TFN 2019 CFMP Activity Report Report Designed By: Off to Market, Inc

CottonwoodMonitoring Flats Project 2019 Activity Report & Assessment Data

Report prepared by: Jason Ramsay-Brown, CFMP Primary Administrator 2019 Project Participants: David Wallace Barr, Charles Bruce-Thompson, Ayushi Delvadia, Nancy Dengler, Eric Dinel, Donata Frank, Susan Grimbly, Kristina Jackson, Stephen Kamnitzer, Bob Kortright, Nicola Lawrence, Lillian Natalizio, Lachtin Poon, Matthew Poppleton, Anne Powell, Abbey Ramsay-Brown, Jason Ramsay-Brown, Ellen Schwartzel, Stephen Smith, Agneta Szabo, Anna Waldvogel Reference as: TFN 2019 CFMP Activity Report Report Designed By: Off to Market, Inc. http://offtomarket.ca

1 Table of Contents

INTRODUCTION...... 3 APPENDIX B: COMPILED FAUNA DATA. . . 34 PROJECT OVERVIEW...... 3 COMPLETE DATA SET (ALL PLOTS)...... 34 STUDY AREA...... 3 COMPLETE DATA SET (BY DATE)...... 35 METHODOLOGY & PROTOCOLS...... 4 APPENDIX C: HUMAN USE DATA ...... 35 SUMMARY OF RESULTS...... 5 APPENDIX D: ASSESSMENT FLORA SPECIES AT COTTONWOOD FLATS. . . 5 AND SESSION NOTES ...... 36 FAUNA SPECIES AT COTTONWOOD FLATS. . . 7 MS1: MONITORING SESSION #1...... 36 HUMAN USE AT COTTONWOOD FLATS. . . . . 8 VEG1: VEGETATION ASSESSMENT #1. . . . 36 2020 RECOMMENDATIONS...... 9 MS2: MONITORING SESSION #2...... 37 SITE RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 9 MS3: MONITORING SESSION #3...... 37 PROTOCOL ADJUSTMENTS ...... 9 MS4: MONITORING SESSION #4...... 38 MONITORING ACTIVITIES ...... 10 VEG2: VEGETATION ASSESSMENT #2. . . . 38 COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT...... 10 MS5: MONITORING SESSION #5...... 39 RESTORATION & STEWARDSHIP...... 10 MS6: MONITORING SESSION #6...... 39 APPENDICES...... 11 APPENDIX A: COMPILED FLORA DATA. . . 11 PLOT 1...... 12 PLOT 2...... 14 PLOT 3...... 16 PLOT 4...... 18 PLOT 5...... 20 PLOT 6...... 22 PLOT 7...... 24 PLOT 8...... 27 PLOT 9...... 29 PLOT 10...... 31 COMPLETE DATA SET (ALL PLOTS)...... 33 INTRODUCTION

PROJECT OVERVIEW

The Cottonwood Flats Monitoring Project (CFMP) is a partnership between the City of Toronto’s Natural Environment and Community Programs (NECP) section of Urban Forestry and the Toronto Field Naturalists (TFN) . Its primary goal is to create and curate an inventory of animal and vegetation biodiversity at Cottonwood Flats (see “Study Area”) which, over time, will be used to assess overall trends in species richness and abundance . A secondary objective for the project is to facilitate community engagement and outreach .

Project protocols (see “Methodology & Protocols”) were designed and developed by TFN in 2016, and approved for use by NECP in January, 2017 . TFN has committed to running the project for a three-year period which began in April, 2017 . The project will be reassessed in 2019/2020 .

STUDY AREA

Cottonwood Flats is an approximately 4-hectare parcel of floodplain, elevated by an anthropogenic fill base, that is located on a post-industrial site along the eastern banks of the Lower Don River near Crothers Woods . The site was once home to a rockwool factory, was used as a disposal site for concrete debris, and until recently served as a primary site for dumping snow plowed from city streets .

Between 2009 and 2014, the City of Toronto, TRCA, Task Force to Bring Back the Don, and Schollen and Company created and executed a restoration plan intended primarily to provide habitat for ground- nesting birds . A key feature of this plan was an approximately one acre songbird meadow, fully enclosed by permanent fencing, meant to help secure the area from trampling, off-leash dogs, and other potential threats .

3 METHODOLOGY & PROTOCOLS

Cottonwood Flats is too large an area to monitor and assess in its entirety . Instead, ten 20m x 20m permanent plots have been defined that are the focus of monitoring and assessment efforts . These plots have been delineated by pin flags in each corner to aid on-site discovery . Plot locations were selected based on existing natural features, human traffic patterns, and the post- industrial legacy of the site . Site activities abide by specific protocols developed by TFN in consultation with NECP, and modelled on similar protocols used by organizations like TRCA and EMAN so as to maximize compatibility with other standard data collection methods .

Annually, volunteers conduct six site Monitoring Sessions, the purpose of which is to identify animal species (primarily birds), and flora in bloom or seed . Each session begins with a ten minute “Bird Circle” observation, during which two or three stationary observers log all animal activity within a 50m circle encompassing plots 1,2,3, & 4, and the entirety of the fenced-in Songbird Meadow . Following this, two to four volunteers devote a minimum of five minutes of continuous observation time to logging all animal activity in each plot . An additional observer visits all plots independently to document flora in bloom or seed .

Further, two Vegetation Assessments are conducted each year, during which the emphasis is on flora identification . During these assessments there is no Bird Circle observation period, but one volunteer continues to devote five minutes of continuous observation time to each plot for the purpose of logging animal activity . Meanwhile, two to five volunteers devote a total two hours each to flora identification, working alone or in co- operation with one another, as proves most effective .

During all eight sessions and assessments, a volunteer photographer is responsible for documenting interesting discoveries, general activities, and attending to routine photo monitoring as prescribed by the City of Toronto .

Concurrently, a CFMP Site Ambassador, situated by the trail that connects the Lower Don Recreational Trail to nearby Sun Valley/Crothers Woods, engages with any members of the public curious about project activities . The Site Ambassador answers questions, distributes TFN and City of Toronto brochures, and keeps records on human visitation and use of Cottonwood Flats .

