Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-47273-9 — Ecosystem Collapse and Recovery Adrian C

Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-47273-9 — Ecosystem Collapse and Recovery Adrian C. Newton Index More Information

Index

acid rain, 75 basin of attraction, 57, 66 Africa, 130, 149, 184, 210, 230, 241 bats, 274 agriculture bears, 135, 209, 322 current environmental impacts, 271 beaver (Castor spp.), 208 environmental impacts in prehistory, 140 beer intensiﬁcation of, 274 civilising role of, 140 origins of, 139 Belgium Alaska, USA, 135, 194 area the size of, 224 alerce (Fitzroya cupressoides), 397 Belize, 165 Algeria, 150 Beringia, 133, 323 Allee effect, 183, 192 Betula nana, 318 Amazonia, 135, 235, 241, 243. See also bioturbation, 113 Brazil birch (Betula spp.), 135 America birds, 89, 96, 143–144, 274, 388 Central, 134 ‘black box’ approach, 12 North, 52, 76, 82, 109, 128, 131–132, Black Sea, 186, 190, 193 134, 151, 236–237, 243, 248, 271 Blob, The, 192 South, 52, 128, 134, 231, 236, 250 bog, 50 amphibians, 119, 209 Bolivia, 201 Antarctica, 108, 110 Bonn Challenge, 258, 373 Anthropocene, 119, 138, 142 boreal forest, 242 ants, 82 boring Appalachian Mountains, 97 how not to be, 30 Arabian Gulf, 171 Borneo, 231, 241, 247 Aral Sea, 200, 329 bottleneck, 263 Arctic, 138, 264 boundaries, 11, 13–14 Argentina, 232, 306 functional, 13 Asia, 76, 137 structural, 13 assembly rules, 89 Braat, Leon, 368 Atlantic Ocean, 171, 185 bracken fern, 144 Atlas cedar (Cedrus atlantica), 236 Brazil, 225, 231, 241–242, 247, 266 Australia, 53, 108, 110, 120, 194, 197, 237, Britain. See United Kingdom 253, 297, 329, 340, 348, 364 browsing, 51 bryophytes, 119 balance of nature, 12, 24 bushmeat, 242 ball and cup diagrams, 66, 392 Balmford, Andrew, 29 California, USA, 194 Baltic Sea, 187, 189, 337 Canada, 179, 185, 197, 213, 237, 243, 252 baselines cannibalism, 144 shifting, 195 carbon cycle, 105

Index · 473 carbon sequestration, 227 debate Caribbean Sea, 164–165, 169, 174 heated, 73 Carrifran Wildwood Project, 397 Deccan Traps, 100 CAS. See complex adaptive systems defaunation, 240–241 catastrophe theory deforestation, 292 as shipwreck, 56 degradation cats, 81 anthropogenic, 229 cave paintings, 127 definition of, 5 cereal how disturbance differs from, 261 breakfast desert, 45 universe in, 40 determinism chaos theory, 56 nominative, 220 Chauvet Cave, 137 Diamond, Jared, 18, 146, 362 Chazdon, Robin, 254 dinosaurs, 99, 111 Chicxulub impact, 95, 99–100, 118 disaster taxa, 104 Chile, 225, 250, 397 disturbance China, 137, 178, 226, 236, 351 characteristics of, 293 civilisation definition of, 5 collapse of, 362 key features of, 41 climate change, 71, 95, 189, 236, 299, press, 41, 63, 100, 169, 294 345 pulse, 41, 63, 100, 170, 248, 294, 295 ecosystem effects of, 347 DNA barcoding, 24 coccolithophores, 114–115 Dorset, UK, 274 collapse dose–response relationships, 78 early-warning indicators of, 334 driver Colorado, 118 definition of, 5 community ecology, 303 drought complex adaptive systems (CAS), 58–59 ecological impacts of, 215 conifers, 108 Dumbo, 327 connectivity, 219 conservation management, 325, 347 Earth system succession, 114 Conservation Measures Partnership (CMP), Easter Island. See Rapa Nui 341 ecological theory conservation policy, 323, 328 components of, 37 Convention on Biological Diversity, 1, 349, ecosystem 373, 457 definition of, 5, 10, 18 Cook Islands, 141 ecosystem collapse coral bleaching, 162 definition of, 6, 18, 21, 229, 324, 380 ecological impacts of, 163 early-warning indicators of, 338–339 coral reefs, 99, 105, 112, 161, 292 evidence of, 333 Costa Rica, 134, 260 mechanisms of, 383 critical load ecosystem function, 311 definition, 75 biodiversity and, 313 estimation, 76 ecosystem recovery criticality, 57, 62 definition of, 7, 21 ‘robust’,62 forest, 256 self-organised (SOC), 62 indicators of, 340 mechanisms of, 89, 386 Dada, 395 models describing, 87 Darwin, Charles, 38–39, 81 ecosystem services, 25, 366 dead zones, 193 Egypt, 153

