DOCSLIB.ORG

DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC of the CONGO: Escalating Displacement in North Kivu Despite Ceasefire Agreement

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC of the CONGO: Escalating Displacement in North Kivu Despite Ceasefire Agreement DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO: Escalating displacement in North Kivu despite ceasefire agreement A profile of the internal displacement situation 30 September, 2008 This Internal Displacement Profile is automatically generated from the online IDP database of the Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC). It includes an overview of the internal displacement situation in the country prepared by the IDMC, followed by a compilation of excerpts from relevant reports by a variety of different sources. All headlines as well as the bullet point summaries at the beginning of each chapter were added by the IDMC to facilitate navigation through the Profile. Where dates in brackets are added to headlines, they indicate the publication date of the most recent source used in the respective chapter. The views expressed in the reports compiled in this Profile are not necessarily shared by the Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre. The Profile is also available online at www.internal-displacement.org. About the Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre The Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, established in 1998 by the Norwegian Refugee Council, is the leading international body monitoring conflict-induced internal displacement worldwide. Through its work, the Centre contributes to improving national and international capacities to protect and assist the millions of people around the globe who have been displaced within their own country as a result of conflicts or human rights violations. At the request of the United Nations, the Geneva-based Centre runs an online database providing comprehensive information and analysis on internal displacement in some 50 countries. Based on its monitoring and data collection activities, the Centre advocates for durable solutions to the plight of the internally displaced in line with international standards. The Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre also carries out training activities to enhance the capacity of local actors to respond to the needs of internally displaced people. In its work, the Centre cooperates with and provides support to local and national civil society initiatives. For more information, visit the Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre website and the database at www.internal-displacement.org. Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre Norwegian Refugee Council Chemin de Balexert 7-9 1219 Geneva, Switzerland Tel.: +41 22 799 07 00 [email protected] www.internal-displacement.org 2 CONTENTS CONTENTS 3 OVERVIEW 8 ESCALATING DISPLACEMENT IN NORTH KIVU DESPITE CEASEFIRE AGREEMENT 8 RÉSUMÉ DU PROFIL EN FRANÇAIS 14 REPUBLIQUE DEMOCRATIQUE DU CONGO: LE NOMBRE DE RETOURS DEPASSE LE NOMBRE 14 DE NOUVEAUX DEPLACEMENTS DANS L’EST 14 CAUSES AND BACKGROUND 20 POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS 20 DRC POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS- CHRONOLOGY: 1870-2008 20 MONUC PEACEKEEPING MISSION WORKS TO BRING SECURITY TO EASTERN DRC (1999- 2008) 22 FIRST DEMOCRATIC NATIONAL ELECTIONS AFTER 45 YEARS (2006-2007) 25 THE CHALLENGE OF DEMOBILISATION OF CONGOLESE AND FOREIGN COMBATANTS (2003- 2008) 27 ARMED CONFLICT BRINGS FURTHER INSTABILITY IN 2007-2008 30 INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT HAS JURISDICTION TO INVESTIGATE CRIMES COMMITTED IN DRC (2003-2007) 32 NORTH KIVU: A STRATEGIC PROVINCE MARRED BY VIOLENCE (2005-2008) 33 SOUTH KIVU: SPILLOVER FROM NORTH KIVU (2007) 37 ROLE OF CONGOLESE TUTSI IN THE KIVUS (2007) 38 INSECURITY CAUSED BY CONTINUOUS ATTACKS BY HEMA AND LENDU MILITIAS IN ITURI DISTRICT (1999-2008) 39 KATANGA PROVINCE: IMPROVEMENT OF SECURITY IN 2008 (2006-2008) 41 OVERVIEW OF ARMED GROUPS 43 OVERVIEW OF ARMIES AND GROUPS INVOLVED IN EASTERN DRC (2006-2008) 43 MAIN CAUSES OF DISPLACEMENT 48 PLUNDER OF NATURAL RESOURCES BY WARRING PARTIES CONTINUES TO BE MAJOR FACTOR CAUSING DISPLACEMENT (1998-2007) 48 DISPLACEMENT IN NORTH KIVU, DUE TO ARMY OPERATIONS AGAINST MILITIAS, AND ATTACKS BY RENEGADE TROOPS AND MILITIAS (2007-2008) 51 LRA CAUSED THE DISPLACEMENT OF TENS OF THOUSANDS IN ITURI /ORIENTALE PROVINCE (2007-2008) 54 ITURI: CONTINUING DISPLACEMENT DUE TO CONFONTATIONS OF LENDU, NGITI MILITIAS AND CONGOLESE ARMY (2008) 54 DISPLACEMENT IN SOUTH KIVU (2007-2008) 54 3 FIGHTING AMONG GOVERNMENT TROOPS, SOME LOYAL TO DISSIDENT COLONEL CAUSE DISPLACEMENT IN SOUTH KIVU (JANUARY 2007) 56 PYGMY POPULATIONS IN NORTH KIVU FLEE FORESTS (2006) 57 OTHER CAUSES OF DISPLACEMENT 58 THOUSANDS LOOSE HOMES IN BUKAVU DURING EARTHQUAKE (2008) 58 SEVERAL HUNDRED THOUSANDS OF PEOPLE DISPLACED DUE TO FLOODS IN EASTERN DRC (2007) 58 FIRES CAUSE INTERNAL DISPLACEMENT (2006-2008) 59 POPULATION FIGURES AND PROFILE 61 GLOBAL FIGURES 61 1,250,000 IDPS IN EASTERN DRC AS OF END OF JUNE 2008 61 CLOSE TO 1.4 MILLION IDPS IN SEPTEMBER 2007 62 TOTAL ESTIMATE OF IDPS DROP TO 1.1 MILLION IN NOVEMBER, COMPARED TO 1.48 MILLION IN AUGUST (END 2006) 63 1.6 MILLION IDPS AS OF THE END OF 2005 65 2.3 MILLION IDPS AS OF END 2004 65 FROM 2 TO 3.4 MILLION PEOPLE DISPLACED IN DRC (2000-2003) 66 FROM 500,000 TO CLOSE TO A MILLION IDPS (1998-1999) 67 100,000 BELIEVED TO BE DISPLACED BY THE END OF 1997 68 400,000 BELIEVED TO BE DISPLACED BY THE END OF 1996 69 DISAGGREGATED FIGURES 69 IN KATANGA, UNHCR DELIVERS DIGITAL CARDS TO IDPS TO SYSTEMATIZE ASSISTANCE (MAY 2006) 69 DISTRIBUTION OF IDPS BY PROVINCE (MID-99-MID 2006) 70 PATTERNS OF DISPLACEMENT 72 GENERAL 72 OXFAM STUDY FINDS THAT THOSE WHO CAN FLEE VIOLENCE, WHILE OTHERS HIDE (SEPTEMBER 2008) 72 PROLIFERATION OF “SPONTANEOUS” IDP SITES AND CAMPS IN NORTH KIVU (2008) 72 DECISION PROCESS TO FIND REFUGE IN HOST FAMILY VS. CAMP (APRIL 2008) 73 SHORT DISPLACEMENTS