4 SUMMARY OF RESULTS

Flora Species at Cottonwood Flats

The study area is dominated by Exotic Cool-season Grass Graminoid Meadow (CUM1-b) and Exotic Forb Meadow (CUM1-c) . A portion of the site is successional semi-woody habitat, which includes the riparian zone along the Don River . The developing vegetation structure indicates it is headed towards a vegetation community typical of the Lower Don Valley - Fresh-Moist Cottonwood Tall Treed Woodland (CUW1-A4)

Plot observations identified a total of 104 species of vascular plants during the 2019 season (see Appendix A) . These include 32 native species (both naturally-occurring and planted) and 72 exotic species (69 .23%) . 3 additional plants remain identified only to the level of Genus, and 16 species catalogued (3 native, 13 exotic) are not present in Beechwood Wetland and Cottonwood Flats Terrestrial Biological Inventory and Assessment (TRCA, 2010) . These totals differ from those described in the 2018 report thanks to the following:

• Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus altissima) now present • Wormwood (Artemisia absinthium) removed from inventory as it is no longer present • Summer cypress (Bassia scoparia) now present • Smooth brome grass (Bromus inermis) now present • Creeping bellflower (Campanula rapunculoides) now present • Red-osier dogwood (Cornus sericea) added back in to inventory (seedlings in plot 4) • Deptford Pink (Dianthus armeria) now present • All Nepeta spp . now verified as catnip (Nepeta cataria) • Red oak (Quercus rubra) now present • All Rubus spp . now verified as black raspberry(Rubus occidentalis) • Annual sow-thistle (Sonchus oleraceus) now present • Field penny-cress (Thlaspi arvense) now present • Japanese hedge parsley (Torilis japonica) now present

Native trees in our plots showed no obvious signs of distress resultant of last year’s period of sustained drought . Recent infestations of poplar vagabond aphids (Mordwilkoja vagabunda) have done some damage to eastern cottonwoods (Populus deltoides), particularly those in plot 1 (Veg1, Stephen Smith; Veg2, Stephen Smith) . Green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) dominating plots 3 & 8 show increased signs of infestation by emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis), and a live adult specimen of this invasive insect was found on a common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca) leaf in plot 3 (Veg2, Stephen Smith) . In addition, symptoms of leaf spot fungus (Mycosphaerella spp ). were plentiful on green ash in these plots (Veg2, Stephen Smith, Eric Dinel), culminating in significant leaf yellowing by end of summer (MS5, Jason Ramsay-Brown) . Black walnut (Juglans nigra) continues to propagate across the study area, with new seedlings discovered this year in plots 4 & 9 (Veg 2, Stephen Smith, Jason Ramsay-Brown) . Sandbar willow (Salix exigua) has expanded handsomely in to plot 5 (Veg2, Stephen Smith), although it was discovered to no longer be present in plot 7 (Veg2, Stephen Smith) .

5 Exotic tree health & propagation continues along expected lines . European buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica) have now invaded plot 2, and continue to make significant gains in plots 4, 9 & 10 (Veg2, Stephen Smith; MS4, Charles Bruce-Thompson) . Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) continues to propagate in plots 4 & 9 (Veg2, Stephen Smith; MS5, Jason Ramsay-Brown) . Study of the apple sapling (Malus pumila) in plot 3 revealed no indications of it having contracted cedar- apple rust (Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae) from the affected cedar (Juniperus virginiana) in plot 9 (MS3, Jason Ramsay-Brown; Veg2, Jason Ramsay-Brown) . This study did, however, reveal the apple is actually 3 stems in tight formation (Veg1, Stephen Smith) . Some Manitoba maples (Acer negundo) in plot 7 show dead tops, likely due to last year’s cankerworm (Alsophila pometaria) infestation (Veg2, Stephen Smith) .

At the herbaceous layer, tall goldenrod (Solidago altissima) remains the dominant native and seems to have recovered fully from last year’s prolonged drought conditions . Extensive fungal leaf spotting (pathogen unidentified) was discovered on the goldenrod in plot 2 (Veg2, Stephen Smith) . Common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca) enjoyed the year, making notable advances in plot 3 and appearing for the first time in plot 9 . Heath aster (Symphyotrichum ericoides) continued to benefit from momentum gained last year, successfully expanding in to plots 2, 4, & 9 .

Tansy (Tanacetum vulgare), despite a notable die-off in plot 2 (SS, Veg2), remains the most populous herbaceous invasive in our plots . White sweet clover (Melilotus albus), however, has lost second place status to dog-strangling vine (Vincetoxicum rossicum). DSV population expanded in plots 1, 4 and 10 this year, and lost ground only in plot 2 . Interestingly, the die-off of both tansy and DSV in plot 2 coincided with a notable advancement in crownvetch (Securigera varia) in that same plot, as well as the sudden appearance of white flowers (rather than the usual pink) on crownvetch located in the north-west corner of plot 1 (Veg2, Stephen Smith) .

Wholly unrelated to the crownvetch dynamics in plots 1 & 2, it is also of interest that we discovered a few examples of pink-flowering Queen Anne’s lace (Daucus carota) within the study area, a phenomenon reported by several TFN members as “notably more frequent” all across Toronto this year .

6 FAUNA SPECIES AT COTTONWOOD FLATS

16 species of birds were cataloged during the 2019 season, including 3 species not recorded in previous years: blue jay (Cyanocitta cristata), barn swallow (Hirundo rustica), and chimney swift (Chaetura pelagica) . Red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) and American robins (Turdus migratorius) remain the most often sighted birds, most frequently seen in plots 1,2,3 & 4 during Bird Circle observation . Red-winged blackbirds also made notable use of plot 7 during this year’s mating season (May & June), with 2 seen fending off a red- tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis) just outside of the plot boundaries (MS4, Jason Ramsay-Brown) .

Only 1 bird nest was discovered in the plots during 2019 sessions & assessments . The unoccupied nest, discovered in plot 3, was likely built by song sparrows (Melospiza melodia) and was supported several inches off the ground by a cluster of dog-strangling vine (Veg2, Stephen Smith, Jason Ramsay- Brown) . American goldfinches(Spinus tristis) were found to be nesting just outside of plot 8 (MS5, Abbey Ramsay-Brown) . An American robin fledgling was spotted in plot 4 (Veg2, Charles Bruce-Thompson) and its nest was suspected to be nearby but could not be located .

No white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) were spotted this year, but signs of extensive site usage were obvious . 14 deer beds were discovered: 5 in plot 1; 4 in plot 8; 3 in plot 2; and 1 in plots 3 & 9 (Veg2, Stephen Smith) . Evidence of browsing was spotted in most of these plots as well, particularly among the staghorn sumac (Rhus typhina) in plot 9 (MS3, Anne Purvis) .

Only 2 eastern cottontails (Sylvilagus floridanus) were directly observed in the plots this year, although signs of browsing were evident throughout the study area, most notably among green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) in plot 8 (Veg1, Nancy Dengler), staghorn sumac in plot 7 (Veg1, Stephen Smith), and the new stems of sandbar willow (Salix exigua) in plot 5 (Veg1, Stephen Smith) .

There were no obvious signs of wildlife having over-wintered in the study area (MS1, Eric Dinel, Jason Ramsay-Brown) .

10 species of butterflies were identified this year, only 1 of which was previously undocumented: West Virginia white (Pieris virginiensis) . Cabbage white (Pieris rapae) continued to be the most often sighted butterfly . Monarchs (Danaus plexippus) were sighted far more frequently than last year, although evidence of caterpillar feeding was less conspicuous .

7 While dragonflies & damselflies are not uncommon in the study area, they usually move too quickly or are too far away for accurate identification . This year TFN benefited from a volunteer with some identification expertise in this area, allowing us to add sightings of eastern pondhawk (Erythemis simplicicollis) and white-faced meadowhawk (Sympetrum obtrusum) to the inventory .

