NO. 27 DECEMBER 2005 ISSN 0859-9742 dear readers

s we are closing the first five contribute to the much needed Ayears of the new millennium, we knowledge on the link between are pleased to present to you the agroforestry and biodiversity 27th issue of APANews! In this issue, conservation. we have quite a number of articles from our fellow agroforestry Another interesting article shares practitioners in . We are sure the experiences of farmers in that you will enjoy reading about the Myanmar in adopting the “taungya” crop diversification efforts in Punjab system of agroforestry to reforest and how understorey crop growth some of their degraded teak forests. can be maximized by regulating But, as the article emphasizes, photosynthetic active radiation proper management should still (PAR) as studied by the Indian support this reforestation strategy to agroforestry practitioners to update Grassland and Fodder Institute. In sustain Myanmar’s teak forests and and share agroforestry information addition, the successful integration ensure the country’s supply of with one another. of bamboo in the same Indian state, natural teak timber. has provided yet again additional You may also choose from a variety knowledge on the capability of Valuable lessons and insights into of information sources and websites, agroforestry for crop diversification. the successful practice of including some interesting agroforestry in , India, publications from FAO-RAP, that Research efforts of the World include the integration of upland would surely help you in your various Agroforestry Centre and its partners paddies, foliage hillocks and agroforestry undertakings. also revealed the need for multistoried horticulture. It is indeed collaboration among farmers’ an example of an ecologically Indeed, we have a good lineup of groups, nongovernmental sustainable agroecosystem as you articles for this issue. We would like organizations, local government will learn from the article. The to thank all the contributors who institutions and national government collective efforts of private have shared their various agencies to enhance local individuals and farmers made an agroforestry research and extension germplasm exchange in agroforestry farm successful enough projects to make this issue possible. and help sustain the supply and to serve as a learning field We look forward to more of what access to improved and high-quality laboratory for students, researchers you can share about agroforestry in tree seeds and seedlings. and other farmers in Haryana, India. next year’s issues of APANews. Enjoy your reading! The Editors In addition, the impacts of We have included interesting agroforestry practices on wildlife training opportunities and diversity, and niches and conferences in this issue as they are, mammal diversity will surely as always, still good venues for

DISCLAIMER. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of FAO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delineation of its frontiers or boundaries. The views expressed in this publication are those of the contributing authors and do not necessarily reflect the view of the editor(s) of FAO.

OUR ADDRESS. FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, 39 Phra Atit Road, Bangkok 10200, Thailand; Website: http://www.fao.org and http://www.fao.or.th; E-mail [email protected].

PRODUCTION. Patrick B. Durst, Philip J. McKenzie, Kenichi Shono and Wilfredo M. Carandang (Editorial Consultants); Leah P. Arboleda and Eileen Calaycay-Cardona (Editors); Rowena D. Cabahug (Editorial Assistant); Perseveranda G. Tubig and Reinelen M. Reyes (Production Assistants)

COVER PHOTO. Preliminary studies have shown that agroforestry can indeed contribute to biodiversity conservation as the integration of various trees, crops and animals provide potential habitats and niches of many species of birds and mammals. Although the close proximity of agroforestry landscapes to human settlements pose risks to the mortality of animals and may involve crop loss, studies have shown that human and mammal residents in agroforestry landscapes can indeed co-exist successfully. (See story on p. 9)

PRINTER. Craftsman Press Co., 487/42 Soi Wattanasilp, Rajprarob Road, Maddasan, Rajthevee, Bangkok 10400, Thailand

2 December 2005 APANews No. 27 agroforestry research Toward agroecological health: diversifying traditional crop rotation through agroforestry in Punjab, India Sanjeev K. Chauhan ([email protected]; [email protected]) and Ritu ([email protected])

xperiments across the country Ehave shown significant soil improvements under agroforestry systems. Carbon sequestration and recycling of nutrients through litterfall help restore some of the natural ecologial processes, making agroforestry a sustainable system.

In the Punjab state of India, farmers Fig. 1. grow a very limited spectrum of Poplar- crops, leading to some serious based problems. The most common crop agroforestry rotation (rice-wheat) is over- system. exploiting the water resources, with the water table receding at an average rate of over 42 cm yearly. Excessive resource exploitation, unbalanced withdrawal of minerals, widespread application of pesticides and environmental degradation are some of the consequences of the existing land management strategies.

There is a need to plan and make Fig. 2. intelligent investments in farming Dek-based and diversify the traditional crop agroforestry rotations. Adopting management system. practices that increase biomass production and/or reduce soil disturbance can increase the In the future, the timber needs will fastest-growing industrial softwoods amount of soil carbon. A self-made largely be met from farm forestry or and it can be harvested within a or self-sustainable system has to be agroforestry. At present, poplar reasonably short period of 5–7 years. developed by the farmer as an (Populus deltoides), eucalyptus Poplar intercropping is a highly individual or as a member of a (Eucalyptus tereticornis), dek (Melia profitable venture as there are good cooperative. azederach and M. composita), markets for poplar. leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala), Limited availability of land, low kadam (Anthocephalaus cadamba) Eucalyptus, another fast-growing returns from traditional crops and and teak (Tectona grandis), among species, has also gained popularity the ever-increasing demand for other trees, are grown by Punjab because of the falling prices of fuelwood, fodder and timber are the farmers on a commercial scale. poplar. Farmers prefer it over other main reasons compeling farmers to trees because it has a self-pruning integrate multipurpose tree species Poplar has become the most habit, light canopy cover, fast into the farmland. As a result, preferred tree for farmlands in growth, multiple uses and straight agroforestry is emerging as a Punjab and its adjoining states. bole. It is quite hardy in nature, but promising diversification option for Almost any crop (cereals, pulses, being evergreen, intercropping is Punjab farmers. vegetables, forage, crops, etc.) not profitable. can be grown with it during the dry season. It is one of the world’s Continued on page 4

APANews No. 27 December 2005 3 agroforestry research Germplasm exchange among farmer groups: a way to improve the genetic quality and market chain Fransiskus Harum ([email protected])

t has been said that the cost. Good-quality planting germplasm exchange be done in Isupply for domestic consumption materials are only distributed among areas that have similar geographic or export in the future will come research agencies, big private and ecological conditions from farms. Thus, farmers in companies and donor agencies. This (elevation, soil type, rainfall, etc.), Indonesia, especially those in Java is where germplasm exchange i.e. farmers in the highlands should and Nusa Tenggara, grow trees on comes in as an easy and effective not exchange germplasm with their farms through agroforestry. way for smallholder farmers to gain farmers in the lowlands. access to tree germplasm. On-farm tree planting has been What are the benefits of tree increasing for the last five years. Germplasm exchange among germplasm exchange? Trees growing on farms provide farmers or farmer groups fuelwood, building materials, food Tree seed needs are fulfilled. and fodder. They also provide shade, Germplasm exchange helps improve Tree seeds collected from shelter, erosion control, watershed the quality of genetic materials for different land races will broaden protection and soil enrichment. smallholder farmers. This has been the genetic base, thereby Hence, access to quality tree done since the time of the barter ensuring prodution of good- planting material is important. trade of agricultural crops and other quality seeds. goods. The exchange can take Points of exchanges can also Unfortunately, smallholder and place within the farmer groups in a serve as market channels. individual farmers do not have village, between villages in a sub- Points of exchanges can also access to improved seed sources or district or between sub-districts serve as channels for germplasm. Those who do have within an island or across the islands. information exchange. access simply cannot afford the high It is important, however, that Continued on page 5 Toward agroecological specifically raised in silvipastoral conserve and optimize the health... systems on the lower shiwalik hills of utilization of land and water for the state. A number of new production of food, fodder, Continued from page 3 leucaena varieties have been fuelwood, and timber. Scientists at introduced for their fodder value. the Punjab Agricultural University Punjab farmers have recently are working to provide farmers with realized the benefits of growing Teak/sagwan and Australian acacia the latest technologies for different indigenous, fast-growing dek and (Acacia spp.), though encouraged agroforestry systems. They have kadam under agroforestry systems. by private nurseries for use in been concentrating more on wood Both species can yield high agroforestry systems (agri- technology, and the biophysical and economic returns within a silvicultural and horti-silvicultural socioeconomic processes of the 10–12-year rotation and can partly models) in Punjab, has a long system. provide the raw material Continued on page 6 rotation period. requirements of the industry. Dek is mainly used in making furniture and Punjab farmers panels while kadam is used in making are plywood. However, under Punjab experimenting conditions, the economic returns with various from kadam systems are lower than agroforestry poplar because of its slow growth, models. Their evergreen nature and lower price in agroforestry the market. systems aim to

Leucaena, a fast-growing, thornless, evergreen, leguminous woody perennial, has been found very Fig. 3. Teak-based useful on sloping lands. It is agroforestry system.

4 December 2005 APANews No. 27 agroforestry research

Germplasm exchange between... and are receiving small amounts of Continued from page 4 high-quality seeds.

