Change and Disadvantage in the Hume Region, Victoria

2011 January 2011

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Change and disadvantage in the Hume Region, Victoria March 2011 Prepared by: Jeanette Pope, Policy and Strategy, Department of Planning and Community Development (DPCD) (03) 92083849 or [email protected] March 2011

Acknowledgement of data source DPCD gratefully acknowledges the Department of Health and its two data collation products from which most of the data for this report has been drawn:

› 2009 Local Government Area Statistical Proﬁ les (DHS 2009) › Town and Community Proﬁ les 2008 (DHS 2009)

A note of the limitations of data to describe disadvantage There is a signifi cant paucity of data to describe disadvantage, particularly at the small area level, in Australia. Measuring disadvantage in individuals requires measuring the wide range of factors that contribute to standard of living (Figure 10). Most surveys do not collect this detail. Only a few composite measures exist that combine a range of variables, notably, the Australian Bureau of Statistics’ (ABS) fi ve Socio-economic Indices for Areas (SEIFA) (that combine information about income, education, occupation, wealth and living conditions) (ABS 2006). In addition, some disadvantaged population groups are very small, or are hard to identify, and are not routinely detected in population surveys (for example, Indigenous Victorians, refugees and people with a disability). These issues mean there are signifi cant data gaps in this report.

Acronyms ABS Australian Bureau of Statistics AEDI Australian Early Development Index ATSI Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander DPCD Department of Planning and Community Development LGA Local Government Area SEIFA RSD Socio-economic Indices for Areas

Copyright & Disclaimer The materials presented in this report are for information purposes only. The information is provided solely on the basis that readers will be responsible for making their own assessments of the matters discussed and are advised to verify all relevant representations, statements and information and obtain independent advice before acting on any information contained in or in connection with this report. While every effort has been made to ensure that the information is accurate the Department of Planning and Community Development will not accept any liability for any loss or damage which may be incurred by any person acting in reliance upon the information.

Change and disadvantage in the Hume region, Victoria 2 Contents

Introduction and summary ...... 4 Change in the Hume region as a backdrop to disadvantage ...... 7 What is disadvantage and who does it affect? ...... 16 Disadvantage in the Hume Region ...... 21 Alpine LGA ...... 24 Benalla LGA ...... 27 Greater Shepparton LGA ...... 30 Indigo LGA ...... 33 Mansﬁ eld LGA ...... 36 Mitchell LGA ...... 39 Moira LGA ...... 42 Murrindindi LGA ...... 45 Strathbogie LGA ...... 48 Towong LGA ...... 51 Wangaratta LGA ...... 54 Wodonga LGA ...... 57 Conclusion and what can be done ...... 60 Appendix A. The full list of relatively disadvantaged towns in the Hume Region ...... 61 References ...... 63

Change and disadvantage in the Hume region, Victoria 3 Introduction and summary

This report describes change and disadvantage This section demonstrates localities are in the Hume government region (Figure 1). It has experiencing economic and demographic been compiled to assist agencies better assess change differently and disadvantage therefore disadvantage and plan collaborative strategies to looks different in different places. Three major address it. changes are discussed: 1. the process of economic restructuring that is decreasing The fi rst section provides a brief introduction economic opportunities for some residents to the widespread economic and (creating skilled work environments where there demographic changes in regional Victoria are predominantly unskilled workers); 2. shifting that provide the backdrop to disadvantage. population compositions that are resulting in a It shows that the economy is restructuring in need for services and business to restructure (as different ways across the region and this is needs change or as services become unviable); causing the purpose of many regional towns to and 3. rising house prices that are resulting in change (for example from agricultural service some populations becoming concentrated in low towns to tourist towns). As a result, many places service/economic opportunity areas. also have changing population compositions, with some localities experiencing decline and This background highlights the need for aging and others growth from new populations collaborative planning – that can fi nd solutions moving from Melbourne (weekenders, specifi c to a locality’s economy, demography, commuters, “downshifters”, affl uent retirees and needs and interests – to address disadvantage in non-affl uent retirees, welfare recipients and small regional localities. numbers of new Australian migrants).

Figure 1. The Hume government region.

Including the LGAs of … Alpine Benalla Greater Shepparton Loddon Mallee Indigo Mansﬁ eld Grampians Hume Mitchell Moira Murrindindi Gippsland Strathbogie Towong Barwon South-West Wangaratta Wodonga

Change and disadvantage in the Hume region, Victoria 4 The second section defi nes disadvantage The third section examines disadvantage in as occurring when an individual, family the Hume region. For each Local Government or community is deprived of resources Area (LGA) it provides a map of the most or opportunities – enjoyed by all other disadvantaged localities and a table describing Victorians – that underpin social and the population composition of these areas economic wellbeing. Disadvantage exists on using the categories identifi ed above. The a continuum with some people experiencing tables show different towns have different mild disadvantage, while others experience population compositions. Some are dominated deprivation so severe as to be unacceptable to by older people, some by working populations community standards. This includes those that experiencing high levels of unemployment cannot afford medical and dental treatment, who and single parent families, some by public do not have safe and secure housing, and who housing tenants and welfare recipients, some cannot afford activities for their children. This with a signifi cant multicultural mix. This section section shows that around 10% of the Australian reinforces the need for strategies that take population are signifi cantly disadvantaged and into consideration both the economic and clustered in particular geographic localities. demographic changes in different localities and Some population groups are consistently their different population mix. overrepresented in data about disadvantage and this section identifi es these in Australia as: A full list of all localities highlighted in the LGA maps is provided at Appendix A. Some of the › aged persons; towns on this list additionally contribute to the › public housing renters; most disadvantaged 10% of the population in Australia and these are shown in Table 1 as a › Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders; summary. › one parent families; › people with non-English speaking backgrounds; › the unemployed; › private renters; and › people with a disability (Australian Government 2009; Saunders & Wong 2009). The section concludes with a description of the size of these groups in the Hume region (Table 5).

Change and disadvantage in the Hume region, Victoria 5 Table 1. Localities in Hume that are relatively disadvantaged in Victoria and that also contribute to the most disadvantaged 10% of the population in Australia

Population size

Large > 3000 1000 – 3000 Small < 1000

Shepparton (6926) Wangaratta (2864) Yarrawonga (694) Wodonga (4954) Seymour (2216) Myrtleford (611) Mooroopna (3062) Cobram (1492) Euroa (592) Numurkah (541) Benalla (471) Tungamah (347) Nathalia Rural Catchment (201) Kiewa Valley (Wodonga) (123) Jamieson (94)

Note: population numbers are less than total town populations – the latter can be found in the LGA sections

The ﬁ nal section examines what can be done. This paper has been provided to begin a The complex and multidimensional nature of discussion about priority disadvantaged localities, disadvantage means that many agencies can population groups or issues (education and early contribute to reducing it or lessening its impacts childhood development, housing, etc) that may and this section outlines some of the areas be impacted on by collaborative action. under different agencies’ control. Because of its complexity, however, reducing disadvantage will require collaboration. No single agency controls all the levers.

Change and disadvantage in the Hume region, Victoria 6 Change in the Hume region as a backdrop to disadvantage

Regional Victoria is changing – both economically An illustration of the magnitude of the change and demographically. across regional Victoria can be seen in change in jobs over one year (2007/8 to 2008/9) in In Hume the economy has been substantially Table 2. Jobs were lost in several industries restructuring. The primary industry of agriculture including Manufacturing and Education and is transforming from one dominated by many Training (highlighted pink), but gained in others small family run farms to one characterised by including, Health Care and Social Assistance larger corporate ones run with new production and Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing (highlighted methods to increase productivity (Barr 2009). green). Figure 2 provides another example from Large towns built on agricultural support, the Hume city of Shepparton over the last 20 have become more reliant on manufacturing, years (1986 to 2006). It shows the signiﬁ cant rise tourism and service provision (DIIRD 2010). of jobs in services. Manufacturing in some places is in decline.

Table 2. Change in employment (number of jobs), Victoria, 2007/08 to 2008/09 (in order for regional Victoria) (SGS Economic and Planning 2010)

Regional Victoria Melbourne

Health Care and Social Assistance 7 000 9 000 Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing 5 000 -3 000 Electricity, Gas, Water and Waste Services 3 000 1 000 Transport, Postal and Warehousing 3 000 13 000 Accommodation and Food Services 2 000 6 000 Public Administration and Safety 2 000 14 000 Wholesale Trade 1 000 3 000 Administrative and Support Services 0 1 000 Retail Trade -1 000 -7 000 Mining -1 000 2 000 Rental, Hiring and Real Estate Services -1 000 -3 000 Arts and Recreation Services -1 000 5 000 Financial and Insurance Services -2 000 -11 000 Construction -3 000 5 000 Information Media and Telecommunications -3 000 2 000 Professional, Scientiﬁ c and Technical Services -3 000 -8 000 Education and Training -5 000 4 000 Manufacturing -5 000 -14 000 Other Services -10 000 1 000 Total number of jobs -12 000 + 20 000

Change and disadvantage in the Hume region, Victoria 7 Figure 2: Proportion of employed persons, by selected industry, Shepparton, 1986–2006 (DPCD 2010b)

18%

16%

14%

12%

10%

0% Manufacturing Retail TradeAccommodation ConstructionEducation and Health Care and Financial and and Food Training Social Assistance Insurance Services Services

1986 1996 2006

In Hume population compositions are also › Weekenders (some Local Government Areas changing. Structural aging is occurring as (LGAs) now have signifi cant non-resident farmers get older, young people migrate to cities populations – see Figure 5); in search of better economic prospects (the migration of young women is double the rate of › Commuters and those that share their time young men), and older people retire to regional between a city and a regional household; Victoria from metropolitan Melbourne (Figures 3 & › “Downshifters”; 4 and LGA snapshot 1, page 9 & 10). › Affl uent retirees; and Some high amenity areas are also experiencing a signifi cant infl ux of “amenity migrants” moving › Non-affl uent retirees, welfare recipients and from Melbourne seeking a rural lifestyle (Barr small numbers of new Australian migrants 2009). The new types of people moving to moving to areas where there is cheaper regional Victoria include: housing (AHURI 2005; Barr 2009; DHS 2009).

