ReidMonoCoVER22.qxd 6/23/04 9:21 AM Page 1 9RGSRZIRXMSREP£%VXIVMEP£-RXIVWIGXMSR£(IWMKR£1EREKIQIRX£ERH£3TIVEXMSRW£7XVEXIKMIW 9RGSRZIRXMSREP£ %VXIVMEP£-RXIVWIGXMSR (IWMKR£1EREKIQIRX ERH£3TIVEXMSRW£ 7XVEXIKMIW

.SREXLER£6IMH£4) 4VSJIWWMSREP£%WWSGMEXI£ *MREPMWX£;MPPMEQ£&EVGPE]£4EVWSRW£*IPPS[WLMT£4VSKVEQ 4EVWSRW£&VMRGOIVLSJJ .YP]£ ReidMonoTOCForeword.qxd 6/23/04 9:33 AM Page i

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Foreword ...... Z

1.0 Need for Arterial Intersection Innovation ...... 1 £-RXVSHYGXMSR £££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££ £-QTSVXERGI£SJ£XLI£%VXIVMEP£7]WXIQ ££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££ £'YVVIRX£97£7]WXIQ£4IVJSVQERGI £££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££ £'SRZIRXMSREP£-RXIVWIGXMSR£(IWMKR£(IJMGMIRGMIW £££££££££££££££££££££££££££££

2.0 Unconventional Design, Operations and Management Principles . . . . .17 £)QTLEWMW£SR£8LVSYKL1SZIQIRXW £££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££ £6IHYGXMSR£MR£7MKREP£4LEWIW ££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££ £6IHYGXMSR£MR£'SRJPMGX£4SMRXW ££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££

3.0 Arterial System At-Grade Intersections ...... 25 £1IHMER£98YVR£'VSWWSZIV££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££ £.YKLERHPI ££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££ £7YTIVWXVIIX ££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££ £4EMVIH£-RXIVWIGXMSRW ££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££

4.0 Isolated At-Grade Intersections ...... 47 £'SRXMRYSYW£*PS[£-RXIVWIGXMSR £££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££ £'SRXMRYSYW£+VIIR£¦8¦ £££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££ £1YPXM0ERI£6SYRHEFSYXW ££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££ £7TPMX£-RXIVWIGXMSR ££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££ £3XLIV£9RGSRZIRXMSREP£-RXIVWIGXMSR£(IWMKR£'SRGITXW £££££££££££££££££££££££

5.0 Arterial Grade-Separated Intersections ...... 71 £)GLIPSR£-RXIVGLERKI £££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££ £'IRXIV£8YVR£3ZIVTEWW ££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££ £7MRKPI£4SMRX£9VFER£-RXIVGLERKI £££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££ £6SYRHEFSYX£-RXIVGLERKIW £££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££ £1MGLMKER£9VFER£(MEQSRH£-RXIVGLERKI££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££ £3XLIV£%VXIVMEP£-RXIVGLERKI£(IWMKRW ££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££

6.0 Unconventional Design Implementation ...... 95 £&I]SRH£6IKMSREP£9WI ££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££ £%[EVIRIWW£ERH£%GGITXERGI £££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££ £&IRIJMXW£ERH£-QTEGXW ££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££ £%REP]WMW£8SSPW £££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££ £-QTPIQIRXEXMSR£-WWYIW £££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££

M ReidMonoTOCForeword.qxd 6/23/04 9:33 AM Page ii

Appendices ...... 111 +PSWWEV]£SJ£8IVQW £££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££ 6IJIVIRGIW ££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££ 7YVZI] £££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££ 7YVZI]£6IWYPXW£7YQQEV] ££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££