The Don River is monitored as part of routine observation in plot 7, but 3 times during the year volunteers also dedicated 15 minutes of continuous observation exclusively to the river in hopes of spotting aquatic life . These efforts were rewarded for the first time in the project’s history: a single large tadpole was spotted on the outside edge of plot 7 (MS1, Eric Dinel) . Other interesting sightings from our river observations included a family of Canada goose (Branta canadensis) swimming the river, and a great blue heron (Ardea herodias) flyover (Veg2, Charles Bruce-Thompson, Anne Powell) . Unfortunately, like the tadpole, both sightings fell just outside the boundary of plot 7 so are not recorded in the 2019 data set .

HUMAN USE AT COTTONWOOD FLATS

Cottonwood Flats experiences heavy human visitation, which shattered previous records this year with some 190 human visitors over a 2 hour period (MS4, Kristina Jackson) .

Plot 9 continues to experience the heaviest and most destructive use . The presence of the picnic table (installed by citizens) does much to bring people to this area . Garbage is frequently found littering the plot and surrounding area . While all three unsanctioned fire pits in the study area showed continual use throughout 2019, the one on the edge of plot 9 appeared to have been most popular and dangerous, with large and partially-burned logs found in or alongside the pit area during almost every session & assessment this year .

The record for number of visiting dogs was also broken this year, with 76 dogs over a 2 hour period (MS1, Kristina Jackson) . This volume had a notable disruptive impact on observation efforts during Monitor Session #1 . Dogs are a common occurrence at the Flats, some 65% of them observed off-leash in 2019 . Off-leash dogs at the Flats were again directly observed trampling plant life, flushing birds out of vegetation, intimidating human visitors and other dogs, and spreading invasive seeds, mostly notably dog-strangling vine (Vincetoxicum rossicum) . Dog waste is routinely left “where it falls,” with no attempt to clean it up by human companions .

8 2020 RECOMMENDATIONS

SITE RECOMMENDATIONS

Now that wetland construction has started, TFN requests that the City give consideration to the following general recommendations:

• The temporary fencing protecting plot 5 should be monitored regularly and maintained as required during construction

• Include messaging that there is no access to the Lower Don Recreational Trail via Cottonwood Flats in any temporarily or permanent signage installed at the northern edge of the site . Based on the number of times our Site Ambassador was asked by passing cyclists whether or not they could get to that trail from the site, we believe this would notably reduce the volume of bike traffic through the Flats and improve wayfinding for recreational users of the Don Valley .

PROTOCOL ADJUSTMENTS

TFN recommends making the following adjustments/ enhancements to CFMP protocols, effective 2020, in order to help improve the quality of collected data and make better use of volunteer time:

• Install, or permit TFN to do so, a t-bar stake at the southwestern corner of each plot, colour-coded as per EMAN protocol . Pins flags would be used to mark other plot corners, with positions permanently identified by use of natural stones marked with discreet blobs of paint . Combined, these markers would greatly improve speed of plot boundary identification and facilitate accurate replacement of pin flags lost or damaged during the season .

• As NECP has voiced support for TFN’s previous recommendation to only update report maps every 3-5 years, TFN proposes the next map update to occur in the 2021 CFMP report .

• Rescope Monitoring Session #1 (April 1-8) . Data collected at this time is always scant and provides little value for the level of effort involved . Instead, we propose using this session time to attend to annual start-of-season activities (checking/replacing plot markers, etc) and looking for evidence of winter site usage by wildlife .

• Eliminate Vegetation Assessment #1 (April 16-22) . Data collected at this time is always scant and often inconclusive, providing little value for the level of effort involved . The original purpose of this assessment was to look for evidence of spring ephemerals . As none have been discovered to date, TFN suggests this activity could be emphasized during Monitoring Session #2 (April 24-30) with no impact to overall goals & objectives .

9 • As recommended by Paul Prior (fauna biologist, TRCA) during the 2017 site orientation, and by TFN in both the 2017 & 2018 CFMP reports, we would like to establish salamander boards in the study area (but outside of the existing plots) . With the commencement of wetland construction at the Flats in 2019, we recommend deferring installation of any salamander boards until mid-2021 at the earliest .

• Due to difficulties precisely estimating cover-abundance, and differences in estimation from one observer to another, we would like to begin using the Domin scale to record cover-abundance .

MONITORING ACTIVITIES

TFN intends to include the following activities during 2020 Monitoring Sessions and/or Vegetation Assessments .

• Identify exact species for flora identified only to the levelf o Genus in this report

• Increase fidelity of all flora observations marked as ND, SD or <10 plants in this report

COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT

To enhance and expand community involvement/engagement, TFN would like to :

• Determine who is currently using the two t-bars already erected at the site, and for what purposes . There many be opportunities for data or materials sharing .

RESTORATION & STEWARDSHIP

Under the current ecological trajectory, we anticipate ongoing invasion of the meadow both by exotic/invasive species and woody natives which, without strategic management of these influences, would see the Flats continue to transition to the more typical urban vegetation community found throughout the Don Valley .

TFN strongly encourages the City to formalize a long-term restoration and stewardship plan for Cottonwood Flats . Our considerations and recommendations towards such a plan were documented in our 2017 report, and we remain enthusiastic about participating in any design and decision-making related to such a plan .

Given the dominance of exotic flora species in the study area, TFN recommends that occasional stewardship events be organized to reduce the overall population of invasive flora species outside of the plots until a long-term plan is formalized . TFN volunteers greatly enjoyed the two stewardship events we participated in at Cottonwood Flats in 2017 and would appreciate being involved in any future such events .

Specific recommendations regarding potential stewardship activities at the Flats were outlined in our 2017 & 2018 reports . Given the potentially dire consequences of continued community use of unsanctioned fire pits in the study area, TFN encourages our previous recommendation to “dismantle existing fire pits, and consider erecting signs to discourage open-air fires at the Flats” (TFN 2018 CFMP Activity Report) to be considered independently of other potential stewardship activities .

10 APPENDICES

APPENDIX A: COMPILED FLORA DATA

Data presented in this section has been compiled from all flora logs submitted during the 2019 season . Where cover- abundance estimates differed, those recorded during Vegetation Assessment #2 were considered authoritative . Where such differences were significant, coverage was re-evaluated in August to confirm final figures .