AND PRE-EMPTIVE DISPLACEMENTS IN ITURI AND NORTH KIVU (JANUARY 2007) 74 DOUBLE SIMULTANEOUS MOVEMENTS OF DISPLACEMENT AND RETURN COMPLICATE HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE (2006-2007) 75 DISPLACEMENT IS CONSTANT FEATURE IN THE LIFE OF MOST PEOPLE IN CENTRAL AND NORTHERN KATANGA (2006) 75 BATWA “PYGMY” POPULATION HAS BEEN DISPLACED AND MARGINALIZED (2003-2004) 76 ENORMOUS STRAIN ON HOST COMMUNITIES HOSTING IDPS (1999-2008) 77 IDPS SEEKING SHELTER IN THE FOREST CONSTITUTE BE THE MOST VULNERABLE IDP GROUP (2000-2007) 79 PHYSICAL SECURITY & FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT 80 GENERAL 80 4 DEADLY ATTACK ON IDP CAMP BY FDLR MILITIA (JUNE 2008) 80 MANDATE OF INDEPENDENT EXPERT ON HR SITUATION IN THE DRC NOT RENEWED (MAY 2008) 81 URGENT PROTECTION CONCERNS FOR IDPS AND OTHER CIVILIANS (2007-2008) 81 CORRUPTION HAS IMMEDIATE IMPACT ON HUMANITARIAN SITUATION (JULY 2006) 84 REPORTED MISTREATMENT OF IDPS BY REBEL GROUPS PREVENTS IDPS TO RETURN HOME IN ITURI (NOVEMBER 2007) 85 UN REPORTS CANNIBALISM, SYSTEMATIC KILLING AND RAPE (2007) 85 WOMEN 86 INVESTIGATION OF SEXUAL ABUSES COMMITTED BY UN PEACEKEEPERS (2005-2008) 86 HIGH INCIDENCE OF RAPES AMONG DISPLACED AND OTHER WOMEN (2006-2008) 88 CHILDREN 92 DISPLACED CHILDREN NEED PROTECTION FROM RECRUITMENT BY ARMED GROUPS (2001- 2008) 92 DISPLACED CHILDREN AT RISK IN NORTH KIVU (SEPTEMBER 2007) 98 FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT 99 SUBSISTENCE NEEDS 100 GENERAL 100 ALARMING HIKES IN MALNUTRITION RATES AND EPIDEMICS AMONG IDPS IN NORTH KIVU (2007-2008) 100 UN EMERGENCY RELIEF COORDINATOR TELLS IDPS THAT IT IS NEITHER NORMAL NOR ACCEPTABLE THAT THEY HAVE TO LIVE THIS WAY (SEPTEMBER 2007) 102 TYPICAL HOUSING AND EATING ARRANGEMENTS: IDPS AND THEIR HOSTS IN NORTH KIVU (APRIL 2008) 102 IDP RECOUNTS ORDEAL AND HUNGER IN SOUTH KIVU (JULY 2007) 103 NEEDS OF RETURNING IDPS AND OTHERS IN KATANGA (2008) 103 HEALTH 104 5.4 MILLION PEOPLE ESTIMATED TO HAVE DIED AS A RESULT OF DRC WAR, ACCORDING TO IRC (2008) 104 OUTBREAK OF CHOLERA AMONG IDPS AND RESIDENT POPULATIONS IN NORTH KIVU (MAY 2008) 105 CONFLICT CAUSES DEGRADATION OF THE HEALTH CARE SYSTEM (2007) 105 LACK OF DATA ON HIV/AIDS PREVALENCE AMONG IDPS (2006) 107 CIVIL WAR INFLICTS UNBEARABLE HARDSHIP ON WOMEN AND CHILDREN (2000-2007) 109 NUTRITION AND FOOD 110 SHELTER 110 CAMPS SET UP IN NORTH KIVU DURING INTENSE CONFLICT (2007-2008) 110 ACCESS TO EDUCATION 112 GENERAL 112 DISPLACEMENT MEANS THE DISRUPTION OF SCHOOL, FOR MANY INDEFINITELY (MAY 2008) 112 SOME DISPLACED CHILDREN IN CAMPS CLOSE TO GOMA, NORTH KIVU, ARE ABLE TO GO TO SCHOOL (MARCH 2008) 112 CHILDREN TARGETED FOR FORCED RECRUITMENT IN SCHOOLS OF NORTH KIVU (DEC 07) 113 5 CONFLICT HAS HAD TERRIBLE IMPACT ON ALREADY FAILING EDUCATION SYSTEM (2001-2007) 113 ISSUES OF SELF-RELIANCE AND PUBLIC PARTICIPATION 116 SELF-RELIANCE 116 UNICEF/CARE STUDY SHOWS HOW IDPS HAVE BEEN ABLE TO INTEGRATE INTO LOCAL ECONOMY (2008) 116 POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE COPING STRATEGIES ADOPTED BY IDPS AND THEIR HOSTS (2008) 116 AID AS A FACTOR IN COPYING STRATEGIES OF BOTH HOSTS AND IDPS (2007-2008) 117 EXHAUSTED COPING MECHANISMS IN NORTH KIVU (DEC 07) 118 AGENCIES CONDUCT HOUSEHOLD ECONOMY STUDIES, LIVELIHOOD ANALYSIS IN EASTERN AND NORTHEASTERN DRC (2003-2007) 119 DETERIORATING SOCIO-ECONOMIC SITUATION DUE TO THE WAR (2001-2007) 119 MANY DISPLACED WOMEN HAVE BECOME THE HEAD OF THE HOUSEHOLD AND PAY AN VERY HEAVY PRICE (2001-2006) 121 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION 123 DOCUMENTATION NEEDS AND CITIZENSHIP 124 GENERAL 124 IDPS SHOULD BE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT IN ELECTORAL REGISTER (2008) 124 MOST IDPS WERE NOT ABLE TO VOTE ON JULY 30 (2006) 124 REGISTRATION OF IDPS FOR NATIONAL ELECTION (APRIL 2006) 125 62% OF WOMEN IN DRC MARRY UNDER CUSTOMARY LAW AND CANNOT GET INHERITANCE PRIORITY (OCT 2001) 127 PROPERTY ISSUES 128 GENERAL 128 ITURI: LAND DISPUTES ARISE FOLLOWING IDP RETURN (MAY 2008) 128 SPONTANEOUS IDP SETTLEMENTS BUILT ON PRIVATE LAND CAN LEAD TO DISPUTES (MARCH 2008) 129 LAND AND PROPERTY DISPUTES IDENTIFIED AS MAJOR OBSTACLE TO RETURN (2007) 129 NORTH KIVU: LAND AND ETHNICITY AS A CAUSE
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Congo Leaving the Shadows an Analysis of Shadow Networks Relating to Peace Building in the Congo
    Congo Leaving the Shadows An analysis of shadow networks relating to peace building in the Congo Congo Leaving the Shadows An analysis of shadow networks relating to peace building in the Congo Josje van Workum 900110972020 Wageningen University Bachelor Thesis International Developmentstudies Supervisor: Elisabet Rasch 14th December, 2012 Summary This paper reviews the potential contributory role of shadow networks integrated in peace building attempts. This will be analysed through a relational approach between State practices and the characteristics of a shadow network. Firstly, shadow networks will be reviewed conceptually, how they become established and how they operate around the illicit trade of minerals. Secondly, a threefold analysis of the relation between shadow networks, the State and peace building will be presented. In order to illustrate this relation, the next section will offer a case study of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The resource richness and (post)conflict context of the Eastern Kivu provinces in Congo offer a suitable environment for shadow networks to rise. The different armed groups that are involved in these networks will be analysed with a particular focus on Congo’s national military, the FARDC. By studying the engagement of the FARDC in shadow networks this paper will eventually offer a perspective for future peace building projects to include shadow networks into their operations. - 1 - Congo Leaving the Shadows Josje van Workum Table of content Summary ................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Does Cyclical Explanation Provide Insight to Protracted Conflicts in Africa?
    Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review (Nigerian Chapter) Vol. 3, No. 11, 2015 DOES CYCLICAL EXPLANATION PROVIDE INSIGHT TO PROTRACTED CONFLICTS IN AFRICA? David Oladimeji Alao, Ph.D Department of Political Science and Public Administration Veronica Adeleke School of Social Sciences, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State +2348035572279. [email protected] Ngozi Nwogwugwu, PhD Department of Political Science and Public Administration Veronica Adeleke School of Social Sciences, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Ogun State. [email protected] ABSTRACT Africa accounted for greater percentage of violent conflict globally since the end of the cold war. There had been resurgence of violent conflict in many nations after what had been presumed to be peaceful resolution of such conflicts. Among the countries that have had recurring violent conflicts are Mali, Central African Republic, Egypt among others. This had resulted in formulation of many theories, largely revolving around causative and redemptive measures. The resurgence of deep rooted and protracted conflicts informed the paper which examined the cyclical model of conflicts in Africa. The cyclical model points government and practitioners to the defects of the haphazard conflict resolution measures which show lack of political will to combine causative and redemptive measures in ensuring peaceful resolution of conflicts. INTRODUCTION The joy and expectations of nations in Africa becoming independent was short-lived as conflicts and crises of multidimensional nature dotted the whole map turning citizens to refugees within and outside their nations. According to DFID (2001) report, 10 of the twenty four nations of the World engulfed in direct violence or outright war between 1980 and 1994 were located in Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • Pdf | 277.85 Kb
    Regional Overview – Africa 2 October 2018 acleddata.com/2018/10/02/regional-overview-africa-2-october-2018/ Margaux Pinaud October 2, 2018 There were several key developments in Africa during the week of September 23rd. In Burkina Faso, reports of heavy attacks on civilians by the security forces last week add another layer to the deepening instability in the country. On September 24th, no fewer than 29 individuals were summarily executed by the defense and security forces in two incidents in Petegoli and Inata villages of Soum province (Sahel region). The forces claimed they were militants. On the same day, in Kompienga province (Est region), government forces killed a young person while raiding an Imam’s house in Kabonga village. In a closely linked incident on September 24th, unknown gunmen abducted and later executed the deputy Imam of Kompienga from a village close to Kabonga. A few days after the violence, opposition leaders and civil society activists held a large rally in the capital, Ouagadougou, denouncing President Kabore’s inability to provide security to the Burkinabes and demanding the sacking of Clement Pengwende Sawadogo and Jean-Claude Bouda, respectively Ministers of Security and Defense. In the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), the Allied Democratic Forces (ADF), the Resistance to the Rule of Law in Burundi (RED-TABARA) and the Front for Democracy in Burundi (FRODEBU) remain major security threats, despite being considered ‘foreign’ groups. The ADF have been particularly active in 2018 in Nord-Kivu, ambushing FARDC and MONUSCO forces on a regular basis primarily in the Oicha and Beni territories, as well as attacking civilians in villages in these areas.
    [Show full text]
  • Public Annex
    ICC-01/04-01/10-396-Anx 02-09-2011 1/6 CB PT Public Annex ICC-01/04-01/10-396-Anx 02-09-2011 2/6 CB PT I. General contextual elements on the recent FLDR activities in the KIVUS: 1. Since the beginning of 2011, the FARDC conducted unilateral military operations under the “AMANI LEO” (peace today) operation against the FDLR and other armed groups in North Kivu, mainly in Walikale and Lubero territories, and in South Kivu, mainly in Fizi, Uvira and Shabunda territories. 1 2. The UN Group of Experts in its interim report on 7 June 2011 states that the FDLR remain militarily the strongest armed group in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.2 3. The UN Secretary-General further reported on 17 January 2011 that “the FDLR military leadership structure remained largely intact, and dispersed”.3 The FDLR established their presences in remote areas of eastern Maniema and northern Katanga provinces 4 and have sought to reinforce their presence in Rutshuru territory.5 4. The UN GoE reported as late as June 2011 on the FDLR’s continued recruitment 6 and training of mid-level commanders 7. The FDLR also 1 Para 5, page 2 S/2011/20, Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 17 January 2011 (http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/2011/20 ), Para 32, page 9, S/2011/345 Interim report of the Group of Experts on the DRC submitted in accordance with paragraph 5 of Security Council resolution 1952 (2010), 7 June 2011 (http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/2011/345