MM ReidMonoTOCForeword.qxd 6/23/04 9:33 AM Page iii

LIST OF EXHIBITS

)\LMFMX£££££9VFER£ERH£7YFYVFER£%VXIVMEP£'SRKIWXMSR £££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££ )\LMFMX£££££1SFMPMX]£XS£%GGIWW£7GEPI ££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££ )\LMFMX£££££97£1MPIW£SJ£6SEH[E]£ERH£1MPIW£8VEZIPIH£F]£*YRGXMSREP£'PEWW ££££££££££££££££ )\LMFMX£££££-RXIVWIGXMSR£1YPXMTPI£0IJX8YVR£0ERIW ££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££ )\LMFMX£££££0IJX£8YVR£5YIYMRK ££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££ )\LMFMX£££££8]TMGEP£;EVVERX£'VMXIVME£JSV£0IJX£8YVR£4VSXIGXIH£4LEWMRK ££££££££££££££££££££ )\LMFMX£££££1YPXM4LEWI£7MKREP£'SRXVSP ££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££ )\LMFMX£££££4LEWI£%PPSGEXMSR£'SQTEVMWSR £££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££ )\LMFMX£££££-RXIVWIGXMSR£:ILMGYPEV£'SRJPMGX£4SMRXW ££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££ )\LMFMX£££-RXIVPSGOMRK£0IJX£8YVRW£EX£&M(MVIGXMSREP£1IHMERW £££££££££££££££££££££££££ )\LMFMX£££1IHMER£98YVR£'VSWWSZIV£(IWMKR£££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££ )\LMFMX£££1IHMER£98YVR£(IWMKR£:EVMEXMSRW £££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££ )\LMFMX£££*SYV£'SVRIVW£1EV]PERH ££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££ )\LMFMX£££%%7,83£1IHMER£;MHXL£(IWMKR£7XERHEVHW ££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££ )\LMFMX£££1IHMER£98YVR£7MKRMRK£ERH£4IHIWXVMER£'VSWW[EPOW £££££££££££££££££££££££ )\LMFMX£££(MZMHIH£,MKL[E]£0IZIP£SJ£7IVZMGI£'SQTEVMWSR ££££££££££££££££££££££££££ )\LMFMX£££.YKLERHPI£-RXIVWIGXMSR£££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££ )\LMFMX£££.YKLERHPI£7MKRMRK£)\EQTPIW££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££ )\LMFMX£££.YKLERHPI£(IWMKR£'SRJMKYVEXMSRW ££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££ )\LMFMX£££.YKLERHPI£7MKREP£4SPI£4PEGIQIRX ££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££ )\LMFMX£££7YTIVWXVIIX£1IHMER£(IWMKR £££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££ )\LMFMX£££7YTIVWXVIIX£(IWMKR£:EVMEXMSRW £££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££ )\LMFMX£££0IJX3ZIV£'SRGITX ££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££ )\LMFMX£££4EMVIH£-RXIVWIGXMSR£'SRGITX£££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££ )\LMFMX£££%PXIVREXMRK£%VXIVMEP£8YVRW £££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££ )\LMFMX£££'SRXMRYSYW£*PS[£-RXIVWIGXMSR£(IWMKR ££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££ )\LMFMX£££'*-£ZW£'SRZIRXMSREP£-RXIVWIGXMSRW ££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££ )\LMFMX£££'SRXMRYSYW£+VIIR£8-RXIVWIGXMSR£(IWMKR££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££ )\LMFMX£££7XERGLMSR£1EMRXIRERGI£2IIHW£EX£'+8-RXIVWIGXMSR £££££££££££££££££££££££ )\LMFMX£££1SHIVR£1YPXM0ERI£6SYRHEFSYX£/MRKWXSR£2=£££££££££££££££££££££££££££ )\LMFMX£££)\EQTPIW£SJ£1SHIVR£6SYRHEFSYX£7MKRMRK ££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££ )\LMFMX£££97£1YPXM0ERI£6SYRHEFSYX£'SRZIVWMSRW£'VEWL£7XYH]£ £7MXIW £££££££££££££££ )\LMFMX£££'ETEGMX]£SJ£E£(SYFPI0ERI£6SYRHEFSYX£%TTVSEGL £££££££££££££££££££££££ )\LMFMX£££2SR'MVGYPEV£1SHIVR£6SYRHEFSYX ££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££ )\LMFMX£££6SYRHEFSYX£%HZERXEKIW(MWEHZERXEKIW £££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££ )\LMFMX£££7TPMX£-RXIVWIGXMSR£(IWMKR£'SRGITX ££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££ )\LMFMX£££5YEHVERX£6SEH[E]£-RXIVWIGXMSR£'SRGITX£££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££ )\LMFMX£££5YEHVERX£6SEH[E]£-RXIVWIGXMSR£0IJX8YVRMRK£4EXXIVRW £££££££££££££££££££££ )\LMFMX£££&S[XMI£-RXIVWIGXMSR£'SRGITX ££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££ )\LMFMX£££(SYFPI;MHI£-RXIVWIGXMSR£'SRGITX££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££ )\LMFMX£££'SQQSR£'SRZIRXMSREP£ *VII[E]£7X]PI £-RXIVGLERKIW ££££££££££££££££££££££ )\LMFMX£££)GLIPSR£-RXIVGLERKI£'SRGITX££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££ )\LMFMX£££7MHI[EPOW£8LVSYKL£%ZIRXYVE£)GLIPSR£-RXIVGLERKI ££££££££££££££££££££££££ )\LMFMX£££-RXIVGLERKI£'SWX£ERH£3TIVEXMSRW£'SQTEVEXMZI ££££££££££££££££££££££££££ )\LMFMX£££'IRXIV£8YVR£3ZIVTEWW£'SRGITXYEP£(IWMKR ££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££ )\LMFMX£££6IGSQQIRHIH£8[S;E]£6IHYGIH£7XERHEVH£,3:£(VST£6EQT£0E]SYX£££££££££ )\LMFMX£££%VXIVMEP£7MRKPI£4SMRX£9VFER£-RXIVGLERKI ££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££ )\LMFMX£££749-£¨9RHIVTEWW©£(IWMKR£:EVMEXMSR £££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££

MMM ReidMonoTOCForeword.qxd 6/23/04 9:33 AM Page iv

)\LMFMX£££-RZIVXIH£749-£-RXIVGLERKI£(IWMKR£+VIIRWFSVS£2' ££££££££££££££££££££££ )\LMFMX£££(SYFPI£6SYRHEFSYX£-RXIVGLERKI£1EV]PERH £££££££££££££££££££££££££££££ )\LMFMX£££7MRKPI£6SYRHEFSYX£-RXIVGLERKI£ £££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££ )\LMFMX£££6SYRHEFSYX£-RXIVGLERKI£(IPE]£ERH£'ETEGMX] £££££££££££££££££££££££££££ )\LMFMX£££1MGLMKER£9VFER£(MEQSRH£-RXIVGLERKI£££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££ )\LMFMX£££-RXIKVEXIH£%VXIVMEP£-RXIVGLERKI£££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££ )\LMFMX£££'SRXVEJPS[£0IJX£-RXIVGLERKI£'SRGITX ££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££ )\LMFMX£££'SRXVEJPS[£0IJX£-RXIVGLERKI£MR£'SGSRYX£'VIIO£*PSVMHE£££££££££££££££££££££ )\LMFMX£££7MRKPI£0SST£-RXIVGLERKI £££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££ )\LMFMX£££'SQTVIWWIH£(MEQSRH£-RXIVGLERKI £££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££ )\LMFMX£££6IEWSRW£%KIRGMIW£1E]£'SRWMHIV£9RGSRZIRXMSREP£(IWMKRW £££££££££££££££££ )\LMFMX£££6IEWSRW£%KIRGMIW£1E]£6INIGX£9RGSRZIRXMSREP£(IWMKRW ££££££££££££££££££ )\LMFMX£££4IHIWXVMER£'VSWWMRK£)JJMGMIRG] ££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££ )\LMFMX£££8VEJJMG£%REP]WMW£7SJX[EVI£(IWGVMTXMSR £££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££££ )\LMFMX£££'367-1£7]RGLVS£ERH£:-77-1£7MQYPEXMSR£+VETLMGW ££££££££££££££££££££££ )\LMFMX£££8VEJJMG£7SJX[EVI£8SSPW£9WIH£JSV£%VXIVMEPW£%REP]WMW ££££££££££££££££££££££££ )\LMFMX£££8VEJJMG£7SJX[EVI£4EGOEKIW£9WIH£F]£8VEJJMG£)RKMRIIVW£  £££££££££££