Change and disadvantage in the Hume region, Victoria 8 Figure 3. Net migration between regional Victoria and Melbourne between 2001 and 2006, by age (ABS 2006)

12 Gain to Regional 10

8 5-19 20-24 6 5-9 10-14 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-59 80-84 85-89 90+ 4 Age Group (years) 2

Number of persons (’000) -2

-4 Loss from Regional -6

LGA snapshot 1 Older people (65+) percentage of population, 2006 (ABS 2006) and projected population aging in 2026 (DPCD 2008)

2006 2026 %(n)%(n) Alpine 15.2 2371 33.4 4726 Benalla 19.0 2652 33.4 5187 Greater Shepparton 13.5 7970 21.1 15105 Indigo 14.3 2198 27.1 4839 Mansﬁ eld 16.6 1232 27.8 3034 Mitchell 10.0 3191 16.1 8925 Moira 19.2 5363 28.9 9515 Murrindindi 14.8 2105 28.7 4582 Strathbogie 21.7 2086 35.3 3723 Towong 19.4 1210 35.8 2154 Wangaratta 16.8 4572 26.5 8068 Wodonga 10.4 3597 18.1 8013

Change and disadvantage in the Hume region, Victoria 9 Figure 4. Population aged 75 years and over, Statistical Local Areas, 2006 (ABS 2006)

% of population 9% to < 18%

7% to < 9%

5% to < 7%

1% to < 5%

Changing economies and population by amenity migrants into a tourism destination compositions mean the purpose of many regional (Barr 2009). The changing purpose of towns towns is changing (Barr 2009). For example, impacts on whether they grow or decline towns that once provided service support and this will in turn impact on the viability and to farming communities no longer have this appropriateness of their services, business function. Some have reinvented themselves with and industry. It will also impact on levels of a different purpose. For example, Daylesford (in disadvantage if some people get “left behind”. the Loddon Mallee region) has been transformed

Change and disadvantage in the Hume region, Victoria 10 Figure 5. Non-resident ratepayers by Local Government Area 2007 (DPCD 2007)

Non-resident ratepayers as a % of all ratepayers1 Mildura 9% More than 40%

Swan Hill 30% to <40% 4% 20% to <30% 10% to <20% Yarriambiak 18% Ganawarra 13% Less than 10% Buloke Wodonga Hindmarsh 22% Moira 14% 8% Data unavailable Campaspe Loddon 13% Indigo Shepparton Towong 21% 8% Wang 21% 9% West Benalla Nthn Wimmera Horsham Bendigo Strathbogie 12% Alpine Grampians 13% 27% 8% 21% 29% Cent. Mt Alex. 26% Mitchell G’fields 21% Mansfield Pyrenees Hepburn Macedon 50% 35% 32% Ranges Murrindindi East Gippsland Ararat Ballarat 17% Southern 30% 20% Grampians 13% 8% Moorabool 11% 20% Golden Glenelg Plains Coran- Baw Baw Moyne 23% Greater 15% 2 gamite Geelong Wellington 14% 12% Surf 11% 37% Coast Latrobe Colac 50% Warnambool 53% South Otway 11% Gippsland 37% Queenscliffe Bass 52% Coast 33%

Notes: 1. Multiple properties are excluded from this analysis – property owners are counted only once in calculations. 2. Wellington has 1,700 rateable properties where resident/non-resident status was unclear. These have been excluded from the analysis.

Source: Map compiled by Spatial Analysis & Research Branch DPCD. Data obtained from Local Council ofﬁcers September 2007.

The three maps on the next page show the once been agricultural service towns (the red overall patterns of growth and decline in towns dots), but growth in a few larger ones that now ﬁ ll across Hume from 1981 to 2006. They examine that niche in the new production environment (the two types of landscapes – those that still have a blue dots). predominantly agricultural land base – and those where the land has become attractive to amenity Figure 8 shows in blue the areas where there is migrants (Barr 2009). an amenity pressure on land use (where farms may be subdivided and sold to amenity migrants Figure 6 shows in red the areas that still have willing to pay a higher price for land) (Barr 2009). a predominantly agriculture land base. In these In Hume these include the LGAs of Alpine, areas farm size is increasing while the number Benalla, Indigo, Mansﬁ eld, Mitchell, Murrindindi, of farms (and therefore the size of farming Strathbogie, Wangaratta and Wodonga. Amenity communities) is decreasing (Barr 2009). In Hume migration is the most likely way smaller regional this includes the LGA of Greater Shepparton. towns have avoided decline in the Hume region Figure 7 shows this landscape is associated with (Barr 2009) and Figure 7 shows the many towns the decline of some small towns that would have that have grown as a result (the blue dots).

Change and disadvantage in the Hume region, Victoria 11 Figure 6. The Production landscape of Victoria (from ABS census data, Statistical Local Area boundaries and Victorian land transaction data). The deeper the red, the deeper the production inﬂ uence on the landscape (Barr 2009)

Figure 7. Population change in Victorian Towns 1981–2006 (DPCD 2008a)

No. of persons 5000

2500

500

-500

-2500

Figure 8. Neil Barr’s (DPI) interpretation of the Victorian amenity landscape in 2001. The deeper the blue, the greater the amenity pressures on land use (Barr 2009).

Change and disadvantage in the Hume region, Victoria 12 Many towns and populations have adapted, skills and fi nd it diffi cult to fi nd employment in and will continue to adapt, to the economic and other industries (SGS Economic and Planning demographic changes occurring in the region. 2010). In addition, regional Victoria has less This report is concerned with those that may be diversity of employment options (Figure 9) and left behind by change. Three major changes need this makes unskilled workers vulnerable when to be kept in mind as background to discussion industries restructure, particularly as there is also about disadvantage. less opportunity to retrain in regional Victoria. The issue of a mismatch between unskilled 1. The fi rst change is economic restructure workers and increasingly skilled work could that results in decreased economic perpetuate in regional Victoria given it has a opportunities for residents. This is particularly signifi cant proportion of children entering school signifi cant because some areas in Hume developmentally vulnerable (12% compared to have high unemployment (LGA snapshot 4, 10% in metropolitan Melbourne, LGA snapshot page 29) and around one in fi ve workers are 3, page 26), more young people not staying at unskilled or semi skilled (LGA snapshot 6, school through years 10 to 12 (23% compared to page 35). Research has shown that skilled 15% in metropolitan Melbourne) and more young workers have portable skills and can deal people aged 15 to 19 who are not engaged in well with change, while others (for example, school, work or further education/training (up to from manufacturing) have limited specifi c 22% in Hume LGAs).

Figure 9. Economic diversity*, Statistical Local Areas, 2001 (DSE 2005)

Diversity Index 95.5 to 96.0

95.0 to 95.4

90.0 to 94.9

65.0 to 89.9

* Index score of 100 = complete diversiﬁ cation with employment spread evenly across all industry types. Index score of 0 = employment concentrated in a single area.

Change and disadvantage in the Hume region, Victoria 13 2. The second change is shifting population In all towns there will be a need to attract staff compositions that result in the need for to run services. Some areas in regional Victoria services and business to restructure. This will have trouble attracting skilled workers because affect both towns in growth and decline. Towns of lower incomes, lack of premium housing that are growing may experience pressure on or low perceived amenity in particular areas their existing services or have a need for new (DIIRD 2010). Table 3 shows the current skill or different services. Towns in decline may have shortages in the Hume region and subsequently difﬁ culty keeping their services and facilities the services affected. This problem is likely to viable (schools, health services, sporting clubs, be exacerbated by the out migration of young etc). This may mean residents have to travel for people leaving fewer people to replace retiring services and this may become an increasing workers and to work in areas of increasing problem as they age or if they have transport demand as the population ages (such as limitations. The issue of service access is of health care). In some areas however, the loss particular importance to disadvantaged people of young people may be compensated for by who are more likely to have a greater range of the in-migration of amenity migrants. service needs due to worse physical and mental health, lower assets and incomes, etc.

Table 3. Skills shortages in the Hume Region (DIIRD 2010)

Bakers General electricians Refrigeration and air- Bricklayers General medical practitioners conditioning mechanics Building and engineering Health service managers Registered mental health nurses professionals Metal ﬁ tters and turners Registered midwives Building and surveying Metal machinists professionals Registered nurses Motor mechanics Cabinetmakers Roof slaters and tilers Painters Carpenters and joiners Secondary school teachers Pastry cooks Chefs Sheet metal workers Physiotherapists Civil engineers Structural steel and welding Plumbers Disability support workers tradespeople Pre-primary school teachers Farm overseers Vehicle painters Primary school teachers Financial investment Vocational education Real estate professionals professionals teachers

Change and disadvantage in the Hume region, Victoria 14 3. The third change is rising house prices Disadvantage exists against that result in some populations becoming a backdrop of economic and concentrated in low service areas. Three groups will be affected. The ﬁ rst is residents demographic change in who move into low service areas from high regional Victoria that is affecting amenity areas as house prices rise (particularly localities differently. as amenity migration has generally not resulted in new houses being built (Barr 2009)). The second is those existing residents in low service areas who are unable to move to more expensive This brief background demonstrates that different serviced localities when their need for services economic and demographic changes are increases (for example, as they age, become occurring in different places in Hume. As a disabled, or need to access the labour market) consequence, disadvantage is likely to look (Barr 2009). This will include social housing different in different localities. In some communities tenants who are living in low serviced areas away disadvantage will be characterised by an aging from labour markets. The third is the group of population, in others by a working population that welfare recipient or underfunded retirees who is precariously employed, in others by a diverse move into low service areas because of the group of welfare recipients. In addition, all cheaper housing (Barr 2009). For example, in changing communities in Hume, whether 2000 a net of 9500 welfare recipients moved to disadvantaged or not, will need to restructure their regional Victoria for the housing (AHURI 2005). services to meet their changing needs. This While housing is cheaper in general in regional background highlights the importance of Victoria (both rents and purchase) people will still collaborative planning that examines solutions be at risk of housing stress if their incomes do matched to disadvantaged locality’s economy, not keep pace with house prices or rent. This assets, demographics, needs and interests. will include those on pensions and beneﬁ ts and lower paid single workers.

Change and disadvantage in the Hume region, Victoria 15 What is disadvantage and who does it affect?

Disadvantage occurs when an individual, family lack either material resources (income, or community is deprived of resources or housing, services, transport), skills/knowledge opportunities – enjoyed by all other Victorians resources (education, health) or “social capital” – that underpin social and economic wellbeing. resources (social participation, inclusion, strong Disadvantaged people and communities governance) (Figure 10).

