grass graminoid x x 55

26 Digitaria sp. crabgrass graminoid x 9

27 Elymus trachycaulus awned wheatgrass graminoid x x 9

28 Eragrostis spectabilis purple lovegrass graminoid x 27

29 Festuca cf. ovina sheep fescue graminoid x 45

30 Festuca rubra red fescue graminoid x 9

31 Holcus lanatus velvetgrass graminoid U U x U 73

32 Juncus canadensis canada rush graminoid x 27

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33 Juncus effusus soft rush graminoid U U x 36

34 Juncus greenei greene's rush graminoid x 18

35 Juncus tenuis path rush graminoid U C x A 55

36 Lolium perenne perennial rye grass graminoid U C U 18

37 Miscanthus sinensis Japanese silver grass graminoid x x 18

38 Panicum virgatum switchgrass graminoid x 9

39 Phleum pratense timothy graminoid U 18

40 phragmites australis reed grass graminoid x 9

41 Schizachyrium scoparium little bluestem graminoid U U x C 55

42 Scirpus cyperinus woolgrass graminoid C x 18

43 Scleria sp. nut sedge graminoid x 9

44 Panicum sp. panic grass graminoid x 9 Schoenoplectus 45 americanus chair-maker's bulrush graminoid x 9

HERB 0

46 Achillea millefolium yarrow herb x U U 64

47 Agalinis pupurea purple gerardia herb x x 18

48 Ambrosia artemisiifolia ragweed herb x 45

49 Anaphalis margaritacea pearly everlasting herb x 45

50 Anemone quinquefolia wood anemone herb U x 45 plantain-leaved 51 Antennaria plantaginifolia pussytoes herb x 18 Apocynum 52 androsaemifolium spreading dogbane herb x 9

53 Arabis species rockcress species herb x 18

54 Aralia nudicaulis wild sarsaparilla herb U 45

55 Arctostaphylos uva-ursi bearberry herb x x 45

56 Arisaema triphyllum jack-in-the-pulpit herb x 9

57 Asclepias syriaca common milkweed herb x 9

58 Asclepias tuberosa butterfly weed herb U 27 narrow leaved white 59 Aster solidagineus topped aster herb C x 9

60 Baptisia tinctoria yellow wild indigo herb x 9

61 Bartonia paniculata screwstem herb x 9

62 Bidens connata swamp beggar ticks herb x 27

63 Bidens frondosa beggar ticks herb x 45

64 Centaurea stoebe spotted knapweed herb x x 18

65 Cerastium fontanum mouse ear chickweed herb U x 55

66 Chenopodium species a goosefoot herb U 18

67 Cirsium discolor field thistle herb x 9

68 Cirsium vulgare bull thistle herb x 45

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69 Commelina communis Asiatic dayflower herb x 9

70 Crocanthemum canadense frostweed herb U C 55

71 Daucus carota Queen-anne's lace herb x x 18

72 Decodon verticillatus water willow herb x 9

73 Desmodium ciliare hairy tick-trefoil herb x 9

74 Dianthus armeria depfords pink herb x 9

75 Epigaea repens trailing arbutus herb U A x 55

76 Epilobium hirsutum great hairy willow herb herb C 18

77 Erechtites hieraciifolius pilewort herb C x 45

78 Erigeron annuus daisy fleabane herb A U 55

79 Erigeron canadensis horseweed herb x 27

80 Eupatorium hyssopifolium hyssop-leaved boneset herb x x x 55

81 Eupatorium perfoliatum boneset herb x 18

82 Euthamia graminifolia grass-leaved goldenrod herb U A x U A 73

83 Euthamia tenuifolia slender-leaved goldenrod herb U C U A x 73

84 Eutrochium dubium eastern joe-pye weed herb x 18

85 Eutrochium maculatum joe-pye weed herb x 9

86 Fallopia scandens climbing false buckwheat herb U U U 27

87 Fragaria virginiana wild strawberry herb x x 9

88 Galium aparine cleavers herb U 18

89 Gaultheria procumbens wintergreen herb U 45

90 Geranium maculatum wild geranium herb x 18

91 Gratiola aurea golden hedge hyssop herb x 27

92 Hieracium gronovii hairy hawkweed herb x 36

93 Houstonia caerulea bluets herb x 18

94 Houstonia caerulea little bluet herb x x 9

95 Hudsonia ericoides golden heather herb x 27

96 Hudsonia tomentosa beach heather herb x 18

97 Hypericum canadense Canada St. Johnswort herb x x 27

98 Hypericum gentianoides pineweed herb C 36

99 Hypericum perforatum common St. Johnswort herb x 9

100 Hypochaeris radicata cat's ear herb U C 55

101 Lactuca canadensis wild lettuce herb x 45

102 Lathyrus latifolius Everlasting vetchling herb x x 9

103 Lechea maritima beach pinweed herb x 18

104 Lechea mucronata hairy pinweed herb x 9

105 Lechea tenuifolia narrow leaved pinweed herb x 9

106 Lepidium campestre field peppergrass herb x 18

107 Lepidium virginicum wild peppergrass herb x 18

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round-ehaded 108 Lespedeza capiata bushclover herb x 9

109 Leucanthemum vulgare ox-eye daisy herb U U 36

110 Lilium philadelphicum wood lily herb x 27

111 Lotus corniculatus birdsfoot trefoil herb x x 18

112 Lycopus rubellus stalked water-horehound herb x 18

113 Lycopus uniflorus northern bugleweed herb x 18

114 Lysimachia borealis starflower herb U x x 64

115 Lysimachia quadriflora whorled loosestrife herb U A C x A 73

116 Maianthemum canadense Canada mayflower herb U U C U x x 55

117 Maianthemum racemosum false solomon's seal herb x x 18

118 Medeola virginiana indian cucumber-root herb U 36

119 Melampyrum lineare cow-wheat herb U x 45

120 Monotropa uniflora indian pipe herb U 18

121 Nabulus altissimus tall rattlesnake root herb U U U 27

122 Nuttallanthus canadensis blue toadflax herb x 27 common evening 123 Oenothera biennis primrose herb x 9

124 Persicaria maculosa lady's thumb herb x 18

125 Persicaria pensylvanica common smartweed herb x 9

126 Persicaria pensylvanica pink knotweed herb x 18

127 Persicaria punctata water smartweed herb x 27

128 Persicariam lapathifolia nodding smartweed herb x 9

129 Phytolacca americana pokeweed herb C 18 sickle-leaved golden 130 Pityopsis falcata aster herb x x 36

131 Plantago lanceolata english plantain herb x U 27

132 Polygala nuttalii Nuttail's milkwort herb x 9

133 Polygala polygama racemed milkwort herb U U 27

134 Potentilla canadensis dwarf cinquefoil herb U A C 36

135 Potentilla simplex common cinquefoil herb x U x 55

136 Proserpinaca palustris mermaid weed herb x 18

137 Prunella vulgaris selfheal herb x 9 Pseudognaphalium 138 obtusifolium sweet everlasting herb C 64

139 Pyrola elliptica shinleaf herb U 18

140 Pyrolla americana round -leaf pyrola herb x 9

141 Ranunculus species crowfoot herb U 18

142 Ribes hirtellum swamp gooseberry herb x x x 27

143 Rosa carolina pasture rose herb x C x 27

144 Rosa palustris swamp rose herb U U 9

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145 Rudbeckia hirta black-eyed susan herb x x 9

146 Rumex acetosella field sorrel herb U C U 64

147 Rumex britannica great water dock herb x 18

148 Rumex obtusifolius bitter dock herb x x 9

149 Scorzoneroides autumnalis fall dandelion herb x 18

150 Sericocarpus asteroides white-tooped aster herb x 9

151 Silene vulgaris bladder campion herb x 9

152 Sisyrinchium angustifolium stout blue-eyed grass herb U x U 27

153 Sisyrinchium atlanticum eastern blue-eyed grass herb U U U 27 sandplain blue-eyed 154 Sisyrinchium fuscatum grass herb x 18

155 Solidago canadensis tall goldenrod herb x x 9

156 Solidago junceae early goldenrod herb x x 9

157 Solidago latissimifolia Elliott's goldenrod herb C A C U A 73

158 Solidago nemoralis grey goldenrod herb x 9

159 Solidago odora sweet goldenrod herb x U U 55

160 Solidago puberula downy goldenrod herb U 18 rough-stemmed 161 Solidago rugosa goldenrod herb U A U U A 73

162 Solidago sempervirens seaside goldenrod herb U 18 Solidago speciosa var. 163 erecta slender goldenrod herb x 18

164 Spiraea alba broadleaf spiraea herb U 18

165 Spiranthes tuberosa little laddies-tresses herb x 9

166 Stellaria graminea lesser stichwort herb U 9

167 Symphyotrichum dumosum bushy aster herb U 45 Symphyotrichum 168 racemosum small white aster herb x x x 18 Symphyotrichumr 169 undulatum wavy-leaved aster herb U x 55