MZ ReidMonoTOCForeword.qxd 6/23/04 9:33 AM Page v

FOREWORD

8LMW£QSRSKVETL£HIWGVMFIW£E£[MHI£ZEVMIX]£SJ£¨YRGSRZIRXMSREP©£MRXIVWIGXMSR£HIWMKR£STIVE XMSR£ERH£QEREKIQIRX£TVMRGMTPIW£ERH£I\TPSVIW£XLI£VSPI£XLEX£XLI]£GER£LEZI£MR£MQTVSZMRK£STIVE XMSREP£IJJMGMIRG]£SR£EVXIVMEP£VSEH[E]W

-R£QER]£YVFER£ERH£WYFYVFER£EVIEW£EGVSWW£XLI£9RMXIH£7XEXIW£TVMRGMTEP£EVXIVMEP£VSEH[E]W EVI£YREFPI£XS£EHIUYEXIP]£WIVZI£MRGVIEWMRK£XVEZIP£HIQERH£TEVXMGYPEVP]£EPSRK£LMKLP]£HIZIPSTIH GSVVMHSVW££0SRKHMWXERGI£XVMT£IJJMGMIRG]£MW£PSWX£IZIR£EX£SJJTIEO£LSYVW£EW£QSXSVMWXW£WYJJIV£WXST ERHKS£XVEJJMG£GSRHMXMSRW£FIX[IIR£MRXIVWIGXMSRW££3J£XLI£QER]£TSXIRXMEP£STIVEXMSREP£GSRXVSP£JEG XSVW£SR£XLI£EVXIVMEP£XLI£GSRKIWXMSR£I\TIVMIRGIH£EX£WMKREPM^IH£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£GER£LEZI£XLI£KVIEX IWX£MQTEGX£SR£EVXIVMEP£XVEZIP£IJJMGMIRG]

9RGSRZIRXMSREP£MRXIVWIGXMSR£HIWMKRW£WLEVI£GSQQSR£TVMRGMTPIW£MR£IQTLEWM^MRK£XLVSYKL QSZIQIRXW£EPSRK£XLI£EVXIVMEP£IPMQMREXMRK£WSQI£WMKREP£TLEWIW£ERH£VIHYGMRK£ERH£WITEVEXMRK GSRJPMGX£TSMRXW£XS£MQTVSZI£STIVEXMSRW£IJJMGMIRG]£ERH£WEJIX]£EX£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£ERH£TSXIRXMEPP] EPSRK£XLI£[LSPI£SJ£XLI£EVXIVMEP££9RGSRZIRXMSREP£HIWMKRW£EPWS£SJJIV£XLI£TSXIRXMEP£JSV£PS[IV£GSWXW ERH£VIHYGIH£IRZMVSRQIRXEP£MQTEGXW£TEVXMGYPEVP]£[LIR£GSQTEVIH£XS£XVEHMXMSREP£[MHIRMRKW£SV GSRZIVXMRK£EXKVEHI£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£XS£MRXIVGLERKIW££%W£XVERWTSVXEXMSR£EKIRGMIW£ERH£GSQQYRM XMIW£WIIO£PSRKXIVQ£WSPYXMSRW£XS£EVXIVMEP£GSRKIWXMSR£XLIVI£MW£RI[£ERH£KVIEXIV£GSRXMRYMRK£MRXIVIWX MR£YRGSRZIRXMSREP£MRXIVWIGXMSR£HIWMKR£EW£TSXIRXMEP£GSRKIWXMSR£ERH£KVS[XL£QEREKIQIRX£WSPY XMSRW££,S[IZIV£XS£HEXI£XLIVI£MW£RS£EYXLSVMXEXMZI£VIJIVIRGI£JSV£TVSJIWWMSREPW£XLEX£EHHVIWWIW£E VERKI£SJ£YRGSRZIRXMSREP£HIWMKR£STIVEXMSR£ERH£QEREKIQIRX£TVMRGMTPIW££