Figure 10. The resources that contribute to an individual, family or community’s social and economic wellbeing

Material Resources Skills & knowledge (Economic Capital) (Human Capital) Income, jobs Education Secure housing Training Services available Workforce participation Infrastructure Good Health Transport Resilient families Local leadership

Resilient communities

Relationships (Social Capital) Connectedness Social participation Positive socialisation: inclusive, tolerant, safe Involvement in decision-making

Change and disadvantage in the Hume region, Victoria 16 Some people and communities experience the last 12 months (CIV 2007). This group is disadvantage only mildly – perhaps only on one not the main focus of this report although it is indicator in Figure 10 – such as labour market acknowledged that these inequalities make people insecurity (rather than no job) or transport vulnerable to more serious disadvantage and are limitations. These people are likely to be an important subject for public policy debate. managing, but may be vulnerable to more severe disadvantage when the economy changes or This report focuses on the approximately 10% services/facilities are relocated (the Australian of the population that face multiple social and Government following the European Commission economic problems that impact signiﬁ cantly reports these people as “at risk of poverty” on their wellbeing (Australian Government (Australian Government 2009) (Figure 11)). The 2009). These people will be experiencing a size of this group depends on the resource they combination of material deprivation, economic do not have access to. For example, in Hume, precariousness, labour market disadvantage, 47% of the population do not have access to the poor health, inadequate housing and exclusion internet at home (ABS 2006), while 20% report from social, educational and civic life (Australian they have experienced transport limitations in Government 2009).

Figure 11. Disadvantage exists on a continuum from severe to mild disadvantage – relative to the rest of the population.

Disadvantaged (approx 10% of the population)

At risk of disadvantage (approx 10% of the population)

The remainder of the population

Determined using a European Commission measure of having incomes 60% below the national median (Australian Government 2009)

Change and disadvantage in the Hume region, Victoria 17 Disadvantage of this kind has been shown to An Australian study of deprivation additionally be geographically concentrated (PHIDU 2010 found signiﬁ cant disadvantage in: – Atlases of census data since 1999; ABS 2010). For example, the report Dropping off › the unemployed; the Edge (Vinson 2007) showed that particular › private renters; and localities in Australia have the highest levels of › people with a disability (Saunders & Wong disadvantage in terms of low incomes, housing 2009). stress, detachment from the economy (fewer employed, lower involvement in education, early The study of deprivation asked a representative school leaving), poorer service access (limited sample of the Australian population what they computer and internet access) and increased thought were the minimum acceptable standards social problems (physical and mental disabilities, of living for Australians. This was done by asking long prison admissions, child maltreatment) them what they thought were essential items (Vinson 2007). for living – such as a substantial meal a day (Saunders & Wong 2009). The disadvantaged Not all population groups in Australia population groups described above were then experience disadvantage equally. Considerable surveyed using the list of essential items – or inequalities exist with some groups consistently minimum community standards – to see if these overrepresented in data related to disadvantage. were met (Saunders & Wong 2009). The Australian Government’s comprehensive Compendium of Social Inclusion Indicators The second survey of the disadvantaged (2009) found the groups that experience higher population groups found a proportion (between levels of disadvantage in Australia across a range 6 and 20 percent) were so disadvantaged that of indicators were: they were deprived of items considered essential by the general population (Saunders & Wong › aged persons; 2009). Table 4 shows the percentage of select › public housing renters; population groups that experience deprivation › Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders; on the top ten essential items. It shows an signiﬁ cant number of Indigenous people, renters › single parent families; and (both public and private), sole parent families › people with non-English speaking and unemployed people in Australia do not have backgrounds. decent and secure homes, are unable to treat medical and dental issues, and are unable to provide activities for their children (Saunders & Disadvantage occurs when an Wong 2009). individual, family or community is deprived of resources that underpin social and economic wellbeing. Some population groups are consistently overrepresented in data related to disadvantage.

Change and disadvantage in the Hume region, Victoria 18 Table 4. Deprivation of the top ten essential items among population groups in Australia (%) (Saunders & Wong 2009)

Essential item Indigenous Indigenous Australians Public Renters Parent Sole Families Private Renters Unemployed People People with disabilitya Single Older Person

The percentage of the population %%%%%%% group that did not have ….

Medical treatment if needed 0.0 4.3 7.6 5.2 3.4 2.4 2.3 Warm clothes & bedding if it's cold 5.6 2.2 0.6 0.9 0.0 0.2 0.8 Substantial meal at least once a day 10.5 8.4 1.9 2.4 3.4 2.7 0.8 Able to buy prescribed medicines 33.3 14.0 11.6 12.3 10.5 5.7 4.5 Dental treatment if needed 42.1 36.2 35.7 32.6 40.7 20.8 17.5 A decent and secure home 22.2 29.3 21.9 31.2 14.0 9.5 8.3 School activities/outings for children 21.1 16.3 10.4 7.5 12.5 6.6 7.1 Dental check-up for children 27.8 12.8 22.1 23.6 24.0 13.0 6.3 A hobby or leisure activity for 31.6 20.5 18.6 13.9 20.0 9.6 8.0 children A roof and gutters that do not leak 5.0 7.6 11.4 6.3 6.8 6.2 4.1 Average deprivation rate 19.9 15.2 14.2 13.6 13.5 7.7 6.0

Table 5 shows the size of population groups may additionally be marginalised, and not well identiﬁ ed above as experiencing a greater catered for in communities because of a lack of burden of disadvantage in the Hume region. their critical mass. Some of the groups make up very small proportions of the population. While this means The groups in Table 5 will be used to examine the overall magnitude of disadvantage may the population composition of disadvantaged be small (as a population percentage), the localities in Hume in the following section. disadvantage may be severe, and these groups

Change and disadvantage in the Hume region, Victoria 19 Table 5. Potentially disadvantaged population groups in Hume region.

Regional Metropolitan Victoria Hume measure measure measure

Older people (ABS 2006) Percent persons aged over 65 15.4% 16.0% 12.7% 13.6% Percent persons aged 85+ 1.9% 2.0% 1.7% 1.8% Percent persons aged 75 + 2.4% 2.7% 2.0% 2.2% and living alone (n= 461) (n= 3 038) (n= 4 336) (n= 7 246) Public housing tenants (DHS 2010) Proportion of public housing 5.2% Not reported Not reported 3.5% households (at 30 June 2009) (n= 4 119) (n= 62 561) Public Housing applications on 1 260 Not reported Not reported 39 940 waiting lists as at 30 June 2009 Private housing tenants (ABS 2006) Proportion of private housing tenant 19.9% 16.8% 21.8% 20.4% households (n= 14 999) (n=80 567) (n=269 302) (n=349 869) Aborigines & Torres Strait Islanders (ABS 2006) Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders 1.6% 1.3% 0.4% 0.6% (that identiﬁ ed in the census 2006) (n= 4 270) (n= 18 460) (n= 15 572) (n= 40 398) Single parent families (ABS 2006) Percentage of families that are single 14.9% 15.4% 15.4% 15.4% parent families (n= 10 014) (n=54 645) (n=135 691) (n=199 004) Children in households with income 21.0% 21.3% 16.6% 17.9% less than $650 per week Non-English speaking (ABS 2006) Speaks language other than English 5.6% 4.8% 27.9% 21.6% at home (n= 14 948) (n= 68 161) (n= 1 086 155) (n= 1 454 344) New settler arrivals per 100000 153.6 148.1 696.1 549.6 population (2008–2009) (DIMIA 2009) (n= 429) (n= 2 103) (n= 27 099) (n= 37 004) Unemployed (ABS 2010) Unemployed March 2010 –% 6.0% 5.7% 5.8% People with a disability (ABS 2006) Core activity need for assistance 4.8% 5.0% 4.3% 4.5% (disability) (n= 12 813) (n= 71 001) (n= 167 400) (n= 302 988)

Change and disadvantage in the Hume region, Victoria 20 Disadvantage in the Hume Region

Disadvantaged people are concentrated in of disadvantage in Australia (r=0.8) because the particular geographic locations in Victoria (PHIDU two indices are based on the same ABS census 2010). Geographic location of disadvantage is data (Vinson 2004). most commonly described using the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) Index of Relative Figure 12 provides a summary of Relative Socio- Socio-economic Disadvantage (one of the economic Disadvantage (SEIFA RSD) across Socio-Economic Indices for Areas (SEIFA)) (ABS Victorian Statistical Local Areas in Victoria (more 2010). The index combines information from a detailed maps for Hume LGAs are provided in the number of variables from the population census following pages). The red in Figure 12 indicates (2006) relating to income, education, occupation, the areas where the most disadvantaged 20% of wealth and living conditions. It ranks areas on a the Victorian population live (i.e. areas ranked by continuum of advantage to disadvantage. The SEIFA are divided into ﬁ ve equal proportions of average score is 1000 for Victoria as a whole, the population – red equals the lowest quintile). 986 for Regional Victoria (Table 6). Scores below This includes both those disadvantaged and average are relatively disadvantaged. The index is those vulnerable to disadvantage (20%). highly correlated with the earlier Vinson measures

Table 6. Socio-economic status of geographic areas in Victoria.

Regional Metropolitan Victoria Hume measure measure measure Index of Relative Socio-economic – 986 1022 1000 Disadvantage score Percentage of the population living in 36% 42% 27% 31% collector districts with a score under (n= 146201) (n= 598642) (n= 972873) (n= 1571515) the regional Victoria average of 986

Figure 12. The Index of Relative Socio-economic Disadvantage in deciles for Victorian Statistical Local Areas, 2006 (SGS Economics & Planning 2009)

2006 SEIFA Relative Socio-Economic Disadvantage

4th quintile

5th quintile

Change and disadvantage in the Hume region, Victoria 21 While regional Victoria contains more Disadvantage is clustered in towns disadvantaged areas, a much larger number across Hume. Different population of disadvantaged people live in metropolitan locations. Nonetheless, nearly half (45%) of the groups are affected in those towns Hume region population, over 111 000 people, due to the different economic and live in collector districts with SEIFA scores under demographic changes occurring the 986 Regional Victorian average. in them. The following pages describe the specifi c locations in the Hume LGAs that are relatively disadvantaged. A full list of the localities can be Red shading indicates the proportion of the seen at Appendix A. indicated population is greater than the Hume Reading the Local Government Area average. sections that follow 3. Some general data about the LGA for Each LGA section includes: context. This includes some employment data and service access data. 1. A map made at the collector district level (around 200 census households) for each Additional context is provided in LGA snapshots of the regions LGAs (DPCD 2010). The red for each indicator and the following three localities in the maps indicate where the most maps describing some accessibility indicators disadvantaged 10% of the population lives. across Victoria. 2. A table of localities with SEIFA scores under 986 divided into large towns (populations over 3000), mid sized towns LGA snapshot 2 (populations between 3000 and 1000) and Number and percentage of the population living in small towns (populations under 1000) that collector districts with SEIFA score under the 986 Regional Victorian average, 2006 (ABS 2006) have Index of Relative Socio-economic Disadvantage scores under the Regional Victorian average (986). Each table describes Number % whether the area has groups identifi ed as Hume 146201 36% overrepresented in disadvantage statistics: Greater Shepparton 28834 50% › low income Moira 14139 52% › public housing tenants Wodonga 14798 45% › older people › people with a disability Mitchell 11788 38% › single parent families Wangaratta 10618 41% › disadvantaged children Benalla 6668 49% › Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders Strathbogie 6024 65% › those with low English profi ciency Indigo 5090 34% › an indicator of access to services in those Alpine 4484 38% areas (households with no internet). Mansfi eld 2747 40% Murrindindi 4056 30% Towong 2306 38%