LEGEND

DG Dominant groundcover with no precise estimate of population or distribution ND Species noted, but no population or distribution data recorded SD Sparsely distributed throughout plot, making exact estimate impractical but certainly less than 3% Blue Text Exotic species Red Text Species identified to level of Genus only. Green Text Species does not appear in Beechwood Wetland and Cottonwood Flats Terrestrial Biological Inventory and Assessment (TRCA, 2010). ** Not recorded in previous year h Population increase from previous year i Population decrease from previous year

MAP LEGEND

11 PLOT 1

12 PLOT 1

SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME COVER NOTES

Acer negundo Manitoba maple 2 saplings Budding: Veg1 Achillea millefolium Common yarrow SD Leafing: eg1;V Flowering: Veg2, MS4, MS5 Agrostis gigantea Redtop grass SD Ambrosia artemisiifolia Ragweed SD Cichorium intybus Chicory 3 plants Flowering: Veg2, MS5 Dactylis glomerata Orchard grass SD Daucus carota Queen Anne’s Lace SD Flowering: Veg2, MS5 Echium vulgare Viper’s bugloss 1.00% Flowering: Veg2, MS5; Seeding: MS5 Elymus repens Quack grass SD Erigeron strigosus Rough fleabane 1%h Leafing: MS1; Flowering: eg2,V MS5; Erysimum hieraciifolium European wallflower 1 plant Festuca rubra Red fescue SD Fraxinus pennsylvanica Green ash 2 trees Budding: MS2; Fruiting: Veg2 Hypericum perforatum St. John’s wort 1 plant Coming up: MS2; Flowering: Veg2 Juglans nigra Black walnut 1 sapling Linaria vulgaris Common toadflax (butter-and-eggs) SD Lolium perenne Perennial rye SD Medicago lupulina Black medick SD Flowering: Veg2 Melilotus albus White sweet clover SD Flowering: Veg2, MS5 Morus alba White mulberry 2 trees Leafing: MS2 Oenothera biennis Common evening primrose 1 plant Leafing: MS1; Flowering: eg2V Poa compressa Flat-stemmed blue grass SD Poa pratensis Kentucky bluegrass SD Seeding: Veg2 Populus deltoides Eastern cottonwood 40.00% Budding: MS1, Veg1, MS2 Potentilla recta Sulphur cinquefoil 4 plantsh Rhamnus cathartica European buckthorn 2 saplings Leafing: MS2; Flowering: MS4; Fruiting: MS5 Rhus typhina Staghorn sumac 2 plants** Leafing: MS2; Flowering: Veg2;;Fruiting: MS5 Securigera varia Crownvetch 20.00% Leafing: MS1, MS2; Flowering: Veg2, MS5 Solidago altissima Tall goldenrod 10.00% Leafing: eg1;V Flowering: MS5; Tanacetum vulgare Tansy 30.00% Leafing; eg1,V MS2; Flowering: Veg2, MS5 Taraxacum officinale Common dandelion 2 plants Leafing: eg1,V MS2; Seeding: MS4 Ulmus pumila Siberian elm 2 saplings, 1 seedlingh Verbascum thapsus Common mullein 1 stem Leafing: MS1; Flowering: MS5 Vicia cracca Cow vetch 2 plantsh Flowering: Veg2 Vincetoxicum rossicum Dog-strangling vine 20%h Coming up: MS3; Flowering: MS4, Veg2; Seeding: Veg2, MS5 Vitis riparia Riverbank grape SD

13 PLOT 2

14 PLOT 2

SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME COVER NOTES

Achillea millefolium Common yarrow SD Leafing: eg1;V Flowering: Veg2, MS4, MS5 Agrostis gigantea Redtop grass SD Asclepias syriaca Common milkweed 2 plantsh Flowering: MS4; Seeding: Veg2, MS5 Cirsium arvense Creeping thistle 8.00% Coming Up: MS2; Flowering: Veg2, MS5 Echium vulgare Viper’s bugloss 0i Flowering: Veg2, MS5; Seeding: MS5 Elymus repens Quack grass SD Erigeron strigosus Rough fleabane 0i Leafing: MS1; Flowering: Veg2, MS5; Festuca rubra Red fescue SD Hypericum perforatum St. John’s wort 4 plants Coming up: MS2; Flowering: Veg2 Lolium perenne Perennial rye SD Lotus corniculatus Birdsfoot trefoil <1% Oenothera biennis Common evening primrose 1 plant** Leafing: MS1; Flowering: eg2V Phalaris arundinacea Reed canary grass 0.50% Poa pratensis Kentucky bluegrass DG Seeding: Veg2 Populus deltoides Eastern cottonwood 6.50% Budding: MS1, Veg1, MS2 Rhamnus cathartica European buckthorn 1 sapling** Leafing: MS2; Flowering: MS4; Fruiting: MS5 Securigera varia Crownvetch 55%h Leafing: MS1, MS2; Flowering: Veg2, MS5 Solidago altissima Tall goldenrod 15.00% Leafing: eg1;V Flowering: MS5; Symphyotrichum ericoides Heath aster 6 stems** S. novae-angliae New England aster 20 stems Tanacetum vulgare Tansy 0i Leafing; eg1,V MS2; Flowering: Veg2, MS5 Vincetoxicum rossicum Dog-strangling vine 5%i Coming up: MS3; Flowering: MS4, Veg2; Seeding: Veg2, MS5

15 PLOT 3

16 PLOT 3

SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME COVER NOTES

Ambrosia artemisiifolia Ragweed 3 plantsh Artemisia absinthium Wormwood 0i Artemisia vulgaris Mugwort 10 plantsh Asclepias syriaca Common milkweed 30 plantsh Flowering: MS4; Seeding: Veg2, MS5 Bromus inermis Smooth brome grass SD Cardamine impatiens Balsam bittercress 2.00% Leafing: MS1; Flowering: eg2V Centaurea maculosa Spotted knapweed <1% Leafing: MS2; Flowering: Veg 2, MS5 Cirsium arvense Creeping thistle 5.00% Coming Up: MS2; Flowering: Veg2, MS5 Cirsium vulgare Bull thistle 4 plantsh Leafing: MS1; Flowering: MS5 Daucus carota Queen Anne’s Lace <1% Flowering: Veg2, MS5 Dipsacus sylvestris Fuller’s teasel 1.5%h Flowering: MS5 Echium vulgare Viper’s bugloss 3 plants Flowering: Veg2, MS5; Seeding: MS5 Elymus repens Quack grass <1% Festuca rubra Red fescue DG Fraxinus pennsylvanica Green ash 70.00% Budding: MS2; Fruiting: Veg2 Hypericum perforatum St. John’s wort 2 plants Coming up: MS2; Flowering: Veg2 Lotus corniculatus Birdsfoot trefoil 4 plants ** Melilotus albus White sweet clover 1 plant Flowering: Veg2, MS5 Oenothera biennis Common evening primrose 2 plants Leafing: MS1; Flowering: eg2V Poa pratensis Kentucky bluegrass DG Seeding: Veg2 Populus deltoides Eastern cottonwood 10.00% Budding: MS1, Veg1, MS2 Rumex xcrispus Curly dock 1 plant Flowering: MS4; Seeding: MS5 Solidago altissima Tall goldenrod 10.00% Leafing: eg1;V Flowering: MS5; Tanacetum vulgare Tansy 5.00% Leafing; eg1,V MS2; Flowering: Veg2, MS5 Taraxacum officinale Common dandelion ND** Leafing: eg1,V MS2; Seeding: MS4 Vicia cracca Cow vetch 3 plants** Flowering: Veg2 Vincetoxicum rossicum Dog-strangling vine 10.00% Coming up: MS3; Flowering: MS4, Veg2; Seeding: Veg2, MS5

