Veterans Day 2013

Veterans Day – A Tribute to the Military Service of our Ancestors RESEARCH DRAFT 2013

CHAPTER 2 BEFORE THE UNITED STATES

The military service of our ancestors started long before our country was formed. Some might say it started in the Garden of Eden.

Figure 1 Leonardo De Vinci’s painting of Adam

Leonardo De Vince painted his impression of the relationship between God and Adam shown in Figure 1 in the middle ages.

We might start with my 105th great grandfather, Adam who was born in 4004 BC. Here is a family tree showing our relationship from the Hall Family Tree on www.ancestry.com. The dates are somewhat uncertain since records are from a variety of sources such as the Bible and individual family records. The date 4004 is of course Before Christ (BC) or Before Common Era (BCE0. From 2013 –(-4004)= 6017 years of history.

Adam First Man (4004 - 3070) is your 105th great grandfather Seth Ben Adam Son of Adam Enosh Enos

Veterans Day – A Tribute to the Military Service of our Ancestors RESEARCH DRAFT 2013

Son of Seth Ben Cainan Ben Enos (2000 - 1235) Son of Enosh Mahalaleel ben Cainan (1903 - ) Son of Cainan Ben Jared Ben Mahalaleel (1460 - 1422) Son of Mahalaleel ben Enoch Ben Jared (1888 - 1052) Son of Jared Ben Methuselah ben ENOCH ( - 1656) Son of Enoch Ben Lamech High Priest ( - 1651) Son of Methuselah ben Noah Ben Lamech ( - 1998) Son of Lamech High Priest Shem Ben Noah (1957 - 1957) Son of Noah Ben Kesed Ben Arphaxad (1656 - 1878) Son of Shem Ben Shelah Salah ( - 1989) Son of Kesed Ben Eber Heber ( - 1813) Son of Shelah Peleg falikh DeBabylon (1757 - 1996) Son of Eber Reu Ra U Mesopotamia (1720 - 1789) Son of Peleg falikh Serug Sorogh Sargun Sarug Saragh Saruch ben Reu Ragau Rau (2004 - 1955) Son of Reu Ra U Nahor ben Serug (1819 - 2003) Son of Serug Sorogh Sargun Sarug Saragh Saruch Terah Ben Nahor (2000 - 1955) Son of Nahor ben Abraham Abram Terah (1996 - 1881) Son of Terah Ben Isaac Ben Abraham (1922 - 1742)

Veterans Day – A Tribute to the Military Service of our Ancestors RESEARCH DRAFT 2013

Son of Abraham Abram Jacob Ibn Isaac (1862 - 1715) Son of Isaac Ben Judah Ben Israel (1805 - 1670) Son of Jacob Zarah Ben Judah (1737 - 1638) Son of Judah Dardanus Dardania (1387 - 1414) Son of Zarah Erichthonius Acadia (1347 - 1368) Son of Dardanus Tros Acadia Dardania Troy (1368 - 1328) Son of Erichthonius Ilus Troy (1350 - 1282) Son of Tros Acadia Dardania Laomedon Troy (1315 - 1235) Son of Ilus Tithonus Troy (1270 - 1237) Son of Laomedon Munon Troy (1230 - 1183) Son of Tithonus Thor Thor (1183 - ) Son of Munon King LoridiHloritha Son of Thor Einridi Troy Son of King Vingethor Troy Son of Einridi Vingener Troy Son of Vingethor MODA TROY Son of Vingener MAGI detroy (1000 - ) Son of MODA Danus I ASGARD SESKEF Son of MAGI

Veterans Day – A Tribute to the Military Service of our Ancestors RESEARCH DRAFT 2013

Bedwig Sceaf Son of Danus I ASGARD Hwala Whala Son of Bedwig Athra Hathra (80 - 1940) Son of Hwala Itermon Itormann (50 - ) Son of Athra Heremod Asgard Son of Itermon Scealdea Skjold Asgard Son of Heremod Bedwa Beaw Asgard (190 - ) Son of Scealdea Skjold Tecti Taetwa Troy Asgard (40 - 100) Son of Bedwa Beaw GEATA Jat Trojan (40 - ) Son of Tecti Taetwa Troy Trojan Godwulf (80 - ) Son of GEATA Jat Flocwald Asgard (100 - 179) Son of Trojan Finn Godwulf (130 - ) Son of Flocwald Fredwulf Freothelaf Son of Finn Frithuwald Bor (190 - ) Son of Fredwulf Odin Wodenwuotan Scythians Asgard (215 - ) Son of Frithuwald Balder Baeldaeg (243 - ) Son of Odin Wodenwuotan Scythians Brand Brond (271 - ) Son of Balder Frithogar frjodigar Saxons (299 - ) Son of Brand Freawine Saxony (327 - )

Veterans Day – A Tribute to the Military Service of our Ancestors RESEARCH DRAFT 2013