Change and disadvantage in the Hume region, Victoria 22 Figure 13. Accessibility of areas in Victoria – The Accessibility and Remoteness Index of Australia, 2006 (DHS 2009a)

Legend Highly Accessible

Accessible

Moderately Accessible

Remote

Figure 14. Households without internet connection, Local Government Areas, 2006 (ABS 2006)

% of households 47 and above

43 to <47

39 to <43

31 to <39

Less than 31

Figure 15. People that experienced transport limitation in the last 12 months, 2007 (CIV 2007)

Quantile Legend 13.1 – 17.2

17.3 – 19.4

19.5 – 21.9

22.0 – 24.4

24.5 – 34.3

Change and disadvantage in the Hume region, Victoria 23 Alpine LGA

Production landscape some amenity (Figure 6) Projected population change from 12574 in 2006 to 14152 in 2026 (growth)

Collection Districts .,(:$ by Victorian decile 9$//(< +,*+:$< 9th and 10th deciles (Least disadvantaged) 7th and 8th deciles 5th and 6th deciles 3rd and 4th deciles 0<57/()25' 2nd decile 1st decile (Most disadvantaged) Unranked Town boundary

325(381.$+ 7$:21*$ %5,*+7

02817%($87<

:$1',/,*21*

',11(53/$,1

Change and disadvantage in the Hume region, Victoria 24 Localities with SEIFA RSD scores under the regional Victoria average 986 ciency q growth, or r decline

Locality SEIFA Population ( = stable 2006 to 2001) income Individual under $400 a week Housing Public dwellings 65 over Aged alone living 75 Over Disability families parent Single Developmentally children vulnerable Aborigines and Islanders Strait Torres Low English Proﬁ with Households internet no

Populations in Myrtleford (611) contribute to the most disadvantaged 10% of the population in Australia (Table 1)

Change and disadvantage in the Hume region, Victoria 25 Disadvantaged areas in the Alpine LGA  Fewer residents report their area has a wide by the Index of Relative Socio-economic range of community and support groups (66% Disadvantage (SEIFA) compared to 70%, LGA snapshot 9, page 44) Alpine has two mid-sized towns that score below  The area has a lower rate of low care aged the regional Victorian average on the SEIFA Index care places (35 compared to 51 per 1000 of Relative Disadvantage. Around 43–48% of the population eligible) population of these towns have low incomes but there is lower than average public housing. The  Fewer residents report their area has good mid-sized towns have a greater proportion of facilities and services like shops, childcare, people aged over 65 and Myrtleford also has a schools, libraries (78% compared to 79%, larger proportion of single parent families and a LGA snapshot 7, page 38) higher than average multicultural mix.  More residents report they have experienced Context: Alpine LGA in general transport limitations (22% compared to 20%, LGA snapshot 10, page 47, Figure 15) Early years/education/employment

› In 2009, 8% of children across the LGA (11) were found to be developmentally vulnerable LGA snapshot 3 in their fi rst year of school (LGA snapshot 3, % of children in their fi rst year of school who were page 26). developmentally vulnerable on two or more domains* 2009 (DEECD 2010) › The LGA has an unemployment rate of 4.4%, lower than the State average at 5.8% (March Number % 2010, LGA snapshot 4, page 29) Victoria 61187 10.0% › Nearly one in fi ve (19%) of those aged between 15 and 19 are not engaged in work or further Hume 336 10.6% education or training (LGA snapshot 5, page 32) Greater Shepparton 101 12.7% › 21% of those employed are semi skilled or Wodonga 63 13.5% unskilled workers (LGA snapshot 6, page 35) Mitchell 45 9.2% Access to services Moira 40 12.0% The LGA is “moderately accessible” by the Wangaratta 29 8.1% Accessibility and Remoteness Index (Figure 13) Benalla 15 10.0% Compared to the Hume averages: Indigo 13 6.3%  More residents report their area has easy access to recreational and leisure facilities Strathbogie 12 14.3% (87% compared to 79%, LGA snapshot 8, Alpine 11 8.1% page 41) Towong 7 10.8%  The area has a higher rate of high care aged Mansfi eld No data available care places (56 compared to 41 per 1000 population eligible) Murrindindi No data available

 Fewer households have no internet (46% * Five domains: compared to 47%, LGA snapshot 11, page Physical health & wellbeing 50, Figure 14) Social competence & wellbeing Emotional maturity Language & cognitive skills Communication skills & general knowledge

Change and disadvantage in the Hume region, Victoria 26 Benalla LGA

“Amenity” pressures landscape (Figure 8) Projected population change from 13968 in 2006 to 15536 in 2026 (growth)

Collection Districts by Victorian decile

9th and 10th deciles (Least disadvantaged) 7th and 8th deciles 5th and 6th deciles 3rd and 4th deciles 2nd decile 1st decile (Most disadvantaged) 0,'/$1' Unranked +,*+:$< Town boundary

+80( )5((:$< %(1$//$

Change and disadvantage in the Hume region, Victoria 27 Localities with SEIFA RSD scores under the regional Victoria average 986 ciency q growth, or r decline

Populations in Benalla (471) contribute to the most disadvantaged 10% of the population in Australia (Table 1)

Change and disadvantage in the Hume region, Victoria 28 Disadvantaged areas in the Benalla LGA  The area has a lower rate of high care aged by the Index of Relative Socio-economic care places (37 compared to 41 per 1000 Disadvantage (SEIFA) population eligible) Benalla has one large town that scores below  The area has a lower rate of low care aged the regional Victorian average on the SEIFA Index care places (48 compared to 51 per 1000 of Relative Disadvantage. Around 44% of its population eligible) population has a low income and it has higher than average public housing, more people aged  More residents report they have experienced over 65 and more single parent families. It has a transport limitations (24% compared to 20%, higher than average multicultural mix. LGA snapshot 10, page 47, Figure 15) Context: Benalla LGA in general  More households have no internet (50% compared to 47%, LGA Snapshot 11, Early years/education/employment page 50, Figure 14)

› In 2009, 10% of children across the LGA (15) were found to be developmentally vulnerable in their ﬁ rst year of school (LGA Snapshot 3, LGA snapshot 4 page 26). Estimates of unemployment, ABS, September 2009 (ABS 2010a) › The LGA has an unemployment rate of 6.4%, higher than the State average at 5.8% (March Victoria 5.8% 2010, LGA snapshot 4, page 29) Greater Shepparton 7.2% › Nearly one in ﬁ ve (18%) of those aged between Benalla 6.4% 15 and 19 are not engaged in work or further education or training (LGA snapshot 5, page 32) Moira 5.6%

› Nearly one quarter of those employed are Wodonga 5.5% semi skilled or unskilled workers (23%) (LGA Wangaratta 5.4% snapshot 6, page 35) Mitchell 5.3% Access to services Murrindindi 4.6% The LGA is “accessible” by the Accessibility and Remoteness Index (Figure 13) Strathbogie 4.5% Mansﬁ eld 4.5% Compared to the Hume averages: Alpine 4.4%  More residents report their area has good facilities and services like shops, childcare, Indigo 4.2% schools, libraries (86% compared to 79%, Towong 3.7% LGA snapshot 7, page 38)  More residents report their area has easy access to recreational and leisure facilities (85% compared to 79%, LGA snapshot 8, page 41)  More residents report their area has a wide range of community and support groups (75% compared to 70%, LGA snapshot 9, page 44)

Change and disadvantage in the Hume region, Victoria 29 Greater Shepparton LGA

Production landscape predominantly agriculture (Figure 6) Projected population change from 59202 in 2006 to 71509 in 2026 (growth)

Collection Districts by Victorian decile

9th and 10th deciles (Least disadvantaged) 7th and 8th deciles 5th and 6th deciles 3rd and 4th deciles 2nd decile 1st decile (Most disadvantaged) .$7$1'5$:(67 Unranked Town boundary 7$//<*$52231$

'22.,(

6+(33$5721 0(55,*80 02252231$ 6+(33$5721 ($67

7$785$ $5&$',$ '2:16 .,$//$:(67

722/$0%$

085&+,621

Change and disadvantage in the Hume region, Victoria 30 Localities with SEIFA RSD scores under the regional Victoria average 986 ciency q growth, or r decline

Hume – 266939 48.3 5.2 15.4 2.4 4.8 14.9 11 1.6 1.0 46.5 Regional Victoria 986 1383233 50.0 4.8 16.0 2.7 5.0 15.4 – 1.2 0.7 46.1 Melbourne Metro 1022 3744982 44.3 4.0 12.7 2.0 4.3 15.4 – 0.4 5.2 36.2 Victoria 1000 5313053 45.8 4.2 13.6 2.2 4.5 15.4 10.0 0.7 4.0 39.0 Large towns population >3000 Shepparton-Mooroopna 947 38787 q 38.5 6.4 14.3 2.4 4.6 19.5 16-23 4.1 18.3 50.1 Mid sized population between 1000–3000 Tatura 982 3534 q 40.3 2.3 19.5 2.9 4.6 14.3 7 1.4 17.0 51.6 Small towns population <1000 ** CAUTION using percentages from small populations (there may be high rates from small numbers in small populations)** Merrigum 902 451 r 41.2 4.7 12.4 1.4 6.9 13.3 – 2.0 6.4 55.6 Murchison 931 785 q 43.8 2.9 26.7 3.1 8.3 13.7 38 0.8 3.5 61.9

Populations in Mooroopna (3062) and Shepparton (6926) contribute to the most disadvantaged 10% of the population in Australia (Table 1)