8LMW£QSRSKVETL£[EW£HIZIPSTIH£XS£WIVZI£EW£WYGL£E£VIJIVIRGI£XS£TVIWIRX£E£QIRY£SJ YRGSRZIRXMSREP£EXKVEHI£ERH£KVEHIWITEVEXIH£MRXIVWIGXMSR£HIWMKRW£[MXL£TSXIRXMEP£XS£MQTVSZI GIVXEMR£X]TIW£SJ£LMKLZSPYQI£EVXIVMEP£MRXIVWIGXMSRW££'LETXIV££I\EQMRIW£XLI£GYVVIRX£RIIH£JSV RI[£ETTVSEGLIW£XS£VIHYGMRK£MRXIVWIGXMSR£GSRKIWXMSR£ERH£MHIRXMJMIW£HIJMGMIRGMIW£MR£GYVVIRX GSRZIRXMSREP£MRXIVWIGXMSR£HIWMKR£STIVEXMSR£ERH£QEREKIQIRX£TVEGXMGI£EX£LMKLGETEGMX]£MRXIV WIGXMSRW££'LETXIV££I\TPEMRW£YRGSRZIRXMSREP£MRXIVWIGXMSR£HIWMKR£STIVEXMSRW£ERH£QEREKIQIRX TVMRGMTPIW£MR£HIXEMP££'LETXIVW££TVIWIRX£YRGSRZIRXMSREP£MRXIVWIGXMSR£ERH£MRXIVGLERKI£HIWMKRW YWIH£VIKMSREPP]£SV£MR£MWSPEXMSR£XLVSYKLSYX£XLI£97£EW£[IPP£EW£RI[IV£VIWIEVGL£MRXS£YRGSRZIRXMSR EP£HIWMKRW£]IX£XS£FI£MQTPIQIRXIH££'LETXIV££I\EQMRIW£MQTPIQIRXEXMSR£MWWYIW£MRGPYHMRK FYMPHMRK£TYFPMG£E[EVIRIWW£QSXSVMWX£EGGITXERGI£YWI£SJ£STIVEXMSRW£EREP]WMW£WSJX[EVI£ERH TSXIRXMEP£HIWMKR£MQTEGXW£ERH£FIRIJMXW£

Z ReidMonoTOCForeword.qxd 6/23/04 9:33 AM Page vi

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

8LMW£QSRSKVETL£MW£XLI£GYPQMREXMSR£SJ£VIWIEVGL£GSRHYGXIH£EW£E£JMREPMWX£JSV£XLI£;MPPMEQ &EVGPE]£4EVWSRW£*IPPS[WLMT£TVSKVEQ£ER£ERRYEP£VIWIEVGL£E[EVH£TVSZMHIH£F]£XLI£&SEVH£SJ (MVIGXSVW£SJ£4EVWSRW£&VMRGOIVLSJJ£-RG£¨XS£TIVTIXYEXI£XLI£MHIEPW£ERH£EGLMIZIQIRX£SJ£MXW£JSYRHIV ;MPPMEQ£&EVGPE]£4EVWSRW©

7IZIVEP£MRHMZMHYEPW£GSRXVMFYXIH£XS£XLMW£VIWIEVGL£[SVO£EW£TVSNIGX£XIGLRMGEP£QIRXSVW£SV£TIIV VIZMI[£XIEQ£QIQFIVW££1ER]£XLEROW£XS£XLIWI£MRHMZMHYEPW£JSV£XLIMV£IJJSVXW£MR£QEOMRK£XLMW£EW FVSEH£ERH£XLSVSYKL£E£VIWIEVGL£IJJSVX£EW£TSWWMFPI£

Technical Mentorship Team

,EP£/EWWSJJ WIVZIW£EW£4EVWSRW£&VMRGOIVLSJJ«W£,MKL[E]£4VSKVEQ£%VIE£1EREKIV£ERH£[EW JSVQIVP]£(MVIGXSV£SJ£4PERRMRK£ERH£4VIPMQMREV]£)RKMRIIVMRK£ERH£XLIR£%HQMRMWXVEXSV£JSV£XLI 1EV]PERH£7XEXI£,MKL[E]£%HQMRMWXVEXMSR££,EP«W£[IEPXL£SJ£TYFPMG£ERH£TVMZEXI£WIGXSV£XVERWTSVXE XMSR£TPERRMRK£ERH£HIWMKR£I\TIVMIRGI£GSQFMRIH£[MXL£LMW£GSRXVMFYXMSRW£XS£XLI£GSRGITX£SJ£¨WYW XEMREFPI£LMKL[E]W©£QEHI£LMW£QIRXSVWLMT£ERH£VIZMI[£SJ£XLMW£VIWIEVGL£MRZEPYEFPI££

.SWITL£)£,YQQIV£4L(£4)£4VSJIWWSV£SJ£'MZMP£)RKMRIIVMRK£EX£2SVXL£'EVSPMRE£7XEXI 9RMZIVWMX]££(V£,YQQIV£LEW£VIWIEVGLIH£YRGSRZIRXMSREP£MRXIVWIGXMSR£ERH£MRXIVGLERKIW£JSV£ ]IEVW£ERH£LEW£HIZIPSTIH£XLVII£RI[£YRGSRZIRXMSREP£HIWMKRW££,I£LEW£EYXLSVIH££TETIVW£ERH TVIWIRXIH£EX£QER]£XIGLRMGEP£GSRJIVIRGIW£SR£YRGSRZIRXMSREP£HIWMKR

Peer Review Team

'VEMK£1MPPIV£4)£MW£XLI£JSYRHIV£ERH£TVIWMHIRX£SJ£1MPPIV£'SRWYPXMRK£-RG£MR£4SQTERS &IEGL£*PSVMHE££1V£1MPPIV£LEW£TYFPMWLIH£SZIV££XIGLRMGEP£TETIVW£LEW£WIVZIH£EW£TVMRGMTEP MRZIWXMKEXSV£SR£X[S£REXMSR[MHI£VIWIEVGL£TVSNIGXW£JSV£*,;%£ERH£LEW£FIIR£E£KYIWX£WTIEOIV£EX £REXMSREP£ERH£MRXIVREXMSREP£GSRJIVIRGIW£MR£LMW£EVIEW£SJ£I\TIVXMWI£MRGPYHMRK£XSPP£VSEHW£GSR KIWXMSR£TVMGMRK£GVIEXMZI£JMRERGMRK£TVMZEXM^EXMSR£ERH£PIKMWPEXMZI£MRMXMEXMZIW

