INTRODUCTION:

What is a Step-?

STEPWELL

Why• doSubterranean we need them?water- related monument. • A descending stairwell leading downward from the What groundare their level types? to the water level.

How can we revive them functionally and culturally?

CHAND BAORI WORLD RESOURCES FORUM NEED OF THIS STUDY

2000 B.C 1000 B.C 650 B.C 600 B.C 0 A.D 250 A.D

Fig. Total number of foreign visitors in selected countries fromTIMELINE 1999 to 2011OF MILEESTONES (In case of Denmark AND CIVILIZATIONS: and Bangladesh data MAIN DRAIN Lord from Hindu Mythology Indus Valley Civilizationare only available till 2010) WORLD RESOURCES FORUM METHODOLOGY Literature Case Study: of

SnoS.N Location Name ImageImage DynastyDynasty Period Function Remarks .o . Before Now

4.1. MehrauliPatan, , RaniGandhak-ki- - BhimdevNA I Period11th century of WaterStepwell is knownbuilt in tohonour contain of DelhiGujarat Vavki-Baoli (1022 - Iltutmish (1210- sulphurdeceased (Gandhak husband in by ) th 1063) CE 1236) or the 13 ContainsQueen Udayamati water in Monsoon, century Mosque located adjacent.

2. Satara, Baramoti Not 17th century Accommodates the throne 5. KhandagiriMaharashtra chiRock Vihir-cut AvailableNA 10th century AD Probablyof the king used that asopens a resting to and Udaygiri Step-well placetwo galleries for Buddhist to hold and council Jain Jain temple monks.meetings ;Looks like a dug- and , out shivling Odisha 3. , Chand Nikumbha 860 AD (9th Opposite to temple of 6. VidishaRajasthan, BaoriBijamand DynastyNA century)8th century AD ProbablyHarsha Mata, used goddess as a resting of Madhya al Temple joyplace and for happiness Buddhist and Jain Pradesh Step-well Jharokhasmonks. (windows) meant to house the royal family are present on one side of the stepwell

Materials and Methods

Primary Case Study: Sn Location Name Image Dynasty Period Function Remarks Sn Location Name Image Dynasty Period Function Remarks o. Before Now o. Before Now 1. , Octagonal Vijayanagara 14th Colonnade 4. Madurai, Meenakshi Naya Nayaka 16th Water present in the Bath Empire century circumventing the Tamil Amman Dynasty century stepwell in the temple bath; made of Nadu Temple enclosure; maybe used indigenous granite for washing hands and stone; no mortar used feet 2. Hampi, Stepped Vijayanagara 14th Made of Black schist 5. Hampi, Stepwell Vijayanagar 14th Water present at the Karnataka Tank Empire century stone; in-situ Karnataka adjacent to a Empire century bottom; has become construction Hazara Rama polluted with garbage temple accumulation 3. Hampi, Public Bath Vijayanagara 14th Bath made up on 6. Hampi, Stepwell Vijayanagar 14th Made of indigenously Karnataka Empire century approx. 5m. Raised Karnataka adjacent to a Empire century available stone platform; made of Krishna indigenous granite Temple stone with RESULTS: TYPES OF STEPWELLS Typical South Indian Stepwell

Travellers rest Royal Bathing council meetings

Typical North Indian Stepwell Based Buddhist Drinking on and Jain Function Monks

WORLD RESOURCES FORUM Typologies Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats Parks • WillCONCLUSION: act as the highlighted waterREVIVAL feature WillSTRATEGIES cause water-run-off from park • Can host forest retreats and park retreats with Indian • Lack of initial seed fund • Will cool down temperature of its to accumulate in the stepwell cultural element to establish landscape