Change and disadvantage in the Hume region, Victoria 31 Disadvantaged areas in the Greater  The area has a higher rate of high care aged Shepparton LGA by the Index of Relative care places (46 compared to 41 per 1000 Socio-economic Disadvantage (SEIFA) population eligible) Greater Shepparton has one large, one mid-  The area has a higher rate of low care aged sized and two small towns that score below the care places (60 compared to 51 per 1000 regional Victorian average on the SEIFA Index of population eligible) Relative Disadvantage. Around 38–44% of these populations have low incomes and Shepparton- = The same proportion of residents report their Maroopna has a higher proportion of public area has easy access to recreational and leisure housing. There is a greater proportion of people facilities (79%, LGA snapshot 8, page 41) aged over 65 living in Tatura and Murchison and = The same proportion of residents report their a greater proportion of single parent families in area has a wide range of community and support Shepparton-Maroopna. All areas have a higher groups (70%, LGA snapshot 9, page 44) than average multicultural mix.  More households have no internet (48% Context: Greater Shepparton LGA in general compared to 47%, LGA Snapshot 11, page Early years/education/employment 50, Figure 14)

› In 2009, 13% of children across the LGA (101) were found to be developmentally vulnerable in their ﬁ rst year of school (LGA Snapshot 3, LGA snapshot 5 page 26) % of young people aged 15 to 19 who are not engaged in school, work or further education/ training › The LGA has an unemployment rate of (PHIDI 2010 based on ABS 2006) 7.2%, higher than the State average at 5.8% (March 2010, LGA snapshot 4, page 29) Victoria 17.4%

› One in ﬁ ve (22%) of those aged between 15 Regional Victoria 19.0% and 19 are not engaged in work or further Metro Melbourne 16.7% education or training (LGA snapshot 5, page 32) Greater Shepparton 22.3%

› One ﬁ fth of those employed are semi skilled Murrindindi 19.9% or unskilled workers (22%) (LGA snapshot 6, Wodonga 19.8% page 35) Moira 19.6% Access to services Wangaratta 19.2% The LGA is “accessible” by the Accessibility and Alpine 18.9% Remoteness Index (Figure 13) Benalla 18.3% Compared to the Hume averages: Mitchell 17.6%  More residents report their area has good facilities and services like shops, childcare, Strathbogie 16.3% schools, libraries (82% compared to 79%, Mansﬁ eld 16.1% LGA snapshot 7, page 38) Towong 15.3%  Fewer residents report they have experienced Indigo 14.7% transport limitations (13% compared to 20%, LGA snapshot 10, page 47, Figure 15)

Change and disadvantage in the Hume region, Victoria 32 Indigo LGA

“Amenity” pressures landscape (Figure 8) Projected population change from 15367 in 2006 to 17879 in 2026 (growth)

Collection Districts by Victorian decile

9th and 10th deciles (Least disadvantaged) 7th and 8th deciles 5th and 6th deciles 3rd and 4th deciles 2nd decile :$+*81<$+ 0855$< 1st decile 9$//(< (Most disadvantaged) 587+(5*/(1 +,*+:$< Unranked Town boundary

%$51$:$57+$

+80( &+,/7(51 )5((:$<

7$1*$0%$/$1*$

.,(:$

<$&.$1'$1'$+ .,(:$ %((&+:257+ 9$//(< +,*+:$<

Change and disadvantage in the Hume region, Victoria 33 Localities with SEIFA RSD scores under the regional Victoria average 986 ciency q growth, or r decline

No areas in this LGA contribute to the most disadvantaged 10% of the population in Australia (Table 1)

Change and disadvantage in the Hume region, Victoria 34 Disadvantaged areas in the Indigo LGA = The same proportion of residents report their by the Index of Relative Socio-economic area has good facilities and services like Disadvantage (SEIFA) shops, childcare, schools, libraries (79%, LGA snapshot 7, page 38) Indigo has two mid-sized and two small towns that score below the regional Victorian average  More households have no internet (48% on the SEIFA Index of Relative Disadvantage. compared to 47%, LGA Snapshot 11, page Between 36–43% of these populations have 50, Figure 14) low incomes and Rutherglen has higher than  average public housing. All but Chiltern have a More residents report they have experienced greater proportion of people aged over 65 and transport limitations (29% compared to 20%, Chiltern and Beechworth have more single parent LGA snapshot 10, page 47, Figure 15) families. Only Beechworth has a higher than  The area has a lower rate of low care aged average multicultural mix. care places (49 compared to 51 per 1000 Context: Indigo LGA in general population eligible) Early years/education/employment

› In 2009, 6% of children across the LGA (13) LGA snapshot 6 were found to be developmentally vulnerable Unskilled and semi skilled workers in their fi rst year of school (LGA snapshot 3, (PHIDI 2010 based on ABS 2006) page 26) Victoria 16% › The LGA has an unemployment rate of 4.2%, lower than the State average at 5.8% (March Regional Victoria 19% 2010, LGA snapshot 4, page 29) Metro Melbourne 15% › 15% of those aged between 15 and 19 are not Moira 24% engaged in work or further education or training Strathbogie 23% (LGA snapshot 5, page 32) Benalla 23% › One in fi ve of those employed are semi skilled or unskilled workers (20%) (LGA snapshot 6, Greater Shepparton 22% page 35) Mitchell 21% Access to services Wangaratta 21% The LGA is “accessible” by the Accessibility and Alpine 21% Remoteness Index (Figure 13) Indigo 20% Compared to the Hume averages: Wodonga 20%  More residents report their area has easy Murrindindi 19% access to recreational and leisure facilities (81% compared to 79%, LGA snapshot 8, Towong 18% page 41) Mansfi eld 16%  More residents report their area has a wide range of community and support groups (72% compared to 70%, LGA snapshot 9 page 44)  The area has a higher rate of high care aged care places (50 compared to 41 per 1000 population eligible)

Change and disadvantage in the Hume region, Victoria 35 Mansﬁ eld LGA

“Amenity” pressures landscape (Figure 8) Projected population change from 7445 in 2006 to 10914 in 2026 (growth)

Collection Districts by Victorian decile

9th and 10th deciles (Least disadvantaged) 7th and 8th deciles 5th and 6th deciles 3rd and 4th deciles 2nd decile 1st decile 0,'/$1' (Most disadvantaged) +,*+:$< Unranked 0$5221'$+ +,*+:$< Town boundary

%211,('221

0$16),(/' 6$:0,//6(77/(0(17

*28*+6%$<

-$0,(621

Change and disadvantage in the Hume region, Victoria 36 Localities with SEIFA RSD scores under the regional Victoria average 986 ciency q growth, or r decline

Populations in Jamieson (94) contribute to the most disadvantaged 10% of the population in Australia (Table 1)

Change and disadvantage in the Hume region, Victoria 37 Disadvantaged areas in the Mansfi eld  Fewer residents report their area has a wide LGA by the Index of Relative Socio- range of community and support groups (64% economic Disadvantage (SEIFA) compared to 70%, LGA snapshot 9, page 44) Mansfi eld has one mid-sized and one small  More residents report they have experienced town that score below the regional Victorian transport limitations (25% compared to 20%, average on the SEIFA Index of Relative LGA snapshot 10, page 47, Figure 15) Disadvantage. Between 38–67% of these populations have low incomes and Mansfi eld  The area has a lower rate of high care aged has higher than average public housing. Both care places (36 compared to 41 per 1000 towns have a greater proportion of people population eligible) aged over 65 and Mansfi eld also has a greater  The area has a lower rate of low care aged proportion of single parent families and a higher care places (50 compared to 51 per 1000 than average multicultural mix. population eligible) Context: Mansfi eld LGA in general Education/employment LGA snapshot 7 › The LGA has an unemployment rate of 4.5%, Residents that feel their area has good facilities and lower than the State average at 5.8% (March services like shops, childcare, schools, libraries, 2008 2010, LGA snapshot 4, page 29) (DPCD 2010a)

› 16% of those aged between 15 and 19 are not Hume 79.4% engaged in work or further education or training (LGA snapshot 5, page 32) Wodonga 91.3% Benalla 85.9% › 16% those employed are semi skilled or unskilled workers (LGA snapshot 6, page 35) Wangaratta 85.6% Access to services Greater Shepparton 82.4% The LGA is “moderately accessible” by the Moira 79.4% Accessibility and Remoteness Index (Figure 13) Indigo 79.0% Compared to the Hume averages: Alpine 77.7%  Fewer households have no internet (45% Mansﬁ eld 75.6% compared to 47%, LGA Snapshot 11, page Mitchell 71.1% 50, Figure 14) Towong 64.2%  Fewer residents report their area has good facilities and services like shops, childcare, Murrindindi 62.2% schools, libraries (76% compared to 79%, Strathbogie 61.2% LGA snapshot 7, page 38)  Fewer residents report their area has easy access to recreational and leisure facilities (73% compared to 79%, LGA snapshot 8, page 41)

Change and disadvantage in the Hume region, Victoria 38 Mitchell LGA

“Amenity” pressures landscape (Figure 8) Projected population change from 32040 in 2006 to 55290 in 2026 (growth)

Collection Districts by Victorian decile

9th and 10th deciles (Least disadvantaged) 7th and 8th deciles 5th and 6th deciles 3rd and 4th deciles 2nd decile 1st decile (Most disadvantaged) Unranked Town boundary

+80( )5((:$<

1257+(51 +,*+:$< 6(<0285

7$//$522. 3<$/21*

%52$')25'

:$7(5)25'3$5. .,/025(

:$1'21* +($7+&27( -81&7,21

:$//$1

%(9(5,'*(

Change and disadvantage in the Hume region, Victoria 39 Localities with SEIFA RSD scores under the regional Victoria average 986 ciency q growth, or r decline

Populations in Seymour (2216) contribute to the most disadvantaged 10% of the population in Australia (Table 1)

Change and disadvantage in the Hume region, Victoria 40 Disadvantaged areas in the Mitchell LGA  Fewer residents report their area has easy by the Index of Relative Socio-economic access to recreational and leisure facilities Disadvantage (SEIFA) (66% compared to 79%, LGA snapshot 8, page 41) Mitchell has two mid-sized and one small town that score below the regional Victorian average  Fewer residents report their area has a wide on the SEIFA Index of Relative Disadvantage. range of community and support groups (64% Between 36–41% of these population have low compared to 70%, LGA snapshot 9, page 44) incomes and Seymour has more public housing than average. Seymour also has a greater  More residents report they have experienced proportion of people aged over 65, and all the transport limitations (27% compared to 20%, towns have a greater proportion of single parent LGA snapshot 10, page 47, Figure 15) families. All but Waterford Park have a higher  The area has a lower rate of high care aged than average multicultural mix. care places (25 compared to 41 per 1000 Context: Mitchell LGA in general population eligible) Early years/education/employment  The area has a lower rate of low care aged care places (28 compared to 51 per 1000 › In 2009, 9% of children across the LGA (45) population eligible) were found to be developmentally vulnerable in their fi rst year of school (LGA snapshot 3, page 26) LGA snapshot 8 › The LGA has an unemployment rate of 5.3%, Residents that feel their area has easy access to lower than the State average at 5.8% (March recreational and leisure facilities, 2008 (DPCD 2010a) 2010, LGA snapshot 4, page 29) Hume 79.2% › 18% of those aged between 15 and 19 are not engaged in work or further education or training Wodonga 93.4% (LGA snapshot 5, page 32) Alpine 87.1% › One in fi ve of those employed are semi skilled Wangaratta 86.9% or unskilled workers (21%) (LGA snapshot 6, Benalla 84.5% page 35) Indigo 80.7% Access to services Greater Shepparton 79.3% The LGA is “accessible” by the Accessibility and Remoteness Index (Figure 13) Moira 79.2% Compared to the Hume averages: Mansfi eld 76.8% Towong 72.9%  Fewer households have no internet (42% compared to 47%, LGA Snapshot 11, page Strathbogie 67.8% 50, Figure 14) Mitchell 65.7%  Fewer residents report their area has good Murrindindi 60.4% facilities and services like shops, childcare, schools, libraries (71% compared to 79%, LGA snapshot 7, page 38)