7EIH£6EL[ERNM£7IRMSV£8VERWTSVXEXMSR£)RKMRIIV£[MXL£XLI£1EV]PERH£7XEXI£,MKL[E] %HQMRMWXVEXMSR£3JJMGI£SJ£8VEJJMG£ERH£7EJIX]£TVSZMHIW£IRKMRIIVMRK£WIVZMGIW£EW£E£XIGLRMGEP£I\TIVX JSV£XVEJJMG£IRKMRIIVMRK£EREP]WMW£7EIH£MRMXMEXIW£HIZIPSTW£ERH£QEREKIW£TVSKVEQW£VIPEXIH£XS£XVEJ JMG£EREP]WMW£ERH£TVEGXMGEP£VIWIEVGL£MR£XVEJJMG£IRKMRIIVMRK£ERH£XLI£ETTPMGEXMSR£SJ£ETTPMIH£XIGLRSP SK]£JSV£HIZIPSTMRK£WSPYXMSRW£XS£XVEJJMG£STIVEXMSR£-X£MW£LMW£MRXIVIWX£ERH£VIWTSRWMFMPMX]£XS£TYVWYI HIWMKR£MRRSZEXMSR£JSV£7,%3387£ERH£XS£FVMRK£RI[£MHIEW£XS£XLI£[E]£IRKMRIIVW£GSRHYGX£XVEJJMG TPERRMRK£ERH£STIVEXMSRW£TVEGXMGI

8VEGI]£2M\SR£%-'4£MW£E£XVERWTSVXEXMSR£TPERRIV£MR£4EVWSRW£&VMRGOIVLSJJ«W£-RHMERETSPMW SJJMGI££8VEGI]£LEW£[SVOIH£SR£E£RYQFIV£SJ£LMKL[E]£ERH£XVERWMX£WXYHMIW£XLVSYKLSYX£XLI£97£[VMX MRK£IRZMVSRQIRXEP£HSGYQIRXW£ERH£TVITEVMRK£MRJSVQEXMSREP£QEXIVMEPW£JSV£XLI£TYFPMG££8VEGI]£TVS ZMHIH£MRZEPYEFPI£XIGLRMGEP£IHMXW£JSV£XLMW£QSRSKVETL£ERH£FVSYKLX£ER£I\TIVMIRGIH£TPERRIVW«£TIV WTIGXMZI£XS£XLMW£XSTMG

7TIGMEP£XLEROW£XS£4EYP£&YVSW£SJ£%MV4LSXS97%£JSV£TVSZMHMRK£QER]£SJ£XLI£LMKLUYEPMX]£EIVMEP MQEKIW£MR£XLMW£HSGYQIRX

ZM ReidMonoTOCForeword.qxd 6/23/04 9:33 AM Page vii

1ER]£XLEROW£XS£XLI£JSPPS[MRK£WXEXI£LMKL[E]£EKIRGMIW£JSV£TEVXMGMTEXMRK£MR£XLI£VIWIEVGL£WYVZI] IJJSVX

%PEWOE£(ITEVXQIRX£SJ£8VERWTSVXEXMSR£ £4YFPMG£*EGMPMXMIW 1MWWMWWMTTM£(ITEVXQIRX£SJ£8VERWTSVXEXMSR %VM^SRE£(ITEVXQIRX£SJ£8VERWTSVXEXMSR 1MWWSYVM£(ITEVXQIRX£SJ£8VERWTSVXEXMSR %VOERWEW£7XEXI£,MKL[E]£ £8VERWTSVXEXMSR£(ITEVXQIRX 2IFVEWOE£(ITEVXQIRX£SJ£6SEHW 'SRRIGXMGYX£(ITEVXQIRX£SJ£8VERWTSVXEXMSR 2IZEHE£(ITEVXQIRX£SJ£8VERWTSVXEXMSR (IPE[EVI£(ITEVXQIRX£SJ£8VERWTSVXEXMSR 2I[£,EQTWLMVI£&YVIEY£SJ£,MKL[E]£(IWMKR *PSVMHE£(ITEVXQIRX£SJ£8VERWTSVXEXMSR 2I[£.IVWI]£(ITEVXQIRX£SJ£8VERWTSVXEXMSR ,E[EMM£(ITEVXQIRX£SJ£8VERWTSVXEXMSR 2I[£1I\MGS£(ITEVXQIRX£SJ£8VERWTSVXEXMSR -S[E£(ITEVXQIRX£SJ£8VERWTSVXEXMSR 2I[£=SVO£7XEXI£(ITEVXQIRX£SJ£8VERWTSVXEXMSR -PPMRSMW£(ITEVXQIRX£SJ£8VERWTSVXEXMSR 2SVXL£'EVSPMRE£(ITEVXQIRX£SJ£8VERWTSVXEXMSR /ERWEW£(ITEVXQIRX£SJ£8VERWTSVXEXMSR 4IRRW]PZERME£(ITEVXQIRX£SJ£8VERWTSVXEXMSR 1EMRI£(ITEVXQIRX£SJ£8VERWTSVXEXMSR 7SYXL£'EVSPMRE£(ITEVXQIRX£SJ£8VERWTSVXEXMSR 1EV]PERH£(ITEVXQIRX£SJ£8VERWTSVXEXMSR 8I\EW£(ITEVXQIRX£SJ£8VERWTSVXEXMSR 1EWWEGLYWIXXW£,MKL[E]£(ITEVXQIRX :MVKMRME£(ITEVXQIRX£SJ£8VERWTSVXEXMSR 1MGLMKER£(ITEVXQIRX£SJ£8VERWTSVXEXMSR ;EWLMRKXSR£7XEXI£(ITEVXQIRX£SJ£8VERWTSVXEXMSR 1MRRIWSXE£(ITEVXQIRX£SJ£8VERWTSVXEXMSR ;]SQMRK£(ITEVXQIRX£SJ£8VERWTSVXEXMSR