474 · Index Ehrlich, Ann and Paul, 362 forest, 45, 50, 52, 74, 77, 82, 84, 89–90, elephant bird (Aepyornis maximus), 147 118–119, 125, 325 elephants, 134 definition of, 224 Emperor forest elephant (Loxodonta cyclotis), 230 Danish, naked, 17 forest fragmentation, 231 England. See United Kingdom (UK) forests, 108, 222 Ennerdale, UK, 52 fossil fuels, 389 environmentalist paradox, 370 fossil record equity, 373 biases in, 107 Erwin, Douglas, 120 fossils, 95, 100, 118 Etches, Steve, 95 FRA. See Global Forest Resources Eurasia, 131 Assessment Europe, 52, 75, 109, 136–137, 142, 217, France, 127 237, 271, 361 freshwater ecosystems, 45, 199, 293 eutrophication, 202, 216 fruit dispersal by megaherbivores, 134 extinction fungi, 79, 105, 107, 109, 118, 125, 132 functional, 83 secondary, 246–247, 304 Galápagos Islands, 163–164 extinction apocalypse Germany, 207, 218, 271, 329 horsemen of, 311 GFW. See Global Forest Watch extinction cascade, 83, 103, 246, 306 Ghana, 250 extinction dynamics, 102 ghosts biological effects of, 146 Fahrig, Lenora, 233 glass fallacy half full or half empty, 334 conjunction, 337 Global Biodiversity Outlook, 1, 457 logical, 268 Global Environmental Outlook, 1 prosecutor’s, 337 Global Forest Resources Assessment (FRA), FAO. See UN Food and Agriculture 224, 394 Organization Global Forest Watch (GFW), 224, 227 farming. See agriculture Gondwana, 108 feedback, 70, 74, 149, 152, 167, 173, 190, Good, Ronald, 275 229, 237, 250, 253, 266, 300, grassland, 45, 51, 53, 77, 131, 136, 151, 297, 318 325 detection of, 302 grazing, 52–53 stabilising, 202, 384 Great Barrier Reef, 163, 166, 170–171, 173, ferns, 118 176, 327, 371 Fertile Crescent, 139 Greece, 141 Fiji, 141, 176 Green New Deal, 397 firestick farming, 126 Greenland, 74, 108–109 fish, 11, 95, 100, 144, 164, greenwash, 358 202 fishing, 177 habitat fragmentation, 233 Florida Keys, USA, 166 Hawaii, USA, 303, See Hawaiian Islands Florida, USA, 170 Hawaiian Islands, 141, 143, 166, 175 food web heathland, 50 coastal, 196 herbivores, 50, 52 Jurassic, 95 herbivory, 51 recovery of, 221 Herzog, Werner, 127 food webs, 303, 305 hierarchical-response framework (HRF), foraminifera, 114, 118 43