170 Symplocarpus foetidus skunk cabbage herb x 9

171 Tanacetum vulgare tansy herb x 18

172 Taraxacum officinale common dandelion herb U 36

173 Triadenum virginicum marsh St. Johnswort herb x 36

174 Trichostema dichotomum blue curls herb x 18

175 Trifolium pratense red clover herb x x x 9

176 Trifolium procumbens yellow low-hop clover herb x x 9

177 Trifolium repens white clover herb C 55

178 Typha latifolia broad-leaved cat-tail herb x 18

179 Uvularia sessilifolia sessile-leaved bellwort herb x x 36

180 Verbascum thapsus common mullein herb U 18

181 Verbena stricta hoary vervain herb x 9

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182 Viola lanceolata lance-leaved violet herb A 18

183 Viola sagittata ovate-leaved violet herb x 36

SHRUB 0

184 Amelanchier canadensis thicket shadbush shrub x x 36

185 Amelanchier laevis smooth shadbush shrub U 36

186 Amelanchier spicata running shadbush shrub U x 36

187 Aronia arbutifolia red chokeberry shrub x U x 36

188 Aronia melanocarpa black chokeberry shrub U x 45

189 Baccharis halimifolia groundsel tree shrub C 27

190 Clethra alnifolia sweet pepperbush shrub U U A x x 64

191 Corylus americana American hazelnut shrub A U C U U A 55

192 Corylus cornuta beaked hazelnut shrub U x 36

193 Elaeagnus umbellata autumn olive shrub x U 27

194 Gaylussacia baccata black huckleberry shrub A C C C U A A x 82

195 Gaylussacia frondosa dangleberry shrub A C A C C x U 55

196 Ilex opaca American holly shrub U x 45

197 Ilex verticillata winterberry shrub U x C A U x 64

198 Juniperus virginiana eastern red cedar shrub x U 18

199 Kalmia angustifolia sheep laurel shrub x x 18

200 Lonicera morowwii Morrow's honeysuckle shrub x x 9

201 Lyonia ligustrina maleberry shrub U C C x 45

202 Morella caroliniensis bayberry shrub U U U x C 64

203 Prunus maritima beach plum shrub x U 36

204 Rhododendron viscosum swamp azalea shrub U 18

205 Rhus copallinum shining sumac shrub U C C C C 64

206 Rhus glabra smooth sumac shrub x 18

207 Rosa multiflora multiflora rose shrub x U 27

208 Rosa rugosa beach rose shrub U U 18

209 Rosa virginiana Virginia rose shrub U A A C x 27

210 Rubus phoenicolasius wineberry shrub U x 9

211 Toxicodendron vernix poison sumac shrub x x 55

212 Vaccinium angustifolium lowbush blueberry shrub C x x x x U 73

213 Vaccinium corymbosum highbush blueberry shrub U U x U 64

214 Vaccinium pallidum hillside blueberry shrub C U A 64

215 Viburnum dentatum southern arrowwood shrub A U C U U C x 82

TREE 0

216 Acer rubrum red maple tree U U x U 55

217 Betula populifolia gray birch tree x 9

218 Carya tomentosa mockernut hickory tree U x x 45

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219 Crataegus sp. hawthorn tree U U 18

220 Frangula alnus glossy buckthorn tree x 18

221 Hamamelis virginiana American witch-hazel tree x 9

223 Malus sp. apple tree tree x 9

224 Nyssa sylvatica beetlebung tree x x 55

225 Picea abies Norway spruce tree x 18

226 Pinus rigida pitch pine tree U x 45

227 Pinus strobus white pine tree x 18

228 Populus grandidentata bigtooth aspen tree U 27

229 Prunus serotina black cherry tree C U C C x U U 82

230 Quercus alba white oak tree A U x x U A 73

231 Quercus coccinea scarlet oak tree C x 64

232 Quercus ilicifolia scrub oak tree C C C U 64

233 Quercus velutina black oak tree A x x A U C A x 73

234 Robinia pseudoacacia black locust tree x 9

235 Salix bebbiana beaked willow tree x 18

236 Salix cinera grey willow tree x x 9

237 Sassafras albidum sassafras tree U x 55

VINE 0

238 Celastrus orbiculatus oriental bittersweet vine U 18

239 Cuscuta gronovii common dodder vine x 9 Parthenocissus 240 quinquefolia Virginia creeper vine C U A C U 73

241 Rubus allegheniensis common blackberry vine C A A U A 45

242 Rubus flagellaris prickly dewberry vine A C C C U U C 82

243 Rubus hispidus bristly dewberry vine U U x C 55

244 Rubus idaeus red raspberry vine U U 18

245 Rubus occidentalis black raspberry vine x x x U 55

246 Rubus phoenicolasius wine berry vine x 55

247 Smilax glauca glaucous greenbrier vine C A x 55

248 Smilax rotundifolia common greenbrier vine A C A A C x 82

249 Vicia cracca cow vetch vine x 9

250 Vitis aestivalis summer grape vine U x U 27 Vitis aestivalis cf. 251 argentifolia silverleaf grape vine x 9

252 Vitis labrusca fox grape vine U U x x U 64

253 Toxicodendron radicans poison ivy vine/herb C U A C C U C x 82

Total # of species 127 136 40 20 63 44 94 23

% of total species 49 53 15 8 24 17 36 9 a Survey results: A = abundant (percent occurrence > 50%), C = common (percent occurrence >21% and <50%), U = uncommon (percent occurrence <20%), X = present on the reservation but not detected during survey;

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Sources: Haines 2011.

Habitat Description

a. Wetland Shrub Swamp (5.35 acres)

A 1.6-acre shrub swamp is situated near the trailhead of Peaked Hill Reservation. Rose and greenbrier brambles protect inhabitants of the swamp from predators. The dominant wetland species is sweet pepperbush with a frequency of 100% and importance value of 93%. Common greenbrier occurred in 83% of sampled plots and was the second most important species in the shrub swamp. Black oak and highbush blueberry are the next most common species and share an importance value of 18%. Importance value is the summation of relative dominance, density and frequency of occurrence of a particular species. Several other shrub species include maleberry, winterberry, swamp azalea and red chokeberry. Ferns, such as cinnamon fern, and thorny shrubs, such as Carolina rose, also grow among the brambles and berry-producing shrubs. Sphagnum moss and other wetland mosses form hummocks around the roots of larger trees and shrubs.

An additional 3.75 acres of shrub swamp contribute to the wetland system in the northern corner of the reservation. The dominant species in this shrub swamp is common greenbrier with an importance value of 56%. The sweet pepperbush, winterberry and dangleberry compose the dominant shrubs in the swamp with frequency of occurrence greater than 40%.

Vernal Pool (0.04 acres) The vernal pool on Peaked Hill Reservation is approximately 2,000 ft2 in size and is 5 feet deep. Water pools in an unvegetated depression in the mixed oak woodland several times a year. The pool is subject to seasonal water fluctuations and thus does not harbor fish. Various wetland plants grow along the edge of the pool including winterberry, maleberry, sweet pepperbush, soft rush, swamp beggar ticks, marsh St. Johnswort, golden hedge hyssop, stalked water horehound, great water dock, lady’s thumb, water smartweed, mermaid weed, and sphagnum. Other oak woodland plants such as huckleberry and highbush blueberry also grow along the edge of the pond.

Red Maple Swamp (1.5 acres) A small portion of red-maple swamp occurs in the annex portion (Chilmark map/parcel: 20/54.2) of the reservation to the north. A stream fed by the shrub swamp, described above, travels through mesic woodland. A multitude of ferns and moss covers the spongy ground from which red maples grow, roots extending above the soil to breath.

b. Upland Woodland (73 acres)

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The woodland is the dominant ecological community on the reservation, comprising mixed-oak woodland with a 1.9-acre area of pitch pine. Forty-two percent of all known plant species on the reservation occur in the woodland. The old cart path adds an additional 38 plants to the diversity of the woodland as a result of disturbance and increased light penetration to the ground.

Mixed-oak woodland: A hardwood forest, dominated by black and white oak trees in the overstory, spans 71 acres of Peaked Hill Reservation. Individual scarlet oak, red maple, pitch pine, beetlebung, and hickory trees grow scattered among the black and white oaks. Black and white oaks comprise approximately 66-76% and 23-33% of the stand, respectively. The stand is approximately 90 years old (1928 age class) and its trees are on average 45' high. However, portions of the stand, especially at higher elevations, are shorter. Larger trees may reach 23 inches in diameter at breast height (“dbh”), although the average diameter of these trees is 12 inches. In comparison, the average dbh for all dominant trees (i.e., those with crowns that dominate the stand) in 1992 was ten inches. Portions of the mixed- oak woodland along ridges and peak elevations lack overstory trees.

The estimated basal area per acre is 109 square feet. There are an estimated 115 trees per acre in the dbh class of 10 inches and greater. This is a typical middle- aged hardwood stand in which 71% crown closure occurs with an average ground cover of 47%.