Son of Frithogar frjodigar Wig Freawinesson (355 - ) Son of Freawine Gewis DeSaxony (383 - ) Son of Wig Esla De Saxony (411 - ) Son of Gewis Elesa Son of Esla De Descended Fronm Wihtgar Son of Elesa Oslac Britain Son of Descended Fronm Osburgh Of Wessex (810 - 876) Daughter of Oslac Alfred "The Great" King of England (849 - 901) Son of Osburgh Of Edward "The Elder" King of England (871 - 924) Son of Alfred "The Great" Edmund "The Magnificent King of England (922 - 946) Son of Edward "The Elder" Edgar "The Peacable" King of England (943 - 75) Son of Edmund "The Magnificent Ethelred II Mucel(The Unready) Ethelred II Mucel(The Unready) (968 - 1016) Son of Edgar "The Peacable" Ingelric Of England (1006 - 1060) Son of Ethelred II Mucel(The Unready) Maud De Ingelrica (1032 - 1083) Daughter of Ingelric Of Pagan Peverell (1060 - 1133) Son of Maud Mallet Peverel (1075 - 1178) Daughter of Pagan Fulk I Fitz Warin (1108 - 1170) Son of Mallet Fulk II FitzWarin (1155 - 1219)

Veterans Day – A Tribute to the Military Service of our Ancestors RESEARCH DRAFT 2013

Son of Fulk I FULKE FITZWARIN (1175 - 1258) Son of Fulk II Eugenia Fitzwarin (1208 - 1307) Daughter of FULKE Warren De Mauduit (1254 - 1300) Son of Eugenia Thomas Mauduit (1287 - 1322) Son of Warren John Mauduit (1310 - 1364) Son of Thomas Thomas De Mauduit (1324 - 1361) Son of John Matilda Mauduit (1354 - 1399) Daughter of Thomas Sir Thomas de Grene (1390 - 1417) Son of Matilda John De Greene (1468 - 1520) Son of Sir Thomas Robert Greene (1490 - 1558) Son of John John Greene (1510 - 1540) Son of Robert Gabriel Greene (1536 - 1598) Son of John JANE MAGDELENE GREENE (1556 - 1588) Daughter of Gabriel Robert De Bolling (1370 - 1423) Son of JANE MAGDELENE Robert Bolling (1396 - 1457) Son of Robert Tristram Bolling (1427 - 1502) Son of Robert Edward Bolling (1516 - 1543) Son of Tristram Tristram Bolling (1530 - 1561) Son of Edward

Veterans Day – A Tribute to the Military Service of our Ancestors RESEARCH DRAFT 2013

Edward Bolling (1560 - 1592) Son of Tristram Robert Bolling (1590 - 1639) Son of Edward John Bolling (1615 - 1648) Son of Robert Robert Bolling (1646 - 1709) Son of John Robert Bolling (1682 - 1749) Son of Robert Anne Bolling (1713 - 1769) Daughter of Robert Hugh Hall (1733 - 1771) Son of Anne Hugh Hall (1754 - 1840) Son of Hugh Young Hall (1801 - 1830) Son of Hugh William J. Hall (1825 - ) Son of Young George Henry Hall (1866 - 1917) Son of William J. Euell L Hall (1891 - 1925) Son of George Henry Edgar Leonard Hall (1914 - 1973) Son of Euell L Ernest Hall

Some may question the links to Adam since it is over a long time period; however, my tree is not unique, just rare. Other sites with links to Adam and Eve are given below: http://knightcastle.net/Family/genealo3.htm http://genealogy.ucan.us/admg01.htm#798

Veterans Day – A Tribute to the Military Service of our Ancestors RESEARCH DRAFT 2013

Generally these sites trace the genealogy to that given in the Bible, with connections to the Kings of Troy then through the European Kings and then into modern times.

The Garden of Eden is said to be the region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers where the climate is so warm that clothes are not needed and where every type of animal lives and food is plentiful. It is paradise.

However, even living in the paradise of the Garden of Eden within a single family was not sufficient to ensure peace. Adam and Eve were expulsed from the Garden for eating the apple, the fruit of knowledge. And Cain killed his brother Able because he was jealous of the praise God had shown Able for his lamb sacrifice over Cain’s grain sacrifice.

This and all human conflict and wars are started by humans. Sometimes they may be due to a critical lack of judgment by some human. It may start with a single human decision error. All problems are caused by judgment errors in which an incorrect decision is made. Possible this error was due to a faulty evaluation.

In the case of Cain, he believed that God preferred Abel’s offering to his. His jealous response of killing Abel was the start of armed conflict. This was before God had given Moses the Ten Commandments that clearly state that killing is evil. For this cold blooded murder Cain was marked and banished from the Garden of Eden.

Since Cain killed Able, it could be that we were all descendants of Cain. Fortunately, Adam and Eve had another son Seth and other children that are our ancestors.

In the case of developing good judgment, education is a good tool. Education is necessary to enable us to tell opinion from fact. However, true knowledge should be differentiated from propaganda. The goal of propaganda is to change people’s views even if it takes major distortions of the truth. While education’s goal is to give person knowledge of certain facts, it should also teach how to judge facts from propaganda and to think logically and be capable of making up his/her own mind. One often hears that fight or flight

Veterans Day – A Tribute to the Military Service of our Ancestors RESEARCH DRAFT 2013 is the only alternative. However, among educated humans another alternative – talk -is even better.