17 PLOT 4

18 PLOT 4

SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME COVER NOTES

Asclepias syriaca Common milkweed 3 plants Flowering: MS4; Seeding: Veg2, MS5 Cichorium intybus Chicory 2.00% Flowering: Veg2, MS5 Cornus sericea Red osier dogwood 3 seedlings** Daucus carota Queen Anne’s Lace 1.00% Flowering: Veg2, MS5 Echium vulgare Viper’s bugloss <1% Flowering: Veg2, MS5; Seeding: MS5 Erigeron strigosus Rough fleabane <1% Leafing: MS1; Flowering: Veg2, MS5; Festuca rubra Red fescue DG Hypericum perforatum St. John’s wort 6 plants** Coming up: MS2; Flowering: Veg2 Juglans nigra Black walnut 9 seedlingsh Lotus corniculatus Birdsfoot trefoil 5 stemsh Medicago lupulina Black medick 5.00% Flowering: Veg2 Melilotus albus White sweet clover 25.00% Flowering: Veg2, MS5 Plantago lanceolata English plantain SD** Poa pratensis Kentucky bluegrass DG Seeding: Veg2 Populus deltoides Eastern cottonwood 50.00% Budding: MS1, Veg1, MS2 Rhamnus cathartica European buckthorn 20 plantsh Leafing: MS2; Flowering: MS4; Fruiting: MS5 Rhus typhina Staghorn sumac 10.00% Leafing: MS2; Flowering: Veg2; Fruiting: MS5 Robinia pseudoacacia Black locust 12%h Leafing: MS2 Solidago altissima Tall goldenrod 30.00% Leafing: eg1;V Flowering: MS5; Symphyotrichum ericoides Heath aster 1 plant** Tanacetum vulgare Tansy 15%i Leafing; eg1,V MS2; Flowering: Veg2, MS5 Taraxacum officinale Common dandelion 10 plantsi Leafing: eg1,V MS2; Seeding: MS4 Verbascum thapsus Common mullein 0i Leafing: MS1; Flowering: MS5 Vincetoxicum rossicum Dog-strangling vine 15%h Coming up: MS3; Flowering: MS4, Veg2; Seeding: Veg2, MS5 Vitis riparia Riverbank grape 1 plant

19 PLOT 5

20 PLOT 5

SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME COVER NOTES

Acer negundo Manitoba maple 1 tree Budding: Veg1 Achillea millefolium Common yarrow SD Leafing: eg1;V Flowering: Veg2, MS4, MS5 Agrostis gigantea Redtop grass SD Arenaria serpyllifolia Thyme-leaved sandwort SD Asclepias syriaca Common milkweed 2 plants Flowering: MS4; Seeding: Veg2, MS5 Carex spicata Prickly sedge SD Echium vulgare Viper’s bugloss 5.00% Flowering: Veg2, MS5; Seeding: MS5 Elymus repens Quack grass SD Erigeron annuus Daisy fleabane ND Leafing: MS1, MS2; Flowering: Veg2, MS5 Eryngium planum Sea holly 4 plants** Flowering: MS 5 Euphorbia vermiculata Hairy sandmat SD Leafing: MS1 Festuca rubra Red fescue SD Fraxinus pennsylvanica Green ash 7 saplings Budding: MS2; Fruiting: Veg2 Hieracium spp. Hawkweed 1.00% Hypericum perforatum St. John’s wort <1% Coming up: MS2; Flowering: Veg2 Juglans nigra Black walnut 2 saplings Lepidium campestre Field pepperwort 5 plants Seeding: Veg2 Linaria vulgaris Common toadflax (butter-and-eggs) SD Lotus corniculatus Birdsfoot trefoil ND** Malus pumila Apple tree 3 stems Medicago lupulina Black medick SD Flowering: Veg2 Melilotus albus White sweet clover 30.00% Flowering: Veg2, MS5 Morus alba White mulberry SD Leafing: MS2 Plantago lanceolata English plantain SD Poa compressa Flat-stemmed blue grass SD Poa pratensis Kentucky bluegrass DG Seeding: Veg2 Poa spp. Grass SD Potentilla recta Sulphur cinquefoil 1.00% Rhamnus cathartica European buckthorn SD Leafing: MS2; Flowering: MS4; Fruiting: MS5 Rhus typhina Staghorn sumac 2 plants Leafing: MS2; Flowering: Veg2; Fruiting: MS5 Rumex xcrispus Curly dock ND** Flowering: MS4; Seeding: MS5 Salix exigua Sandbar willow 15 stems** Budding: MS1, MS2 Silene latifolia White campion SD Solidago altissima Tall goldenrod 8.00% Leafing: eg1;V Flowering: MS5; Symphyotrichum ericoides Heath aster SD S. novae-angliae New England aster ND** Tanacetum vulgare Tansy 50.00% Leafing; eg1,V MS2; Flowering: Veg2, MS5 Tragopogon spp. Salsify SD Trifolium repens White Clover 1.00% Leafing: MS1; Flowering: eg2V Verbascum thapsus Common mullein 3 plantsh Leafing: MS1; Flowering: MS5 Vincetoxicum rossicum Dog-strangling vine SD Coming up: MS3; Flowering: MS4, Veg2; Seeding: Veg2, MS5 Vitis riparia Riverbank grape 1 vine**

21 PLOT 6

22 PLOT 6

SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME COVER NOTES

Ambrosia artemisiifolia Ragweed ND Artemisia vulgaris Mugwort 3.00% Daucus carota Queen Anne’s Lace <1% Flowering: Veg2, MS5 Echium vulgare Viper’s bugloss ND Flowering: Veg2, MS5; Seeding: MS5 Elymus repens Quack grass ND Erigeron annuus Daisy fleabane 1 plant** Leafing: MS1, MS2; Flowering: Veg2, MS5 Eryngium planum Sea holly 6 plantsh Flowering: MS 5 Fraxinus pennsylvanica Green ash 5.00% Budding: MS2; Fruiting: Veg2 Linaria vulgaris Common toadflax (butter-and-eggs) ND Malva moschata Musk mallow ND Medicago lupulina Black medick ND Flowering: Veg2 Melilotus albus White sweet clover 20.00% Flowering: Veg2, MS5 Poa pratensis Kentucky bluegrass DG Seeding: Veg2 Populus deltoides Eastern cottonwood 40.00% Budding: MS1, Veg1, MS2 Rhus typhina Staghorn sumac ND Leafing: MS2; Flowering: Veg2; Fruiting: MS5 Salix exigua Sandbar willow 5.00% Budding: MS1, MS2 Solidago altissima Tall goldenrod 8.00% Leafing: eg1;V Flowering: MS5; Tanacetum vulgare Tansy 10.00% Leafing; eg1,V MS2; Flowering: Veg2, MS5 Taraxacum officinale Common dandelion ND Leafing: eg1,V MS2; Seeding: MS4 Vicia cracca Cow vetch 5 plants Flowering: Veg2 Vincetoxicum rossicum Dog-strangling vine SD Coming up: MS3; Flowering: MS4, Veg2; Seeding: Veg2, MS5 Vitis riparia Riverbank grape ND