Change and disadvantage in the Hume region, Victoria 41 Moira LGA

Projected population change from 27946 in 2006 to 32920 in 2026 (growth)

Collection Districts by Victorian decile

9th and 10th deciles (Least disadvantaged) 7th and 8th deciles 5th and 6th deciles 3rd and 4th deciles 2nd decile 1st decile (Most disadvantaged) Unranked *28/%851 9$//(< Town boundary +,*+:$<

675$7+0(5721

&2%5$0

.$781*$ 0855$< 9$//(< %$50$+ +,*+:$< <$55$:21*$ 1$7+$/,$ %81'$/21* 18085.$+ .$7$0$7,7(

:81*+8 781*$0$+

Change and disadvantage in the Hume region, Victoria 42 Localities with SEIFA RSD scores under the regional Victoria average 986 ciency q growth, or r decline

Hume – 266939 48.3 5.2 15.4 2.4 4.8 14.9 11 1.6 1.0 46.5 Regional Victoria 986 1383233 50.0 4.8 16.0 2.7 5.0 15.4 – 1.2 0.7 46.1 Melbourne Metro 1022 3744982 44.3 4.0 12.7 2.0 4.3 15.4 – 0.4 5.2 36.2 Victoria 1000 5313053 45.8 4.2 13.6 2.2 4.5 15.4 10.0 0.7 4.0 39.0 Mid sized population between 1000–3000 Cobram 922 5065 q 44.4 7.8 22.4 3.7 7.1 15.3 14 1.1 14.3 57.0 Nathalia 928 1426 q 49.0 4.1 27.9 5.0 7.5 16.5 0 2.5 0.0 35.9 Numurkah 944 3680 q 43.7 3.1 24.5 4.8 6.4 17.0 20 1.1 1.3 56.5 Nathalia Rural 960 1333 q 41.0 1.5 14.6 1.0 3.6 7.8 – 4.1 0.0 48.6 Catchment Yarrawonga 967 5730 q 45.8 5.1 27.2 4.1 7.0 13.4 12 0.3 3.1 55.6 Small towns population <1000 ** CAUTION using percentages from small populations (there may be high rates from small numbers in small populations)** Tungamah 869 354 q 54.2 5.0 22.9 5.3 5.0 16.3 – 2.5 0.0 58.6 Wunghnu 937 122 q 40.8 0.0 12.2 0.0 6.7 18.3 – 1.5 50.0 56.7 Strathmerton 940 466 q 36.9 0.0 11.0 3.0 5.6 16.4 – 1.1 0.0 48.4 Katamatite 957 211 r 47.3 0.0 18.0 1.9 4.2 10.5 – 0.0 0.0 60.4

Populations in Cobram (1492), Yarrawonga (694), Numurkah (541), Tungamah (357) and the Nathalia Rural Catchment (201) contribute to the most disadvantaged 10% of the population in Australia (Table 1)

Change and disadvantage in the Hume region, Victoria 43 Disadvantaged areas in the Moira LGA = The same amount of residents report their by the Index of Relative Socio-economic area has good facilities and services like Disadvantage (SEIFA) shops, childcare, schools, libraries (79%, LGA snapshot 7, page 38) Moira has four mid sized towns, a rural catchment and four small towns that score = The same amount of residents report their area below the regional Victorian average on has easy access to recreational and leisure the SEIFA Index of Relative Disadvantage. facilities (79%, LGA snapshot 8, page 41) Between 37–54% of these populations have  low incomes and Cobram has higher than The area has a lower rate of high care aged average public housing. Half the towns have a care places (39 compared to 41 per 1000 greater proportion of people aged over 65 and population eligible) most have a higher proportion of single parent  More households have no internet (52% families. All but Strathmerton and Katamatite compared to 47%, LGA Snapshot 11, page have a higher than average multicultural mix. 50, Figure 14) Context: Moira LGA in general Early years/education/employment LGA snapshot 9 › In 2009, 12% of children across the LGA (40) Residents that feel their area has a wide range of were found to be developmentally vulnerable community and support groups, 2008 (DPCD 2010a) in their ﬁ rst year of school (LGA snapshot 3, page 26) Hume 70.1%

› The LGA has an unemployment rate 5.6%, Wangaratta 77.0% lower than the State average at 5.8% (March Moira 76.7% 2010, LGA snapshot 4, page 29) Benalla 75.3% › One in ﬁ ve (20%) of those aged between 15 and Mansﬁ eld 73.0% 19 are not engaged in work or further education or training (LGA snapshot 5, page 32) Wodonga 73.1%

› Nearly one quarter of those employed are Indigo 72.1% semi skilled or unskilled workers (24%) (LGA Greater Shepparton 69.7% snapshot 6, page 35) Towong 66.1% Access to services Alpine 65.5% The LGA is “accessible” by the Accessibility and Remoteness Index (Figure 13) Strathbogie 65.4% Mitchell 63.9% Compared to the Hume averages: Murrindindi 63.7%  More residents report their area has a wide range of community and support groups (77% compared to 70%, LGA snapshot 9, page 44)  Fewer residents report they have experienced transport limitations (18% compared to 20%, LGA snapshot 10, page 47, Figure 15)  The area has a higher rate of low care aged care places (61 compared to 51 per 1000 population eligible)

Change and disadvantage in the Hume region, Victoria 44 Murrindindi LGA

“Amenity” pressures landscape (Figure 8) Projected population change from 14179 in 2006 to 15944 in 2026 (growth)

Collection Districts by Victorian decile

9th and 10th deciles (Least disadvantaged) 7th and 8th deciles 5th and 6th deciles 3rd and 4th deciles 2nd decile 1st decile (Most disadvantaged) Unranked Town boundary

$/(;$1'5$ 0(/%$ *28/%851 +,*+:$< 9$//(< +,*+:$< <($ (,/'21 7+251721

+$=(/'(1(

%8;721

.,1*/$.( :(673+($6$17 &5((.

0$5<69,//( .,1*/$.( 0$5221'$+ +,*+:$<

Change and disadvantage in the Hume region, Victoria 45 Localities with SEIFA RSD scores under the regional Victoria average 986 ciency q growth, or r decline

No areas in this LGA contribute to the most disadvantaged 10% of the population in Australia (Table 1)

Change and disadvantage in the Hume region, Victoria 46 Disadvantaged areas in the Murrindindi  Fewer residents report their area has a wide LGA by the Index of Relative Socio- range of community and support groups (64% economic Disadvantage (SEIFA) compared to 70%, LGA snapshot 9, page 44) Murrindindi has two mid-sized and two small  More residents report they have experienced towns that score below the regional Victorian transport limitations (34% compared to 20%, average on the SEIFA Index of Relative LGA snapshot 10, page 47, Figure 15) Disadvantage. Between 36–46% of these populations have low incomes and all have  The area has a lower rate of low care aged lower than average public housing. All but care places (41 compared to 51 per 1000 Hazeldene have a greater proportion of people population eligible) aged over 65 and all have a higher proportion  The area has a lower rate of high care aged of single parent families. Only Alexandra has a care places (32 compared to 41 per 1000 higher than average multicultural mix. population eligible) Context: Murrindindi LGA in general Education/employment LGA snapshot 10 › The LGA has an unemployment rate of 4.6%, People that experienced transport limitation in the lower than the State average at 5.8% (March last 12 months, 2007 (CIV 2007) 2010, LGA snapshot 4, page 29) Hume 20.2% › One in fi ve (20%) of those aged between 15 and 19 are not engaged in work or further education Murrindindi 34.3% or training (LGA snapshot 5, page 32) Strathbogie 31.2% › One fi fth of those employed are semi skilled Indigo 28.5% or unskilled workers (19%) (LGA snapshot 6, Mitchell 27.3% page 35) Mansfi eld 24.5% Access to services Benalla 23.6% The LGA is “accessible” by the Accessibility and Remoteness Index (Figure 13) Alpine 21.9% Compared to the Hume averages: Towong 21.0% Moira 18.1%  Fewer households have no internet (44% compared to 47%, LGA Snapshot 11, Wangaratta 16.5% page 50, Figure 14) Wodonga 14.1%  Fewer residents report their area has good Greater Shepparton 13.3% facilities and services like shops, childcare, schools, libraries (62% compared to 79%, LGA snapshot 7, page 38)  Fewer residents report their area has easy access to recreational and leisure facilities (60% compared to 79%, LGA snapshot 8, page 41)

Change and disadvantage in the Hume region, Victoria 47 Strathbogie LGA

“Amenity” pressures landscape (Figure 8) Projected population change from 9615 in 2006 to 10547 in 2026 (growth)

Collection Districts by Victorian decile

9th and 10th deciles (Least disadvantaged) 7th and 8th deciles 5th and 6th deciles 3rd and 4th deciles 2nd decile 1st decile (Most disadvantaged) Unranked *28/%851 9$//(< Town boundary +,*+:$<

9,2/(772:1

(852$

1$*$0%,( /21*:22'

$9(1(/

+80( )5((:$<

Change and disadvantage in the Hume region, Victoria 48 Localities with SEIFA RSD scores under the regional Victoria average 986 ciency q growth, or r decline

Populations in Euroa (694) contribute to the most disadvantaged 10% of the population in Australia (Table 1)