In Indonesia, successful models of assembled the seed lots from each Moreover, the number of farmers tree germplasm exchange exist in farmer group and mixed them to (individual or group) collecting tree some farmer groups in West Java form a bulk seed lot. Three-fourths of seeds for their own use or for sale is and Nusa Tenggara: the bulk seed lot was equally increasing. Most farmer groups divided and redistributed to each annually collect about 100 kg of tree Farmer groups in Cibugel, Sumedang, farmer group. The remaining one- seeds of various species. Some of West Java. These farmers grow suren fourth was used to establish a one- the groups sell seeds locally while (Toona sureni), a popular tree hectare seed orchard. most entrust the seeds to NGOs, species whose timber is in high which in turn find markets for them. demand for building houses, making The bulk seed lot, containing seeds A network, called KMPNT furniture and other products. from six provenances (land races) (Consortium of Farmer Community in However, existing plantations are has a broader genetic base than Nusa Tenggara), enables NGOs to not performing well due to poor tree seed collected by farmers through exchange information, products, management and low-quality traditional methods. The use of seed tree seeds and seedlings between genetic material. The farmers collection guidelines and visual the farmer groups. normally collect seeds locally from a comparison by the farmer groups single tree or collect wildlings indicated that the bulk seed lot was The NGO-based tree seed exchange surrounding the trees. genetically and physiologically has been very effective in East Nusa superior to previous collections. The Tenggara. For example, the Yayasan To improve the growth and seed orchard is expected to Mitra Tani Mandiri (YMTM) in Kefa has performance of suren trees in this produce good-quality seeds to six farmer groups in five villages who village, the BPTH (Regional Tree supply local seed needs and are actively collecting and Seed Centre) in Bandung, in increase tree productivity and land supplying species such as gamal collaboration with the Indonesia productivity. (Gliricidia sepium), lamtoro Forest Seed Project (IFSP), financed (Leucaena leucocephala), by DANIDA (the Danish International Seed exchange in Nusa Tenggara. ( album), Development Agency), provided Since the early 1990s, Winrock jambu mete (Anacardium technical assistance through International, a US-based occidentale), kayu merah trainings on seed technology, nursery development organization, has (Pterocarpus spp.) and teak techniques and seed source been providing small grants, (Tectona grandis). establishment and management. information materials and training to help non-governmental Two farmer groups serve as seedling The project helped address the lack organizations (NGOs) and farmer suppliers for species such as of improved seed sources of suren groups in developing agroforestry mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla), and manglid (Magnolia spp.) in the innovations in Nusa Tenggara and teak, kayu merah, Gmelina arborea, greater Sumedang area. The Java. In 2000, the World Agroforestry jambu mete and orange. Small farmers were provided with seeds Centre (ICRAF) joined Winrock and quantities of seedlings are planted and seedlings of suren, manglid, its partner government agencies to on their own lands, while the sawo (Manilkara zapota) and sengon raise tree seed awareness and remaining seedlings are sold to (Paraserianthes falcataria). technical capacity of NGOs and various buyers from local farmer groups in Southern Sumatra, government agencies, projects, As a result of this project, the Arisan West Java and Nusa Tenggara. NGOs and government institutions Benih, or seed exchange, was from Timor Leste. established between two farmer ICRAF and its partners provided groups from Tasikmalaya, two farmer trainings, distributed high-quality Farmer groups exchange seeds or groups from Cianjur and four farmer seeds of selected species and seedlings with other villages or sub- groups from Sumedang. supported the establishment of districts. The NGO usually distributes farmer seed orchards and NGO/ information on the seeds and Based on the mother tree selection farmer-operated tree seed supply seedling stocks to other NGOs or and seed collection plan prepared enterprises. More than 100 NGO staff government agencies by distributing by IFSP and supervised by the BPTH are now well-trained in seed brochures and letters and serving as staff, each farmer group collected technology and seed source the facilitator between buyers and seeds from 10 or more trees growing management, and more than the sellers (farmers). on their land, with each group 1 000 farmers are now collecting an average of knowledgeable in seed technology There is a big potential to market 2 kg of seeds. The BPTH staff Continued on page 6

APANews No. 27 December 2005 5 agroforestry research

Germplasm exchange between... Photosynthetically active Continued from page 5 radiation affects tree-crop tree seeds to Indonesia’s neighbor, Timor Leste (East Timor). Another big growth and productivity market for tree seedlings is the local government agencies who use tree in semi-arid, rainfed seeds in their national land rehabilitation and reforestation agroforestry programs. M.J. Baig ([email protected]) and A.S. Gill ([email protected])

Meanwhile, the YMTM in Bajawa, ree-crop intercropping has the (Dalbergia sissoo) and babul Flores, is operating a similar system T potential to increase biomass (Acacia nilotica) during the winter for its farmer groups. It links closely production per unit area, but tree seasons of 2004 and 2005. with YMTM Kefa, especially when shade can inhibit crop growth. The A succeeding crop of cowpea there is a need for seed stocks. Indian Grassland and Fodder (Vigna ungiculata L.) was raised YMTM Bajawa, for instance, Research Institute (IGFRI) conducted during the monsoon season. exchanges its surplus gamal seeds a study to help improve farming with the surplus mahogani seeds of techniques by studying the effects of Height, collar diameter, diameter at YMTM Kefa. A similar system is used availability of photosynthetically breast height (DBH) and crown by Yayasan Tananua operating in active radiation (PAR) diffused diameter were recorded for the Timor, Sumba and Flores. The author is through different tree canopies in canopy trees prior to the sowing of a tree germplasm specialist at the World tree-crop intercropping. cowpea (Table 1). Observations Agroforestry Centre-. were recorded on green and dry The study was carried out in Jhansi biomass production and crude (25O272’ N, 78O352’ E and 271 m asl), protein yield of the understorey central India. The area is semi-arid cowpea (Table 2). Under-canopy Toward agroecological with an mean annual rainfall of PAR and specific weight (SLW) health... 900 mm, most of which falls from of cowpea were recorded. July-September. It has adverse Continued from page 4 agroclimatic conditions and The trees’ growth parameters such undulating soil with poor fertility. as tree height, collar diameter, DBH The state will witness the real “green and crown area were influenced by revolution” when it is covered with In the study, chickpea (Cicer the preceding winter crop (barley greenery consisting of trees. arietinum) and barley (Hordeum and chickpea). Albizzia showed a Punjab’s new socioeconomic vulgare) were grown under the tree significant increase in height when policies have brought forestry and canopy of siris (Albizzia lebbek), chickpea was grown under the tree agriculture closer than ever. neem (Azaderachta indica), sisam canopy. The collar diameter was Continued on page 7 Moreover, support from different Table 1. Growth data of trees prior to the sowing of cowpea (June 2004). donor agencies to strengthen the research and extension base is Treatments Tree Collar DBH (cm) Crow n encouraging farmers to try height diameter area (m2) agroforestry. The Punjab State Forest (m) (cm) Department has been giving Siris (solo) 6.33 22.85 18.5 41.93 financial support to agroforestry Siris + barley 7.35 18.4 14.25 43.74 adopters (an incentive of US$225 per hectare for the first three years) Siris + chickpea 8.6 22.95 17.5 51.24 to diversify the present land use Neem (solo) 7.05 17.45 13.6 19.14 system and to conserve the state’s Neem + barley 7.1 17.95 15.3 20.99 natural resources. The authors can be Neem+ chickpea 6.1 17.65 15.35 25.91 contacted at the Department of Forestry and Sisam (solo) 9.35 25.3 18.95 37.02 Natural Resources, Punjab Agricultural Sisam+ barley 8.2 20.1 15.95 26.14 University, Ludhiana-141 004, India. Sisam + chickpea 8.85 21.15 18 28.94 Babul (solo) 7.9 22.35 18.45 41.16 Babul + barley 8.05 21.6 18.4 41.9 Babul+ chickpea 7.95 21.8 17.7 41.59 CD (5%) 2.33 4.66 3 9.09

6 December 2005 APANews No. 27 agroforestry research

Photosynthetically New Forests active radiation... The highest cumulative PAR value was recorded under Dalbergia Continued from page 6 Project (NFP) canopy throughout the day, offers also influenced positively in Albizzia, followed by A. indica, Acacia and with chickpea indicating its Albizzia canopies. reforestation beneficial effect (Table 1). SLW was influenced by the total packets The cowpea green and dry matter availability of PAR under the canopy. yield increased under the preceding The SLW of cowpea showed a he New Forests Project (NFP) is crop of chickpea, with the maximum value under Dalbergia, Toffering free packets of tree combination of Albizzia and followed by that of A. indica. Under seeds, technical information and chickpea having the highest yield of shaded environment, the training materials to groups of small green and dry matter. The crude were thinner due to an expansion in farmers and civil society protein (CP) yield data did not size to capture the limited PAR. organizations who are interested in exhibit any specific trend; however, starting reforestation projects with the highest CP yield of cowpea was The study showed that undercanopy fast-growing, multi-purpose trees recorded in the Dalbergia + barley PAR availability varies with the tree that can be used for firewood, combination, followed by the A. species, and this in turn affects the charcoal, furniture and shipbuilding. indica + barley combination (Table understorey crop growth and 2). productivity. The author can be These trees can also provide fodder, contacted at the Indian Grassland and Fodder and are used as living barriers Research Institute (IGFRI), Jhansi-Gwalior against shifting soil. Road, Jhansi (UP) 284 003, India.