    [Show full text]
  • The Peace Vs. Justice Debate and the Syrian Crisis
    American University Washington College of Law Digital Commons @ American University Washington College of Law Articles in Law Reviews & Other Academic Journals Scholarship & Research 2018 The Peace vs. Justice Debate and the Syrian Crisis Paul Williams Lisa Dicker C. Danae Paterson Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/facsch_lawrev Part of the Human Rights Law Commons, International Humanitarian Law Commons, International Law Commons, Law and Gender Commons, and the Military, War, and Peace Commons THE PEACE VS. JUSTICE PUZZLE AND THE SYRIAN CRISIS Paul R Williams,' Lisa K Dicker," C. Danae Paterson I. INTRODUCTION........................................... 418 II. THE "PEACE-FIRST" APPROACH ........................ ..... 420 A. PrioritizingEnding the Conflict. .................. ....... 421 B. Benefits of the Peace-FirstApproach.............. ............ 422 1. Saving Lives...................................... 422 2. Ending Harm to the Environment and Infrastructure ..................... 422 3. Promoting Reconciliation ....................... ..... 423 C. Achieving Peace-Firstin Practice........................ 423 1. Singular Objective of Ending the Conflict............ ..... 423 2. Negotiating with the Guys with Guns ...... ....................... 424 3. Accommodation and Appeasement................ ......... 424 4. Minimizing Justice .............. ................... 425 5. Amnesty ........................................ 426 D. Case Studies ............................... ........ 426 * Rebecca
    [Show full text]
  • Democratic Republic of Congo
    DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO 350 Fifth Ave 34 th Floor New York, N.Y. 10118-3299 http://www.hrw.org (212) 290-4700 Vol. 15, No. 11 (A) - July 2003 I hid in the mountains and went back down to Songolo at about 3:00 p.m. I saw many people killed and even saw traces of blood where people had been dragged. I counted 82 bodies most of whom had been killed by bullets. We did a survey and found that 787 people were missing – we presumed they were all dead though we don’t know. Some of the bodies were in the road, others in the forest. Three people were even killed by mines. Those who attacked knew the town and posted themselves on the footpaths to kill people as they were fleeing. -- Testimony to Human Rights Watch ITURI: “COVERED IN BLOOD” Ethnically Targeted Violence In Northeastern DR Congo 1630 Connecticut Ave, N.W., Suite 500 2nd Floor, 2-12 Pentonville Road 15 Rue Van Campenhout Washington, DC 20009 London N1 9HF, UK 1000 Brussels, Belgium TEL (202) 612-4321 TEL: (44 20) 7713 1995 TEL (32 2) 732-2009 FAX (202) 612-4333 FAX: (44 20) 7713 1800 FAX (32 2) 732-0471 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] “You cannot escape from the horror” This story of fifteen-year-old Elise is one of many in Ituri. She fled one attack after another and witnessed appalling atrocities. Walking for more than 300 miles in her search for safety, Elise survived to tell her tale; many others have not.
    [Show full text]
  • Democratic Republic of the Congo Page 1 of 37
    2008 Human Rights Report: Democratic Republic of the Congo Page 1 of 37 2008 Human Rights Report: Democratic Republic of the Congo BUREAU OF DEMOCRACY, HUMAN RIGHTS, AND LABOR 2008 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices February 25, 2009 The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) is a nominally centralized republic with a population of approximately 60 million. The president and the lower house of parliament (National Assembly) are popularly elected; the members of the upper house (the Senate) are chosen by provincial assemblies. Multiparty presidential and National Assembly elections in 2006 were judged to be credible, despite some irregularities, while indirect elections for senators in 2007 were marred by allegations of vote buying. Internal conflict in the eastern provinces of North and South Kivu, driven to a large degree by the illegal exploitation of natural resources, as well as a separate conflict in the western province of Bas-Congo, had an extremely negative effect on security and human rights during the year. The Goma peace accords signed in January by the government and more than 20 armed groups from the eastern provinces of North and South Kivu provided for a cease-fire and charted a path toward sustainable peace in the region. Progress was uneven, with relative peace in South Kivu and the continued participation of the South Kivu militias in the disengagement process. In North Kivu, what little progress was made in implementing the accords during the first half of the year unraveled with the renewed fighting that began in August, perpetuating lawlessness in many areas of the east.