(Attitudes and Persuasion: Classic and Contemporary Approaches, Petty and Cacioppo, pp.3) Good versus Evil

Our violent animal nature is sometimes described as original sin. Humans among all animals are able to kill deliberately and at a distance. Starting with a simple rock as a weapon, we have evolved many more sophisticated weapons such as drone aircraft and must continue weapons developments for self-defense. There are evil people whose goal is to kill us.

Spoils of War, Taxes, Looters

Are wars fought simply over thievery? “To the victor belong the spoils.”

New idea, no, not to Xerxes, King of Persia as told in the Book of Esther:

“Ahasuerus appoints Haman as his prime minister. Mordechai, who sits at the palace gates, falls into Haman's disfavor as he refuses to bow down to him. Having found out that Mordechai is Jewish, Haman plans to kill not just Mordechai but all the Jews in the empire. He obtains Ahasuerus' permission to execute this plan, against payment of ten thousand talents of silver, and he casts lots to choose the date on which to do this—the thirteenth of the month of Adar. On that day, everyone in the empire is free to massacre the Jews and despoil their property.” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Esther

Taxes are used to fund our self-defense and our wars. Is looting the spoils of war acceptable? Who pays for rebuilding the destruction of war?

What is War?

Veterans Day – A Tribute to the Military Service of our Ancestors RESEARCH DRAFT 2013

“War is an organized, armed, and, often, a prolonged conflict that is carried on between states, nations, or other parties typified by extreme aggression, social disruption, and usually high mortality.” http://www.thefreedictionary.com/War/

“War should be understood as an actual, intentional and widespread armed conflict between political communities, and therefore is defined as a form of political violence.” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War#cite_note- AHD-0

“The set of techniques used by a group to carry out war is known as warfare.”

“An absence of war (and other violence) is usually called peace.”

When did weapons and armies develop? One clue is the military standard from the royal tomb of Ur shown in Figure 2. The standard is about 4500 years old and is from the ancient Sumerian Army.

“It has two sides, one depicting war and the other depicting peace. The excavator was the brilliant Sir Leonard Woolley, the archaeologist who uncovered the ruins of a highly advanced civilization, whose ruins can be traced before the flood of Noah. The royal standard of Ur is important in the study of Biblical archaeology, it reveals the fact that the original home of Abraham, the city of Ur really existed.”

Veterans Day – A Tribute to the Military Service of our Ancestors RESEARCH DRAFT 2013

Figure 2 •Military Standard from the royal tomb of Ur of the Chaldees in ancient Mesopotamia

HalsAngelsoriginally submitted this to Our Family Tree on 6 Oct 2009

Category Type: Portrait / Family Photo

Genesis 15:5-7 - "And he brought him forth abroad, and said, Look now toward heaven, and tell the stars, if thou be able to number them: and he said unto him, So shall thy seed be. And he believed in the LORD; and he counted it to him for righteousness. And he said unto him, I [am] the LORD that brought thee out of Ur of the Chaldees, to give thee this land to inherit it."

“The history of the world starts with the Paleolithic Era. It excludes non-human natural history and geological history. World history encompasses the study of written records, from ancient times

Veterans Day – A Tribute to the Military Service of our Ancestors RESEARCH DRAFT 2013 forward, plus additional knowledge gained from other sources, such as archaeology. Ancient recorded history begins with the invention, independently at several sites on Earth, of writing, which created the infrastructure for lasting, accurately transmitted memories and thus for the diffusion and growth of knowledge. However, the roots of civilization reach back to the period before writing — humanity's prehistory.” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_world#cite_note-0

“The Paleolithic Era,is also called "Early Stone Age". With the Neolithic Era (New Stone Age), came the agricultural revolution (between 8000 and 5000 BCE) in the fertile crescent region containing the comparatively moist and fertile land of otherwise arid and semi-arid Western Asia, and the Nile Valley and the Nile Delta of northeast Africa, where humans first began the systematic husbandry of plants and animals.” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_world#cite_note-Tudge- 3

“Agriculture spread to neighboring regions and developed independently elsewhere, until most humans lived as farmers in permanent settlements. The relative security and increased productivity provided by farming allowed these communities to expand. They grew into increasingly larger units in parallel with the evolution of ever more efficient means of transport.”

“Surplus food enabled the division of labor, the rise of a leisured upper class, and the development of cities and with them civilization. The growing complexity of human societies necessitated systems of accounting, which led to writing.” Schmandt-Besserat, Denise (January– February 2002). "Signs of Life". Archaeology Odyssey: 6–7, 63. https://webspace.utexas.edu/dsbay/Docs/SignsofLife.pdf.

“Civilizations developed on the banks of life-sustaining bodies of fresh water (lakes and rivers). By 3000 BCE, they had arisen in Mesopotamia (the "land between the Rivers “Euphrates and Tigris),on the banks of the Nile river, Similar civilizations probably

Veterans Day – A Tribute to the Military Service of our Ancestors RESEARCH DRAFT 2013 developed along major rivers in China, but the archaeological evidence for extensive urban construction is less conclusive.”