Black huckleberry dominates the understory of the mixed oak woodland and occurs in 68% of random plots. Black huckleberry covers an average of 37% of sample areas and has an importance value of 57%. Common greenbrier is the second most important species with an average cover of 8% and frequency of 57% within plots. Dewberry and poison ivy occur in areas where the three-foot high huckleberry understory is sparse. Mid-story shrubs such as southern and northern arrowwood, American hazelnut, sweet pepperbush and scrub oak occur in patches throughout the stand. Common greenbrier grows in areas where the canopy has opened and light is adequate. White oak saplings are the dominant species regenerating the woodland.

A number of herbs, grasses, and ferns occur in the mixed oak understory where small openings in the shrub and vine cover are present. These include four common goldenrod species (Elliott’s, rough-stemmed, slender-leaved, and grass- leaved goldenrod), typical woodland herbs such as the early blooming Canada mayflower, trailing arbutus, wood anemone, cow-wheat, and starflower, and late blooming wild sarsaparilla, Indian cucumber root, shinleaf, and the aromatic wintergreen, several varieties of ferns (hay-scented, New York, netted chain, Virginia chain, bracken, and cinnamon fern) and common woodland graminoids such as path rush, woolly panic grass, wooly sedge, slender umbrella sedge, redtop, little bluestem, poverty grass, velvet grass, perennial rye grass, eastern blue-eyed grass, and purple love grass. Herbaceous plants are the dominant

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vegetation and, along with graminoids and ferns, compose 55% of the total plant species that occur in the mixed oak hardwood forest.

Pitch Pine woodland: The pitch pine forest is a small 1.3-acre stand that is 75 to 80 years old and is 85% pitch pine and 15% black oak. The average stand diameter is 9 inches with some trees reaching 15 inches. The average stand height is 55 feet.

Tall huckleberry and scrub oak dominate the understory of the pitch pine stand and typically grow in the dry sandy soils associated with pitch pines. Other important species under the pitch pine overstory include trailing arbutus, blueberry, hairgrass, Virginia rose and poison ivy. Black oak seedlings are present and will ultimately overtake the shade-intolerant pines. Wind topples the taller pines and opens the canopy to shade-tolerant oaks below. Dense cover and deep shade contribute to a relatively sparse understory. A mere 17 species exist in the pitch pine woodland.

Shrubland/ Heathland (27 acres)

Shrubland-open canopy: The dominant presence of common greenbrier vines and lack of overstory trees marks the boundaries of 10 acres of open canopy shrublands that occur throughout the reservation. An additional 13 acres of moderately open canopy shrubland is defined by a greenbrier-dominated understory and large spreading scattered black oak and white oak as well as hawthorn and red cedars. Red cedar and hawthorn trees often occur in old agricultural grassland or in openings in dry oak forests. The oaks, cedar and hawthorn are typically 30-35' in height and open-grown. Throughout the shrubland, greenbrier occurred in 90% of random plots and is followed in importance by tall huckleberry, southern arrowwood, black huckleberry, poison ivy, and winterberry. Glaucous greenbrier also exists in the shrubland but does not occur as frequently as common greenbrier. A total of 40 different plant species grows in this community. Other shrubs and vines occurring in approximately 30% of sampled plots include winged sumac, Virginia creeper, Virginia rose, common blackberry, and prickly dewberry. Some of the herbs and ferns that are associated with the shrubland include Elliott's and sweet goldenrod, Canada mayflower, bracken and New York fern and whorled loosestrife.

The shrub and herb species of the greenbrier thicket are typical of post-agricultural land uses. This part of the reservation likely was grazed more recently than the surrounding oak woods. While goldenrods are present, few other grasses remain in the stand. This may demonstrate the aggressive nature of greenbrier as much as the number of years since the cessation of grazing.

Heathland: Nearly four acres of the reservation is a heathland. The heath is found on a hillside overlooking the pasture and farmland below. The most abundant

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species in the heath is black huckleberry, with a frequency of 75% and absolute cover of 56%. Scrub oak covers 21% of the sampled area and is the second most common shrub in the heathland. Black oak is the dominant overstory tree species and was observed over 35% of sampled plots. Other trees present in the heath are serviceberry, black cherry, white and scarlet oak, and mockernut hickory. The dominant graminoid species in the heath is little bluestem with a frequency of 28% and absolute cover of 6%. There are several areas of open ground covered in foliose lichens, various moss species, heather, and pineweed. The heath occurs on a ridge and down the western slope of the ridge. High winds, past agricultural use and human disturbance created these areas of open heath in the mixed oak woodland.

Path Edge There are approximately 4.8 acres of unpaved road and road edge on the reservation. The width of the road area ranges from 10 to 15 feet, some parts being wider and others with nearly a full canopy closure by surrounding oaks. The unpaved roads originate from developments efforts of the late 1980s. The road edge contains a diverse group of 83 plant species. These are predominantly herbs, graminoids, or shrubs and are typical of recently disturbed sites.

Goldenrods and loosestrife constitute the most important species with Elliott's goldenrod composing 18% of the sample, grass-leaved goldenrod 13%, whorled loosestrife 11%, and slender-leaved goldenrod 11%. Other herbs present in the sample included brambles (dewberries, black raspberry, blackberry, and wineberry), ragweed, rough-stemmed goldenrod, dwarf cinquefoil, violets, frostweed, pokeweed, yarrow, oxeye daisy, horseweed, and sheep sorrel. These species along with a large number of graminoids are spread out all along this linear community type. The graminoids include such species as woolly panic grass, path rush, redtop, woolly sedge, deer tongue grass, umbrella sedge, and soft rush. There is little evidence of artificial seeding although rye, redtop, and velvet grass grow there. Sheep fescue, however, was not sampled in the road edge area. Trees and shrubs have germinated in this community and will likely come to dominate it without further disturbance. These include such species as shining sumac, black oak, bayberry, southern arrowwood, white oak, poison ivy, black huckleberry, and common greenbrier. Several non-native, invasive plants are also among the roadside flora. They include oriental bittersweet, spotted knapweed, autumn olive, glossy buckthorn and multiflora rose.

Grassland/Pasture (16 acres) A 9.9-acre pasture occurs below Peaked Hill to the south. The grassland was a woodland that was cleared in 1989 for potential use as a horse pasture. A pond was built in the proposed pasture area. Clay was removed from the soil horizon to serve as pond liner and sand was removed for use as road hardener. The combination of clearing, erosion and the removal of clay and sand from the soil resulted in a severe loss of topsoil from this area. After purchase by the land bank,

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the pond was drained and graded over. Approximately 100 yards of topsoil was applied to the area. Considering the size of the barren land, 100 yards of topsoil sparsely covered the surface. Further treatment by the lessee and his cattle have turned the pasture around. The grassland slopes gently (0-8%). The northern portion of the pasture was undergoing succession from herbaceous cover to shrub and tree cover. The lessee began mowing this area in 2017 and has fenced it for cattle. Standing water and emergent vegetation occur in a small wet spot in the northern part of the meadow (Hydrology Map).

A rudimentary inventory of the 10.8-acre meadow was conducted in 1999 and indicated that the species list for the grassland was very similar to that in the 1992 plant inventory. Species composition, however, had changed. The meadow evolved from one dominated by dwarf cinquefoil and prickly dewberry with less than 50% shrub coverage to one dominated by goldenrods, little bluestem, wool grass, and hightide bush with greater than 50% shrub coverage. Hightide bush is the dominant shrub with approximately 170 stems counted for the entire 10.8 acres. In the 1992 vegetation inventory hightide bush was only observed in four out of seventeen sample plots on the grassland. Hightide bush spread over the past seven years, taking advantage of the open sunlight and freedom from competition. Other shrubs and saplings that currently grow in the grassland include pitch pine (~ 8 stems, 1-4' tall), black cherry, red maple, black oak (8-10' tall), winterberry (3 stems, 10’), sassafras (~ 3 stems, ~10' tall) and northern arrowwood. All of these shrub and tree species were present on the property during the 1992 inventory. A grassland study was conducted in 2012 in the northern portion of the pasture. Poison ivy, rough stemmed goldenrod and elliot’s goldenrod were the dominant species with the greatest importance values. The most common graminoid species in this portion of the pasture is Pennsylvania sedge.

A 1.4-acre agricultural pasture borders a portion of the greenbrier thicket on the management area. The pasture was not formally inventoried as it was being used by grazing cattle. It likely contains common pasture grasses such as sheep fescue, velvet grass, red top, orchard grass, rye grass, and timothy.

Along North Road is a mosaic of grassland, shrub swamp and oak woodlands. The dominant elliot’s goldenrod and grass-leaved goldenrod create a sea of yellow in the fall. Tall plumes of switchgrass occur in patches. In other areas blueberry, bayberry and sweet pepperbush are attempting to establish the next phase of succession.

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Appendix E. Wildlife Peaked Hill Reservation provides opportunities for nesting, roosting, and foraging wildlife species; fruiting shrubs and vines (i.e., huckleberry, blueberry, greenbrier, and bayberry) provide for summer and fall foraging; dense shrub areas provide winter cover for deer and nesting sites for birds; the woodland provides cover for ground-nesting birds and small mammals as well as forage for larger mammals; the heathlands, grassland and successional shrublands provide for upland game birds, grassland songbirds, ground beetles and other invertebrates and terrestrial turtles.