Among these trees are nitrogen- fixing legumes which are better suited for temperate climates and higher elevations. These properties make them extremely useful for alley cropping. The high-quality seeds available for distribution are as follows:

1. Acacia auriculiformis Fig.1. Dalbergia sissoo 2. Acacia mearnsii (Black intercropped with cowpea waddle, tan waddle) (Vigna unguiculta L.). 3. Acacia nilotica (Egyptian thorn, red-heat, barbar) Table 2. population count and forage yield of cowpea under various treatments. 4. Acacia tortilis (umbrella Yield (kg/ha) thorn, Israeli babool, seyal) Treatments Plant population Green Dry Crude 5. Albizzia lebbek (East India count/m row matter matter protein walnut, kokko, woman’s Siris (solo) 7.63 8745 1321 171 tongue) Siris + barley 10.38 9575 1526 244 6. Cajanus cajan (pigeon pea, Siris + chickpea 9.25 9990 1463 198 gandul) Neem (solo) 7.38 9160 1322 193 7. Cassia siamea (Bombay blackwood, yellow cassia) Neem + barley 7.75 10405 1657 281 8. Dalbergia sissoo (sisu, Neem+ chickpea 7.5 12090 1735 221 nelkar, shewa, yette) Sisam (solo) 8.88 10405 1577 209 9. Grevillea robusta (silky oak, Sisam+ barley 7.13 12490 1911 314 Silver Oak) Sisam + chickpea 7.13 13325 1970 260 10. Gliricidia sepium (madre de Babul (solo) 8.88 10405 1537 196 cacao) Babul + barley 8.13 11660 1586 218 11. Gleditsia tricanthos inermis Babul+ chickpea 8.13 11655 1698 209 (honey locust) Barley (solo) 8.6 16235 2526 314 12. Leucaena leucocephala Gram (solo) 8.75 14990 2398 415 (ipil-ipil, leadtree) CD (5%) NS 3254 559 90 13. Prosopis juliflora (mesquite)

(Barley and gram are the preceding rabi crops.) Continued on page 8

APANews No. 27 December 2005 7 agroforestry research

New Forests Project... Continued from page 7 Agroforestry landscapes:

14. Robinia pseudoacacia their potential for (black locust) 15. Sesbania sesban (Sesban, conserving biodiversity Egyptian rattle pod, Veronika Areskoug ([email protected]) suriminta) 16. Moringa oleifera iodiversity may be a bonus Several projects around the world benefit provided by agroforestry have targeted the use of NFP is a people-to-people, direct- B systems. Preliminary studies have agroforestry to increase the mobility action program established in 1982 shown that they are able to support of primate populations. by the International Center to help a complex and rich community of curb deforestation in developing wildlife. But just how significant a Non-arboreal species can also countries. Since then, it has assisted role do these agricultural practices benefit from agroforestry. In fact, more than 4 400 villages in over 120 play in biodiversity maintenance? ongoing researches in Southeast countries. Are the very practices that provide Asia are showing the potential these benefits to conservation benefits for most mammal species if For more information, contact: The under just as much threat as the land is managed at a less intensive New Forests Project, 731 Eighth wildlife populations they harbor? level which leaves room for some Street, SE Washington, DC 20003, natural forest cover and fallow USA, TEL: 1-202-547-3800 ext 110, The importance of protected areas areas. FAX: 1-202-546-4784 in wildlife conservation is E-mail [email protected], unquestioned. But let’s face it, the The current study undertaken by the Website: majority of wild animal populations World Agroforestry Centre in http://www.newforestsproject.com. exist outside of protected areas northern Thailand (Fig. 1) is focusing systems. Even the largest protected on traditional shifting cultivation For those who wish to receive a area systems may not be able to and its ability to maintain mammal reforestation packet, kindly provide sustain wildlife populations over biodiversity. Of the 117 species information on the environmental longer time periods. This is why naturally present in the area, 79 description of the area, including researchers are increasingly focusing have been found to co-exist with elevation, average annual rainfall, attention on the importance of what the agricultural practices, including length of dry and wet seasons, is happening to animal and plant average temperatures, and how the Continued on page 9 populations outside of trees would be used (fuelwood, protected areas. lumber, forage, soil conservation, soil enhancement, etc). Agroforestry landscapes in NFP Press Release particular, have attracted attention for their biodiversity conservation potential. The Continued on page 9 inclusion of trees in the landscape adds an extra dimension of potential that many species may be able to take advantage of.

The potential to provide habitat for birds and primates by adding shade or fruit trees to agricultural lands has long been recognized. The Smithsonian Institute has launched its bird- friendly coffee certification program in recognition of the benefits provided for bird species by shade coffee, an agroforestry practice. Fig.1. Traditional agricultural landscape showing mosaic of crop and forest patches in Mae Chaem District of northern Thailand.

8 December 2005 APANews No. 27 agroforestry research

Agroforestry these populations die out, the intensity agriculture and may landscapes... individuals left in protected areas inadvertently contribute to the will be isolated with much reduced disappearance of habitat and Continued from page 8 chances for population survival. The prevent locals from contributing to fate of animals in on-farm settings sustainable wild animal population 22 IUCN red-listed species1. Not only will have significant implications for management. are these animals living in the resting the long-term survival of the The situation is complicated with all fallows and fragments of community species and health of the stakeholders feeling that their hands forests, but also in less expected land ecosystem as a whole. The are tied. The dialogue between use areas such as crop fields, implications are too important to government officials and local orchards and rice paddies. Although be ignored by conservationists. traditional hunters and farmers these species could not survive in an cannot begin as long as the existing extensive stretch of intensive Although the cohabitation of laws ban traditional livelihood agriculture, when these land uses are farmers and native fauna does activities practiced by the combined with forest patches, the involve conflicts and crop loss to communities. mosaic of an agroforestry landscape pests, there are also significant may actually enrich the habitat benefits which the people working The contribution of agricultural value for many mammal species by in the fields of northern Thailand feel areas in maintaining wildlife providing resource heterogeneity. greatly outweigh any biodiversity is still not well disadvantages. Namely, the animals understood. We know there is However, such land uses are not all are able to provide a source of potential for both local people and positive for the mammal residents. food that is considered to be both conservationists to benefit from The close proximity to human more nutritious and delicious than good agricultural practices, settlements also brings higher risks of meat from domesticated animals, including agroforestry. We also know mortality. The lure of resource-rich and are an important component of that the fate of wildlife populations environments may attract animals the cultural identity. However, the on agricultural lands will have out of natural forest habitats and motivation for land use significant implications on long-term expose them to the dangers posed management, which encourages population survival and biodiversity by hunters, domesticated animals the continued presence of animal maintenance on both local and and their accompanying diseases; populations, is under threat. global scales. But we do not know and perhaps even higher predation Traditional lifestyles are becoming where the critical threshold from rates by natural predators. The effect increasingly difficult to continue positive effect to negative impact may be a drain of individuals from with restrictions on hunting and the lies along the continuum of natural protected areas who would government policy pushing for non- landscape to intesive agriculture. otherwise have contributed to a shifting, intensive agricultural Continued interest from researchers stable or increasing population practices. But the reality is that and land managers is a must. For within protected park areas. Several most local people have not yet more information, the author can be species2 have already been lost from abandoned the traditional diet, contacted at the World Agroforestry Centre. the studied agroforestry landscape. P.O.Box 267, CMU Post Office, Chiang Mai which incorporates wild and 50202, Thailand animals. Interviews with local farmers and hunters (Fig. 2) have revealed that Although the laws are intended to almost all species are currently slow the decline of animal believed to be declining and several Fig.2. Locals being interviewed on populations, they take away the species have suffered their knowledge of wildlife benefits provided by traditional low from village agricultural lands. If distribution.

1 Asian golden cat (Catopuma temminckii), Asian wild dog (Cuon alpinus), Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus), Assamese macaque (Macaca assamensis), Chinese pangolin (Manis pentadactyla), clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa), common otter (Lutra lutra), Fea’s mintjac (Muntiacus munjtjak ssp. feae), fishing cat (Prionailuruss viverrinus), goral (Naemorhedus caudatus), hair-footed flying squirrel (Belomys pearsoni), Malayan pangolin (Manis javanica), Malayan porcupine (Hystrix branchyura), Malayan sun bear (Helarctos malayanus), marbled cat (Pardofelis marmorata), northern slow loris (Nycticebus bengalensis), northern pig-tailed macaque (Macaca leonine), serow (Capricornis sumatrensis), smooth-coated otter (Lutrogale perspicillata), stump-tailed macaque (Macaca arctoides), tiger (Panthera tigris), white-handed gibbon (Hylobates lar)

2 (Elephas maximus), banteng (Bos javanicus), gaur (Bos frontalis), Javan rhinoceros (Rhinoceros sondaicus), wild water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis).