“In Europe and in Western History, the fall of the Western Roman Empire (476 CE) is commonly taken as signaling the end of antiquity and the beginning of the Middle Ages, during which (around the year 1300) the European Renaissance started.” The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy

“In the mid-15th century, Gutenberg’s invention of modern printing employing movable type, revolutionized communication, helping end the Middle Ages and usher in modern times and the Scientific Revolution.” Grant, Edward. The Foundations of Modern Science in the Middle Ages: Their Religious, Institutional, and Intellectual Contexts. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Pr., 1996

“By the 18th century, the accumulation of knowledge and technology, especially in Europe, had reached a critical mass that brought about the Industrial Revolution.” Grant, Edward. The Foundations of Modern Science in the Middle Ages: Their Religious, Institutional, and Intellectual Contexts. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Pr., 1996

“In other parts of the world, such as the ancient Near East, ancient China, and ancient India, historical timelines unfolded differently. By the 18th century, however, due to extensive world trade and colonization, the histories of most world civilizations became tightly intertwined. In the last quarter-millennium, the growth of knowledge, technology, commerce, and of the potential destructiveness of war has accelerated, creating the opportunities and perils that currently confront the human communities that inhabit the planet .” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_world

History of War

Before the dawn of civilization, war likely consisted of small-scale raiding. One half of the people found in a Nubian cemetery dating to

Veterans Day – A Tribute to the Military Service of our Ancestors RESEARCH DRAFT 2013 as early as 12,000 years ago had died of violence. Keeley: War before civilization: The myth of the peaceful savage

Since the rise of the state some 5,000 years ago, military activity has occurred over much of the globe. The advent of gunpower and the acceleration of technological advances led to modern warfare. According to Conway W. Henderson, "One source claims 14,500 wars have taken place between 3500 BC and the late 20th century, costing 3.5 billion lives, leaving only 300 years of peace (Beer 1981: 20)." Diamond, Jared, Guns, Germs and Steel

In War Before Civilization, Lawrence H. Keeley, a professor at the University of Illinois, says that approximately 90–95% of known societies throughout history engaged in at least occasional warfare, and many fought constantly.

Figure 3 The percentages of men killed in war in eight tribal societies, and Europe and the U.S. in the 20th century. (Lawrence H. Keeley, Archeologist)

“Keeley explained several styles of primitive combat such as, small raids, large raids, and massacres. All of these forms of warfare were perpetrated by primitive societies. The use of the massacre by prestate societies can be exhibited by the Dogrib tribes of the subarctic in North America. The Dogrib tribe eventually destroyed the Yellowknife tribe by killing 4 men, 13 women, and 17 children which

Veterans Day – A Tribute to the Military Service of our Ancestors RESEARCH DRAFT 2013 accounted for 20 percent of the population. This was a devastating blow from which the Yellowknife tribe never recovered. Keeley further explains how small raids are not organized due to the lack of leadership and any formal training. This causes raids to be short and quick with relatively low numerical casualties but may significantly damage a percentage of a population. The deficit of resources also can account for a lack of fortifications and defensive structures in primitive prestate societies. The protection provided by a defensive could not justify the valuable resources used and labor implemented to build it.”

William Rubinstein wrote that "Pre-literate societies, even those organised in a relatively advanced way, were renowned for their studied cruelty ... 'archaeology yields evidence of prehistoric massacres more severe than any recounted in ethnography [ie, after the coming of the Europeans]'. At Crow Creek, South Dakota, as noted, archaeologists found a mass grave of 'more than 500 men, women, and children who had been slaughtered, scalped, and mutilated during an attack on their village a century and a half before Columbus's arrival (ca. AD 1325)' ". W. D. Rubinstein (2004). Genocide: A History. Pearson Longman. pp. 22–50. ISBN 978-0-582-50601-5. http://books.google.com/books?id=nMMAk4VwLLwC&pg=PA22. Retrieved 31 May 2012.

In Western Europe, since the late 18th century, more than 150 conflicts and about 600 battles have taken place. W. D. Rubinstein (2004). Genocide: A History. Pearson Longman. pp. 22–50. ISBN 978-0-582- 50601-5. http://books.google.com/books?id=nMMAk4VwLLwC&pg=PA22. Retrieved 31 May 2012.