Several moth species use the trees on the reservation for at least a portion of their life cycle (Table 2). The nectar-producing flowering plants and deciduous trees growing in the woodland are a superb food source for invertebrates such as butterflies and others in the Lepidoptera order. These pollinating insects help promote plant dispersal on the reservation and elsewhere.

Sundry aquatic invertebrate species were observed in the vernal pool located in the mixed-oak woodland of the reservation. The ephemeral fairy shrimp is an obligate species of vernal pools and is frequently observed in the pool in the early spring. Predacious diving beetles and dragonfly larva occur there as well.

Wildlife species were observed on the reservation through general property surveys, UV black-light surveys and diurnal Lepidoptera surveys. Wildlife species seen or heard and evidence of wildlife species such as tracks and scat were recorded during general observations, vegetation surveys and avian bird counts in 1999 – 2016. Nocturnal moth species were surveyed using a stainless steel rigid vein 18-24 inch “leptrap” with a 32-40 Watt quantum black light. Traps were set using a photoelectric switch from dusk to dawn on seven trap nights between June-October of 2008, 2011, 2012 and 2015. Species were collected, packaged and sent to Mark Mello, an entomologist with the Lloyd Center for the Environment, in Dartmouth, MA, for positive identification.

A complete list of moth species trapped during nocturnal and diurnal Lepidoptera surveys and a table of the wildlife species known to occur on the reservation follows.

Table 3. Summary of macrolepidoptera recorded from Peaked Hill Reservation, Chilmark, MA in 2016.

oakwoodland oakwoodland

- -

red maple red swamp

grassland/shrubland mixed MONA ZOOK. mixed

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# # 2015 2012 2011 2008 DREPANIDAE Drepaninae 6251 Drepana arcuata 1 Oretinae 6255 Oreta rosea 1 5 GEOMETRIDAE Ennominae 6261 Heliomata cycladata 2 1 6270 Protitame virginalis 1 6273 Speranza (=”Itame”) pustularia 4 1 1 6282 Speranza (“Itame”) argillacearia 1 6326 Macaria aemulitaria 3 4 3 6339 Macaria transitaria 1 1 6340 Macaria minorata 1 1 6341 Macaria bicolorata 1 1 6342 Macaria bisignata 1 1 2 6362 Digrammia continuata 1 6386 Digrammia ocellinata 2 1 6449 Glena cribrataria 1 3 2 6582 Iridopsis vellivolata 1 6588 Iridopsis larvaria 1 2 1 1 6590 Anavitrinelia pampinaria 2 1 1 6597 Ectropis crepuscularia 3 2 6598 Protoboarmia porcelaria 1 2 1 1 6599 Epimecis hortaria 1 6620 Melanolophia canadaria 2 3 3 1 6640 Biston betularia 1 1 6654 Hypagyrtis unipunctata 2 1 2 6655 Hypagyrtis esther 1 2 6667 Lomographa vestaliata 2 3 2 6677 Cabera erythemaria 1 6720 Lytrosis unitaria 2 1 1 6724 Euchlaena serrata 2 6725 Euchlaena muzaria 1 1 6731 Euchlaena madusaria 1 6739 Euchlaena irraria 1 2 1 6743 Xanthotype sospeta 1 1 1 6754 Pero ancetaria (="hubneraria") 1 2 2 6755 Pero morrisonaria 2 2 1 2

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6763 Phaeoura quernaria 1 6796 Campaea perlata 2 1 1 1 6812 Homochlodes fritillaria 2 1 6813 Homochlodes disconventra 2 6815 Gueneria similaria 1 6819 Metanema inatomaria 1 6822 Metarranthis duaria 1 6822.1 M. near "duaria" 1 6823 Metarranthis angularia 2 6826 Metarranthis hypochraria 1 1 6827 Metarranthis refractaria 1 1 6835 Cepphis armataria 1 6836 Plagodis pulveraria 1 1 1 6837 Probole alienaria 1 2 6840 Plagodis serinaria 1 6843 Plagodis fervidaria 4 5 2 6844 Plagodis alcoolaria 1 6864.1 Caripeta sp. nr.piniata 1 6884 Besma endropiaria 1 1 1 6885 Besma quercivoraria 1 3 4 1 6888 Lambdina fiscellaria 1 1 6892 Lambdina pellucidaria 1 1 6894 Lambdina fervidaria 2 6941 Eusarca confusaria 1 4 2 6963 Tetracis crocallata 3 4 4 6964 Tetracis cachexiata 2 1 1 6966 Eutrapela clemataria 1 1 1 6974 Patalene olyzonaria puber 3 1 6982 Prochoerodes transversata 1 4 5 2 6987 Antepione thiosaria 1 3 1 7009 Nematocampa resistaria 1 4 2 2 Geometrinae 7046 Nemoria bistriaria 2 2 2 7048 Nemoria mimosaria 1 1 7053 Dichorda iridaria 1 Sterrhinae 7132 Pleuroprucha insulsaria 3 1 7136 Cyclophora packardi 4 7139 Cyclophora pendulinaria 5 4 4 1 7159 Scopula limboundata 2 2 3

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7169 Scopula inductata 2 Larentiinae 7196 Eulithis diversilineata 1 3 3 1 7206 Eulithis explanata 2 1 1 7239 Hydriomena pluviata/transfigurata 1 7394 Epirrhoe alternata 1 7399 Euphya unangulata 1 2 7414 Orthonama obstipata 3 7416 Costaconvexa centrostrigaria 5 1 1 Eupithecia spp. 4 7625 Chloroclystis rectangulata 1 1 1 1 7648 Dyspteris abortivaria 1 MIMALLONIDAE 7659 Lacosoma chiridota 1 1 7662 Cicinnus meisheimeri* 1 LASIOCAMPIDAE Macromphalinae 7663 Apatelodes torrefacta 2 1 1 7670 Tolype velleda 1 Lasiocampinae 7687 Phyllodesma americana 1 2 1 7698 Malacosoma disstria 2 1 7701 Malacosoma americanum 3 1 SATURNIIDAE Ceratocampinae 7704 Eacles imperialis 1 2 1 7715 Dryocampa rubicunda 1 7716 Anisota stigma 1 1 2 7719 Anisota senatoria 1 7723 Anisota virginiensis 2 1 Hemileucinae 7746 Automeris io 3 2 3 1 Saturniinae 7757 Antheraea polyphemus 1 2 7758 Actias luna 2 7764 Callosamia promethea 1 7767 Hyalophora cecropia 1 SPHINGIDAE Sphinginae 7809 Sphinx kalmiae 1

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7810 Sphinx gordius/poecilla 2 2 1 1 Smerinthinae 7824 Paonias excaecatus 4 4 3 7825 Paonias myops 1 3 1 2 7826 Paonias astylus 1 3 7827 Laothoe juglandis 1 Macroglossinae 7870 Sphecodina abbottii 1 7871 Diedamia inscripta 7884 Darapsa versicolor 7885 Darapsa myron 1 1 1 7886 Darapsa pholus 1 2 1 7894 Hyles lineata NOTODONTIDAE Notodontinae 7917 930010 Hyperaeschra georgica 3 3 2 7931 930019 Gluphisia septentrionis 1 7936 930024 Furcula borealis 3 Phalerinae 7902 930033 Datana ministra 1 3 4 1 7903 Datana angusii 1 7904 930035 Datana drexelii 3 4 2 3 7906 930037 Datana contracta 1 9 7915 930046 Nadata gibbosa 4 4 5 3 7920 930049 Peridea angulosa 3 6 4 1 Heterocampinae 7975 930067 Macruocampa marthesia 2 5 2 1 7982 930074 Heterocampa varia 1 7983 930075 Heterocampa obliqua 2 3 3 7990 930082 Heterocampa umbrata 5 2 2 1 7994 930086 Heterocampa guttivitta 3 2 1 7995 930087 Heterocampa biundata 2 7998 930090 Lochmaeus manteo 3 2 8005 930098 Schizura ipomoeae 2 4 1 8006 930099 Schizura badia 1 3 8007 930100 Schizura unicornis 1 1 1 8011 930104 Schizura leptinoides 3 8012 930105 Oligocentria semirufescens 1 8017 930110 Oligocentria lignicolor 3 4 2 8022 930115 Hyparpax aurora 1