Index · 475 Hilborn, R., 181 Lake Victoria, 211 Holocene, 52 lakes, 200, 337 Holocene epoch, 138 landscape of fear, 238 Homer’s Odyssey, 222 largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), 82, Homo sapiens 203 probability of extinction of, 366 Leather, Simon, 273 howler monkeys, 82 lemurs, 147 HRF. See hierarchical-response framework Levant, the, 141 hummingbirds, 307 lichens, 77, 118 Humpty Dumpty model of recovery, ‘Lilliput effect’, 112 220 Lindeman, Raymond, 202 Hutchinson, G. Evelyn, 202 Lindenmayer, David, 252 hysteresis, 60, 64, 173, 186, 190, 197, livestock 203 impacts of, on semi-arid ecosystems, 151 ichthyosaurs, 95–96 Lord of the Rings, The ideas ecological perspective on, 143 zombie, 233 lycopsids, 108, 119 ideology neoliberal, 368 Madagascar, 147 Indian Ocean, 171 process of ecosystem collapse in, insectageddon, 272 148 insects, 270, 388 Maldives, 171 Intergovernmental Panel for Biodiversity and mammals, 310, 346 Ecosystem Services (IPBES), 368 mammoth steppe, 131, 135, 138, 300 invasional meltdown, 24 marine ecosystems, 45, 95, 104, 110, 177, invasive species, 210 340 IPBES. See Intergovernmental Panel for marsupials, 120 Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services mass extinctions Ireland, 131, 136 ‘Big Five’,96–97, 106, 113, 326, 345 IUCN (International Union for deﬁnition, 97 Conservation of Nature), 2 mechanisms of, 101 IUCN Red List of Ecosystems (RLE), 2, 16, scale of, 107 25, 27, 52, 323, 326–328, 381 sixth?, 119 criticisms of, 331 winners and losers, 111 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species May, Robert, 59 (RLTS), 2, 17, 328–329, 382 MEA. See Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Mediterranean Sea, 298 jaguars, 245 megafauna Jamaica, 165, 170 Australian, 120 jellyﬁsh, 192 extinction of, 122 Jurassic period, 95 Late Quaternary, 147, 364 Megaloceros giganteus, 131 Kazakhstan, 200 Mesoamerica, 329 kelp forests, 82, 191, 194 Mesopotamia, 141 keystone species, 24, 80, 131 metaphor, 23, 392–393 Knepp Estate, 52 Mexico, 141, 310 Michigan, USA, 203, 206 Lake Baikal, 200 Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA), Lake Chad, 151 9, 222, 367 Lake Poopó, 201 moa, 144, 146

476 · Index model passenger pigeon, 120 difference from theory, 37 pastoralism simulation, 304 date of introduction of, 150 state-and-transition, 53, 333 Patagonia, 133 Monbiot, George, 361 Pauly, Daniel, 178, 187 Mongolia, 372 Payment for Ecosystem Service. See PES monsters penguins, 144, 184 beautiful, 395 perch (Perca fluviatilis), 222 topological, 56 Permian period, 105 moose, 248 PES (Payment for Ecosystem Service) Morocco, 150 schemes, 373 Mountain Ash (Eucalyptus regnans), Peters 253 R. H., 34–35 multiple stable states, 20, 61, 409, Peters, R. H., 34 449 physics envy, 34, 38 mussels, 62 plankton, 82 mutualisms, 250 plantation, 224–225 plants Namibia, 190 resilience of, 108 Neolithic package, 139 polar bears, 349 Netherlands, The, 52, 203, 273, 354 policy commitments New Caledonia, 141 environmental, 373 New Guinea, 89 Polynesia, 142 New Mexico, USA, 142 Popper, Karl, 33 New York State, USA, 132 positivity, 29 New Zealand, 50, 143, 202, 210, 239, 246, prairie, 151 250, 364 pressure. See driver ‘spot the native species’ game, 143 propositions, 288 niche filtering, 90 pteridosperms, 108 Nile River, 150 Puerto Rico, 271 non-analogue communities, 346 North Atlantic, 337 rain forest, 223 Norway, 193 rangeland, 53 nose Rapa Nui, 141–142, 363 Cleopatra’s, length of, 59 Rasputin, Gregori, 126 novel ecosystems, 23, 112, 324, 355, recovery debt, 261 358 recovery trajectories, 22 nutrients recovery trajectory, 88 translocation by animals, 135 Red List of Ecosystems. See IUCN Red List of Ecosystems Odum, Howard, 58 Red List of Threatened Species. See IUCN Oostvaardersplassen, 52 Red List of Threatened Species orcs. See wasps regime shift, 60, 83, 169, 191, 203, 266, Oregon, USA, 151 392 cascading, 319 Pacific Ocean, 82, 171, 173, 192 reptiles, 121 palaeoecology, 50, 52 resilience Palaeolithic, 127 difference from resistance, Pampas, 133 84 Panama, 164, 209 ecological, 85 Pangaea, 119 engineering, 85