APANews No. 27 December 2005 9 agr ofor estr y pr omotion and development

the Kabaung and Bondaung Toward sustainable taungya reserved forests (18O42’–18O57’ N, 95O51’–96O21’ E) in Oktwin Township, teak reforestation Myanmar. According to field observations and soil analysis, in Myanmar accretion of SOM in teak plantations Suzuki Reiji ([email protected]) did not occur even 96 years after the reforestation. n Myanmar, teak (Tectona grandis “second rotation problem,” which ILinn.) is an important timber affects not only teak growth, but One of the main factors that species. Since the 1980s, teak also the yields of intercrops. prevented the buildup of SOM was plantations have increased the combustion of forest floor litter, dramatically with more than 10 000 Due to the fact that most of the the main source of SOM, by forest ha per year planted through original teak plantations have been fires. The fire-hazardous period in reforestation projects financed by managed as natural teak forests Myanmar usually lasts from mid- the Asian Development Bank and after the final thinning at 40 years, January to mid-May. Fires frequently the “second rotation problem” has the World Bank. Less than a decade break out at the end of the dry not yet become an issue. However, earlier, before the mid-1970s, only season, which coincides with the extensive teak plantations about 1 000 ha were planted per main defoliation period for teak, established after the 1980s will be year with teak. January to March, when harvested by clear-felling. approximately 80 percent of the Consequently, a large-scale second History of taungya teak annual teak litter is produced. Since rotation of taungya teak reforestation in Myanmar the forest fire period overlaps with reforestation will be undertaken. teak’s defoliation period, much of The taungya method has been used the teak litter that accumulated on To mitigate the second rotation for teak reforestation for more than the forest floor is lost to fires (Fig. 1). problem, it is important to preserve a century in Myanmar. In taungya, soil productivity during the teak- one of the most well-known Meanwhile, the SOM in adjacent tending period. Conservation of soil agroforestry systems, farmers plant natural teak forests was observed to organic matter (SOM) is trees and are allowed to cultivate be significantly higher than that in fundamental to sustainable forest intercrops for the first few years teak plantations, despite the forest soil management as it contributes to after the establishment of a new fires being just as frequent as in the improving the chemical, physical plantation. plantations. and biological properties of soil.

The first attempt at taungya teak Due to the species richness of the Present situation of reforestation in Myanmar was in natural forests, where the teak plantations in Myanmar 1856. From 1918 onwards, taungya defoliation period of other species reforestation became the standard does not overlap entirely with the To assess the long-term dynamics of practice in teak plantation forestry forest fire period, additional litter is SOM, experimental plots were in Myanmar. These plantations were supplied to the soil. Therefore, the established in teak plantations of established to complement natural impact of forest fires on the different stand ages (0–96 years) in forests and not to replace them. dynamics of SOM is less significant in Continued on page 11 Second rotation problem in taungya reforestation

Compared to shifting cultivation, where the nutrients in vegetation recovered during the fallow period are returned to the soil for the next cultivation, the taungya teak reforestation eliminates a large volume of biomass from the forest ecosystem when teak is harvested at the end of each rotation. Thus, the soil deteriorates after successive rotations, due to nutrient Fig. 1. Litter in the forest floor of a 35-year- Fig.2. Severe soil erosion observed in loss. The potential decrease in soil old teak plantation was burned during a 21-year-old teak plantations have exposed productivity is often termed as the forest fire incident. the lateral roots.

10 December 2005 APANews No. 27 agr ofor estr y pr omotion and development Upland paddies, foliage hillocks and multistoried horticulture: an ecologically sustainable agroecosystem Seema Purushothaman ([email protected]) and Priyadarsanan Dharmarajan ([email protected])

he malnad area (Fig. 1) (Western agricultural methods. These paddy The compost made of foliage and T Ghats area) of in fields (Fig. 2) are located in rainfed leaf litter are mixed with cow dung Southern India is a mosaic of reserve uplands. When necessary, farmers to produce an organic fertilizer. This forests, foliage hillocks (Soppina make small dams with bamboos, fertilizer is used extensively in the betta or SB) (Fig. 2), paddy fields and twigs and mud in the streams for farms (Fig. 3). cash crop plantations. Its irrigation. topography ranges from very steep Traditional farmers still largely to gently undulating, with peaks, Land is prepared in May, and the depend on botanicals collected ridges and outcroppings. Altitude seedlings are transplanted to the from homegardens and SBs. But ranges from 623 m above sea level fields in June after the onset of the recently, owing to the inadequate (masl) at the Township to monsoon. Many traditional varieties supply from SBs, many farmers have 1 458 masl at Gangamoola of the are cultivated. Harvest takes place started using chemical fertilizers as a Kudremukh National Park. The in December, with an average yield nutrient supplement. Farmers now vegetation is mainly tropical from 2-3 mt/acre. have to either gather leaf litter from evergreen and semi-evergreen. Its distant places or plant green hilltops harbor grasslands and shola Cultivation in this area largely manure crops like Gliricidia. forests or tropical montane forests. depends on organic materials collected from adjacent SB forests: Around 1864, Areca growers in the Rice is the major food crop in this green foliage and leaf litter for central Western Ghats of Karnataka area, where a good number of compost production, and certain state were granted tenures over farmers still follow traditional herbs for pesticides. Continued on page 12

Toward sustainable Forest fires also destroy the depletion in the last few decades undergrowth. Although sufficient and their future yield will likely taungya... quantitative data are not available, decline. Thus, a taungya teak Continued from page 10 it appears probable that the lack of reforestation, with proper undergrowth and litter layer in teak management especially with natural teak forests than in teak plantations, as a result of forest fires, regards to forest fires, can ensure a plantations. accelerates soil erosion. sustainable teak timber supply in Myanmar. Moreover, in teak plantations, soil These results indicate that forest erosion is another important fires have a detrimental effect on In addition, taungya teak ecological problem. In some the preservation of soil productivity reforestation provides local experimental plots, severe soil during the teak-tending period and employment opportunities amid the erosion was observed (Fig. 2). Since the sustainability of the taungya uncertain economic situation in th early in the 20 century, soil erosion teak reforestation. Myanmar. has been the most important cause of soil deterioration under teak The future of taungya teak More investment in sustainable monoculture in Myanmar. Although it reforestation in Myanmar forest management and social is difficult to explain the mechanism welfare is essential for the future of soil erosion in teak plantations, Teak forests in Myanmar, almost the development of taungya teak some researchers believe that forest only country that can produce plantation. This method of fires burn the litter layer and expose natural teak timber, have been reforestation will then serve as a the soil to heavy drips from the large managed well using a selection means to achieve sustainable teak leaves. However, in the case of felling system referred to as the coexistence of the forest and the fire-protected areas, the thick Myanmar Selection System. people.The author can be contacted at carpet of leaves breaks the force of the Graduate School of Asian and African direct drips and provides a matted Studies have shown that these Area Studies, Kyoto University, 46 cover that helps in holding the soil Shimoadachi-cho Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto natural teak forests have 606-8501, Japan. particles together. experienced some degradation and

APANews No. 27 December 2005 11 agr ofor estr y pr omotion and development

Upland paddies... products led to the creation of a agroecosystems and in sustaining Continued from page 11 patchwork of dense secondary the livelihood patterns of rural regrowth, savannas with sparse tree populations. uncultivated public lands (UPLs). cover and degraded forests around This gave the farmers user rights to cultivated areas. Yet, the plant Vegetation of the SBs falls in the foliage hillocks, which provide species found in these intensively continuum with the less disturbed manure, fuelwood, fodder, , utilized and managed village forests protected areas of this region, and timber for minor constructions and are a subset of those found in nearby are typical of old-field successional some cash income to the natural forests. communities. A study observed that communities. although subjected to severe The SBs are examples of slightly anthropogenic stresses by farmers, In most parts of Western Ghats, managed, socioeconomically the SBs support floristic diversity and anthropogenic disturbance of valuable, high-yielding forests. They maintain regeneration patterns forests is the rule rather than the are distinct land use systems that similar to that of the natural forests. exception. After the prehistoric can neither be categorized as system of shifting cultivation gave forests, plantations nor farmlands. While valuable organic matter flows way to more sophisticated The SBs are characterized by a to the agricultural lands and multicropping systems involving relatively diverse plant community, plantations, the organic system of high-value plantation crops like the agricultural and community paddy cultivation, in turn, helps betel nut (Areca catechu), coffee, needs they meet, and ambiguous sustain the forests of SBs and pepper and cardamom in the last property rights. subsequently the soil-water regime two centuries, human use of the for the horticultural crops. The forests intensified. The SBs are a treasure trove of perennial stand of trees adds to the medicinal plants on which the carbon sequestration benefits as Extraction of dry and green leaves, farmers living in this part of Western well. in addition to fuelwood, fodder, Ghats rely for various ailments. These small timber and nontimber forest forests and their floral diversity play Threats and challenges a pivotal role in determining the health and productivity of the Economically efficient, self- sustaining SB-based systems are now fast-declining due to ambiguous property rights, improper management, and lack of awareness.