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Nystaleinae 7951 930127 Symmerista albifrons 4 3 4 1 EREBIDAE Lymantriinae 8318 930141 Lymantria dispar 2 1 8302 930154 Dasyshira obliquata 4 3 3 8314 930166 Orgyia definita 1 4 3 8316 930168 Orgyia leucostigma 1 1 1 1 Arctiinae 8045.1 930219 Crambidia pallida 1 1 3 1 8197 930244 Grammia virgo 1 8196 930246 Grammia parthenice 1 8169 930278 Apantesis phalerata 6 8171 930280 Apantesis nais 2 1 8171.1 930281 Apantesis carlotta 1 8118 930297 Virbia (=”Holomelina”) opella 3 3 3 1 8121 930299 Virbia aurantiaca 2 1 1 8134 930309 Spilosoma congrua 4 2 2 1 8133 930311 Spilosoma latipennis 1 8137 930316 Spilosoma virginica 2 8146 930323 Hypercompe (=”Ecpantheria”) scribonia 1 4 3 1 8129 930335 Pyrrharctia isabella 3 1 8203 930360 Halysidota tessellaris 4 3 6 1 8211 930370 Lophocampa caryae 2 1 2 8267 930440 Cisseps fulvicollis 3 1 Herminiinae 8322 930469 Idia americalis 3 6 6 8323 930471 Idia aemula 4 4 5 1 8326 930474 Idia rotundalis 4 4 2 8327 930475 Idia forbesi 1 1 8328 930476 Idia julia 1 1 8329 930477 Idia diminuendis 3 1 8334 930482 Idia lubricalis 2 8341 930490 Zanclognatha theralis 3 3 3 3 8345 930492 Zanclognatha laevigata 1 1 1 8347 930494 Zanclognatha obscuripennis 1 2 8351 930498 Zanclognatha cruralis 1 1 8352 930499 Zanclognatha marcidilinea 1 1 8353 930500 Zanclognatha jacchusalis (“orchreipennis”) 3 4 3 2 8355 930502 Chytolita morbidalis 2 1

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8356 930503 Chytolita petrealis 1 8370 930520 Bleptina caradrinalis 4 5 2 2 8378 930529 Renia salusalis 1 3 2 8379 930530 Renia factiosalis 1 3 3 1 8381 930532 Renia discoloralis 1 3 2 8384.1 930536 Renia flavipunctalis 2 3 1 1 8386 930538 Renia "adspergillus" (small, plain) 1 8387 930539 Renia sobrialis 3 1 8393 930547 Lascoria ambigualis 1 8397 930551 Palthis angulalis 1 2 1 Pangraptinae 8490 930559 Pangrapta decoralis 4 5 3 1 8491 930560 Ledaea perditalis 1 Hypeninae 8442 930562 Hypena baltimoralis 2 2 3 1 8444 930565 Hypena palparia 1 2 1 8465 930588 Hypena scabra 1 2 2 1 8455 930589 Hypena eductalis 1 Scoliopteryginae 930601 Scoliopteryx libatrix Scolecocampinae 8514 930637 Scolecocampa liburna 1 1 2 8522 930643 Gabara subnivosella 2 Hypenodinae 8427 930670 Dyspyralis puncticosta 1 Boletobiinae 8499 930679 Metalectra discalis 1 Aventiinae 9025 930698 Oruza albocostaliata 1 Phytometrinae 9038 930730 Hyperstrotia villificans 3 2 3 9039 930731 Hyperstrotia flaviguttata 1 2 1 1 Erebinae 8777 930767 Catocala badia 1 8790 930780 Catocala dejecta 1 8792 930782 Catocala vidua 1 8795 930784 Catocala palaeogamma 1 8801 930792 Catocala ilia 1 3 3 8846 930832 Catocala sordida 2 8847 930833 Catocala gracilis 2 1 3

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8849 930835 Catocala andromedae 2 8850 930836 Catocala herodias 1 1 8857 930841 Catocala ultronia 1 1 8865 930847 Catocala praeclara 2 2 1 8873 930855 Catocala similis 1 1 2 8876 930857 Catocala micronympha 2 1 2 8878.1 930860 Catocala lineella 1 2 8878.2 Catocala undescr. sp. nr. lineella 1 8738 930923 Caenurgina crassiuscula 1 1 1 8739 930924 Caenurgina erechtea 1 8745 930944 Mocis texana 2 4 1 8727 930961 Parallelia bistriaris 1 8721 930962 Allotria elonympha 3 2 8697 931032 Zale minerea 1 1 2 8699 931034 Zale obliqua 1 8707 931042 Zale metatoides 1 8709 931044 Zale curema 1 8717 931053 Zale horrida 3 1 3 1 8719 931055 Euparthenos nubilis 1 9821 931063 Amolita roseola 1 Eulepidotinae 8587 931089 Panopoda rufimargo 3 2 4 2 8588 931090 Panopoda carneicosta 1 1 2 8525 931101 Phyprosopus callitrichoides 1 2 EUTELIIDAE 8955 931103 Marathyssa inficita 1 1 1 8957 931106 Paectes oculatrix 3 8959 931107 Paectes pygmaea 1 1 1 8968 931118 Eutelia pulcherrima 1 NOLIDAE Nolinae 8983 931121 Meganola minuscula 2 2 1 8983.1 931122 Meganola phylla 2 3 3 8983.2 931123 Meganola spodia 1 1 1 8989 931129 Nola pustulata 1 8996 931136 Nola clethrae 2 1 1 Risobinae 8970 931149 Baileya ophthalmica 1 NOCTUIDAE Plusiinae

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8889 931169 Ctenoplusia oxygramma 1 8904 931186 Chrysanympha formosa 1 1 8908 931191 Autographa precationis 1 8924 931234 Anagrapha falicfera 1 Bagisarinae 9169 931241 Bagisara rectifascia 1 3 2 1 Eustrotiinae 9047 931290 Lithacodia muscosula 1 1 9049 931295 Maliattha synochitis 1 Pantheinae 9189 Charadra deridens 1 Raphiinae 9193 931412 Raphia frater Balsinae 9664 931419 Balsa labecula 1 1 1 Acronictinae 9200 931421 Acronicta americana 3 1 5 9209 931430 Acronicta radcliffei 2 9211 931432 Acronicta tritona 1 9228 931445 Acronicta hasta 2 9237 931454 Acronicta interrupta 1 9238 931455 Acronicta lobeliae 2 9243 931463 Acronicta ovata 4 5 4 1 9244 931465 Acronicta modica 4 4 5 1 9245 931466 Acronicta haesitata 3 4 4 9249 931467 Acronicta increta (+"inclara") 4 2 3 1 9247 931469 Acronicta tristis 3 1 1 1 9251 931470 Acronicta retardata 1 1 1 9254 931471 Acronicta afflicta 3 3 3 2 9257 931474 Acronicta impleta 1 1 9259 931476 Acronicta noctivaga 3 1 9264 931478 Acronicta longa 1 9266 931480 Acronicta lithospila 2 2 1 1 9272 931485 Acronicta oblinita 2 9281 931494 Agriopodes fallax 3 4 6 1 9285 931497 Polygrammate hebraeicum 4 4 6 3 9286 931498 Harrisimemna trisignata 3 2 9062 931501 Cerma cerintha 2 1 1 Amphipyrinae 9638 931544 Amphipyra pyramidoides 5 1

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Agaristinae 9301 931966 Eudryas grata 1 1 5 Condicinae 9690 931989 Condica videns 2 1 9696 931995 Condica vecors 2 9065 932025 Leuconycta diphtheroides 3 2 1 Heliothinae 11055 932039 Derrima stellata 1 1 11063 932040 Pyrrhia cilisca (=”umbra”) 1 11068 932045 Helicoverpa zea 1 11135 932091 Schinia rivulosa 1 11128 932134 Schinia arcigera 1 11177 932156 Schinia nundina Eriopinae 9631 932192 Callopistria mollissima 2 1 9633 932194 Callopistria cordata 1 3 Noctuinae 9053 932205 Pseudeustrotia carneola 3 1 2 9618 932208 Phosphila turbulenta 2 3 1 1 9619 932209 Phosphila miseloides 4 3 5 2 9666 932216 Spodoptera frugiperda 1 9669 932219 Spodoptera ornithogalli 1 1 9678 932228 Elaphria versicolor 1 9681.1 932233 Elaphria alapallida 1 9681 932233 Elaphria festivoides 1 9688 932249 Galgula partita 3 9647 932266 Proxenus miranda 1 9650 932269 Athetis tarda 2 1 9545 932290 Euplexia benesimilis 1 2 2 1 9546 932291 Phlogophora iris 1 9547 932292 Phlogophora periculosa 1 1 9378 932339 Apamea burgessi 1 9415.1 932375 Oligia strigilis 1 1 9457 932447 Amphipoea americana 2 1 1 9946 932602 Epiglaea decliva 1 9952 932609 Eucirroedia pampina 1 9957 932616 Sunira bicolorago 1 9963 9326.. Anathix (agressa) 1 9815 932672 Cosmia calami 1 3 1 9555 932679 Ipimorpha pleonectuosa 1