Jonathan Reid, P.E. 4EVWSRW£&VMRGOIVLSJJ£5YEHI£ £(SYKPEW£-RG £7SYXL£8V]SR£7XVIIX£7YMXI£ 'LEVPSXXI£2SVXL£'EVSPMRE£ VIMH$TF[SVPHGSQ

ZMM ReidMonoTOCForeword.qxd 6/23/04 9:33 AM Page viii

ZMMM ReidMonoChapt1.qxd 6/23/04 9:25 AM Page 1

1.0 NEED FOR ARTERIAL INTERSECTION INNOVATION

 ReidMonoChapt1.qxd 6/23/04 9:25 AM Page 2

 ReidMonoChapt1.qxd 6/23/04 9:25 AM Page 3

1.0 NEED FOR ARTERIAL INTERSECTION INNOVATION

1.1 INTRODUCTION

¨8VEJJMG£GSRKIWXMSR£MW£WYGL£E£TVSFPIQ£XLEX£IRKMRIIVW£ERH£VIWIEVGLIVW£EGVSWW£XLI£GSYRXV] EVI£QEOMRK£MX£XLIMV£TIVWSREP£QMWWMSRW£XS£JMRH£MRRSZEXMSRW£XLEX£[MPP£IRLERGI£XVEJJMG£JPS[£YPXMQEXIP] PIEHMRK£XS£EPPIZMEXMSR£SJ£GSRKIWXMSR© ¦£.SWITL£&EIVH£ERH£)ZERKIPSW£/EMWIV£MR£E£4YFPMG£6SEHW EVXMGPI£SR£MRRSZEXMZI£LMKL[E]£HIWMKR£GSRGITXW

8VEJJMG£IRKMRIIVW£GSQQYRMX]£TPERRIVW£IPIGXIH£SJJMGMEPW£FYWMRIWW£S[RIVW£ERH£XLI£QSXSVMWX TYFPMG£HIWMVI£IJJMGMIRX£WEJI£ERH£VIPMEFPI£XVEZIP£SR£YVFER£ERH£WYFYVFER£WYVJEGI£EVXIVMEPW *MRHMRK£ETTVSTVMEXI£ETTVSEGLIW£XS£VIHYGI£EVXIVMEP£XVEJJMG£GSRKIWXMSR£ERH£MQTVSZI£QSFMPMX]£MW£ER MQTSVXERX£XEWO£MR£QER]£GMXMIW£ERH£GSQQYRMXMIW£FYX£MW£GSQTPMGEXIH£F]£JMWGEP£GSRWXVEMRXW£ERH£XLI MRGVIEWMRK£HIQERHW£FIMRK£QEHI£SR£XLI£GYVVIRX£LMKL[E]£W]WXIQ££3ZIV£XLI£TEWX£HIGEHIW GSRWXVYGXMSR£SJ£RI[£XVERWTSVXEXMSR£MRJVEWXVYGXYVI£MR£XLI£97£LEW£RSX£OITX£TEGI£[MXL£XLI£KVS[XL£MR REXMSREP£HIQERH£JSV£ZILMGPI£QMPIW£SJ£XVEZIP£[LMGL£LEW£I\TERHIH£JVSQ££FMPPMSR£ERRYEP£QMPIW SJ£XVEZIP£MR££XS££XVMPPMSR MR££  ££7IZIVEP£HIGEHIW£SJ£EYXSQSFMPI£XVMT£KVS[XL£HVMZIR F]£TSTYPEXMSR£KVS[XL£WLVMROMRK£LSYWILSPH£WM^IW£KVS[XL£MR£EYXSQSFMPI£S[RIVWLMT£ERH£XLI WTVIEHMRK£SJ£RI[£PS[HIRWMX]£VIWMHIRXMEP£HIZIPSTQIRXW£JEVXLIV£ERH£JEVXLIV£E[E]£JVSQ£XVEHMXMSR EP£IQTPS]QIRX£ERH£WLSTTMRK£GIRXIVW£LEZI£VIWYPXIH£MR£VIGSVH£GSRKIWXMSR£ERH£HIPE]£VEXIW£MR QER]£97£YVFER£ERH£WYFYVFER£GIRXIVW£[MXL£PMXXPI£LSTI£SJ£WYWXEMREFPI£TIVMSHW£SJ£MQTVSZIQIRX *YRHMRK£WSYVGIW£JSV£RI[£LMKL[E]£GSRWXVYGXMSR£EVI£MR£HIGPMRI£ERHSV£JEGMRK£MRGVIEWMRK£GSQTI XMXMSR£JVSQ£SXLIV£MRJVEWXVYGXYVI£RIIHW