While free access to SBs is beneficial to the village communities, such access accelerates their depletion. Due to overexploitation, the SBs are being degraded and changed to open scrub forests, which are then converted to agricultural lands,

Fig.1. A malnad landscape. When SBs were originally allotted, it was only for meeting the green manure requirement of limited betel nut areas. Farmers were supposed to follow a rotation of two years for litter collection and lopping. When the betel nut area increased, individual growers started enclosing the SBs and exploiting them intensively. Recently, some villagers have started commercial, large- scale composting which has led to continuous clearing and is Fig. 2. Paddy fields with threatening the SBs. foliage hillocks in the background. Continued on page 13

12 December 2005 APANews No. 27 agr ofor estr y pr omotion and development

Upland paddies... area has been recorded in 19th policies was to sustain the century travelogues by Francis productivity of the staple crop of Continued from page 12 Buchanan. The purpose was to arrest rice in the region while assuring the the loss of topsoil, suppress weeds sustainability of the multistoried More and more SBs are also being and conserve soil moisture. Once coffee-betel nut-pepper system. converted to rice paddies or the East India Company took over horticultural gardens that require the country’s forest administration, How to develop regulations on more leaf litter and extraction from farmers could no longer depend on extractions and how to implement the remaining SBs. These areas also forests for litter and green manure. participatory methods in enforcing suffer when rice paddies are these regulations are important converted into plantations, as soil is Upon hearing their grievances, the issues to be addressed. The extracted from SBs to fill the government, in 1864, adopted the challenge is to involve the local paddies. SBs are also the source of policy of allocating forest area to communities in monitoring and fuelwood used for the processing of the farmers in order to save the rest protecting the health of the forest betel nuts. The increase of betel nut of the forests in Uttara lands and to develop an innovative plantations is putting additional district. Cash crops like Areca institution with appropriate stress on the SBs. requiring organic matter from SBs information, capacity and authority were taxed at a higher rate than that caters to the needs of the poor State forest policy during the rice and the farmers’ privileges over people who are dependent on the colonial and post-independence the SBs were regularized in 1924. The SBs. period in the last century (1950– state initially allowed the farmers to 2000) replaced natural or degraded use an SB area of 4-8 times the size A management plan consisting of: forests with timber plantations of of the Areca holdings for foliage 1) institutionalized community rights teak, eucalyptus and Acacia collection. over management, protection of auriculiformis. While foresters and harvest from reserve forest land; denigrate forest use by communities Later, this allowance was extended 2) land regulations to prevent as “degrading,” local communities to other districts of Western Ghats conversion of paddy lands and SBs; criticize forest plantations as being like Shimoga, Chikmagalur and 3) regulation preventing extraction “useless” and “monocultural.” , where Areca is of forest soil; and 4) incentives for grown. the use of nonconventional energy Policy and development relevance sources instead of fuelwood, Subsequent debate on this policy especially in Areca processing, can The practice of amending soil with included whether to keep the go a long way in protecting the leaves of various wild trees in this extraction rights of SBs strictly to remaining parts of a unique and individuals or to have them critical ecosystem. The authors can be managed by the community, and contacted at the Ashoka Trust for Research in how to restrict conversion of SBs and Ecology and the Environment, 659 5th A Main, Hebbal, Bangalore 560024, India. paddy lands to other land uses. The development objective of such

Fig. 4. Percentage of land use in Sringeri Taluk. 5 0 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Total soppina Total forest Total grazing Dry land Paddy Horticultural Plantations Other land use betta area area land and fields crops Fig. 3. Leaf litter mixed with cow dung being grassland removed from cattle sheds for composting.

APANews No. 27 December 2005 13 agr ofor estr y pr omotion and development

acid +100 ppm boric acid during Bamboo: an ideal species for both seasons. The comparative growth of plants was higher in poles agroforestry in India planted in March than in August.

Sanjeev K. Chauhan ([email protected]) The double-noded segments of poles and Lalit Kumar ([email protected]) were filled with different hormonal concentrations. When planted ndia is second only to China in double-noded segments of poles. during August, the maximum rooting I terms of bamboo production and Tissue culture is also an option and shoot growth was recorded in diversity in the world. Since ancient available for mass multiplication, the poles treated with 100 ppm of times, Indian farmers have been but the practice is not possible indole-3-butyric acid plus 100 ppm growing bamboo on their fields, farm without a sophisticated laboratory, boric acid. boundaries and in other locations. which is not feasible for farmers. Because its roots have a binding It is necessary for nursery beds to be effect and it can tolerate drought In a study, encouraging results were treated properly against termite or conditions, bamboo is a promising observed in the vertical planting of grub attack. Insect pests and soil- species for rehabilitating degraded double-noded shoot cuttings borne diseases are a threat to the lands, including lower shiwalik hilly treated with 300 ppm of indole-3- soil-grown cuttings. Thus, areas. It thrives in semi-arid butyric acid for 18 hours or 1 500 precautionary measures must be conditions characterized by low soil ppm of indole-3-butyric acid for 30 taken. Termites, which are major fertility and low water-holding seconds. For pole planting in March bamboo pests, can be controlled by capacity. and August, no foliage and branches the application of Dursban 20 EC were retained and the internodes (Chlorpyriphos) at 0.5 percent Dendrocalamus strictus could be an were filled with growth hormones. concentration to the nursery bed ideal alternative to other crops. The maximum success for rooting area. The authors can be contacted at the Farmers need to be motivated to and growth was in the poles treated Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Punjab Agricultural University, grow bamboo in agroforestry with 100 ppm of indole-3-butyric Ludhiana-141 004, India. systems, in addition to wastelands, on saline-alkaline soils, along field Fig. 1. Six-month-old D.strictus raised from Fig. 2. Rooting in the D. strictus poles. and farm bunds, rivers and choe double-noded shoot cuttings. banks.

Bamboo has various uses. Recently, bamboo charcoal has opened up new avenues for its utilization and plantation establishment. Bamboo charcoal purifies and deodorizes water and keeps food fresh. In addition, bamboo charcoal controls fungus growth, absorbs odors and prevents diseases. It also absorbs residues of pesticides and fertilizers, Fig. 4. Five-month-old D. strictus raised improves the water permeability from double noded segments of poles. and the nutrient status of the soil.

Bamboo is mainly propagated through seeds or vegetative Fig. 3. Root growth of five-month-old D. strictus methods. Propagation by seeds, raised from poles. however, is limited by the long interval between flowering, clump mortality and short viability of seeds. Vegetative means of propagation is through rhizomes, usually with one- year-old culms excavated along with the root system.

D. strictus can be planted as double- noded shoot cuttings, poles and

14 December 2005 APANews No. 27 agr ofor estr y pr omotion and development Agroforestry farm in northern India serves as a learning field laboratory Surindar Singh Hara ([email protected])

groforestry in northern India wood quality, is its adaptability to fertilizer in the form of dairy manure, Aconstitutes the commercial India’s soils and local climate where cultured sugar mill pressed mud, production of fast-growing timber the minimum temperature is around vermiculture and other biomanures species that can be harvested after 4°C. This gives the selected poplar are preferred for the long-term only 6–10 years. Small-scale farmers clones the required dormancy health of the soils. The soils at Hara tend these plantations with period. Farms are more fertile now than they irrigation, manure and tree were 25 years ago. management technology. This Another quality is tree architecture. practice has flourished in the Trees should accumulate maximum Sunlight. Sunlight can not be northern Indian states of Haryana, wood in the main tree trunks with increased, so optimal use of sunlight western Utter Pradesh and Punjab. small, thin branches. Long, fat is vital. Five hundred poplars and branches rob the trunk of wood and 1 000 eucalyptus trees per hectare Agroforestry has changed the wood form undesirable knots that lower were found to be ideal. The industry in India. Today, over log value. distance was increased between 15 000 tons of timber logs are tree lines and reduced between marketed daily to supply over Poplar trees that grow straight up to trees, with the rows running north to 600 wood-processing factories that 30 m in height with the least spread south to give maximum sunlight to have been established since 1990 in allows for greater density of trees. each tree. these three states, mostly They are pruned every year to ensure concentrated in Jagadhri/Yamuna one leader at the top, with a few It can be said that this type of high- Nagar area. The wood industry potential fat branches pruned input-high-output agroforestry is operates at a market currently worth before they rob the trunk of the sustainable, agronomically US$800 million a year and which is wood. Lower branches that do not compatible, ecologically safe, expected to reach billions in the get sunlight are pruned before they environmentally useful and near future. form undesirable knots. economically attractive for all. Visitors are impressed with the Although Hara Farms is a private Eucalyptus clones are self-pruning, timber quality, yields and uniformity entity, it has provided hands-on with the main trunk having about in growth. Moreover, the production learning experience for people who 3 m of straight canopy, allowing an of high-value intercropping adds to come to learn how to replicate even higher density of trees. Most the appeal of Hara Farms’ agroforestry practices in their own importantly, selected clones agroforestry system. farms. Hara Farms has taken on the respond favorably to increasing challenge of efficiently producing amounts of irrigation, manuring and The timber needs of the 21st century more wood of better quality. It tree management. will increasingly have to be met consistently produces timber yields from agroforestry systems and less in excess of 50 mt/ha/yr on a harvest Seed-reproduced plants are rarely from natural forests. In developing cycle of 10 years. true to their parent tree and developed countries and in characteristics and are unsuitable regions with tropical or temperate Two tree species, poplar and for agroforestry. Therefore, selected climates, timber production in eucalyptus, are successfully being tree clones are multiplied natural forests varies between 4 to produced at Hara Farms for ply vegetatively. Poplar is reproduced 10 t/ha/yr with a cycle of up to 100 boards, wood boards, flush doors, through cuttings, but eucalyptus years. Hara Farms produces 50 t/ha/ high-density boards for cement must be cloned and produced by yr of timber on a 10-year cycle. concrete shuttering, packing cases plant breeding specialists and and crates. These products are sold requires expensive infrastructure. Agroforestry can even be throughout India and exported to successfully established around some Middle Eastern countries. Plant nutrition. Over 50 tons of timber pollution-creating centers of urban and 60-75 tons of biomass per development and industrial hectare per year are produced, complexes. Environmental Agroforestry essentials which requires substantial plant degradation, pollution, and climate nutrition. NPK and micronutrient change, among other things, are Genetic superiority. The important requirements must therefore be recognized as being the result of genetic qualities of poplar, besides carefully determined. Organic Continued on page 16

