Les Récepteurs Sigma : De Leur Découverte À La Mise En Évidence De Leur Implication Dans L’Appareil Cardiovasculaire

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Les Récepteurs Sigma : De Leur Découverte À La Mise En Évidence De Leur Implication Dans L’Appareil Cardiovasculaire P HARMACOLOGIE Les récepteurs sigma : de leur découverte à la mise en évidence de leur implication dans l’appareil cardiovasculaire ! L. Monassier*, P. Bousquet* RÉSUMÉ. Les récepteurs sigma constituent des entités protéiques dont les modalités de fonctionnement commencent à être comprises. Ils sont ciblés par de nombreux ligands dont certains, comme l’halopéridol, sont des psychotropes, mais aussi par des substances connues comme anti- arythmiques cardiaques : l’amiodarone ou le clofilium. Ils sont impliqués dans diverses fonctions cardiovasculaires telles que la contractilité et le rythme cardiaque, ainsi que dans la régulation de la vasomotricité artérielle (coronaire et systémique). Nous tentons dans cette brève revue de faire le point sur quelques-uns des aspects concernant les ligands, les sites de liaison, les voies de couplage et les fonctions cardio- vasculaires de ces récepteurs énigmatiques. Mots-clés : Récepteurs sigma - Contractilité cardiaque - Troubles du rythme - Vasomotricité - Protéines G - Canaux potassiques. a possibilité de l’existence d’un nouveau récepteur RÉCEPTEURS SIGMA (σ) constitue toujours un moment d’exaltation pour le Historique L pharmacologue. La perspective de la conception d’un nouveau pharmacophore, d’identifier des voies de couplage et, La description initiale des récepteurs σ en faisait un sous-type par là, d’aborder la physiologie puis rapidement la physio- de récepteurs des opiacés. Cette classification provenait des pathologie, émerge dès que de nouveaux sites de liaison sont effets d’un opiacé synthétique, la (±)-N-allylnormétazocine décrits pour la première fois. L’aventure des “récepteurs sigma” (SKF-10,047), qui ne pouvaient pas être tous attribués à ses (σ) ne déroge pas à cette règle puisque, initialement décrits par actions sur les récepteurs µ et κ. En effet, cette substance induit Martin et al. en 1976 (1), elle a donné lieu à la synthèse de cen- des hallucinations qui ne sont jamais induites par la morphine taines de ligands, dont certains avec des affinités et des sélec- (µ) ou la kétocyclazocine (κ) (1). De plus, alors que l’énantio- tivités très importantes, ainsi qu’à plus de 800 publications, mère (-) se liait avec le plus d’affinité sur tous les sous-types dans des domaines tels que la pharmacochimie, la neurologie, de récepteurs opioïdergiques classiques, le rapport d’énantio- l’immunologie, la cardiologie ou la cancérologie. Pourtant, près sélectivité était inversé pour les récepteurs σ (2). Mais, rapide- de 25 ans après leur découverte, ces récepteurs énigmatiques ment, les études de liaison spécifique ont montré l’absence n’ont révélé qu’une infime partie de leurs mystères. Leur puri- totale de fixation des opiacés usuels [morphine, enképhalines, fication, puis le clonage du sous-type 1 à la fin des années 90, endorphines] (3) sur les sites marqués par la pentazocine tri- n’ont permis de lever qu’une petite partie du voile, et seule la tiée, ainsi qu’une pharmacologie peu évocatrice d’effets habi- mise en évidence de la multitude des effets biologiques impu- tuellement rencontrés pour des opiacés, associée à l’absence de tables à leurs ligands nous conforte dans la réalité de leur blocage des actions impliquant ces sites de liaison par la existence. L’objet de cette courte revue est de faire une brève naloxone et la naltrexone (4). Il est donc maintenant clairement description des données concernant la pharmacologie de ces établi que les récepteurs σ n’appartiennent pas à la famille des récepteurs avant de décrire, plus particulièrement, leur impli- récepteurs des opiacés. cation dans l’appareil cardiovasculaire. Le SKF-10,047 présente la propriété particulière d’induire des syndromes schizophréniques. Cet effet a été mis en parallèle avec les activités psychodysleptiques de substances comme la phencyclidine (PCP), initialement utilisée comme anesthésique, * Laboratoire de neurobiologie et pharmacologie cardiovasculaire, faculté puis par des toxicomanes pour les délires et hallucinations de médecine, 67085 Strasbourg Cedex. qu’elle engendre. Ces activités ont été mises sur le compte d’un 88 La Lettre du Pharmacologue - Volume 15 - n° 5 - mai 2001 P HARMACOLOGIE blocage non compétitif du récepteur ionotrope du glutamate de Classification des récepteurs sigma (σ) type NMDA (N-méthyl-D-aspartate). Ce site de blocage se La sous-classification des récepteurs σ repose sur des diffé- localise dans le canal ionique et reconnaît aussi un anesthésique rences de caractéristiques de liaison spécifique. Les récepteurs inducteur d’hallucinations : la kétamine. La liaison de qui fixent des (+)-6,7-benzomorphanes comme la (+)-penta- 3 l’[ H]PCP sur ce