8VEHMXMSREP£TPERRMRK£ERH£IRKMRIIVMRK£ETTVSEGLIW£XS£QMXMKEXMRK£EVXIVMEP£XVEJJMG£GSRKIWXMSR MRGPYHI£EHHMRK£PERIW£YTKVEHMRK£EVXIVMEP£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£XS£MRXIVGLERKIW£ERH£FYMPHMRK£F]TEWWIW 8LIWI£ETTVSEGLIW£EVI£SJXIR£I\TIRWMZI£ERH£HMWVYTXMZI£ERH£JEGI£RI[£ERH£HMJJMGYPX£GLEPPIRKIW ELIEH££ ˆ %HHMRK£RI[£VSEH[E]£GETEGMX]£F]£[MHIRMRK£I\MWXMRK£VSEH[E]W£MW£FIGSQMRK£MRGVIEWMRKP] HMJJMGYPX£ERH£GSWXP]£HYI£XS£GSRGIVRW£EFSYX£IRZMVSRQIRXEP£MQTEGXW£ERH£XS£VIWXVMGXMSRW£SR£XLI EZEMPEFMPMX]£SJ£VMKLXSJ[E]£MRGPYHMRK£YVFER£ERH£WYFYVFER£MRJMPP ˆ'YVVIRX£XVERWTSVXEXMSR£JYRHMRK£[MPP£JEGI£MRGVIEWIH£GSQTIXMXMSR£JVSQ£SXLIV£TVSNIGXW£RIIHIH XS£VITPEGI£ERH£QEMRXEMR£ER£EKMRK£97£MRJVEWXVYGXYVI£W]WXIQ£EW£[IPP£EW£E£RI[£GPEWW£SJ XVERWTSVXEXMSR£TVSNIGXW£GVIEXIH£F]£XLI£RIIH£JSV£MRGVIEWIH£LSQIPERH£WIGYVMX]£££ ˆ 0EGO£SJ£TVSTIV£TPERRMRK£ERHSV£ER£MREFMPMX]£XS£MRXIKVEXI£PERH£YWI£[MXL£XLI£XVERWTSVXEXMSR W]WXIQ£LEZI£PIJX£QER]£HIZIPSTIH£EVIEW£[MXL£LMKL£PIZIPW£SJ£GYVVIRX£ERHSV£I\TIGXIH£GSR KIWXMSR£IZIR£[LIR£XLI£JYPP£TPERRIH£VSEH[E]£RIX[SVO£MW£FYMPX£SYX££

;LMPI£GSRZIRXMSREP£XVERWTSVXEXMSR£WSPYXMSRW£XS£GSRKIWXMSR£SR£JVII[E]W£ERH£SXLIV£GPEWWIW£SJ VSEHW£GER£ERH£HS£TVSZMHI£RIGIWWEV]£ERH£YWIJYP£MQTVSZIQIRXW£XLI]£EVI£EX£XMQIW£MRWYJJMGMIRX£XS EGLMIZI£E£XSXEP£WSPYXMSR ˆ +SSH£TEVEPPIP£WXVIIXW£XS£GVIEXI£SRI[E]£TEMVW£VEVIP]£I\MWX£SYXWMHI£HS[RXS[R£EVIEW££ ˆ -RXIPPMKIRX£XVERWTSVXEXMSR£W]WXIQ£ -87 £WXVEXIKMIW£EVI£MQTSVXERX£MR£HIEPMRK£[MXL£RSRVIGYV VMRK£HMWVYTXMSRW£FYX£VIUYMVI£GSRXMRYEP£QSRMXSVMRK£ERH£QEMRXIRERGI£ERH£GER£FI£PIWW£IJJIG XMZI£EX£SZIVGETEGMX]£MRXIVWIGXMSRW££1SWX£SJ£XLI£VIGIRX£-87£WXYHMIW£ERH£ETTPMGEXMSRW£LEZI JSGYWIH£SR£JVII[E]£JEGMPMXMIW£ERH£XLIMV£MRXIVJEGIW£[MXL£WYVJEGI£EVXIVMEPW£FYX£LEZI£PEVKIP] SZIVPSSOIH£XLI£EVXIVMEP£GSVVMHSVW£XLIQWIPZIW

 ReidMonoChapt1.qxd 6/23/04 9:25 AM Page 4

ˆ ,MKL£SGGYTERG]£ZILMGPI£ ,3: £ERH£SXLIV£QEREKIH£PERI£GSRGITXW£MRXIRHIH£XS£TVIWIVZI GSVVMHSV£QSFMPMX]£EVI£MRGVIEWMRKP]£GSQQSR£SR£JVII[E]W£MR£YVFER£EVIEW£FYX£LEZI£RSX£FIIR [MHIP]£ETTPMIH£XS£WYVJEGI£EVXIVMEPW ˆ 'SQQYXIV£VEMP£ERH£FYW£VETMH£XVERWMX£ &68 £WIVZMGIW£EVI£E£KVS[MRK£QEVOIX£MR£QER]£YVFER GIRXIVW£XLEX£GER£TVSZMHI£GSQQYXIV£STXMSRW£MR£GSRKIWXIH£LMKL[E]£GSVVMHSVW £LS[IZIV£XVER WMX£WIVZMGIW£KIRIVEPP]£HS£RSX£MQTVSZI£XLI£QSZIQIRX£SJ£KSSHW£ERH£WIVZMGIW£HITIRHIRX£SR WYVJEGI£WXVIIX£W]WXIQ£HIPMZIV]

3RI£SJ£XLI£PEWX£YRXETTIH£ERH£PEVKIP]£SZIVPSSOIH£WSYVGIW£SJ£EHHMRK£LMKL[E]£GETEGMX] MRZSPZIW£MRXIVWIGXMSR£MQTVSZIQIRXW£SR£WYVJEGI£EVXIVMEPW£[LIVI£GETEGMX]£MW£PEVKIP]£PMQMXIH£F] WMKREPM^IH£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£ERH£[LIVI£HIWMKR£MRRSZEXMSR£LEW£FIIR£WIZIVIP]£PEGOMRK££4SSV£MRXIV WIGXMSR£TPERRMRK£ERH£STIVEXMSRW£SJ£WMKREPW£EPSRK£QER]£QENSV£EVXIVMEPW£MR£XLI£97£LEZI£VIWYPXIH MR£WPYKKMWL£WPS[£ERH£WXSTERHKS£XVEJJMG£GSRHMXMSRW£SR£JEGMPMXMIW£HIWMKRIH£XS£FI£GEVVMIVW£SJ PEVKI£ZSPYQIW£SJ£LMKLIVWTIIH£XLVSYKLXVEJJMG