23 PLOT 7

24 PLOT 7

SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME COVER NOTES

Acer negundo Manitoba maple 30.00% Budding: Veg1 Ailanthus altissima Tree of heaven 5 stems** Ageratina altissima White snakeroot 20 plants Flowering: MS5 Alliaria petiolata Garlic mustard 15 plants Ambrosia artemisiifolia Ragweed 15 plantsh Arctium minus Lesser burdock 3.00% Leafing: MS2; Seeding: MS5; Bromus tectorum Downy chess SD Cardamine impatiens Balsam bittercress SD Leafing: MS1; Flowering: eg2V Celastrus orbiculatus Asian bittersweet 5.00% Chenopodium album Lamb’s quarters SD Cichorium intybus Chicory 1 plant Flowering: Veg2, MS5 Cirsium arvense Creeping thistle SD Coming Up: MS2; Flowering: Veg2, MS5 Cirsium vulgare Bull thistle 4 plants Leafing: MS1; Flowering: MS5 Cornus alternifolia Alternate Dogwood 1 plant Dactylis glomerata Orchard grass ND Daucus carota Queen Anne’s Lace 1.00% Flowering: Veg2, MS5 Echium vulgare Viper’s bugloss SD Flowering: Veg2, MS5; Seeding: MS5 Elymus repens Quack grass ND Elymus riparius Riverbank wild rye 15-20 plants Elymus virginicus Virginia wild rye ~10 plants Erigeron annuus Daisy fleabane 1 plant Leafing: MS1, MS2; Flowering: Veg2, MS5 Erigeron canadensis Horseweed 4 plants Erigeron strigosus Rough fleabane SD Leafing: MS1; Flowering: Veg2, MS5; Fallopia japonica Japanese knotweed 10.00% Leafing: MS3; Flowering: MS5 Hesperis matronalis Dame’s rocket ND Flowering: MS 4 Lactuca serriola Prickly lettuce 1 plant Linaria vulgaris Common toadflax (butter-and-eggs) SD Lolium perenne Perennial rye SD Lycopus europaeus European bugleweed SD Medicago lupulina Black medick SD Flowering: Veg2 Melilotus albus White sweet clover SD Flowering: Veg2, MS5 Morus alba White mulberry 1 seedling Leafing: MS2 Nepeta cataria Catnip 2.00% Leafing: MS1 Oenothera biennis Common evening primrose 4 plants Leafing: MS1; Flowering: eg2V Oxalis stricta Yellow wood-sorrel SD Phalaris arundinacea Reed canary grass SD Phleum pratense Timothy-grass SD Plantago rugelii Red-stemmed plantain SD Poa compressa Flat-stemmed blue grass SD

25 PLOT 7 – Cont.

SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME COVER NOTES

Poa nemoralis Wood bluegrass SD Poa pratensis Kentucky bluegrass SD Seeding: Veg2 Poa spp. Grass SD Polygonum persicaria Lady’s-thumb 1 plant Potentilla recta Sulphur cinquefoil ND Prunus virginiana Chokecherry SD Ranunculus repens Creeping buttercup SD Rhamnus cathartica European buckthorn 6 trees Leafing: MS2; Flowering: MS4; Fruiting: MS5 Rhus typhina Staghorn sumac 5.00% Leafing: MS2; Flowering: Veg2; Fruiting: MS5 Ribes rubrum Red currant SD Rubus occidentalis Black raspberry 1 plant** Rumex xcrispus Curly dock ND Flowering: MS4; Seeding: MS5 Salix exigua Sandbar willow 0i Budding: MS1, MS2 Saponaria officinalis Bouncing bet SD Silene latifolia White campion 10 plantsh Solanum dulcamara Bittersweet nightshade 6 plants Solidago altissima Tall goldenrod 1.00% Leafing: eg1;V Flowering: MS5; Sonchus oleraceus Annual sow-thistle ND** Symphyotrichum ericoides Heath aster SD Symphyotrichum lanceolatum Panicled aster SD Tanacetum vulgare Tansy 30.00% Leafing; eg1,V MS2; Flowering: Veg2, MS5 Taraxacum officinale Common dandelion 10 plants Leafing: eg1,V MS2; Seeding: MS4 Thlaspi arvense Field penny-cress ND** Torilis japonica Japanese hedge parsley 10 plants** Trifolium repens White Clover ND** Leafing: MS1; Flowering: eg2V Verbascum thapsus Common mullein 4 plants Leafing: MS1; Flowering: MS5 Verbena urticifolia White vervain SD Vincetoxicum rossicum Dog-strangling vine 7.50% Coming up: MS3; Flowering: MS4, Veg2; Seeding: Veg2, MS5 Vitis riparia Riverbank grape 15 plants

26 PLOT 8

27 PLOT 8

SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME COVER NOTES

Achillea millefolium Common yarrow 2.00% Leafing: eg1;V Flowering: Veg2, MS4, MS5 Ambrosia artemisiifolia Ragweed 2 plants Artemisia vulgaris Mugwort 0i Bassia scoparia Summer cypress 5 plants** Centaurea maculosa Spotted knapweed 1%i Leafing: MS2; Flowering: Veg 2, MS5 Cichorium intybus Chicory 8 plants Flowering: Veg2, MS5 Daucus carota Queen Anne’s Lace 0i Flowering: Veg2, MS5 Echium vulgare Viper’s bugloss ND Flowering: Veg2, MS5; Seeding: MS5 Erigeron annuus Daisy fleabane SD Leafing: MS1, MS2; Flowering: Veg2, MS5 Eryngium planum Sea holly 1 plant Flowering: MS 5 Fraxinus pennsylvanica Green ash 20.00% Budding: MS2; Fruiting: Veg2 Hypericum perforatum St. John’s wort 5 plants Coming up: MS2; Flowering: Veg2 Linaria vulgaris Common toadflax (butter-and-eggs) 2 plants** Lotus corniculatus Birdsfoot trefoil 10 plants Medicago lupulina Black medick ND Flowering: Veg2 Melilotus albus White sweet clover 20 plants Flowering: Veg2, MS5 Phalaris arundinacea Reed canary grass <1%i Poa spp. Grass DG Potentilla recta Sulphur cinquefoil 50 plants Quercus rubra Red oak 1 plant** Rhus typhina Staghorn sumac 5.00% Leafing: MS2; Flowering: Veg2; Fruiting: MS5 Rumex xcrispus Curly dock 5 plants Flowering: MS4; Seeding: MS5 Solidago altissima Tall goldenrod 10.00% Leafing: eg1;V Flowering: MS5; Symphyotrichum ericoides Heath aster 3 plants Tanacetum vulgare Tansy 10.00% Leafing; eg1,V MS2; Flowering: Veg2, MS5 Taraxacum officinale Common dandelion 1 plant Leafing: eg1,V MS2; Seeding: MS4 Verbascum thapsus Common mullein 5 plants Leafing: MS1; Flowering: MS5 Vicia cracca Cow vetch ND** Flowering: Veg2 Vincetoxicum rossicum Dog-strangling vine SD Coming up: MS3; Flowering: MS4, Veg2; Seeding: Veg2, MS5