Change and disadvantage in the Hume region, Victoria 49 Disadvantaged areas in the Strathbogie  Fewer residents report their area has easy LGA by the Index of Relative Socio- access to recreational and leisure facilities economic Disadvantage (SEIFA) (68% compared to 79%, LGA snapshot 8, page 41) Strathbogie has two mid-sized towns, a rural catchment and one small town below the  Fewer residents report their area has a wide regional Victorian average on the SEIFA Index range of community and support groups (65% of Relative Disadvantage. Between 43–48% compared to 70%, LGA snapshot 9, page 44) of these populations have low incomes and all have lower than average amounts of public  More residents report they have experienced housing. All have a greater proportion of people transport limitations (31% compared to 20%, aged over 65 and Euroa and Violet Town have LGA snapshot 10, page 47, Figure 15) a greater proportion of single parent families.  More households have no internet (53% All but Violet Town have a higher than average compared to 47%, LGA Snapshot 11, page multicultural mix. 50, Figure 14) Context: Strathbogie LGA in general Early years/education/employment LGA snapshot 11 › In 2009, 14% of children across the LGA (12) Households with no internet connection, were found to be developmentally vulnerable 2006 (ABS 2006) in their ﬁ rst year of school (LGA snapshot 3, page 26) Victoria 39%

› The LGA has an unemployment rate of 4.5%, Hume Region 47% lower than the State average at 5.8% (March Strathbogie 53% 2010, LGA snapshot 4, page 29) Moira 52% › 16% of those aged between 15 and 19 are not Benalla 50% engaged in work or further education or training (LGA snapshot 5, page 32) Wangaratta 49% › Nearly a quarter of those employed are Greater Shepparton 48% semi skilled or unskilled workers (23%) (LGA Towong 48% snapshot 6, page 35) Alpine 46% Access to services Mansﬁ eld 45% The LGA is “accessible” by the Accessibility and Remoteness Index (Figure 13) Murrindindi 44% Mitchell 42% Compared to the Hume averages: Indigo 41%  The area has a higher rate of low care aged care places (63 compared to 51 per 1000 Wodonga 41% population eligible) = The same rate of high care aged care places (41 per 1000 population eligible)  Fewer residents report their area has good facilities and services like shops, childcare, schools, libraries (61% compared to 79%, LGA snapshot 7, page 38)

Change and disadvantage in the Hume region, Victoria 50 Towong LGA

Projected population change from 6247 in 2006 to 6020 in 2026 (decline)

Collection Districts by Victorian decile

9th and 10th deciles (Least disadvantaged) 7th and 8th deciles 5th and 6th deciles 3rd and 4th deciles 2nd decile 1st decile (Most disadvantaged) Unranked :$/:$ Town boundary

%(//%5,'*( 0855$< 9$//(< %(7+$1*$ +,*+:$<

7$//$1*$77$ 20(2 &255<21* +,*+:$<

Change and disadvantage in the Hume region, Victoria 51 Localities with SEIFA RSD scores under the regional Victoria average 986 ciency q growth, or r decline

No areas in this LGA contribute to the most disadvantaged 10% of the population in Australia (Table 1)

Change and disadvantage in the Hume region, Victoria 52 Disadvantaged areas in the Towong LGA  Fewer residents report their area has easy by the Index of Relative Socio-economic access to recreational and leisure facilities Disadvantage (SEIFA) (73% compared to 79%, LGA snapshot 8, page 41) Towong has one mid-sized and two small towns that score below the regional Victorian average  Fewer residents report their area has a wide on the SEIFA Index of Relative Disadvantage. range of community and support groups (66% Around 47–50% of these populations have compared to 70%, LGA snapshot 9, page 44) low incomes and all have lower than average amounts of public housing. There is a greater  More residents report they have experienced proportion of people aged over 65 and single transport limitations (21% compared to 20%, parent families in all towns. Only Corryong has LGA snapshot 10, page 47, Figure 15) higher than average multicultural mix.  More households have no internet (48% Context: Towong LGA in general compared to 47%, LGA Snapshot 11, page 50, Figure 14) Early years/education/employment

› In 2009, 11% of children across the LGA (7) were found to be developmentally vulnerable LGA snapshot 12 in their ﬁ rst year of school (LGA snapshot 3, Individual income under $400 per week, page 26) 2006 (ABS 2006)

› The LGA has an unemployment rate of 3.7%, Hume 48.3% lower than the State average at 5.8% (March 2010, LGA snapshot 4, page 29) Alpine 52.3% Benalla 50.8% › 15% of those aged between 15 and 19 are not engaged in work or further education or training Greater Shepparton 47.6% (LGA snapshot 5, page 32) Indigo 46.0% Around one in ﬁ ve of those employed are › Mansﬁ eld 49.6% semi skilled or unskilled workers (18%) (LGA snapshot 6, page 35) Mitchell 46.3% Access to services Moira 52.4% The LGA is “moderately accessible” by the Murrindindi 49.2% Accessibility and Remoteness Index (Figure 13) Strathbogie 52.8% Compared to the Hume averages: Towong 53.0%  The area has a higher rate of low care aged Wangaratta 48.7% care places (78 compared to 51 per 1000 Wodonga 43.5% population eligible) * Low income includes retired people that may have low  The area has a higher rate of high care aged incomes but assets care places (47 compared to 41 per 1000 population eligible)  Fewer residents report their area has good facilities and services like shops, childcare, schools, libraries (64% compared to 79%, LGA snapshot 7, page 38)

Change and disadvantage in the Hume region, Victoria 53 Wangaratta LGA

“Amenity” pressures landscape (Figure 8) Projected population change from 27318 in 2006 to 30457 in 2026 (growth)

Collection Districts by Victorian decile

9th and 10th deciles (Least disadvantaged) 7th and 8th deciles 5th and 6th deciles 635,1*+8567 3rd and 4th deciles 2nd decile 1st decile +80( (Most disadvantaged) )5((:$< Unranked Town boundary :$1*$5$77$

(/'25$'2

0,/$:$ 2;/(< */(152:$1

02<+8

Change and disadvantage in the Hume region, Victoria 54 Localities with SEIFA RSD scores under the regional Victoria average 986 ciency q growth, or r decline

Populations in Wangaratta (2864) contribute to the most disadvantaged 10% of the population in Australia (Table 1)

Change and disadvantage in the Hume region, Victoria 55 Disadvantaged areas in the Wangaratta Access to services LGA by the Index of Relative Socio- economic Disadvantage (SEIFA) The LGA is “accessible” by the Accessibility and Remoteness Index (Figure 13) Wangaratta has one large and two small towns that score below the regional Victorian average Compared to the Hume averages: on the SEIFA Index of Relative Disadvantage.  More residents report their area has good Around 42–48% of these populations have facilities and services like shops, childcare, low incomes and Wangaratta has higher than schools, libraries (86% compared to 79%, average amounts of public housing and a LGA snapshot 7, page 38) greater proportion of people aged over 65. Both towns have a greater proportion of single  More residents report their area has easy parent families and a higher than average access to recreational and leisure facilities multicultural mix. (87% compared to 79%, LGA snapshot 8, page 41) Context: Wangaratta LGA in general  Fewer residents report they have experienced Early years/education/employment transport limitations (16% compared to 20%, LGA snapshot 10, page 47, Figure 15) › In 2009, 8% of children across the LGA (29) were found to be developmentally vulnerable  The area has a higher rate of low care aged in their fi rst year of school (LGA snapshot 3, care places (54 compared to 51 per 1000 page 26) population eligible) › The LGA has an unemployment rate of 5.4%,  The area has a higher rate of high care aged lower than the State average at 5.8% (March care places (47 compared to 41 per 1000 2010, LGA snapshot 4, page 29) population eligible) › One in fi ve (19%) of those aged between 15 and  More residents report their area has a wide 19 are not engaged in work or further education range of community and support groups (77% or training (LGA snapshot 5, page 32) compared to 70%, LGA snapshot 9, page 44) › One in fi ve of those employed are semi skilled  More households have no internet (49% or unskilled workers (21%) (LGA snapshot 6, compared to 47%, LGA Snapshot 11, page page 35) 50, Figure 14)

Change and disadvantage in the Hume region, Victoria 56 Wodonga LGA

“Amenity” pressures landscape (Figure 8) Projected population change from 34504 in 2006 to 44337 in 2026 (growth)

Collection Districts by Victorian decile

9th and 10th deciles (Least disadvantaged) 7th and 8th deciles 5th and 6th deciles 3rd and 4th deciles 2nd decile 1st decile 0855$< (Most disadvantaged) 9$//(< +,*+:$< Unranked Town boundary +80( )5((:$<

+80( +,*+:$<

%21(*,//$

:2'21*$ .,(:$ 9$//(< +,*+:$<

%$5$1'8'$

Change and disadvantage in the Hume region, Victoria 57 Localities with SEIFA RSD scores under the regional Victoria average 986 ciency q growth, or r decline

Populations in Wodonga (4954) and the Kiewa Valley (123) contribute to the most disadvantaged 10% of the population in Australia (Table 1)

Change and disadvantage in the Hume region, Victoria 58 Disadvantaged areas in the Wodonga Access to services LGA by the Index of Relative Socio- economic Disadvantage (SEIFA) The LGA is “accessible” by the Accessibility and Remoteness Index (Figure 13) Wodonga has one large town that scores below the regional Victorian average on the SEIFA Compared to the Hume averages: Index of Relative Disadvantage. Around 36%  More residents report their area has good of this population has a low income and it has facilities and services like shops, childcare, a higher than average proportion of public schools, libraries (91% compared to 79%, LGA housing. There is a smaller proportion of people snapshot 7, page 38) aged over 65 but a greater proportion of single parent families. It has a higher than average  More residents report their area has easy multicultural mix. access to recreational and leisure facilities (93% compared to 79%, LGA snapshot 8, Context: Wodonga LGA in general page 41) Early years/education/employment  More residents report their area has a wide range of community and support groups (73% › In 2009, 14% of children across the LGA (63) were found to be developmentally vulnerable compared to 70%, LGA snapshot 9, page 44) in their fi rst year of school (LGA snapshot 3,  Fewer residents report they have experienced page 26) transport limitations (14% compared to 20%, LGA snapshot 10, page 47, Figure 15) › The LGA has an unemployment rate of 5.5%, lower than the State average at 5.8% (March  Fewer households have no internet (41% 2010, LGA snapshot 4, page 29) compared to 47%, LGA Snapshot 11, page 50, Figure 14) › One in fi ve (20%) of those aged between 15 and 19 are not engaged in work or further education  The area has a lower rate of low care aged or training (LGA snapshot 5, page 32) care places (41 compared to 51 per 1000 population eligible) › One in fi ve of those employed are semi skilled or unskilled workers (20%) (LGA snapshot 6,  The area has a lower rate of high care aged page 35) care places (36 compared to 41 per 1000 population eligible)

Change and disadvantage in the Hume region, Victoria 59 Conclusion and what can be done