récepteur est fortement déplacée par le SKF- zocine avec une forte affinité sont appelés σ1 alors que ceux 10,047 (5) ce qui a, un temps, laissé penser que le “récepteur qui ont une affinité faible pour ces ligands sont dits σ2 (10). sigma” n’était qu’un site de liaison du récepteur NMDA. Cette Des substances comme l’ifenprodil et son analogue halogéné, hypothèse a rapidement été infirmée par le fait que plusieurs l’éliprodil (SL-82 0715) (11, 12) ou l’ibogaïne (13) sont sélec- ligands des récepteurs σ, non inducteurs de troubles psycho- tifs du sous-type 2. Plus récemment, un nouveau sous-type a tiques, n’avaient aucune liaison à ce récepteur. Néanmoins, des été décrit : le récepteur σ3. Il serait stimulé par des produits ligands σ ont des effets centraux communs avec des substances appartenant à la famille des 1-phényl-3-aminotétralines et son ciblant les récepteurs NMDA, comme la modification de l’hu- activation conduirait à la stimulation de la tyrosine hydroxy- meur, de la motricité, des processus mnésiques ou la cérébro- lase et à la synthèse de dopamine (14). Aucun effet cardio- protection (6). Le rôle de l’interaction récepteurs σ/récepteurs vasculaire n’est attribué, à l’heure actuelle, à ce récepteur. Les NMDA dans la régulation du fonctionnement cérébral est un caractéristiques et les structures chimiques de quelques-uns des sujet important, mais qui sort du cadre de cette revue. principaux ligands sigma sont présentées dans le tableau I et la figure 1. Il apparaît que les ligands des récepteurs σ font par- Dans les dix dernières années, on a assisté à un net regain tie de classes très hétérogènes sur le plan chimique. De nom- d’intérêt pour les récepteurs σ. En effet, ils fixent des neuro- breux produits sont des analogues structuraux de substances leptiques comme le rimcazole ou le remoxipride (2) qui ont déjà connues, en particulier de psychotropes. Il n’est donc pas une bonne affinité pour les récepteurs σ avec un rapport de surprenant de trouver des ligands σ qui se fixent aussi sur des sélectivité σ/D2, respectivement de 10 et 15 (7). Ce rapport récepteurs de la dopamine, de la sérotonine, du glutamate ou de sélectivité, pourtant modeste, a suffi pour relancer la ques- sur des récepteurs adrénergiques. Les études pharmacologiques tion de l’origine des effets antipsychotiques des antagonistes sont donc limitées par la sélectivité toute relative des ligands D2 de la dopamine comme l’halopéridol et la chlorproma- disponibles, problème auquel nous serons confrontés plus loin zine. De plus, ces deux derniers produits, qui se fixent aussi dans l’analyse des effets cardiovasculaires. sur les récepteurs σ, induisent, au contraire du rimcazole et du remoxipride, des syndromes extrapyramidaux et des dys- Récepteur sigma 1 (σ1) kinésies tardives ; d’où l’idée de développer des ligands sélec- Ce récepteur est le mieux connu de la famille. Hellewell et al. tifs des récepteurs σ comme neuroleptiques, qui ne provo- ont montré en 1994, par des techniques de liaison spécifique, queraient pas de troubles locomoteurs. Un produit de ce type la présence de densités élevées de récepteurs σ dans le foie et est actuellement en essai clinique de phase II : le NE 100 (8). le rein de rat. Des marquages de photoaffinité utilisant la Une dernière application peut être envisagée dans le domaine 3 [ H]azido-di-o-tolylguanidine (σ1 et σ2) ont révélé, dans ce de la cancérologie puisque certaines tumeurs, comme les même travail, deux bandes de 25 et 21,5 kDa correspondant tumeurs mammaires, présentent un taux d’expression élevé respectivement aux récepteurs σ et σ (15), le foie possédant de récepteurs σ. L’activation de ces sites favorise le passage 1 2 les densités les plus élevées (Bmax jusqu’à 11 895 fmol/mg de en apoptose de ces cellules (9). protéines). Ce travail préliminaire a conduit ces mêmes auteurs à la purification à homogénéité de ces deux sites, et a permis La multiplicité des effets que nous venons de décrire, associée de révéler des propriétés physicochimiques différentes pour ces à l’absence, pendant une très longue période, de ligands très deux macromolécules. Ils ont même décrit pour la première sélectifs, a contribué à ralentir les processus de recherche sur fois des localisations intracellulaires distinctes (16). Le récep- ces récepteurs. Cette difficulté a, au moins en partie, été vain- teur σ1 a été cloné chez le cochon d’Inde en 1996. C’est une cue en parallèle des progrès de la biologie cellulaire et molé- protéine de 25,3 kDa, possédant un seul segment transmem- culaire, qui nous ont apporté des informations concernant leur branaire, localisée en densités importantes dans des tissus réa- structure moléculaire, ainsi que des données plus précises sur lisant la synthèse des hormones stéroïdes (gonades, surrénales) les voies de transduction qui leur sont associées. (17). Cette localisation particulière est à mettre en parallèle
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