Figure 4 Japanese samurai attacking a Mongol ship, 13th century

Veterans Day – A Tribute to the Military Service of our Ancestors RESEARCH DRAFT 2013

Japanese samurai attacking a Mongol ship, 13th century

The Human Security Report 2005 documented a significant decline in the number and severity of armed conflicts since the end of the Cold War in the early 1990s. However, the evidence examined in the 2008 edition of the Center for International Development and Conflict Management's "Peace and Conflict" study indicated that the overall decline in conflicts had stalled. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Security_Report_2005

Recent rapid increases in the technologies of war, and therefore in its destructiveness (see Mutual assured destruction), have caused widespread public concern, and have in all probability forestalled, and may hopefully altogether prevent the outbreak of a nuclear World War III. At the end of each of the last two World Wars, concerted and popular efforts were made to come to a greater understanding of the underlying dynamics of war and to thereby hopefully reduce or even eliminate it all together. These efforts materialized in the forms of the League of Nations, and its successor, the United Nations. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_assured_destruction

Shortly after World War II, as a token of support for this concept, most nations joined the United Nations. During this same post-war period, with the aim of further delegitimizing war as an acceptable and logical extension of foreign policy, most national governments also renamed their Ministries or Departments of War as their Ministries or Departments of Defense, for example, the former US Department of War was renamed as the US Department of Defense. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Department_of_Defense

In 1947, in view of the rapidly increasingly destructive consequences of modern warfare, and with a particular concern for the consequences and costs of the newly developed atomic bomb, Albert Einstein famously stated, "I know not with what weapons World War

Veterans Day – A Tribute to the Military Service of our Ancestors RESEARCH DRAFT 2013

III will be fought, but World War IV will be fought with sticks and stones." Albert Einstein: Man of Imagination". 1947. http://www.wagingpeace.org/menu/action/urgent-actions/einstein/. Retrieved 2010-02-03.Nuclear Age Peace Foundation paper

Fortunately, the anticipated costs of a possible third world war are currently no longer deemed as acceptable by most, thus little motivation currently seems to exist on an international level for such a war.

Still since the close of World War II, limited non-nuclear conflicts continue, and surprisingly enough, some outspoken celebrities and politicians have even advocated for the proclamation of another world war. Mao Zedong urged the socialist camp not to fear nuclear war with the United States since, even if "half of mankind died, the other half would remain while imperialism would be razed to the ground and the whole world would become socialist."http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War#History_of_warfare

Organized agricultural societies using stone tools had developed as early as 4000 BC in Egypt and Mesopotamia. An interesting analogy between human and chimps was made in a study of stress. The chimp community lived in a fertile valley and needed only 2 hours to gather their food. So they had 10 hours per day to torment each other. Humans seem to have followed a similar pattern of good and evil or tormenting behavior.

I thought of starting this study at year 0 but there is no such year in the Julian or Gregorian calendars, year 1 BC is followed by 1 AD. A map of the Roman Empire in 1 AD is shown in Figure 1. Even at year 1, the Roman Empire was well established and war was the main mechanism for imposing taxes and gaining the spoils of war. Other maps of the empire in following years are shown at: http://www.laputanlogic.com/articles/2002/11/24-85025418.html

Veterans Day – A Tribute to the Military Service of our Ancestors RESEARCH DRAFT 2013

Figure 5 Roman Empire at Year 1. (http://trees.ancestry.com/tree/12318237/photo/HgAtxpEnLkunTUcrmHfry_mBQ_WgX 7zk4NEmblvOrC2gcVp81X7p8QZ5CCujV7Nh )

Veterans Day – A Tribute to the Military Service of our Ancestors RESEARCH DRAFT 2013

Figure 6 Map of the Roman Empire at 1 AD http://www.roman-emperors.org/big1.htm. The movie Ben Hur gives an excellent depiction of life and war during this time period. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qkg51B3dZzo

Lineage of Caesar Vespasia Polla (also known as Vespasia Pollia, born c. 15 BC, fl 1st century AD) was the mother of the Roman Emperor Vespasian, grandmother to Emperors to Titus and Domitian. Polla came from a good equestrian family at Nursia. Suetonius (Life of Vespasian, 1.2-3) states that her father was:

Vespasius Pollio, thrice military tribune and prefect of the camp, while her brother became a senator with the rank of praetor. There is moreover on the top of a mountain, near the sixth milestone on the road from Nursia to Spoletium [modern Spoleto], a place called Vespasiae, where many monuments of the Vespasii are to be seen, and affording strong proof of the renown and antiquity of the house. �

Veterans Day – A Tribute to the Military Service of our Ancestors RESEARCH DRAFT 2013

She married a tax collector Titus Flavius Sabinus, and survived him. Their children were a daughter Flavia Vespasia who died in her infancy; a younger Sabinus and Vespasian. After her husband died she never remarried.[1]

Sabinus achieved the senatorial rank, but Vespasian put off doing so. Suetonius (Life of Vespasian, 2.2) states that: only his mother could finally induce him to sue for it. She at length drove him to it, but rather by sarcasm than by entreaties or parental authority, since she constantly taunted him with being his brother's footman. He was

Caesar Vespasianus Augustus Birth 17 Nov 9 in , , , Italy Death 23 Jun 79 in Ad, Maluku, Indonesia

Figure 7 Caesar Vespasianus Augustus ( - 79) Caesar Vespasianus Augustus ( - 79)is your 54th great grand uncle

“The invention of bronze manufacturing gave new tools and weapons. The military revolution depended not only on weapons but also complex societies that gave the armies the means to fight on a scale never before seen. Two examples of such societies are Egypt and Sumer. Both had already achieved large agricultural production that gave them an economic base for supporting warfare. These chiefdoms and monarchies became state governing institutions with small scale armies. Such organized groups may have started on large scale public works projects such as irrigations systems nut quickly led to larger scale armies. By 2700 BC, Sumer had developed a large standing army along lines that are still with us. These larger groups also required a change of allegiance of the individuals. Rather than Research Draft 2013 by Ernest L Hall, Cincinnati, OH ©2013 Page 20

Veterans Day – A Tribute to the Military Service of our Ancestors RESEARCH DRAFT 2013 allegiance to the family, clan or tribe, a psychological change to allegiance to the state was required. Another major factor was religion Religious worship was linked to political objectives that were national. The Egyptian pharaoh became divine. The power of religion was added to the power of the state and armies to drive the spirit of conquest. The combined propulsive force of god and country overcame the allegiance to the family.”