1. Ruggles surroundingsDF, Silverman H (2009) Intangible heritage embodied. Springer • Can be used to determine water table levels and around the stepwell • Scenic views thereby maintain them • Lack of incorporation of 2. Shubhangi K, Shireesh D (2015) Water-Related Architecture as an Identity Anchor of Chanderi-, India. Bonfring Int J Ind Eng Manag Sci 5:29–32. doi: 10.9756/BIJIEMS.8073 • Can be used to irrigate park flora indigenous flora in the 3. Jain-Neubauer J (1999) The stepwells of . India Int Cent Q 26:75–80. Parks park leading to 4. Lautman V (2013) India’s Forgotten Stepwells. http://www.archdaily.com/395363/india-s-forgotten-stepwells. Accessed 23 Apr 2017 degeneration 5. UNESCO (2014) Rani-ki-Vav (the Queen’s Stepwell) at Patan, . http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/922. Accessed 23 Apr 2017 • Lack of improper 6. Wilhelm Z (2013) Water as a Natural Resource , Cultural Heritage and Tourism Attraction in India. 1:80–99. landscape design 7. Pathak A, Kulkarni UD (2007) Influence of Chalukya architecture on Hampi stepwell. Melas • Will ensure maintenance • Will increase waste generation • Fortification of stepwells with guard rails for safety Lack of initial seed fund to 8. Chakraborty R, Serageldin I (2004) Sharing of River Waters among India and its Neighbors in the 21st century: War or Peace? Water Int 29:201–208. doi: 10.1080/02508060408691769 • Provide employment to local • May prove dangerous for • Holding important cultural and festive events to clean the stepwell and set 9. Oki T (2006)inhabitants Global Hydrological Cycles and World Water Resources. Science (80- ) 313:1068children–1072. doi in: 10.1126/science.1128845 crowded times enhance socio-cultural identification of the people up stalls and amusement 10. Vörösmarty CJ, Green P, Salisbury J, Lammers RB (2000) Global water resources: vulnerability from climate change and population growth. Science (80- ) 289:284–288. Haat • Improve social intermingling Plazas with the stepwell parks 11. Matti• K, EnhancePhilip JW, Hans income de M, Olli V (2010)from Is physicalsale ofwater local scarcity a new phenomenon? Global assessment of water shortage over the last two millennia.• Generation Environ Res Lett of 5:34006. revenueBazaar doi: 10.1088/1748 from carnivals- 9326/5/3/034006 to maintain 12. Alcamo J,handicrafts Döll P, Henrichs T, Kaspar F, Lehner B, Rösch T, Siebert S (2003) Global estimates of water withdrawals and availability under current and futurethe “business stepwell-as-usual” conditions. Hydrol Sci J 48:339–348. 13. (2015) World Population Prospects: The 2015 Revision - United Nations. https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/publications/files/key_findings_wpp_2015.pdf. Haat Bazaars Will ensure maintenance Will increase waste generation Fortification of stepwells with guard rails for safety Lack of initial seed fund to (Traditional14. OhlssonProvide L, Turton employment AR (1999) The turning toof a localscrew: Social inhabitants resource scarcity as a bottleMay-neck prove in adaptation dangerous to water scarcity. for Occas. children Pap. Ser. Sch. Orient.Holding African Stud.important Water Study culturalGroup, Univ. Londonand festive events to set up stalls and clean the commercial15. ShiklomanovImprove AED (1997)social Assessment intermingling of Water Resources and Water Availability inin the crowdedWorld World Meteorological times Organization. Stock. Environ. Institute,enhance Geneva, socio Switz. -cultural identity stepwell 16. Korzun VI, Sokolow AA, Budyko MI, Voskresensky KP, Kalininin GP, Konoplyanstev AA, Korotkevich ES, Kuzin PS, Lvovich MI (1978) World Water Balance and Water Resources of the Earth. USSR National Committee for the International Hydrological Decade. English translation. Studies and centresReports in Hydrology) No. 25.Enhance income from sale of local Generation of revenue from commercial stalls to

17. Coxhandicrafts R, Grainger M (2008) Step Back in Time. maintain the stepwell Plazas18. BhattA PMcultural (2014) Her promenadeSpace, Her Story: Exploring for tourists the Stepwells and of Gujarat. local Zubaan Will increase waste generation Fortification of stepwell with guard rails for safety Lack of initial seed fund to 19. Das K (2002) Revivinginhabitants a water heritage: ending Economic with and Environmental a stepwell Performance of TraditionalMay Water prove Harvesting dangerous Systems in Wes terforn India. children Unpublished Holding important cultural and festive events to clean the stepwell and

20. https://www.flickr.com/photos/97924400@N00/6104518173Open air amphitheater for light, sound and during crowded times enhance socio-cultural identity of people with the establish the cultural water shows Damage to the monument due to stepwell centre around it. 21. https://www.flickr.com/photos/ramesh_lalwani/5343430556 Religious Enhance income from sale of local mishandling during shows Generation of revenue from commercial stalls to commons.wikimedia.org Melas handicrafts maintainthe stepwell https://www.thoughtco.com/the-ghats-of-varanasi-1770630 Uses

3Religious http://www.traveldestinationsofindia.com/famous Construction of-attractions temples-in-india/varanasi to assert-.php the Not inclusive of all the sects and An opportunity to create an inclusive gathering place Separatist attitudes in https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chand_BaoriUses sanctity of the monument religions of Indian society for all religions centerd around the stepwell by conflict with communal To be usedSankey for cleaning Tank rituals , prior Bangalore to construction of a , mosque and church harmony https://www.holidify.com/places/patan/rani-ki-vavSarojini-sightseeing-5605.html Nagar Market, Uday https://justaboutev3rything.blogspot.ch/2013/09/ratnagirientering the temple -odisha-bihar-is-land-of.html etc. A gathering place for listening to sermons Improve communal harmony in India WORLD RESOURCES FORUM