    [Show full text]
  • Laboratory Phonology 7
    Laboratory Phonology 7 ≥ Phonology and Phonetics 4-1 Editor Aditi Lahiri Mouton de Gruyter Berlin · New York Laboratory Phonology 7 edited by Carlos Gussenhoven Natasha Warner Mouton de Gruyter Berlin · New York 2002 Mouton de Gruyter (formerly Mouton, The Hague) is a Division of Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin. Țȍ Printed on acid-free paper which falls within the guidelines of the ANSI to ensure permanence and durability. Die Deutsche Bibliothek Ϫ Cataloging-in-Publication Data Laboratory phonology / ed. by Carlos Gussenhoven ; Natasha Warner. Ϫ Berlin ; New York : Mouton de Gruyter, 7. Ϫ (2002) (Phonology and phonetics ; 4,1) ISBN 3-11-017086-8 ISBN 3-11-017087-6 Ą Copyright 2002 by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, D-10785 Berlin. All rights reserved, including those of translation into foreign languages. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Printing & Binding: Hubert & Co., Göttingen Cover design: Christopher Schneider, Berlin. Printed in Germany. Table of Contents List of authors ix Acknowledgements xi Introduction xiii Carlos Gussenhoven & Natasha Warner Part 1: Phonological Processing and Encoding 1 The role of the lemma in form variation 3 Daniel Jurafsky, Alan Bell & Cynthia Girand Phonological encoding of single words: In search of the 35 lost syllable Niels O. Schiller, Albert Costa & Angels Colome´ Temporal distribution of interrogativity markers in Dutch: 61 A perceptual study Vincent J. van Heuven & Judith Haan Phonological Encoding in speech production: Comments 87 on Jurafsky et al., Schiller et al., and van Heuven & Haan Willem P.
    [Show full text]
  • Walikale Nicholas Garrett Artisanal Cassiterite Mining and Trade in North Kivu June 1, 2008 Implications for Poverty Reduction and Security
    Walikale Nicholas Garrett Artisanal Cassiterite Mining and Trade in North Kivu June 1, 2008 Implications for Poverty Reduction and Security 1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report was prepared by Nicholas Garrett for the Communities and Artisanal & Small-scale Mining initiative (CASM). Nicholas Garrett is a Mining Consultant from the UK Resource Consulting Services Ltd (RSS), and specialising in conflict and post-conflict minerals management and corporate social responsibility in high-risk environments. The contribution of Estelle A. Levin and Harrison Mitchell (RSS) and of those who have reviewed the final report is acknowledged, as well as to everyone who provided support to the author to conduct extensive research on the ground in the DR Congo. Front cover photo: Artisanal cassiterite mining in Bisie, North Kivu/DRC © Nicholas Garrett Disclaimer: The views expressed in this report are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of CASM or other organizations. 2 CONTENTS List of Acronyms 5 Sections Preface and Methodology 6 Synopsis 7 Background and Context 12 Legal Framework 18 Governance 23 Geography, Physical Access, Infrastructure and Transport 32 Structure of Production 37 Economics of Production 41 Economics of Trade 43 Payments to Authorities 56 Demography and Poverty 63 External Stakeholders and Development Assistance 62 Conclusion and Recommendations 76 Bibliography 87 Fact Boxes Box 1: What is Cassiterite? 13 Box 2: Key Features of Artisanal Mining (AM) in North Kivu 16 Box 3: SAESSCAM 22 Box 4: Workers’ Income in Bisie
    [Show full text]
  • Democratic Republic of the Congo Page 1 of 54
    2010 Human Rights Report: Democratic Republic of the Congo Page 1 of 54 Home » Under Secretary for Democracy and Global Affairs » Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor » Releases » Human Rights Reports » 2010 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices » Africa » Congo, Democratic Republic of the 2010 Human Rights Report: Democratic Republic of the Congo BUREAU OF DEMOCRACY, HUMAN RIGHTS, AND LABOR 2010 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices Report April 8, 2011 The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) is a nominally centralized republic with a population of approximately 68 million. The president and the lower house of parliament (National Assembly) are popularly elected; the members of the upper house (the Senate) are chosen by provincial assemblies. Multiparty presidential and National Assembly elections in 2006 were judged to be credible, despite some irregularities, while indirect elections for senators in 2007 were marred by allegations of vote buying. There were many instances in which state security forces acted independently of civilian control and of military command. In all areas of the country, state security forces continued to act with impunity throughout the year, committing many serious abuses, including unlawful killings, disappearances, torture, rape and engaging in arbitrary arrests and detention. Severe and life-threatening conditions in prison and detention facilities, prolonged pretrial detention, lack of an independent and effective judiciary, and arbitrary interference with privacy, family, and home also remained serious problems. Members of the state security forces continued to abuse and threaten journalists, contributing to a decline in press freedom. Internally displaced persons remained a major problem, and the integration of ex-combatants and members of rebel and militia groups (RMGs) into state security forces and governance institutions was slow and uneven.