The data in this report show that disadvantage › local governments in the economic is clustered in different localities across the development of local areas, providing services Hume region. Each appears to have a different (early years, aged care, youth services) and in mix of people. Some are predominantly aging community development; and populations, some working populations and › non-government organisations in providing some concentrations of welfare recipients. Some services and advocating on behalf of areas have a signifi cant multicultural mix, while disadvantaged groups. others do not. These differences are the result of economic and demographic changes occurring Because of its complexity, reducing disadvantage across the region that are resulting in: will require collaboration. It will require partnerships of agencies bringing a range › a decrease of economic opportunities for of resources to bear on the issue. In the fi rst residents in some areas particularly for unskilled instance, it will require processes that bring workers (of which there is a greater proportion together empirical, expert, strategic and local in Hume – a trend likely to perpetuate due to knowledge to identify strategic priorities and lower than state average educational outcomes locally appropriate solutions. It will also involve across early years, secondary and tertiary building the capacities of both communities and education); agencies to mount effective responses. › population growth, decline or change that is causing a need for the restructure of services Change will continue to occur in the Hume (putting pressure of services, creating a need region and individuals, families and communities for new services or making services in some will need to continue to adapt. This can be areas not viable); or supported by service systems and governments that are also refl exive to change and that fi nd › the concentration of disadvantage in certain processes for dealing with complex issues, like areas because of rising housing costs in some disadvantage, that run across agencies and areas with others not keeping pace (trapping jurisdictions. residents) in others. The complex and multidimensional nature of disadvantage means that the efforts of a range The complex and multidimensional of agencies will be needed to reduce it or lessen its impacts. No single agency holds all the nature of disadvantage means reducing levers to the factors outlined in the beginning of disadvantage will require collaboration this report as making a difference to social and across a range of agencies. economic wellbeing (Figure 10). The roles played by different agencies include:

› the Commonwealth government in employment policy, income support, the tax transfer system (including pensions and beneﬁ ts, etc), housing, health and other social programs; › the State government in providing or subsidising essential services (health, education and training, etc), planning policy, housing, support for economic development, reducing barriers to opportunity and supporting disadvantaged groups and places;

Change and disadvantage in the Hume region, Victoria 60 Appendix A. The full list of relatively disadvantaged towns in the Hume region

Towns that score under the Regional Victorian average (986) on the Index of Relative Socio-Economic Disadvantage.

Small towns <1000 Medium sized towns 1000–3000 Large sized towns >3000

SEIFA Pop. change Town RSD Population 2001–6 1 Moira Tungamah 869 354 q Greater Merrigum 902 451 r 2 Shepparton 3 Mitchell Seymour 907 6064 r 4 Towong Walwa 909 88 r 5 Wangaratta Moyhu 910 213 – 6 Murrindindi Eildon 914 743 q 7 Moira Cobram 922 5065 q 8 Strathbogie Euroa 924 2773 q 9 Alpine Myrtleford 927 2718 q 10 Moira Nathalia 928 1426 q 11 Strathbogie Ngambie 929 1381 r 12 Mansﬁ eld Jamieson 931 89 r 13 Strathbogie Violet Town 931 682 q Greater Murchison 931 785 q 14 Shepparton 15 Moira Wunghnu 937 122 q 16 Murrindindi Yea 937 1050 q 17 Moira Strathmerton 940 466 q 18 Benalla Benalla 940 9124 q 19 Indigo Chiltern 943 1066 q 20 Towong Corryong 943 1232 q 21 Moira Numurkah 944 3680 q 22 Mitchell Pyalong 947 266 q Greate Shepparton-Mooroopna 947 38787 q 23 Shepparton 24 Mitchell Broadford 950 3054 q 25 Moira Katamatite 957 211 r 26 Moira Nathalia Rural Catchment 960 1333 q 27 Wangaratta Wangaratta 962 16865 q 28 Murrindindi Hazeldene 963 536 r 29 Indigo Rutherglen 967 1990 q 30 Moira Yarrawonga 967 5730 q

Change and disadvantage in the Hume region, Victoria 61 Small towns <1000 Medium sized towns 1000–3000 Large sized towns >3000

SEIFA Pop. change Town RSD Population 2001–6 31 Wangaratta Glenrowan 970 373 r 32 Murrindindi Alexandra 971 2139 q 33 Alpine Mount Beauty 973 1706 q 34 Towong Tallangatta 974 954 q 35 Wodonga Wodonga 977 29696 q 36 Indigo Beechworth 978 2653 q 37 Strathbogie Nagambie Rural Catchment 980 1117 q 38 Indigo Wahgunyah 981 810 q Greater Tatura 982 3534 q 39 Shepparton 40 Mansﬁ eld Mansﬁ eld 984 2846 q

Change and disadvantage in the Hume region, Victoria 62 References

DPCD gratefully acknowledges the Department of Health and its two data collation products from which most of the data for this report (referenced below) has been drawn:

› 2009 Local Government Area Statistical Proﬁ les › Town and Community Proﬁ les 2008 (DHS 2009)

ABS (Australian Bureau of Statistics) (2006) Census of Population and Housing data. Australian Bureau of Statistics website. www.abs.gov.au. Accessed July 2010. ABS (Australian Bureau of Statistics) (2010) SEIFA: Socioeconomic Indexes for Areas webpage http://www.abs.gov.au/websitedbs/D3310114.nsf/home/Seifa_entry_page. Accessed July 2010. ABS (Australian Bureau of Statistics) (2010a) 1367.2 – State and Regional Indicators, Victoria, Mar 2010 webpage. Unemployment estimates. Available at http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/ Latestproducts/B9D12E43B7000E74CA257729002006E4?opendocument Accessed July 2010. AHURI (Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute) (2005) Why low-income households move: the search for affordable housing and employment. Research and Policy Bulletin, Issue 53 Available at www.ahuri.edu.au/publications/download/8726 Accessed July 2010. Australian Government (2009) A compendium of social inclusion indicators. How’s Australia faring? www.socialinclusion.gov.au >Publications. Accessed July 2010. Barr N (2009) The House on the Hill: the transformation of Australia’s farming communities. Land & Water Australia in association with Halstead Press: Canberra. CIV (Community Indicators Victoria) (2007) Community Wellbeing Survey of Victorian LGAs. http://www.communityindicators.net.au Accessed July 2010. DEECD (Department of Education and Early Childhood Development) (2010) Victorian Australian Early Childhood Development (AEDI) results for areas information sheets. DEECD: Melbourne. DHS (Department of Human Services Workforce Planning, Portfolio Services and Strategic Projects Division) (2009) 2009 Local Government Area Statistical Proﬁ les. DHS (Department of Human Services Workforce Planning, Portfolio Services and Strategic Projects Division) (2009a) Accessibility ARIA+ map. https://fac.dhs.vic.gov.au/publicfolder/data_statistics/DHS/ maps/ARIAP.pdf Accessed July 2010. DHS (Department of Human Services) (2010) Summary of Housing Assistance Programs 2008–09 (word version). DHS Housing and Community Building Division: Melbourne. Available at www.housing.vic.gov.au/publications/reports Accessed July 2010. DIIRD (Department of Innovation, Industry and Regional Development) (2010) Live in Victoria website. http://www.liveinvictoria.vic.gov.au/working-and-employment/skill-shortages. Accessed July 2010. DIMIA (Department of Immigration and Citizenship) (2009) Settlement database. Taken from DHS 2009. DPC (Premier and Cabinet) (2005) A Fairer Victoria. DPC: Melbourne.

Change and disadvantage in the Hume region, Victoria 63 DPCD (Department of Planning and Community Development) (2007) DPCD compilation of Local Council data about non resident rate payers. DPCD (Department of Planning and Community Development) (2008) Towns in Time. DPCD: Melbourne. Available at http://www.dpi.vic.gov.au/DSE/dsenres.nsf/LinkView/ E05D934749B13CE2CA256D3B0005539F5D8F38B915AF5AA1CA256D1A0022BDE9 Accessed July 2010. DPCD (Department of Planning and Community Development) (2008a) Victoria in Future 2008 – Population Projections. DPCD: Melbourne. Available at http://www.dpi.vic.gov.au/DSE/dsenres.nsf/ LinkView/BD4EF8A400A9E6DECA256D8D00151A4F775206E3E0281595CA256F0E0013C1FB Accessed July 2010. DPCD (Department of Planning and Community Development) (2010) Strategic Policy Research and Forecasting, DPCD. LGA maps of the SEIFA Index of Relative Socio-economic Disadvantage mapped at the collector district level. www.dpcd.vic.gov.au >Urban and Regional > Demographics Accessed July 2010. DPCD (Department of Planning and Community Development) (2010a) Indicators of Community Strength at the Local Government Area Level for Victoria, 2008 www.dpcd.vic.gov.au >Research and Publications Accessed July 2010. DPCD (Department of Planning and Community Development) (2010b) Towns in Time website. Available at http://www.land.vic.gov.au/DSE/dsenres.nsf/LinkView/ E05D934749B13CE2CA256D3B0005539F5D8F38B915AF5AA1CA256D1A0022BDE9. Accessed July 2010. DSE (Department of Sustainability and Environment) (2005) Regional Matters: an atlas of Regional Victoria 2005. www.dpcd.vic.gov.au. Accessed July 2006. PHIDU (Public Health Information Development Unit) (2010) The Social Health Atlas of Australia: Victoria. (Editions since 1999). www.publichealth.gov.au. Accessed July 2010. Saunders P & Wong M (2009) Still doing it tough: an update on deprivation and social exclusion among welfare service clients. Social Policy Research Centre, University of New South Wales. www.sprc.unsw.edu.au. Accessed July 2010. SGS Economics & Planning (2009) The role of community development in responding to economic decline. Paper commissioned by Community Development, DPCD. Vinson T (2004) Community adversity and resilience. JSS: Melbourne. Vinson T (2007) Dropping Off the Edge. JSS & CSSA: Melbourne.

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Change and disadvantage in the Hume region, Victoria 65 If you would like to receive this publication in an accessible format, such as large print or audio, please telephone Jeanette Pope on 9208 3849, or email [email protected]. This publication is published in PDF and Word formats on www.dpcd.vic.gov.au

Published by the Department of Planning and Community Development 1 Spring Street Melbourne, Victoria 3000 Telephone (03) 9208 3799 March 2011 © Copyright State Government of Victoria 2007 This publication is copyright. No part may be reproduced by any process except in accordance with provisions of the Copyright Act 1968. Authorised by the Victorian Government, Melbourne. DOT5646/11

Change and disadvantage in the Hume region, Victoria 66