‘In the cities of Sumer such as Eridu and Urak, people developed the cooperative skills necessary to live in an urban environment. Social and economic diversity gave rise to artisans, merchants, priests, bureaucrats and for the first time, professional soldiers. Constant wars between the city states of Sumer gave rise to military technology and techniques. Sargon the Great united Sumer into a single state. The common foreign enemy was the Elamites, the people of Northern Iran. The first king on the Sumerian king, list, undertook a war against the Elamites and took their weapons as “spoils of war.” This was the first recorded Iran-Iraq war.” http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/gabrmetz/gabr0005.htm

By the 800’s, the form of warfare was well established. Fighting between city states was common. Unification through politics and religion gave rise to great armies.

Figure 8 Charles Martel at the Battle of Tours (oil on canvas, painted by Charles de Steuben from 1834 till 1837)

Veterans Day – A Tribute to the Military Service of our Ancestors RESEARCH DRAFT 2013

Charles Martel is primarily famous for his victory at the Battle of Tours, his stopping the Umayyad invasions of Europe during the Muslim Expansion Era, and his laying the foundation for the Carolingian Empire.

Another of our notable ancestors was Charlemagne. Although a warrior King, many think of Charlemagne as the Father of Western Civilization. He was the founding father of both the French and German monarchies and united Western Europe. From the late 8th to the 9th centuries, a revival or renaissance in art, religion, culture and human knowledge through the medium of the Catholic Church under the protection of Charlemagne.

I have a three volume book entitled: Pedigrees of Some of the Emperor Charlemagne’s Descendants by J. Orton Buck and Timothy Field Beard published by Genealogical Publishing Co, Inc., 1978. Chapter 11 page 9 lists our ancestors Anne Bolling and John Hall:" Anne Bolling b 12 Dec 1713 d aft 1766 m. ca 1730 John Hall in Scotland ca 1710 d aft 1771" and more.

Charlemagne Martel is Ernie Hall’s 40th great grandfather. You can trace the links in the Hall Family Tree.

Veterans Day – A Tribute to the Military Service of our Ancestors RESEARCH DRAFT 2013

Figure 1 Charlemagne, Father of Western Civilization.

Sir Anthony de Tipton

Veterans Day – A Tribute to the Military Service of our Ancestors RESEARCH DRAFT 2013

However, for this study we will roughly focus on the main wars and involvement shown on the following list.

Veterans Day – A Tribute to the Military Service of our Ancestors RESEARCH DRAFT 2013

American Involvement in Wars from Colonial Times to the Present

Dates War in Which American Major Combatants Colonists or United States Citizens Officially Participated

1655 Invasion of Jamaica A study of the history of Jamaica indicates that the immigrants Sylvester, Edward, and Jonathan Tipton were seamen or soldiers under Robert Venables, Governor of Ireland and General of the forces that captured Jamaica on May 20, 1655.

July 4, 1675 - King Philip's War New England Colonies vs. Wampanoag, August 12, Narragansett, and Nipmuck Indians 1676

1689-1697 King William's War The English Colonies vs. France

1702-1713 Queen Anne's War(War of The English Colonies vs. France Spanish Succession)

1744-1748 King George's War (War of The French Colonies vs. Great Britain Austrian Succession)

1756-1763 French and Indian War (Seven The French Colonies vs. Great Britain Years War)

1759-1761 Cherokee War English Colonists vs. Cherokee Indians

1775-1783 American Revolution English Colonists vs. Great Britain

1798-1800 Franco-American Naval War United States vs. France

1801-1805; Barbary Wars United States vs. Morocco, Algiers, Tunis, 1815 and Tripoli

Veterans Day – A Tribute to the Military Service of our Ancestors RESEARCH DRAFT 2013

1812-1815 War of 1812 United States vs. Great Britain

1813-1814 Creek War United States vs. Creek Indians

1836 War of Texas Independence Texas vs. Mexico

1846-1848 Mexican-American War United States vs. Mexico

1861-1865 U.S. Civil War Union vs. Confederacy

1898 Spanish-American War United States vs. Spain

1914-1918 World War I Triple Alliance: Germany, Italy, and Austria- Hungary vs. Triple Entente: Britain, France, and Russia. The United States joined on the side of the Triple Entente in 1917.