    [Show full text]
  • THE COMPLEXITY of ETHNIC CONFLICT Hema and Lendu Case Study
    THE COMPLEXITY OF ETHNIC CONFLICT Hema and Lendu Case Study Nelson Tusiime 960816-1411 International migration and Ethnic Relations Bachelor Thesis Course code: IM245L 15 Credits Spring 2019 Supervisor: Beint Magnus Aamodt Bentsen Word Count: 12,141 2 Nelson Tusiime IMER Bachelor Thesis 2019 Spring Abstract This research paper investigated the Hema and Lendu conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo from 1999-2003. Five significant theories; Primordialism, constructivism, instrumen- talism, greed and grievances were applied to explain the causes of this conflict and to find out the role ethnicity played in triggering the conflict. Using secondary data, a single-case study was conducted, and results show that colonialism, inequality, poor government policies, greed from local and external forces are the primary causes of this conflict. Based on the results, one theory on its own is not substantial enough to explain the cause of this conflict since it was triggered by a combination of different factors. However, the Hema and Lendu did not fight because of their ethnic differences. Ethnicity was used by militia leaders as a tool for mobili- sation thus ethnicity being a secondary factor and not a driving force. Therefore, ethnicity did not play a significant role in triggering this conflict. Keywords: Ethnicity, Ethnic Conflict, Hema, Lendu, DR. Congo, 3 Nelson Tusiime IMER Bachelor Thesis 2019 Spring Table of Contents List of Acronyms .....................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Democratic Republic of Congo • North Kivu Situation Report No
    Democratic Republic of Congo • North Kivu Situation Report No. 4 03 August 2012 This report is produced by OCHA in collaboration with humanitarian partners. It was issued by OCHA DRC. It covers the period from 28 July to 03 August 2012. The next report will be issued on or around 10 August. I. HIGHLIGHTS/KEY PR IORITIES • The CERF allocates US$9.9 million to boost humanitarian response to North Kivu crisis. • Around 30,000 IDPs reported to have fled the Kibati area due to FARDC-M23 fighting. • Priority needs in IDP settlements and camps around Goma include access to health care and potable water. II. Situation Overview Since 26 July no clashes have been reported between the RDC - Nord Kivu Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (FARDC) and the M23 in Rutshuru Territory. On 31 July, Orientale the armed group Patriotic Alliance for a Free and Sovereign Congo (APCLS) launched an attack on the Beni FARDC, taking over the city of Kashuga in Masisi Territory. Civilians fled to Mweso and Kitchanga when the fighting Lubero OUGANDA started. On the first of August, the FARDC retook the city. REPUBLIQUE DEMOCRATIQUE Nord Kivu Pendular population movements have also been reported DU CONGO towards Mweso, Busamba, Mpati, Kitchanga and Kanyabayonga elsewhere as a result of a looting spree by armed groups Rutshuru Karambi of 10 villages located north and south-west of Kitchanga. Walikale Kitchanga Rubare Bunagana On 3 August, an armed group attacked the FARDC in Ntamugenga Masisi Nyiragongo Kasindi in Beni Territory. Maniema Goma RWANDA Concerns have been raised in the north-east of Rutshuru Sud Kivu territory over reports of alliances and increased presence 100 Km of the armed group Democratic Forces for the Liberation Sources: ESRI, Europa Technologies, UNCS, RGC, OCHA et partenaires.
    [Show full text]