Index · 477 restoration mechanisms of, 260 ecological, 21, 23, 87, 349, 356, 359, 371, progressive, 49 380 retrogressive, 50 forest, 258, 397 succession theory, 48 river, 218 successional transitions, 299 stream, 220 Sweden, 202 rewilding, 52, 361, 380, 397 systems science, 17 rivers, 11, 200 systems theory RLE. See IUCN Red List of Ecosystems dynamical, 56, 69, 92, 166, 173, 202, 248, RLTS. See IUCN Red List of Threatened 264, 391 Species rotifers, 222 Tarkin, Governor, 355 Tasmania, 250 Sagan, Carl, 206 Texas, USA, 136, 151, 240 Sahara Thailand, 240 ‘Green’, 149–150, 152 theory Sahel-Sahara region, 149 ecological salmon, 11, 135, 209 definitions of, 36 sandeels (Ammodytes marinus), threat, 44, 103, 344 184 definition of, 7 savannah, 45, 264, 310, 325 taxonomy of, 45 science threshold, 64, 151, 215, 245, difference from astrology, 92 305 junk, 120 Thunberg, Greta, 392, 396 philosophy of, 33 tipping point, 73, 81, 243–244 rocket, 34 trees, 50–51 Scotland, 397 Triassic period, 105 sea otters, 194 trophic cascade, 75, 81, 185, 188, 189, 206, Seychelles, the, 166, 174 238, 310 sharks, 96, 175, 185 trophic triangles, 204 shrubland, 50, 53 tundra, 136, 138, 318, 322 shrubs, 51 Twain, Mark, 180 Siberia, 131, 135, 137, 200, 243 Singapore, 247 UN Food and Agriculture Organization SOC. See criticality, self-organised (FAO), 224 Sofia Protocol, 76 United Kingdom (UK), 52, 136–137, 232, South Africa, 110, 329 324, 340, 358 Spain, 137 Kimmeridge, Dorset, 95 stability, 315 urbanisation, 213 stable states USA, 231 alternative, 52, 60, 66, 74, 138, 150, 165, 190, 192, 204, 248, 252, Venezuela, 82, 239 298 Vera, Franz, 50, 152 multiple, 62–63, 65, 69, 71, 103, 105, volcanoes, 96 110 starfish, 173 Wallace, Alfred Russel, 38 Steller’s sea cow Wardle, David, 317 extinction of, 194 wasps stromatolites, 104 invasive, scarier than orcs, succession 144 circular, 50 wolf, 82

478 · Index wolves, 238, 240 Yellowstone, USA, 238 woodland, 53, 136 Younger Dryas, 133, 364 woolly monkeys, 135 woolly rhinoceros, 137 zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha), World Resources Institute, 224 213 Worm, B., 181 Zen, moment of, 39