1939-1945 World War II Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, Japan vs. Major Allied Powers: United States, Great Britain, France, and Russia

1950-1953 Korean War United States (as part of the United Nations) and South Korea vs. North Korea and Communist China

1960-1975 Vietnam War United States and South Vietnam vs. North Vietnam

1961 Bay of Pigs Invasion United States vs. Cuba

1983 Grenada United States Intervention

1989 US Invasion of Panama United States vs. Panama

1990-1991 Persian Gulf War United States and Coalition Forces vs. Iraq

1995-1996 Intervention in Bosnia and United States as part of NATO acted

Veterans Day – A Tribute to the Military Service of our Ancestors RESEARCH DRAFT 2013

Herzegovina peacekeepers in former Yugoslavia

2001 Invasion of Afghanistan United States and Coalition Forces vs. the Taliban regime in Afghanistan to fight terrorism.

2003 Invasion of Iraq United States and Coalition Forces vs. Iraq

2011 Support for Freedom in Libya NATO Forces

Table 1. American History Timeline Source: The New York Public Library Desk Reference, 3rd Edition. http://americanhistory.about.com/library/timelines/bltimelineuswars.htm

Congress has differentiated military service as war time or peacetime. Some benefits are only available for war time service. A legal opinion should be sought to determine if someone is qualified for benefits.

For example, Matthew Bender (2005 Matthew Bender & Company) states that “only veterans with wartime service are eligible for non-service-connected disability pension benefits.”

According to Bender, “the following list sets out the periods of wartime designated by Congress for pension purposes.”

To be considered by the VA to have served during wartime, a veteran need not have served in a combat zone, but simply during one of these designated periods. All other times are considered peacetime. Some veterans served part of their tour of duty during wartime and part during peacetime. Even if a majority of a veteran’s service occurred during peacetime, the service member would still meet the wartime service requirement for eligibility for pension benefits if he or she served ninety consecutive days, at least one day of which occurred during a period designated as wartime.

All of the listed dates are inclusive.

Indian Wars: January 1, 1817, through December 31, 1898. The veteran must have served thirty days or more, or for the duration of such Indian War. Service must have been with the U.S. forces against Indian tribes or nations.

Spanish-American War: April 21, 1898, through July 4, 1902, including the Philippine Insurrection and the Boxer Rebellion. Also included are those individuals engaged in the Moro Province hostilities through July 15, 1903.

Mexican Border War: May 9, 1916, through April 5, 1917. The veteran must have served for one day or more in Mexico, on the borders thereof, or in the waters adjacent thereto.

World War I: April 6, 1917, through November 11, 1918, extended to April 1, 1920, for those who served in the Soviet Union. Service after November 11, 1918, through July 2, 1921, qualifies for benefits purposes if active duty was performed for any period during the basic World War I period.

World War II: December 7, 1941, through December 31, 1946, extended to July 25, 1947, where continuous with active duty on or before December 31, 1946.

Veterans Day – A Tribute to the Military Service of our Ancestors RESEARCH DRAFT 2013

Korean Conflict: June 27, 1950, through January 31, 1955.

Vietnam Era: August 5, 1964, through May 7, 1975. However, February 28, 1961, through May 7, 1975, for a veteran who served in the Republic of Vietnam during that period.

Persian Gulf War: August 2, 1990, through a date to be prescribed by Presidential proclamation or law.

Congress has not enacted legislation that would make the periods covering the 1983-1984 Lebanon crisis or the invasions of Grenada and Panama wartime service.

Source: http://www.veteranaid.org/docs/Periods_of_War.pdf

The VA has many benefit programs such as this one.

THE AID & ATTENDANCE PROGRAM

The Aid and Attendance (A&A) Special Pension provides benefits for veterans and surviving spouses who require the regular attendance of another person to assist in eating, bathing, dressing and undressing or taking care of the needs of nature. It also includes individuals who are blind or a patient in a nursing home because of mental or physical incapacity. Assisted care in an assisting living facility also qualifies.

The A&A Pension can provide up to $1,632 per month to a veteran, $1,055 per month to a surviving spouse, or $1,949 per month to a couple*.

Eligibility must be proven by filing the proper Veterans Application for Pension or Compensation. This application will require a copy of DD-214 (see below for more information) or separation papers, Medical Evaluation from a physician, current medical issues, net worth limitations, and net income, along with out-of-pocket Medical Expenses.

A DD-214 is issued to military members upon separation from active service. DD-214s were issued to separated service members beginning in the 1950's. The term "DD-214" is often used generically to mean "separation papers" or "discharge papers", no matter what form number was used to document active duty military service. If the VA has a copy of a DD-214, it is usually because the veteran attached a copy (or sometimes, the original) to his or her application for disability or education benefits. If you’ve lost your original DD-214 or a copy and you are receiving (or applied for in the past) disability or education benefits from the VA, they may have a copy (or the original, if you gave it to them) on file. At the very least, if you are currently receiving benefits (or did in the past), they should be able to provide a Statement of Service, which can be used instead of a "DD- 214".

