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Radiation Physics ; QC100 .U57 N6.461, 1977 C.2 NBS-PUB-C 19 7 NATL INST OF STANDARDS & TECH R.I.C. A111 0308861 Intei-nationai Sympos/Radiation physics ; QC100 .U57 n6.461, 1977 C.2 NBS-PUB-C 19 V) NBS SPECIAL PUBLICATION 461 J U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE / National Bureau of Standards " NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS The National Bureau of Standards' was established by an act of Congress March 3, 1901. The Bureau's overall goal is to strengthen and advance the Nation's science and technology and facilitate their effective application for public benefit. To this end, the Bureau conducts research and provides: (1) a basis for the Nation's physical measurement system, (2) scientific and technological services for industry and government, (3) a technical basis for equity in trade, and (4) technical services to promote public safety. The Bureau consists of the Institute for Basic Standards, the Institute for Materials Research, the Institute for Applied Technology, the Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology, and the Office for Information Programs. THE INSTITUTE FOR BASIC STANDARDS provides the central basis within the United States of a complete and consistent system of physical measurement; coordinates that system with measurement systems of other nations; and furnishes essential services leading to accurate and uniform physical measurements throughout the Nation's scientific community, industry, and commerce. The Institute consists of the Office of Measurement Services, the Office of Radiation Measurement and the following Center and divisions: Applied Mathematics — Electricity — Mechanics — Heat — Optical Physics — Center for Radiation Research: Nuclear Sciences; Applied Radiation — Laboratory Astrophysics — Cryogenics — Electromagnetics — Time and Frequency THE INSTITUTE FOR MATERIALS RESEARCH conducts materials research leading to improved methods of measurement, standards, and data on the properties of well-characterized materials needed by industry, commerce, educational institutions, and Government; provides advisory and research services to other Government agencies; and develops, produces, and distributes standard reference materials. The Institute consists of the Office of Standard Reference Materials, the Office of Air and Water Measurement, and the following divisions: Analytical Chemistry — Polymers — Metallurgy — Inorganic Materials — Reactor Radiation — Physical Chemistry. THE INSTITUTE FOR APPLIED TECHNOLOGY provides technical services to promote the use of available technology and to facilitate technological innovation in industry and Government; cooperates with public and private organizations leading to the development of technological standards (including mandatory safety standards), codes and methods of test; and provides technical advice and services to Government agencies upon request. The Insti- tute consists of the following divisions and Centers: Standards Application and Analysis — Electronic Technology — Center for Consumer Product Technology: Product Systems Analysis; Product Engineering — Center for Building Technology: Structures, Materials, and Life Safety; Building Environment; Technical Evalua- tion and Application — Center for Fire Research: Fire Science; Fire Safety Engineering. THE INSTITUTE FOR COMPUTER SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY conducts research and provides technical services designed to aid Government agencies in improving cost effec- tiveness in the conduct of their programs through the selection, acquisition, and effective utilization of automatic data processing equipment; and serves as the principal focus within the executive branch for the development of Federal standards for automatic data processing equipment, techniques, and computer languages. The Institute consists of the following divisions: Computer Services — Systems and Software — Computer Systems Engineering — Informa- tion Technology. THE OFFICE FOR INFORMATION PROGRAMS promotes optimum dissemination and accessibility of scientific information generated within NBS and other agencies of the Federal Government; promotes the development of the National Standard Reference Data System and a system of information analysis centers dealing with the broader aspects of the National Measurement System; provides appropriate services to ensure that the NBS staff has optimum accessibility to the scientific information of the world. The Office consists of the following organizational units: Office of Standard Reference Data — Office of Information Activities — Office of Technical Publications — Library — Office of International Relations — Office of International Standards. , 1 Headquarters and Laboratories at Gaithersburg, Maryland, unless otherwise noted; mailing address Washington. D.C. 20234. - Located at Boulder, Colorado 