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9420 932695 Fishia (=“Oligia”) illocata 1 9989 932707 Sutnya privata 1 1 1 9556 932713 Chytonix palliatricula 4 3 3 1 10501 932784 Crocigrapha normani 1 10291 932805 Morrisonia latex 1 1 10524 932810 Nephelodes minians 1 1 10297 932879 Lacanobia atlantica 1 10300 932882 Spiramater grandis 2 1 10301 932883 Spiramater lutra 1 1 2 1 10266 932907 Sideridis congermana 1 10268 932908 Sideridis maryx 1 10431 932928 Dargida (=”Faronta”) diffusa 4 10438 932935 Mythimna unipuncta 5 4 2 10440 932938 Leucania linita 1 10444 932943 Leucania phragmatidicola 1 1 10445 932944 Leucania linda 1 2 10446.1 932946 Leucania lapidaria 1 10461 932965 Leucania ursula 2 10397 933044 Lacinipolia renigera 1 3 3 1 10532 933088 Homorthodes furfurata 2 10532.1 933089 Homorthodes lindseyi 1 10585 933136 Orthodes majuscula (“crenulata”) 2 1 2 1 10587 933138 Orthodes cynica 3 1 2 1 10288 933146 Orthodes detracta 1 1 1 10627 933193 Tricholita signata 1 1 1 10903 933216 Anicla illapsa 1 2 10878 933228 Striacosta albicosta 1 10870 933232 Dichagyris acclivis 1 10805 933395 Euxoa tessellata 2 10680 933495 Feltia geniculata 1 10670 933498 Feltia jaculifera 1 10674 933501 Feltia subgothica 2 1 10675 933502 Feltia tricosa 1 10676 933503 Feltia herilis 1 10648 933515 Agrotis gladiaria 1 10663 933528 Agrotis ipsilon 1 5 10891 933529 Ochropleura implecta 2 1 1 11010 933547 Lycophotia phyllophora 3 3 3 2 11012.2 933551 Noctua pronuba 3 2 9 1 10944 933572 Xestia smithii 1

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10969 933586 Xestia dilucida 2 10942 933588 Xestia c-nigrum 1 1 2 10942.1 933589 Xestia dolosa 1 10955 933626 Agnorisma badinodis 1 10950 933629 Pseudohermonassa bicarnea 1 2 11006 933649 Protolampra brunneicollis 2 4 1 11031 933663 Abagrotis nefascia 1 11029 933680 Abagrotis alternata 1 2 5

# Species 205 209 227 110 note: commonwealth-listed species are highlighted

Table 4. Wildlife at Peaked Hill Reservation, Chilmark, MA from general observations

during property inventories conducted in 1998 through 2017

Woodland Shrubland Grassland Vernal Pool

Scientific name Common name Kingdom Metazoa (Animalia) Phylum Arthropoda Class Crustacea Order Anostraca Family Chirocephalidae Eubranchipus cf. vernalis fairy shrimp SP Class Insecta Order Hemiptera (bugs) Family Pentatomidae: Podisus sp. Podisus sp. spined soldier bug S Family Pentatomidae Acrosternum hilare green stink bug S Order Coleoptera (beetles) Family Chrysomelidae Chrysochus aurotus dogbane leaf beetle S Family Cerambycidae cottonwood twig Oberea quadricallosa borer S raspberry cane Oberea bimaculata borer S

Family Dytiscidae

predacious diving Unknown species beetle SP

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Family Carabidae

Cicindela purpurea Purple tiger beetle S

Order Homoptera (cicadas and aphids)

Family Cicadellidae scarlet and green Graphocephala coccinea leaf hopper S F Order Hymenoptera (sawflies, ants,

wasps, and bees) Family Sphecidae Sceliphron caementarium mud dauber S Order Lepidoptera (butterflies and

moths) Superfamily Papilionoidea

(butterflies)

Family Papilionidae

spicebush Papilio troilus swallowtail S

Papilio glaucus tiger swallowtail S Family Lycaenidae

Celastrina argiolus spring azure SP SP SP

Lycaena phlaeac American copper SP Family Hesperiidae

Erynnis sp. a duskywing SP

Family Nymphalidae Phyciodes tharos pearl crescent SP SP Danaus plexippus monarch SP F Megisto cymela little wood satyr SP American painted Vanessa virginiensis lady SP Vanessa cardui painted lady SP, S Family Pieridae

Pieris rapae cabbage white F

Colias philodia clouded sulphur SP Order Diptera (flies) Family Culicidae species unknown mosquitoes S

Family Tabanidae

Chrysops sp. deer flies S

Order Trichoptera

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Family unknown: species unknown caddisfly SP Order Odonata (damselflies and dragonflies)

Family Aeschnidae

common green Anax junius darner F Order Orthoptera (grasshopers and

crickets) Family Gryllidae

Gryllus pennsylvanicus field cricket S Class Arachnida Order Araneae Family Tetragnathidae mabel orchard Leucauge mabelae spider F F Family Araneidae black and yellow Argiope aurantia argiope F Order Acarina Family Ixididae Ixodes scapularis deer tick SP, S, F SP, S, F SP, S, F Dermacentor veriabilis American dog tick SP, S, F SP, S, F SP, S, F Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Mammalia Order Lagomorpha Family Leporidae Sylvilagus floridanus eastern cottentail F SP, F, W Order Carnivora Family Mustelidae Mephitis mephitis striped skunk F Family Procyonidae Procyon lotor raccoon F F Order Artiodactyla Family Cervidae Odocoileus virginianus white-tailed deer S,F,SP,W S,F,SP,W S,F,SP,W Order Rodentia Family Sciuridae Sciurus carolinensis Grey squirrel S,F,SP,W Tamias striatus eastern chipmunck S,F,SP,W Order Eulipotyphla Family Soricidae

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Blarina brevicauda short-tailed shrew SP Class Reptilia Order Squamata Family Colubridae northern ring-neck Diadophis punctatus edwardsii snake SP Lampropeltis triangulum eastern milk snake triangulum S Thamnophis sirtalis Garter snake S Order Caudata Family Plethodontidae

Plethodon cinerus redback salamander SP Order Anura Family Hylidae Pseudocaris crucifer spring peeper SP SP Family Ranidae Rana clamitans melanota green frog SP Lithobates palustris pickerel frog SP Order Testudines Family Emydidae Terrapene carolina csarolina eastern box turtle SP, S aSeason and frequency of occurrence: SP = spring, S = summer, F = fall, W = winter. b complete list of moth species known to occur on the property is included in Appendix F.

Appendix F. Avian Checklist and Seasonal Tables

Land bank staff conducted seasonal 5-minute point-count surveys of birds at Peaked Hill Reservation in 1993, 1999, 2000, 2005, 2008, 2012 and 2013. The presence of occasional migrant and resident birds throughout winter, spring, summer breeding season, and fall was recorded during a total of 41 visits in 1993, 1 visit in 1999, 19 visits in 2000, 8 visits in 2005, 10 visits in 2008, 9 visits in 2012 and 3 visits in 2013. Birds were sampled from a total of 21 point-count survey locations (Avian Survey Map). All birds seen or heard during a 5-minute period were recorded. Birds seen or heard outside of the count period were noted as present on the property but were not included in quantitative analyses.

Additionally, land bank staff conducted two nocturnal owl surveys on the reservation one on July 29, 2013 and one in March of 2000. Owls were called in using a Foxpro Ar4 wildlife caller. Calls of seven owl species were played from smallest to largest one at a time in the four cardinal directions. Responses to the calls were recorded.

The presence of bird species on the reservation is seasonally-dependent. Some birds occur in more than one habitat type and during more than one season. Total species

98 Peaked Hill Reservation Management PLAN counts do not include multiple sightings of an individual species and dominant species varied among seasons. The majority of birds that occur on the reservation during the breeding season comprises tree/shrub nesters (59%), though many are cavity-nesters and ground-nesting species. The reservation provides suitable habitat for all three types of nesting species.

Species richness was compared among seasons for all years surveyed. Species richness was greatest during the spring and comparably rich in the woodland, grassland and shrublands on the reservation (Table 4).

The most common bird observed during each season varied (Tables 5-8). Overall eastern towhee and grey catbird were the most common species observed during the summer; the eastern towhee and grey catbird were the most common observed birds during the spring; the eastern towhee and blue jay were the most common birds observed during the fall; and the black-capped chickadee was most common in the winter (Tables 5-8).

Observations in behavior of birds nesting or rearing young – such as adults carrying nesting materials or food, carrying fecal sacs from a nest, or attending hatchlings – can confirm that a species is breeding on the property. Locating an active nest as well as identifying multiple singing territorial males within suitable habitat are recognizable indications of breeding adult birds. Out of the 47 bird species observed on the reservation during the summer breeding season, 16 are confirmed breeders; 12 are probable breeders; 13 are possible breeders; and 6 are non-breeder due to lack of occurrence in required habitat during the survey (Table 6).

Table 5. Seasonal change in number of bird species at Peaked Hill Reservation, Chilmark, MA. Woodland Grassland Heathland Shrub Shrubland Total swamp speciesa Fall 30 29 8 27 26 49

Winter 12 9 9 16 16 26

Spring 46 37 12 33 37 61

Summer 38 28 10 29 23 46 Total speciesb 59(75%) 52(66%) 20(25%) 50(64%) 45(57%) 78

Table 6. Fall abundance of avian species on Peaked Hill Reservation in Chilmark, MA.