For more general information about the Aid & Attendance Special Pension, please see VetAssist.org's FAQ. http://www.vetassist.org/faq.htm

Conclusion

From this very brief review of history, one may see that humans have the capability and sometimes the will to kill other humans. This seems to be true from the very beginning. What has changed over the years is the sophistician of the killing weapons going from a rock that killed one human to a nuclear bomb that killed about 100,000.

In the next Chapter we will focus on wars that were instrumental in the formation of the United States of America.

Veterans Day – A Tribute to the Military Service of our Ancestors RESEARCH DRAFT 2013

APPENDIX: Complete List of United States Armed Forces Battles A complete list of all United States Armed Forces battles is shown in the table below. Major armed conflicts involving the United States Armed Forces

listed chronologically

 Indian Wars  Shays' Rebellion  Whiskey Rebellion  Walton War  Dorr Rebellion  Anahuac Disturbances  Mormon War  Regulator–Moderator War  Cordova Rebellion  Bleeding Kansas  Wakarusa War  Utah War  Morrisite War  Erie War  Civil War  Bald Hills War  Erie Gauge War Internal  Sheep Wars  San Elizario Salt War  Brooks–Baxter War  Pleasant Valley War  Coal Creek War  Ned Christie's War  Homestead Strike  Battle of Blair Mountain  California Water Wars  Sheepshooters' War  Coal Wars  Illinois Coal Wars  Black Patch Tobacco Wars  Bonus Army  Colorado Coalfield War  West Virginia Coal Wars  Red River Bridge War  Harlan County War

 Revolutionary War  Quasi-War International  First Barbary War  Blockade of Africa  Sixty Years' War

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 Chesapeake–Leopard Affair  War of 1812  War of the Sixth Coalition  African Slave Trade Patrol  Second Barbary War  Falklands Expedition  Johanna Expedition  First Sumatran Expedition  Second Sumatran Expedition  Ivory Coast Expedition  Shimonoseki Campaign  Mexican–American War  Taos Revolt  First Fiji Expedition  Second Opium War  Cortina Troubles  Trent Affair  Chesapeake Affair  Formosa Expedition  Second Fiji Expedition  Samoan crisis  Korean Expedition  Las Cuevas War  Egyptain Expedition  First Samoan Civil War  Hawaiian Rebellions  Philippine Revolution  Spanish–American War  Philippine–American War  Wilcox Rebellion  Garza Revolution  Black Week  Hawaiian Civil War  Overthrow of Hawaii  Second Samoan Civil War  Second Boer War  Boxer Rebellion  Banana Wars  Occupation of Nicaragua  Occupation of Veracruz  Mexican Revolution  Border War  Pancho Villa Expedition  Bandit War  World War I  Occupation of Haiti  First invasion of The Dominican Republic  Russian Civil War

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 World War II  Greek Civil War  First Indochina War  Korean War  1953 Iran crisis  First Taiwan Strait Crisis  Laotian Civil War  Second Taiwan Strait Crisis  1958 Lebanon crisis  Central American crisis  Guatemalan Civil War  Portuguese Colonial War  Bay of Pigs Invasion  South African Border War  Vietnam War  Cambodian Civil War  Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation  Nicaraguan Civil War  Dominican Civil War  Second invasion of the Dominican Republic  Indo-Pakistani War of 1971  Philippines insurgency  Afghan Civil War  Cambodian–Vietnamese War  Iran–Iraq War  Chadian-Libyan conflict  Yom Kippur War  Nicaraguan Revolution  Salvadoran Civil War  First Gulf of Sidra incident  Invasion of Grenada  Lebanese Civil War  Angolan Civil War  Second Gulf of Sidra incident  First bombing of Libya  Invasion of Panama  Civil war in Afghanistan (1989–1992)  Third Gulf of Sidra incident  Gulf War  Iraqi no-fly zones  Somali Civil War  Bombing of Iraq  Iraqi Kurdish Civil War  Invasion of Haiti  Bosnian War  Third Taiwan Strait Crisis  Conch Republic clashes  Missile Strikes on Iraq

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 Civil war in Afghanistan (1996–2001)  Kosovo War  Albanian Rebellion  Shia insurgency in Yemen  Missile Strikes on Sudan and Afghanistan  Kurdistan Islamist Conflict  War on Terror  Afghanistan War  Maghreb insurgency  Iraq War  Drone attacks in Pakistan  Central African Republic Bush War  War in North-West Pakistan  War in Darfur  Iraqi insurgency (2003–2006)  Pakistan Skirmishes  Shia insurgency in Yemen  War in Somalia (2006–2009)  Civil war in Iraq  Violence in Pakistan 2006–09  War in Somalia (2009–present)  Honduran Coup  Somali piracy crackdown  Yemeni al-Qaeda crackdown  Libyan Civil War  Lord's Resistance Army insurgency  Iraq insurgency 2011-present  2012 East DR Congo conflict  Azawad insurgency

 List of conflicts in the U.S.  List of wars involving the U.S.  Timeline of U.S. military operations  Length of U.S. participation in major wars Related articles  Overseas expansion  Military history  Covert regime-change actions  Casualties of war

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._Army,_Navy_and_Volunteer_units_in_the_Mexican%E2%80%9 3American_War