28 PLOT 9

29 PLOT 9

SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME COVER NOTES

Acer negundo Manitoba maple 1 tree Budding: Veg1 Ambrosia artemisiifolia Ragweed 3 plants Asclepias syriaca Common milkweed 2 plants** Flowering: MS4; Seeding: Veg2, MS5 Campanula rapunculoides Creeping bellflower 2 plants** Flowering: Veg2; Cirsium vulgare Bull thistle 1 plant Leafing: MS1; Flowering: MS5 Daucus carota Queen Anne’s Lace 1.00% Flowering: Veg2, MS5 Fraxinus pennsylvanica Green ash 5.00% Budding: MS2; Fruiting: Veg2 Hypericum perforatum St. John’s wort 2 plants** Coming up: MS2; Flowering: Veg2 Juglans nigra Black walnut 3 seedlings** Juniperus virginiana Eastern red cedar 1 tree Linaria vulgaris Common toadflax (butter-and-eggs) ND** Medicago lupulina Black medick 5.00% Flowering: Veg2 Melilotus albus White sweet clover 5.00% Flowering: Veg2, MS5 Nepeta cataria Catnip 1.00% Leafing: MS1 Poa spp. Grass 5.00% Populus deltoides Eastern cottonwood 50.00% Budding: MS1, Veg1, MS2 Potentilla recta Sulphur cinquefoil 8 plantsh Rhamnus cathartica European buckthorn 50 plantsh Leafing: MS2; Flowering: MS4; Fruiting: MS5 Rhus typhina Staghorn sumac 5.00% Leafing: MS2; Flowering: Veg2; Fruiting: MS5 Robinia pseudoacacia Black locust 4 seedlingsh Leafing: MS2 Solidago altissima Tall goldenrod 30.00% Leafing: eg1;V Flowering: MS5; Symphyotrichum ericoides Heath aster 2 plants** Tanacetum vulgare Tansy 20.00% Leafing; eg1,V MS2; Flowering: Veg2, MS5 Taraxacum officinale Common dandelion ND** Leafing: eg1,V MS2; Seeding: MS4 Ulmus pumila Siberian elm 4 trees/saps Vincetoxicum rossicum Dog-strangling vine 15.00% Coming up: MS3; Flowering: MS4, Veg2; Seeding: Veg2, MS5 Vitis riparia Riverbank grape <1%

30 PLOT 10

31 PLOT 10

SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME COVER NOTES

Acer negundo Manitoba maple <1% Budding: Veg1 Alliaria petiolata Garlic mustard 2.00% Cichorium intybus Chicory 1.00% Flowering: Veg2, MS5 Cirsium arvense Creeping thistle 1.00% Coming Up: MS2; Flowering: Veg2, MS5 Cirsium vulgare Bull thistle 1 plant** Leafing: MS1; Flowering: MS5 Daucus carota Queen Anne’s Lace 1.00% Flowering: Veg2, MS5 Dianthus armeria Deptford Pink 1 plant** Flowering: Veg2 Echium vulgare Viper’s bugloss 1.00% Flowering: Veg2, MS5; Seeding: MS5 Erigeron strigosus Rough fleabane 1.00% Leafing: MS1; Flowering: Veg2, MS5; Fraxinus pennsylvanica Green ash 5.00% Budding: MS2; Fruiting: Veg2 Hypericum perforatum St. John’s wort 1.00% Coming up: MS2; Flowering: Veg2 Juglans nigra Black walnut 10 seedlings Linaria vulgaris Common toadflax (butter-and-eggs) 1.00% Lonicera tatarica Tatarian honeysuckle 4 plants Budding: MS2; Leafing:MS2,Veg1; Flowering: MS4; Fruiting: Veg2 Lythrum salicaria Purple loosestrife <1% Medicago lupulina Black medick 5.00% Flowering: Veg2 Melilotus albus White sweet clover <1% Flowering: Veg2, MS5 Nepeta cataria Catnip 1.00% Leafing: MS1 Phleum pratense Timothy-grass 5.00% Pinus austrian Austrian pine 1 tree Poa pratensis Kentucky bluegrass 10.00% Seeding: Veg2 Populus deltoides Eastern cottonwood 5.00% Budding: MS1, Veg1, MS2 Ranunculus acris Tall buttercup 1 plant Rhamnus cathartica European buckthorn 15%h Leafing: MS2; Flowering: MS4; Fruiting: MS5 Rhus typhina Staghorn sumac 8%h Leafing: MS2; Flowering: Veg2; Fruiting: MS5 Rubus occidentalis Black raspberry 1 plant Securigera varia Crownvetch 10.00% Leafing: MS1, MS2; Flowering: Veg2, MS5 Silene latifolia White campion 1.00% Solidago altissima Tall goldenrod 5.00% Leafing: eg1;V Flowering: MS5; S. novae-angliae New England aster 1 plant** Tanacetum vulgare Tansy 25.00% Leafing; eg1,V MS2; Flowering: Veg2, MS5 Taraxacum officinale Common dandelion 30 plantsh Leafing: eg1,V MS2; Seeding: MS4 Torilis japonica Japanese hedge parsley 50 plants** Trifolium repens White Clover 1.00% Leafing: MS1; Flowering: eg2V Vincetoxicum rossicum Dog-strangling vine 15%h Coming up: MS3; Flowering: MS4, Veg2; Seeding: Veg2, MS5 Vitis riparia Riverbank grape ND**

32 COMPLETE DATA SET (ALL PLOTS)

To facilitate robust use of data, a spreadsheet of all observations (flora & fauna) was delivered to NECP along with this report . For ease of use, this data set is maintained by Toronto Field Naturalists at the following URL: https://drive .google com/file/d/17Tr8czNX_V0CfLJ4BPPa-SNhBObBngTM/view?usp=sharing.

Should readers require a copy of this spreadsheet please contact cfmp@torontofieldnaturalists .org .

33 APPENDIX B: COMPILED FAUNA DATA Data presented in this section has been compiled from all fauna logs submitted during the 2019 season . Species were logged on a plot by plot basis, and the possibility exists that the same animal may have been logged multiple times as it moved between plots . COMPLETE DATA SET (ALL PLOTS)

SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME PLOT 1 PLOT 2 PLOT 3 PLOT 4 PLOT 5 PLOT 6 PLOT 7 PLOT 8 PLOT 9 PLOT 10 CIRCLE

Agelaius phoeniceus Red-winged blackbird 8 6 6 1 1 5 16 4 2 22 Anas platyrhynchos Mallard 14 Bombycilla cedrorum Cedar Waxwing 1 Cardinalis cardinalis Northern cardinal 1 2 3 Chaetura pelagica Chimney swift 1 Colias philodice Common sulphur butterfly 1 1 2 Cyanocitta cristata Blue jay 8 Danaus plexippus Monarch butterfly 2 3 6 2 12 2 Dryobates pubescens Downy woodpecker 1 2 Hirundo rustica Barn swallow 2 Megisto cymela Little wood satyr butterfly 1 1 Melospiza melodia Song sparrow 2 1 6 3 Molothrus ater Brown-headed cowbird 1 Nymphalis antiopa Mourning cloak butterfly 1 Papilio glaucus Eastern tiger swallowtail butterfly 1 Papilio polyxenes Black Swallowtail butterfly 1 1 1 1 Pieris rapae Cabbage white butterfly 1 4 1 1 11 1 4 10 1 3 Pieris virginiensis West Virginia white butterfly 5 6 4 Poecile atricapillus Black-capped chickadee 1 1 Quiscalus quiscula Common grackle 1 Setophaga petechia Yellow warbler 2 1 1 4 1 1 2 Spinus tristis American goldfinch 2 2 2 1 2 5 Sylvilagus floridanus Eastern cottontail 2 Tachycineta bicolor Tree swallow 1 4 1 1 2 4 Thymelicus lineola European Skipper butterfly 1 Turdus migratorius American Robin 2 2 6 1 1 5 2 1 2 10 Tyrannus tyrannus Eastern kingbird 1 Vanessa atalanta Red Admiral butterfly 1 1 2 1 Erythemis simplicicollis Eastern pondhawk dragonfly 1 Sympetrum obtrusum White-faced Meadowhawk dragonfly 1