80302. , 1 7 »77 ^^'^ Radiation Physics ^-7- ___ _________________ ^ ^ ^ Proceedings of the International Radiation (^^1 Symposium on Physics, held at Bose Institute, Calcutta, India November 30-December 4, 1974 Edited by: . A. M. Ghose Nuclear Physics Laboratory Bose Institute, Calcutta— 700 009, India D. V. Gopinath Safety Research Laboratory Reactor Research Center Kalpakkam 603 102, India J. H. Hubbell Institute for Basic Standards National Bureau of Standards Washington, D.C. 20234 S. C. Roy Nuclear Physics Laboratory Bose Institute, Calcutta— 700 009, India Organized by. Bose Institute, Calcutta, India Co-sponsored by: Department of Atomic Energy, India Assistance from: International Atomic Energy Agency National Bureau of Standards U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Elliot L. Richardson, Secretary Edward 0. Vetter, Under Secretary Dr. Betsy Ancker-Johnson, Assistant Secretary for Science and Technology U.^NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler, Acting Director Issued January 1977 - Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data International Symposium on Radiation Physics, Bose Institute, 1974. Radiation physics. (NBS special publication ; 461) "CODEN: XNBSAV." Supt. of Docs. No.; C 13.10:461 1. Ionizing radiation-Congresses. 2. Radiation- Congresses. 3. Radia- tion-Measurement-Congresses. 4. Cross sections (Nuclear physics) Congresses. I. Chose, A. M. II. Bose Research Institute, Calcutta. III. India (Republic) . Dept. of Atomic Energy. IV. Title. V. Series; United States. National Bureau of Standards. Special publication ; 461. QC100U.S7 no. 461 (QC474] 602Ms [539.7"2) 76-608379 National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 461 Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Spec Publ. 461, 268 pages (Jan. 1977) CODEN: XNBSAV U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON: 1977 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 (Order by SD Catalog No. C13. 10:461). Stock No. 003-003-01733-7 Price $3.25 (Add 25 percent additional for other than U.S. mailing) . PREFACE Radiation Physics is an interdisci- All papers were retyped at Bose plinary science and in the past different Institute, Calcutta, on composition (25% aspects of the subject such as nuclear and reduction) guide sheets supplied by the atomic cross section measurements and National Bureau of Standards for direct analysis, shielding of accelerators, dosi- photo-reproduction. In some cases the metry, nuclear electronics, radiation inserted figures and tables, although the biophysics, etc., have been discussed in best available to the editors, suffer in specialized symposia and seminars. It has legibility, particularly after the size- been increasingly felt that a symposium reduction. In these cases we suggest that presenting the subject matter in an inte- interested readers write to the authors grated manner would be useful to special- for more detailed versions of these papers ists working in isolated areas of radiation which in most cases have been published physics as well as to those interested in elsewhere the global view of the entire subject. The International Symposium on Radiation When commercial equipment, instru- Physics held in Bose Institute, Calcutta ments and materials are mentioned or from November 30 to December 4, 1974, with identified in these proceedings it is these ends in view provided a forum for intended only to adequately specify exchange of experiences and ideas among experimental procedure. In no case does different vjorkers in Radiation Physics such identification imply recommendation from different countries. or endorsement by the National Bureau of Standards, nor does it Imply that the The symposium was organized by Bose material or equipment identified Is Institute, Calcutta. Moral and financial necessarily the best available for the support was received from the Departments purpose of Atomic Energy and Science and Technol- ogy, Govt, of India; National Bureau of We regret the inordinate delay in Standards, U.S.A. and International Atomic publishing the proceedings, the reasons Energy Agency, Vienna. Vie express our of which are beyond our control. appreciation to those organizations. The editorial board gratefully Apart from a few minor changes, the acknowledges the assistance of the U.S. papers published in these proceedings National Bureau of Standards Office of essentially represent wha.t the authors Technical Information and Publications submitted as the "final versions of their received for printing and publishing presentations in the symposium. The these proceedings. editorial board apologizes for any mistake that might have crept in inadvertently. A. M. Ghose D. V. Goplnath J. H. Hubbell S. C. Roy ill I ABSTRACT These proceedings contain Invited and contributed papers presented at the International Symposium on Radiation Physics
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