APANews No. 27 December 2005 15 agr ofor estr y pr omotion and development is 30th member-country of ICRAF: embarks on tree domestication project DKNG Pushpakumara ([email protected])

allowing small farmers to benefit ri Lanka is now the 30th member- prioritize species for domestication from these resources. Scountry of the World Agroforestry and identify gaps that hinder the Centre (ICRAF). The membership was acceleration of domestication for The details of the project can be formally launched when the ICRAF Sri both commercial and small-scale obtained from Dr. DKNG Lanka Office was inaugurated on utilization. 7 March 2005 at the Council for Pushpakumara, ICRAF country liaison Agricultural Research Policy (CARP) scientist, ICRAF Sri Lanka Office/ This project will be a part of the Secretariat. CARP-ICRAF Tree Domestication South Asia Network of Tree Project, Sri Lanka Council for Domestication with India, and Agricultural Research Policy, 114/9, As part of the cooperation, the Bangladesh. The project will help Wjerama Mawatha, Colombo 7, Sri ICRAF Sri Lanka Office hosts the partners use, enhance and adopt Lanka; phone: 0112 2697103, CARP-ICRAF Tree Domestication these systems, and to identify and 2698001; Mobile: 0714 933591; fax: + Project. The project aims to network remove policy constraints. It will also 0112 682951; and E-mail: domestication research and develop models for germplasm development activities on fruit and management as well as systems to [email protected], timber trees and medicinal plants in conserve genetic resources, [email protected]. Sri Lanka. It will identify stakeholders and their research activities,

Fig. 2. (left to right) Dr. Pal Singh, Prof. HPM Gunasena and Mr. Tissa Warnasuriya inaugurates the ICRAF Office at CARP Secretariat.

Fig.1. Launching of ICRAF Sri Lanka Office and CARP-ICRAF Tree Domestication Project. (From left to right) Dr. Tony Simons, Fig. 3. (left to right) principal tree scientist, ICRAF; Mr. Tissa Warnasuriya, secretary Dr. Tony Simons of the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Lands and Irrigation presents the ICRAF and chairman, CARP; Prof. HPM Gunasena, executive director, information CARP; Dr. VP Singh, South Asia Regional representative of package to Mr ICRAF; Dr. DKNG Pushpakumara, ICRAF country liaison Tissa Warnasuriya, scientist. with Prof. HPM Gunasena.

Agroforestry farm in... Therefore, economically attractive diversified wood quality for diverse Continued from page 15 and environmentally desirable climates of the world. The author can agroforestry is a positive be contacted at Hara Farms, P.O. Amadalpur, two factors: unprecedented fossil contribution for coping with Jagadhri, Haryana 135101, India or through fuel burning and forest destruction his blog http://thefarmstory.blogspot.com. ecological and climatic disasters in that has occurred in the last few the world. The agroforestry practices decades. Neither factor can be at Hara Farms can be replicated stopped, because of compelling using other timber tree species of economic reasons.

16 December 2005 APANews No. 27 agroforestry education and training

IUFRO World Congress... stakeholders. However, the Agroforestry Continued from page 18 resolution also noted that science stakeholders... could only live up to its role in Continued from page 18 of national forest research institutes. research and education if sufficient The forum clearly showed that many resources were available, which is workshop sessions that enabled the institutions were experiencing times not always the case in view of the participants to identify the of radical change with regard to budget cuts affecting forest science challenges, issues, concerns and their tasks and frame conditions. in many countries. gaps in the areas of agroforestry Thus, the importance of stronger education, policy advocacy, cooperation in the future was The new IUFRO leaders extension for rural and enterprise explicitly emphasized, and it was no development, and research and surprise that the directors agreed on It is IUFRO’s tradition that a new technology development. Short-, convening the forum regularly in the President is elected during the world medium- and long-term plans were future. congress. The Brisbane congress formulated in order to address the participants elected Prof. Don Koo challenges and contribute to the Congress outcomes Lee from South Korea as IUFRO efforts of institutionalizing the President from 2006 to 2010, NAFDP. The congress participants released succeeding Professor Risto Seppälä two congress resolutions where they from Finland. Prof. Lee will play a The resolution calls for the analyzed their own roles in a quite decisive role in the development of concerted efforts of various sectors critical manner. IUFRO over the next five years. He to address the immediate and long- will be joined by Dr. Niels Elers Koch term concerns in agroforestry The first Brisbane Resolution, entitled from Denmark as Vice-President development which include the “Promoting global cooperation in Science and Dr. John Innes from need to: forest-related research,” is primarily Canada as Vice-President Policy. directed to the forest science South Korea also won the bidding for 1. fast-track the approval of the community and IUFRO itself. The hosting the next IUFRO World proposed “House Bill on the scientists declared their readiness to Congress in 2010 which will take Creation of the Agroforestry focus their research work more place in the capital city of Seoul. Board,” and the policy standards strongly on the key issues of society and guidelines for the Bachelor and the global environment and to Addressing issues and concerns of Science in Agroforestry; respond to the information needs of the different stakeholders. Forest In the course of congress discussions, 2. recognize the agroforestry science is also needed to strengthen many answers surfaced, but many programs of the member- cooperation with other scientific questions were also raised. In institutions of the Philippine disciplines. response, several new IUFRO working Agroforestry Education and parties were created during the Research Network (PAFERN) as The second Brisbane Resolution on congress to directly address these part of the National Agriculture “Promoting science for decision- questions. Furthermore, all issues and Fisheries Education System making” is clearly directed to the referred to in the Brisbane (NAFES); world outside the forest science Resolutions will be duly considered in community. In this resolution, the new IUFRO strategy for the years 3. facilitate the promotion of scientists declared their desire to 2006 to 2010. Thus, IUFRO is certainly investments and enterprise provide relevant scientific findings well prepared to tackle the tasks of developments of agroforestry more often as a basis for political the future. products; decision making and translate present research results into a IUFRO celebrates its world 4. include agroforestry as one of language that is readily understood congresses in different parts of the the prescribed land uses under by policy makers and other world every five years. This year’s the National Land Use Brisbane congress was the first time Classification Act; that IUFRO held the world congress in the southern hemisphere. IUFRO 5. exempt critical watersheds, press release provided by Gerda Wolfru protected areas, ancestral ([email protected]) domains and agroforestry areas from mining explorations and operations;

Fig.3. The Yuggera Aboriginal Dance Troupe at the opening ceremoney of the Brisbane Continued on page 20 congress.

APANews No. 27 December 2005 19 agroforestry education and training

IAF offers agroforestry Promoting sustainable agroforestry livelihood and other enterprises training courses for 2006 (SALE) Leah P. Arboleda ([email protected]) To be held 5-18 November, this course will provide the knowledge and skills that will enable farmers to he UPLB Institute of Agroforestry management strategies, seed decide, plan and carry out T(IAF) is announcing the following technology and nursery livelihood enterprises that will agroforestry training courses for management, soil and water provide them with income while 2006: conservation and management, and waiting for their agroforestry farms other technologies that support to mature and be productive. Topics Planning and managing agroforestry agroforestry farms. will include the policies affecting projects (PMAP) agroforestry and livelihood To be held 16-29 April, this course will Agroforestry postproduction systems enterprise development, enterprise discuss participatory rural appraisal, (AG-POST) development in the uplands, SALE agroforestry land capability To be held 13-26 August, this course planning and management, assessment and mapping scheme, will discuss the principles and extension concepts, methods and feasibility study preparation/ processes of the different approaches and marketing/trading development and monitoring and postproduction technologies of of livelihood products. evaluation techniques. agricultural crops, perennial crops and animal and dairy products. These courses are offered to project Sustainable agriculture through Topics on marketing, financing, managers, researchers, field agroforestry initiatives of people in credit and other support services for technicians, farmer/community the uplands (SAGIP) agroforestry postproduction will be leaders and other development To be held 21 May - 3 June, this included. workers from local and international course will primarily discuss the nongovernmental organizations, concepts and significance of Participatory technology government agencies, academic agroforestry and sustainable development for agroforestry (PT- and research institutions, people’s agriculture development in relation DAF) organizations and other concerned to natural and managed To be held 24 September - 7 institutions. ecosystems. Participants will October, this course will discuss the develop and apply key indicators of processes involved in promoting For more information, please sustainable agroforestry systems, agroforestry for extension and contact the Director, Institute of while discussing techniques in research and development Agroforestry, College of Forestry and diagnosing problems, needs, activities. Topics will include Natural Resources, University of the constraints, practices and participatory Los Baños, PO Box 35023, opportunities. appraisal, College, 4031 Laguna. Tel +63 49 on-farm 5362657/5363657, Fax +63 49 Agroforestry production practices trials, 5363809 and E-mail [email protected] and management (AG-PRO) farmers’ or [email protected].The author To be held 25 June - 8 July, this field works at the Department of Science course will discuss agroforestry’s schools Communication, UPLB College of various production technologies and other Development Communication. and their corresponding participatory approaches.