34 COMPLETE DATA SET (BY DATE)

SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME MS1 VEG1 MS2 MS3 MS4 VEG2 MS5 MS6 MS6

Agelaius phoeniceus Red-winged blackbird 3 7 39 14 8 Anas platyrhynchos Mallard 3 1 10 Bombycilla cedrorum Cedar Waxwing 1 Cardinalis cardinalis Northern cardinal 1 1 2 Chaetura pelagica Chimney swift 1 Colias philodice Common sulphur butterfly 4 Cyanocitta cristata Blue jay 8 Danaus plexippus Monarch butterfly 6 13 8 Dryobates pubescens Downy woodpecker 1 2 Hirundo rustica Barn swallow 2 Megisto cymela Little wood satyr butterfly 2 Melospiza melodia Song sparrow 2 2 1 5 1 1 Molothrus ater Brown-headed cowbird 1 Nymphalis antiopa Mourning cloak butterfly 1 Papilio glaucus Eastern tiger swallowtail butterfly 1 Papilio polyxenes Black Swallowtail butterfly 4 Pieris rapae Cabbage white butterfly 2 8 27 Pieris virginiensis West Virginia white butterfly 15 Poecile atricapillus Black-capped chickadee 2 Quiscalus quiscula Common grackle 1 Setophaga petechia Yellow warbler 9 3 Spinus tristis American goldfinch 4 4 4 1 1 Sylvilagus floridanus Eastern cottontail 1 1 Tachycineta bicolor Tree swallow 10 3 Thymelicus lineola European Skipper butterfly 1 Turdus migratorius American Robin 7 9 8 4 2 2 Tyrannus tyrannus Eastern kingbird 1 Vanessa atalanta Red Admiral butterfly 5 Erythemis simplicicollis Eastern pondhawk dragonfly 1 Sympetrum obtrusum White-faced Meadowhawk dragonfly 1

APPENDIX C: HUMAN USE DATA Human use data was collected by the CFMP Site Ambassador and reflects observations recorded along the trail that connects the Lower Don Recreational Trail to Sun Valley / Crothers Woods . Individuals and/or dogs may have been counted more than once if they made a return journey and the Site Ambassador did not recognize them .

SIGHTING MS1 VEG1 MS2 MS3 MS4 VEG2 MS5 MS6

Person, on foot 106 26 9 10 91 43 61 N/A Person, on bike 21 2 4 6 99 35 30 N/A Dog, on leash 29 2 4 2 18 7 8 N/A Dog, off leash 47 10 7 3 24 21 19 N/A

35 APPENDIX D: ASSESSMENT AND SESSION NOTES MS1: MONITORING SESSION #1

Date April 6, 10:00am - 12:00pm Temperature 8°C to 10°C Beaufort Sky Code 1 (partly cloudy) Beaufort Wind Code 1 (light) to 3 (gentle breeze); N Flora ID Agneta Szabo Susan Grimbly Fauna ID Anne Powell Stephen Kamnitzer Matthew Poppleton Photographer Jason Ramsay-Brown Site Ambassador Kristina Jackson Other participants Eric Dinel Administrator Jason Ramsay-Brown

VEG1: VEGETATION ASSESSMENT #1

Date April 20, 2:00pm - 4:00pm Temperature 9°C to 10°C Beaufort Sky Code 5 (drizzle) to 6 (rain) Beaufort Wind Code 0 (calm) to 1 (light); SW Flora ID Stephen Smith Nancy Dengler Ellen Schwartzel Fauna ID Bob Kortright Photographer Lillian Natalizio Site Ambassador Kristina Jackson Other participants Nicola Lawrence Administrator Jason Ramsay-Brown

36 MS2: MONITORING SESSION #2

Date April 29, 7:00am – 9:00am Temperature 4°C to 8°C Beaufort Sky Code 1 (partly cloudy) to 2 (continuous cloud) Beaufort Wind Code 1 (light) to 2 (light breeze); E Flora ID Jason Ramsay-Brown Fauna ID Anne Powell Stephen Kamnitzer Charles Bruce-Thompson Photographer Anna Waldvogel Site Ambassador Ellen Schwartzel Other participants Lachtin Poon Administrator Jason Ramsay-Brown

MS3: MONITORING SESSION #3

Date May 14, 10:00am – 12:00pm Temperature 12°C to 14°C Beaufort Sky Code 2 (continuous cloud) Beaufort Wind Code 1 (light); S Flora ID Anne Purvis Fauna ID Charles Bruce-Thompson Photographer Jason Ramsay-Brown Site Ambassador Donata Frank Other participants Administrator Jason Ramsay-Brown

37 MS4: MONITORING SESSION #4

Date June 9, 2:00pm - 4:00pm Temperature 26°C to 28°C Beaufort Sky Code 1 (partly cloudy) Beaufort Wind Code 3 (gentle breeze); SW Flora ID Jason Ramsay-Brown Anna Waldvogel Fauna ID Charles Bruce-Thompson Photographer Lillian Natalizio Site Ambassador Kristina Jackson Other participants Ayushi Delvadia Administrator Jason Ramsay-Brown

VEG2: VEGETATION ASSESSMENT #2

Date July 21, 10:00am - 12:00pm Temperature 26°C to 29°C Beaufort Sky Code 1 (partly cloudy) to 2 (continuous cloud) Beaufort Wind Code 1 (light) to 2 (light breeze); N Flora ID Stephen Smith Jason Ramsay-Brown Fauna ID Anne Powell Charles Bruce-Thompson Photographer Lillian Natalizio Site Ambassador Kristina Jackson Other participants Eric Dinel Administrator Jason Ramsay-Brown

38 MS5: MONITORING SESSION #5

Date August 18, 10:00am – 12:00pm Temperature 23°C to 26°C Beaufort Sky Code 1 (partly cloudy) to 2 (continuous cloud) Beaufort Wind Code 1 (light) to 3 (gentle breeze); N/NW Flora ID Jason Ramsay-Brown Fauna ID Anne Powell Photographer David Wallace Barr Site Ambassador Kristina Jackson Other participants Anna Waldvogel, Abbey Ramsay-Brown Administrator Jason Ramsay-Brown

MS6: MONITORING SESSION #6 Scheduled for October 12, 8:00am to 10:00am, this session was cancelled as construction of the Cottonwood Flats wetland had recently started and heavy machinery would be operating in the immediate area.