Grassland Heathland Woodland Shrub Shrubland swamp 1993 n=11 2000 n=5 1993 n=11 1993 n=11, 1993 n=11, Species 2000 n=5 2000 n=5 2000 n=5

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Year-round American crow U C U O O American goldfinch O U U U American kestrel U American robin O U U U Black-capped chickadee O U C C C Blue jay C O C O C Brown-headed cowbird U U Carolina wren C U U O Cedar waxwing U U U Chipping sparrow U U U U Common grackle O U U Downy woodpecker U U Eastern bluebird O Eastern towhee O C O C C Grey catbird O U U O C Hairy woodpecker U U Herring gull U House finch U U Mourning dove O U U Northern cardinal O U U U Norther flicker O U U U Northern bobwhite quail U Red-bellied woodpecker C U U Red-tailed hawk U U U U Red-winged blackbird U U Song sparrow O U White-breasted nuthatch U O O White-throated sparrow U U Yellow-rumped warbler U U Summer-breeding American redstart U Barn swallow O U Black and white warbler U Broad-winged hawk U Common yellowthroat O U U O O Eastern kingbird U Eastern phoebe U U Eastern wood-pewee U U U U Northern rough-winged swallow O Northern waterthrush U U Pine warbler U Red-eyed vireo U Savannah sparrow U Spotted sandpiper U Wood thrush U Yellow-billed cuckoo U Nonbreeding Dark-eyed junco U U Golden-crowned kinglet U U Migrant Ruby-crowned kinglet U

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Wilson’s warbler U a Seasonal grouping organized according to Cornell All About Birds (www.allaboutbirds.org/guide) b C=common birds (detected in more than 50% of the survey visits); O=occasional birds (detected in 26-50% of the survey visits); U=uncommon birds (detected in 25% and fewer of the survey visits); P=present birds (not detected during a survey period but observed on the property); and OH=overhead.

Table 7 Summer abundance of avian species on Peaked Hill Reservation in Chilmark, MA.

Breeding Grassland Heathland Woodland Shrub Shrubland swamp Nest 1993 n=8, 2000 1993 n=8, 1993 1993 n=8, Species Placement 2012 n=4, n=5 2000 n=5, n=8, 2012 n=4, 2013 n=3 2005 n=4, 2012 2013 n=3 2008 n=6, n=4, 2012 n=4, 2013 2013 n=3 n=3 Year-round American crow tree/shrub PR U O U O American goldfinch tree/shrub PR U U U U U American kestrel cavity COn U American robin tree/shrub COa+y U U U U U Black-capped chickadee cavity COn O O O O O Blue jay tree/shrub COf O U O U U Brown-headed cowbird tree/shrub COf U U O U Carolina wren cavity PR O O C C Canada goose ground NB U U U U Cedar waxwing tree/shrub PO U U U Chipping sparrow tree/shrub PR U U U U Common grackle tree/shrub COf U U Downy woodpecker cavity PO U U U Eastern bluebird cavity COfy U U Eastern towhee ground COf C C C C C Grey catbird tree/shrub PR O C C C C House finch tree/shrub PO U U Killdeer ground COn U Mourning dove tree/shrub COA+Y U U U Northern cardinal tree/shrub PR U U U U Northern flicker cavity PO U U U Northern bobwhite quail ground PO U U Red-bellied woodpecker cavity PO U Red-tailed hawk tree/shrub COn O U Red-winged blackbird tree/shrub COn U U Song sparrow tree/shrub COa+y O U U White-breasted nuthatch cavity COa+y U U U Summer-breeding American redstart tree/shrub PO U Baltimore oriole tree/shrub NB U Barn swallow building NB U U U Black and white warbler ground NB U U Black-billed cuckoo tree/shrub PO U Common yellowthroat tree/shrub COP O U U O O Eastern phoebe building NB U U Eastern screech owl cavity PO Eastern wood-pewee tree/shrub PR O U U U

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Great-crested flycatcher cavity PR U Pine warbler tree/shrub PO U Prairie warbler tree/shrub COFY U U U U Osprey tree/shrub PO U Ovenbird ground PR U U Red-eyed vireo tree/shrub PR U Tree swallow cavity PO U U U Tufted titmouse cavity PR U U U Yellow warbler tree/shrub PR U U U U U Yellow-billed cuckoo tree/shrub PO U Migrant Northern parula tree/shrub NB U a Seasonal grouping organized according to Cornell All About Birds (www.allaboutbirds.org/guide) bC=common birds (detected in more than 50% of the survey visits), O=occasional birds (detected in 26-50% of the survey visits), U=uncommon birds (detected in 25% and fewer of the survey visits) and P=present birds (not detected during a survey period but observed on the property). c Breeding status: NY=nearby habitat, NB=nonbreeding, PO=possible breeding (species detected in suitable breeding habitat), PR=probable breeding (species heard singing on two occasions over one week apart in suitable; breeding habitat). CO=confirmed breeding (species carrying food, “cf”; feeding young, “fy”, with begging hatch-year fledglings “a+y”; fledgling “f”, pair “p”or a located nest “n”).

Table 8. Spring abundance of avian species on Peaked Hill Reservation in Chilmark, MA.

Grassland Heathland Woodland Shrub Shrubland swamp 1993 n=14, 2000 n=5 1993 n=14, 1993 n=14, 1993 n=14, Species 2005 n=4, 2000 n=5, 2000 n=5, 2000 n=5, 2012 n=5 2005 n=4, 2005 n=4, 2012 n=5 2008 n=4, 2012 n=5 2012 n=5 Year-round American crow O U U O American goldfinch O U U O American kestrel American robin O O U O O Black-capped chickadee O C O O Blue jay O C C O O Brown-headed cowbird U U U U Carolina wren C O O O C Canada goose U Cedar waxwing U U Chipping sparrow U U U U Common grackle U U U Downy woodpecker U U U U Eastern bluebird U U U Eastern towhee C C C C C European starling U Field sparrow U Grey catbird C U C C C Herring gull O U House finch U U U U House sparrow U Killdeer U Mallard U

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Mourning dove U U U U Northern cardinal O O O O O Northern flicker U U U U Northern bobwhite quail P Northern mockingbird U Red-tailed hawk U U U Red-winged blackbird U U Ruby-throated hummingbird U Scarlet tanager U Song sparrow C U U U Turkey vulture U White-breasted nuthatch U U U U White-throated sparrow O U U U Yellow-rumped warbler U U Summer-breeding American redstart U Baltimore oriole U U Barn swallow U Black and white warbler U U U U U Black-billed cuckoo Blue-winged warbler P Chestnut-sided warbler P Common yellowthroat O U O O O Eastern kingbird U U Eastern phoebe U U U Eastern wood-pewee U U U U Great-crested flycatcher U U Nashville warbler U U Northern parula U Northern rough-winged swallow U Northern waterthrush P Pine warbler U U U Prairie warbler U C U U U Ovenbird U U U U U Red-eyed vireo U U U Tree swallow U U Tufted titmouse U U U Yellow warbler U U U O Wood thrush U U Nonbreeding Dark-eyed junco U Migrant Bay-breasted warbler U Northern parula a Seasonal grouping organized according Cornell All About Birds (www.allaboutbirds.org/guide) b C=common birds (detected in more than 50% of the survey visits), O=occasional birds (detected in 26-50% of the survey visits), U=uncommon birds (detected in 25% and fewer of the survey visits) and P=present birds (not detected during a survey period but observed on the property).

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Table 9. Winter abundance of avian species on Peaked Hill Reservation in Chilmark, MA.

Grassland Heathland Woodland Shrub Shrubland swamp 1993 n=8 2000 n=4 1993 n=8, 1993 n=8, 1993 n=8, Species 2000 n=4 2000 n=4 2000 n=4 Year-round American crow U C O U U American goldfinch U American robin U Black-capped chickadee U C C C C Blue jay O U O O Carolina wren U U U C Common grackle U Downy woodpecker U U U Eastern bluebird U U Eastern towhee O U C Grey catbird U Hairy woodpecker U House finch U U U U Killdeer U Mourning dove U Northern cardinal O U U U Northern flicker U U U Red-bellied woodpecker U Red-tailed hawk U U U Red-winged blackbird U U Song sparrow O U O Turkey vulture White-breasted nuthatch O U U White-throated sparrow U O Yellow-rumped warbler U Nonbreeding Dark-eyed junco U Hermit thrush U a Seasonal grouping organized according to Cornell All About Birds (www.allaboutbirds.org/guide) bC=common birds (detected in more than 50% of the survey visits), O=occasional birds (detected in 26-50% of the survey visits), U=uncommon birds (detected in 25% and fewer of the survey visits) and P=present birds (not detected during a survey period but observed on the property).

Appendix G. Endangered Species

Peaked Hill Reservation does not fall within priority or estimated habitat for commonwealth-listed species. This plan includes management goals that balance the needs of rare species and ensures protection of listed species and their habitats that are known to occur on the reservation. The plan protects 63 acres of woodland habitat of the northern parula and the listed moth species observed on the reservation. The 7.4 acre woodland clearing proposed on Peaked Hill will not involve removing pitch pine and will retain scrub oak that provide specific habitat requirements for these moth species. The clearing also will not affect the northern parula’s nesting habitat of mature deciduous woodlands along streams and bottomlands. Any trails placed in the red maple swamp will

104 Peaked Hill Reservation Management PLAN avoid tree removal. The creation of a grassland/shrubland mosaic in turn will provide additional habitat for eastern box turtles as well for as the listed (sandplain blue-eyed grass) and watch-listed (woolly panic grass, awned wheat grass, butterfly weed, Nuttail’s milkwort and little ladies-tresses) plant species.