Agroforestry institutionalization of 10. formulate NAFDP to facilitate stakeholders... agroforestry development the institutionalization of Continued from page 19 programs; agroforestry development in the Philippines. 6. simplify the requirements for the 8. conduct appropriate science issuance of permits to harvest and technology programs in The agroforestry congress was co- and transport timber and agroforestry; organized by the Institute of nontimber products from Agroforestry of the University of the agroforestry farms; 9. conduct regular multisectoral Philippines Los Baños, PAFERN and agroforestry stakeholders’ the Camarines Sur State Agricultural 7. pass local resolutions and meeting; and College. The author is a researcher at the ordinances that will support the UPLB Institute of Agroforestry.

20 December 2005 APANews No. 27 information sources

the international project on Global Useful information sources Change and Terrestrial Ecosystems. The book presents the he following information sources document at http:// accomplishments of the project in Twere compiled from Springer Inweb18.worldbank.org/ESSD/ terms of the integration of forest Publications, the User’s Perspectives envext.nsf/44ByDocName/ ecosystem and watershed with Agricultural Research and Publications. For more information, processes. Specific topics include Development (UPWARD), Canada’s please E-mail leaf physiology, meteorological International Development [email protected]. budget, prediction of long-term Research Centre (IDRC), research, change of vegetation composition contributions and some with Cultivating peace: conflict and and architecture through permission from the Low-External collaboration in natural resource demographic processes, the effects Input Sustainable Agriculture (LEISA): management. Edited by Daniel of forest ecosystem metabolism on Buckles, this 1999 IDRC and World the properties and biogeochemical Agroforestry e-news. Published bi- Bank publication presents original budgets of freshwater ecosystems, monthly by the School of Forest case studies and essays highlighting and the direct and indirect effects Resources and Conservation, experiences in Africa, Asia and Latin of environmental change on rivers, University of Florida, this online America on cultural dimensions of wetlands and lakes. The results newsletter informs readers of conflict, the concept of stakeholder focused on the experiences in relevant conferences, meetings and analysis, the impact of development coastal east and Southeast Asian publications on agroforestry. For interventions on peace and conflict, countries that are characterized by more information or to submit news and the policy dimensions of conflict wet growing seasons and species- items, contact Prof. Shibu Jose by e- management. These case studies rich forest ecosystems. For more mail [email protected],or visit the present the evolving trend from information, please visit http:// website: http://www.sfrc.ufl.edu/ conflict to collaboration in natural www.springerpub.com/ resource management. More Beyond intellectual property: toward importantly, the book highlights Genes in the field: on-farm traditional resource rights for lessons learned and identifies conservation of crop diversity. Edited indigenous peoples and local strategic gaps in natural resource by Stephen B. Brush, this 2000 communities. Written by Darrel A. management. For more information, publication provides a Posey and Graham Dutfield, this 1996 please visit http://www.idrc.ca. comprehensive overview of the publication provides practical issues and challenges of on-farm suggestions on how indigenous Developing smallholder agriculture: conservation of genetic resources peoples and local communities a global perspective. Written by R.L. shared by experts in the fields of worldwide should approach and Tinsley, this book published in 2004 biology, agronomy, anthropology, deal with issues in intellectual presents lessons learned from economics, law and agricultural property and traditional resource farming systems research with a development. For more information, rights. It provides invaluable and focus on the factors and issues please visit http://www.idrc.ca. eye-opening information on the constraining smallholder agricultural most provocative and explosive development. By looking beyond In focus: seeds that give – issue of the “patenting of life.” For technology development and participatory plant breeding. Written more information, please visit http:// focusing instead on service delivery by Ronnie Vernooy, this 2003 book www.idrc.ca. systems, the author emphasizes the presents the results of IDRC’s importance of village-level, private research projects on agricultural Counting on the environment: forest micro-enterprises as a means to biodiversity and participatory plant incomes and the rural poor. Written assist smallholders and studies the breeding research that are aimed at by P. Vedeld, et al., this is a World effectiveness of the public sector. conserving agricultural diversity, Bank Environment Department For more information, please E-mail improving crops and producing Paper No. 98, published in 2004, [email protected]. quality food. It discusses issues, which presents the results of an procedures in developing research analysis of 54 case studies showing Forest ecosystems and environments: questions, and steps in designing on- that forests are significant sources of scaling up from shoot module to farm research considering farmers’ income for rural households. The watershed. Written by T. Kohyama, J. and breeders’ rights. It also case studies recommend some best Canadell, D.S. Ojima and L.F. Pitelka, highlights the need to develop new practices in studying incomes this 2005 publication presents the and supportive policies and derived from forests with focus on results of the Global Change legislation while presenting cases of research protocols, field methods, Impacts on Terrestrial Ecosystems in successful partnerships of farmers and simple analytical models. You Monsoon Asia (TEMA) project that and plant breeders in these fields. can download a PDF file of this was implemented to contribute to Continued on page 22

APANews No. 27 December 2005 21 information sources

Useful information Nitrogen fixation in agriculture, Participatory research and sources... forestry, ecology and the development for sustainable environment. Edited by Dietrich agriculture and natural resource Continued from page 21 Werner and William E. Newton, this management: a sourcebook. This 2005 book is the fourth of the seven- three-volume sourcebook compiles For more information, please visit volume comprehensive series on 79 articles highlighting experiences http://www.idrc.ca. nitrogen fixation. This volume in participatory research and discusses the integration of basic development of more than 30 Managing natural resources for and applied work on biological countries in sustainable livelihoods: uniting nitrogen fixation in the fields of the fields of science and participation agriculture, forestry and ecology. sustainable Edited by Barry Pound, Sieglinde crop and Snapp, Cynthia McDougall and Ann Highlights of the book include animal Braun, this 2003 book presents field discussions of crops of major global production, experiences on Participatory Natural importance (soybeans, rice and forest and Resource Management (NRM) sugar cane), agroforestry, watershed research, with focus on smallholder specifically on the use and legume management, agricultural systems in the trees with their rhizobial symbionts soil and water developing world. and other nitrogen-fixing trees with conservation their actinorhizal colonization and and It presents an analysis of the issues the interaction of plants and trees. postharvest and lessons gained from the and utilization. practical application of It also describes the participatory principles to complex biogeochemically important Published in 2005 by UPWARD, IDRC, landscapes and social situations nitrogen cycle and its key and the International Fund for from 23 relevant case studies. It relationships among nitrogen Agricultural Development, this also considers strategies in meeting fixation, nitrification and sourcebook focuses on the growing the challenges of improving the denitrification. Moreover, readers interest in developing approaches livelihoods of local natural resource will be provided with updates on the for joint research and development managers, as well as conserving the production of microbial inocula, with the participation of the local natural resources for future especially for legume crops. For people and other concerned generations. The case studies more information, please visit http:// stakeholders. These diverse and yet covered Asia, Africa and Latin www.idrc.ca. interrelated approaches comprise America. For more information, participatory research and contact the IDRC at E-mail Organic agriculture: a handbook. development concepts and [email protected] or please visit http:// Written by A. Rosenberg and T. practices for trainers, policy makers, www.idrc.ca and Earthscan Linders, this 2004 handbook presents donors and professionals in other Publications at the authors’ 30-year experience in development sectors. For more [email protected]. organic agriculture, mainly information, contact CIP-UPWARD, practiced in South Africa. The book c/or IRRI DAPO Box 7777, Metro Forest restoration in landscapes: provides a background on organic Manila, Philippines, or please visit beyong planting trees. Edited by agriculture, and practical http://www.cip-upward.org/. Stephanie Mansourian, Daniel information on soils (texture, Vallauri and Nigel Dudley, this 2005 structure, organic matter, etc.), Traditional foods: processing for book presents the experiences of composting, soil conservation, profit. Edited by P. Fellows, this 1997 World Wildlife Fund (WWF) vegetable cultivation, animal publication is a comprehensive International and its partners in husbandry (poultry, cattle, rabbits, guide to the processing of integrating the restoration of forest bees), farm planning and organic traditional foods which are made functions into landscape certification with theoretical and sold at small commercial scales conservation plans. discussions. The experiences of operation from Asia, Africa and presented can also be applied in Latin America. For more information, Aside from the practical information, other countries worldwide. For more send e-mail inquiries to [email protected]. the book also discusses specific information, please visit Compiled by Leah P. Arboleda systems and issues, and identifies key http://www.lindros.co.za or E-mail areas for further research. For more [email protected]. information, please visit http://www.springerpub.com/.

22 December 2005 APANews No. 27 information sources

Development Mechanism, Agroforestry and forestry partnerships, forestry and biodiversity conservation, carbon info sources from FAO sequestration, watershed protection and other opportunities. For the he United Nations Food and disasters on the environment. This HTML version of this document, visit TAgriculture Organization (FAO) booklet will inform policy makers, http://www.fao.org/documents/ Regional Office for Asia and the development agencies and the show_cdr.asp?url_file=/docrep/007/ Pacific (RAP) is promoting the media of the distinction between ae537e/ae537e00.htm. following publications which they facts and fiction on the relationship have produced in collaboration with between forests and floods. It also Proceedings of the workshop on several institutions. Print and PDF recommends alternative forests for poverty reduction: can versions of these publications are approaches for effective watershed community forestry make money? available at http://www.fao.org/. and flood plain management. The (RAP Publication 2004/04). Edited by PDF version of this publication is H.C. Sim, S. Appanah and W. M. Lu, Advancing assisted natural available at http://www.fao.org/ these proceedings present the regeneration (ANR) in Asia and the docrep/008/ae929e/ae929e00.htm highlights of the workshop of the Pacific (RAP Publication 2003/19). same title held 1-2 September 2003 Compiled and edited by Patrick C. In search of excellence: exemplary in Beijing, China. The proceedings Dugan, Patrick B. Durst, David J. forest management in Asia and the comprise the presentations on Ganz and Philip J. McKenzie, this Pacific (RAP Publication 2005/03). community forestry and agroforestry report discusses the key concepts Edited by Patrick B. Durst, Chris experiences in Viet Nam, the and aspects of ANR, including its Brown, Henrylito D. Tacio and Miyuki Philippines, Pakistan, Cambodia, technical and social dimensions. It Ishikawa, this publication presents Indonesia, Mongolia, Bangladesh, also compiles the experiences of the the successful experiences of forest Bhutan, China and Thailand. The Philippines, China, Indonesia, managers, farmers and local presentations focus on the Thailand and Viet Nam in communities in balancing the dependency of communities on non- implementing ANR. For the HTML various socioeconomic and timber forest products, sustainable version of this document, please environmental demands made on harvesting, the role of gender and visit http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/ the forest. The book provides the establishment of a nontimber 004/AD642E/AD642EE00.HTM. inspiring accounts of innovation, forest products development body. perseverance, and dedication of For the HTML version of this Agroforestry: a way to better farming farmers across the region that should document, please visit http:// – a manual for trainers, teachers and motivate others to intensify their www.fao.org/documents/ extension workers. Written by Inoka efforts in protecting and managing show_cdr.asp?url_file=/docrep/008/ Ratukalou et al., this two-volume, the region’s forest resources. A PDF ae537e/ae537e00.htm. spiral-bound 1999 publication version of the document is available provides a clear introduction to at http://www.fao.org/documents/ State of forestry in Asia and the agroforestry. The two volumes show_cdr.asp?url_file=/docrep/007/ Pacific: 2003 status, changes and introduce the rationale and ae542e/ae542e00.htm trends (RAP Publication 2003/22). definition of agroforestry, various Edited by Chris Brown and Patrick B. forms of agroforestry, management Proceedings of the workshop on Durst, this book assesses the state of techniques and plant species. This forests for poverty reduction: natural resources, forest plantations, manual was produced by the Fiji opportunities for clean development forest policy, legislation and Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and mechanism, environmental services planning, and the economics, social Forests (MAFF) and the SPC/GTZ and biodiversity (RAP Publication and environmental aspects of Pacific German Regional Forestry 2004/22). Edited by H.C. Sim, S. forestry utilization. It identifies the Project. For the HTML version of this Appanah and Y.C. Youn, this various forestry institutions, and document, please visit http:// publication presents the highlights provides an overview of the www.fao.org/DOCREP/004/AD466E/ of the workshop of the same title international conventions and AD466E00.HTM. that was held 27-29 August 2003 in agreements as it calls for Seoul, Korea. The proceedings international cooperation to Forests and floods: drowning in fiction comprise the workshop discussions address critical issues and concerns. or thriving on facts? (RAP Publication and presentations on poverty For the HTML version of this 2005/03, Forest Perspectives 2). This reduction by tropical forests, document, please visit http:// booklet examines the scientific markets for forest communities, www.fao.org/DOCREP/006/AD642E/ evidence that links floods and policy and market support AD642E00.HTM. Compiled by forests, as man is often blamed for mechanisms, strategies in Leah P. Arboleda and Philip J. McKenzie the consequences of natural implementing the Clean

APANews No. 27 December 2005 23 Useful websites and links

he following web sites and links Garden Organic provides sustainability. For more information, Twere obtained from the World information on organic gardening at please visit http://www.swcs.org/ Agroforestry Centre, the Permanent http://www.gardenorganic.org.uk/ Agriculture Resources, through its e- User’s Perspectives with Agricultural newsletter “The Overstory,” research Indigenous Knowledge and Research and Development and contributions: Development Monitor (IKDM) serves (UPWARD) provides news and those with an interest in the role of information resources on Web Sites indigenous knowledge in participatory research and participatory approaches to development (PR&D) and Center for Indigenous Knowledge For sustainable development. For more innovations for sustainable rootcrop Agriculture and Rural Development information, please visit http:// livelihood. For more information, (CIKARD) focuses on preserving and www.nuffic.nl/ciran/ikdm/index.html please visit http://www.cip- using the local knowledge of farmers upward.org/ and other rural people around the International Soil Reference and globe. For more information, please Information Centre provides Links visit http://www.ciesin.org/IC/ information on soils and promotes cikard/CIKARD.html sustainable use of the land at http:// Agroforestry Database: http:// www.lime.isric.nl/ www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/ Centro Internacional de Información Sites/TreeDBS/aft.asp Sobre Cultivos de Cobertura Livelihoods Connect provides (CIDICCO) has green manure/cover information on how to eliminate Biodiversity Support Programme: crop information for small farmers. poverty through sustainable http://www.BSPonline.org/ For more information, please visit livelihoods. For more information, http://www.cidicco.hn/ please visit http:// Eldis Food Security Resource Guide: www.livelihoods.org/ http://www.eldis.org/food/ CONTOUR is a newsletter dedicated to the exchange of information on The Soil and Water Conservation International Fund for Agricultural soil and water conservation in South Society fosters the science and the Development (IFAD): http:// East Asia. For more information, art of soil, water and related natural www.ifad.org/ Compiled by Leah P. please visit http://www.asocon.org/ resource management to achieve Arboleda, Rowena D. Cabahug and main.htm Reinelen M. Reyes

Call for contributions

e are inviting contributions to the Contributions for agroforestry education In W28th and 29th issues of the Asia- and training, meanwhile, may contain addition, Pacific Agroforestry Newsletter announcements on conferences, the FAO (APANews) on or before 31 March and symposiums, training opportunities and IAF 30 June 2006, respectively. Let us help and other news on the various efforts editors you share the relevant programs and being made toward generating more would like to accommodate as many projects that you are working on in the agroforestry professionals and articles as possible in every issue. areas of agroforestry research, practitioners, and providing venues for Hence, kindly limit your contributions to promotion and development, and interpersonal sharing of agroforestry 1 000 words, and include good-quality education and training. information, and networking photographs (scanned at 300 dpi) that opportunities. We will also help you are properly labeled and referred to in Contributions for agroforestry research announce new information sources and the text. Please don’t forget to include may contain results of short- and long- useful websites. your complete contact details, term studies that will update readers on especially your E-mail address, should how agroforestry is being developed as For several years now, APANews has the readers have questions, a distinct science separate from continued to reach out to people from clarifications or requests for further agriculture and forestry. various sectors. Hence, we would like information. to request interested contributors to Contributions for agroforestry adopt the simple, straightforward and Please send contributions through promotion and development may popular style in writing the articles E-mail as attachments or via snail mail contain information on various instead of that used in journals. By in diskettes/CD-ROM or printed form to extension services aimed at promoting adopting the popular writing style, your the FAO/RAP Office or to the UPLB and developing agroforestry among articles can help farmers, development Institute of Agroforestry, 2/F Tamesis communities. This section helps agents, researchers, practitioners and Hall, College of Forestry and Natural update readers on how agroforestry is other interested individuals in coping Resources, UP Los Baños, PO Box being promoted in the field as a distinct with the challenges of promoting and 35023, College, 4031 Laguna, practice. developing agroforestry in their Philippines; Fax +63 49 5363809; respective countries, and at any level of E-mail [email protected]. project or research implementation.