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Appendix H. Abutters Table 10. Abutters within 200 feet of Peaked Hill Reservation as recorded in the 2017 Chilmark assessors’ book. Parcel Property Owner Name Co Owner Owner Owner Owner Owner City Owner Number Address Name Address Address 2 State Zip

014-022-01 22 TRUSTEES LUNDGREN 10200 MILKY TX AUSTIN 78730 LN DAVID H WAY

019-003-00 12 PEAKED HILL GOLLIN JAMES 535 EAST 86 NY NEW YORK 10028- RD & JANE ST - 1C 7533

019-005-00 19 PEAKED HILL GOLDBERG ARTERY 5550 MD CHEVY CHASE 20815 020-047-13 RD & CAROL B & CAPITAL FRIENDSHIP 97 PASTURE RD HENRY H BLVD #580

020-046-02 39 NORTH MCLENNAN K J PO BOX MA CHILMARK 02535 SLOPE LN KAREN J MCLENNAN 542 TRUSTEE DECLARATIO N OF TR 020-046-03 38 NORTH DONALD 32 QUAIL CT STORRS 06268 SLOPE LN ORLAND E RUN ROAD

020-046-04 52 NORTH MEHRLING 19 FENWICK MA NEWTON 02468 SLOPE LN PERRY & RD JUDITH B

020-046-05 51 NORTH HUNGERFORD PO BOX 816 MA CHILMARK 02535 SLOPE LN ROBERT H JR

020-046-08 43 NORTH PERRY 43 NORTH 5 ABBY MA MATTAPOISET 02739 SLOPE LN GERALDINE M SLOPE LN LANE T TRUSTEE REALTY TRUST 020-047- 0 PASTURE RD CHILMARK PO BOX 119 MA CHILMARK 02535 04, -05, -17 and 30 Peaked TOWN OF 019-005-00 Hill Rd 020-047- 84 and 0 KHEDOURI P.O. BOX 6 MA MENEMSHA 02552 07, -10 PASTURE RD FREDERICK N

020-047- 98, 100 and 0 FLANDERS ;DAVID C/O PO BOX 59 MA CHILMARK 02535 FLANDERS 11, -12, -16 PASTURE RD FRANCES C & FAM NOM FLANDERS 440 NORTH RD WJ EISEN TRS, R TR III REAL ESTATE & J

020-060-00 98, 100 and 0 FLANDERS ;DAVID C/O PO BOX 59 MA CHILMARK 02535 FLANDERS PASTURE RD DAVID & FAM NOM FLANDERS 440 NORTH RD FRANCES TR III REAL ESTATE TRUSTEES

020-047-19 5 BASSWOOD SCOTT JOSHUA PO BOX 193 MA CHILMARK 02535 LN A & LINDSEY H

020-047-20 11 BASSWOOD BOYD MARY 11 MA CHILMARK 02535 LN MURPHY BASSWOOD LN 020-051-00 26 THE AERIE MILLER PO BOX 721 MA CHILMARK 02535 EDWARD F & MONINA VON OPEL

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020-053-00 23 THE AERIE LICHTENBERG ;CHILMARK C/O LEVEL 11812 SAN CA LOS ANGELES 90049 RESIDENCE 020-058-00 0 NORTH RD MATTHEW & TR 2004 #4 FOUR VICENTE 020-059-00 414 NORTH RD LEONARD BUSINESS BLVD, 4TH BLUM TRUST MG,LLC FL

020-054-01 7 THE AERIE MENDEZ-DIEZ MENDEZ- PO BOX MA CHILMARK 02535 JACQUELINE L DIEZ REALTY 101 TRUSTEE TRUST

020-055-00 396 NORTH RD LONDON MARK PO BOX 758 MA CHILMARK 02535 & LINDA THOMPSON

020-056-00 402 NORTH RD MOSKOW 14 MA CAMBRIDGE 02138 JEREMY I & REMINGTON WENDY M ST #302 NORTON 020-057-00 410 NORTH RD WILLIAMS REX 2037 NE FL FT 33304 T 15TH ST LAUDERDALE

020-087-00 0 BEETLEBUNG PROSPECT HILL C/O PETER PO BOX MA CHILMARK 02535 RD BUCHTHAL 573

020-088-00 0 & 395 NORTH PRINCE FAMILY 868 CA BERKELEY 94707 020-089-00 RD HOLDINGS LLC ARLINGTON AVE

020-092-00 11 KAPIGAN RD SCHLOZMAN SCHLOZMAN 45 MA BROOKLINE 02445 KAY L TRUSTEE REALTY WARREN TRUST ST

020-093-00 13 KAPIGAN RD MUSKIN C/O AMY 161 CT GUILFORD 06437 JOSHUA, R SHELTON DENNISON BENNETT & DR AMY SHELTON

020-095-01 11 HOMEWARD TABOR JUNE JUNE B PO BOX 25 MA MENEMSHA 02552 WAY B,C.TAYLOR & TABOR 2006 J.ATHEARN TRUST TRSTEE

020-095-02 15 HOMEWARD PARSONS 1685 CA PETALUMA 94954 WAY MICHAEL T & BAYWOOD SUSAN A T DR

020-095-03 5 HOMEWARD TAYLOR JOHN PO BOX MA WEST TISBURY 02575 WAY M & CAROLINE 3000, PMB A FYLER 3032

020-099-01 28 HOMEWARD TAYLOR TAYLOR PO BOX MA CHILMARK 02535 WAY ROBERT J & FAMILY 184 CONSTANCE A INVESTMEN TRUSTEES T TRUST

020-100-00 31 HOMEWARD TAYLOR TAYLOR PO BOX MA CHILMARK 02535 WAY CONSTANCE & FAMILY 184 ROBERT INVESTMEN TRSTEES T TRUST

020-104-00 18 HOMEWARD HOMEWARD 320 EAST NY NEW YORK 10021 WAY WAY LLC 72ND ST. APT# 16B

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025-003-00 22 PEAKED HILL CARLSON 24 EAST NY NEW YORK 10028 RD DAVID K & 82ND CATHERINE W STREET, 5B D

025-012-02 12 GLACIER HOLST- HOLST- 4931 FL BONITA 34134 GLEN KNUDSEN HEIDI KNUDSEN BONITA SPRINGS LEE TRUSTEE NOM TRUST BAY BLVD, #2502

025-013-00 18 PEAKED HILL 18 PEAKED HILL C/O: ARTERY 5550 MD CHEVY CHASE 20815- RD LLC CAPITAL FRIENDSHIP 7526 GROUP LLC BLVD. STE# 580

026-066-01 12 OLD NORTH FLANDERS GREENLAND PO BOX 59 MA CHILMARK 02535 RD FRANCES S NOMINEE TRUSTEE TRUST THORPE ROBERT&J

026-066-02 0 HIGH MARK GREEN C/O 171 DEPOT MA WESTFORD 01886 BARBARA J MARGARET ST WHEELER 026-071-00 13 HIGH MARK UNGERLEIDER- 28 MA CHESTNUT HILL 02467- SPRINGER MONADNOC 1122 JEANE K RD

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Appendix I. Universal Access

The Recreational Opportunities Spectrum (ROS) classification for Peaked Hill Reservation is “Semi-Primitive Non-motorized”. The ROS is a model designed and used by the U.S.D.A. Forest Service to categorize conservation areas or universal access planning. The land bank framework for describing the accessibility of its properties is applied to Peaked Hill Reservation as follows.

Property Name: Peaked Hill Reservation Size: 148.9 acres Primary Activities: birding, hiking, picnicking, horseback riding, bicycling Primary Elements: six-vehicle trailhead, one-vehicle universal access trailhead, two sign stations, one bench Primary Spaces: Peaked Hill views, glacial erratics, stone walls, military ramparts Obstacles that Limit Accessibility: topography Existing or Potential Alternatives: Ocean View Farm Reservation Proposed ROS Classification: semi-primitive non-motorized Proposed Expectation of Accessibility: possibly in a limited area

For all less-developed land bank conservation areas, the Universal Access Plan states the following (Potter 1997):

Use outdoor recreation access routes to link primary elements and primary spaces within one-quarter mile of a trailhead or drop-off and use accessible recreation trails to connect other primary elements and primary spaces on all less-developed land bank conservation areas, but only if modifications are minimal, will provide continuous barrier-free access, do not require a fundamental alteration of the setting, and are not in conflict with natural and scenic resource protection goals.

Universal access exists at the 302’ summit of Peaked Hill in the form of a universal access trailhead for one vehicle and approximately 600 feet of hardened universal access trail that loops through the grassland atop the hill. Additional universal access is not feasible do to the topography of the reservation.

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