Exhibit 1: Urban and Suburban Arterial Congestion

1ENSV£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£SR£QYPXMPERI£YVFER£ERH£WYFYVFER£TVMRGMTEP£EVXIVMEP£GSVVMHSVW£EVI£QSWX SJXIR£GSRXVSPPIH£F]£QYPXMTLEWI£WMKREP£GSRXVSP££%W£HMWGYWWIH£MR£PEXIV£WIGXMSRW£XLIWI£QYPXM TLEWI£WMKREPM^IH£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£EVI£SJXIR£XLI£WMRKPI£PMQMXMRK£GETEGMX]£JEGXSV£JSV£XLI£IRXMVI£EVXIVMEP GSVVMHSV£GEYWMRK£HIPE]W£ERH£GSRKIWXMSR£HYVMRK£TIEO£GSQQYXIV£TIVMSHW££'YVVIRX£QYPXMTLEWI WMKREPM^EXMSR£WXVEXIKMIW£EVI£PMQMXIH£MR£IJJIGXMZIRIWW£F]£XLI£RYQFIV£SJ£GSRJPMGXMRK£TLEWIW£XS£FI TVSGIWWIH£ERH£SJXIR£JEMP£XS£FEPERGI£XLI£GETEGMX]£SJ£QENSV£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£[MXL£XLSWI£SJ£QMRSV£WMK REPM^IH£ SV£YRWMKREPM^IH £MRXIVWIGXMSRW£FIX[IIR££'YVVIRX£W]WXIQW£TPERRMRK£HIWMKR£ERH£STIVE XMSRW£IJJSVXW£VEVIP]£EXXEGL£MQTSVXERGI£XS£XLI£MRXIVEGXMSR£FIX[IIR£MRXIVWIGXMSR£HIWMKR£ERH£XLI EVXIVMEP£WIKQIRXW£ERH£EGGIWW£TSMRXW£MR£FIX[IIR

 ReidMonoChapt1.qxd 6/23/04 9:25 AM Page 5

1.1.1 Unconventional Intersection Design

8LIVI£MW£E£GPEWW£SJ£EVXIVMEP£MRXIVWIGXMSR£HIWMKR£GSRGITXW£GEPPIH£¨YRGSRZIRXMSREP©£HIWMKRW XLEX£EXXIQTX£XS£MRGVIEWI£EVXIVMEP£MRXIVWIGXMSR£GETEGMX]£F]£VIHYGMRK£XLI£MQTEGXW£SJ£XYVRMRK£QSZI QIRXW£EX£QENSV£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£XLVSYKL£ZEVMSYW£MRXIVWIGXMSR£HIWMKR£ERH£STIVEXMSRW£ERH£QEREKI QIRX£GSRXVSP££9RGSRZIRXMSREP£HIWMKRW£EVI£MRGVIEWMRKP]£TVSZMHMRK£XLI£GVIEXMZMX]£RIIHIH£XS£GPSWI XLI£KET£FIX[IIR£[LEX£MW£VIUYMVIH£ERH£[LEX£MW£TSWWMFPI£YRHIV£¨GSRZIRXMSREP©£ETTVSEGLIW 8LIVI£EVI£EX£PIEWX£E£HS^IR£YRMUYI£HIWMKRW£XLEX£QEOI£YT£XLI£YRGSRZIRXMSREP£HIWMKR£GPEWW QER]£SJ£[LMGL£EVI£YWIH£MR£VIKMSREP£SV£MWSPEXIH£TSVXMSRW£SJ£XLI£97££8LIVI£EVI£EPWS£YRGSRZIR XMSREP£HIWMKRW£YWIH£MR£SXLIV£TEVXW£SJ£XLI£[SVPH£]IX£XS£FI£GSRWXVYGXIH£MR£XLI£97£EW£[IPP£EW£E LSWX£SJ£HIWMKRW£VIWIEVGLIH£ERH£WMQYPEXMSR£XIWXIH£FYX£RSX£]IX£MQTPIQIRXIH££8LIWI£HIWMKRW£EVI TVIWIRXIH£MR£HIXEMP£MR£'LETXIVW£££ERH£

9RGSRZIRXMSREP£EVXIVMEP£MRXIVWIGXMSR£HIWMKR£STIVEXMSR£ERH£QEREKIQIRX£WXVEXIKMIW£WLEVI WIZIVEP£TVMRGMTPIW£MRGPYHMRK ˆ (IWMKR£ERH£STIVEXMSRW£IQTLEWMW£MW£SR£XLVSYKLXVEJJMG£QSZIQIRXW£EPSRK£XLI£EVXIVMEP ˆ%£VIHYGXMSR£MR£XLI£RYQFIV£SJ£WMKREP£TLEWIW£ IK£PIJXXYVR£EVVS[£TLEWIW £EX£QENSV£GVSWW WXVIIX£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£ERH£MRGVIEWIH£KVIIR£XMQI£EPPSXQIRX£XS£EVXIVMEP£XLVSYKL£QSZIQIRXW ˆ%£VIHYGXMSR£MR£XLI£RYQFIV£SJ£MRXIVWIGXMSR£GSRJPMGX£TSMRXW£ERH£WITEVEXMSR£SJ£XLI£GSRJPMGX TSMRXW£XLEX£VIQEMR£

8LIWI£TVMRGMTPIW£EVI£HMWGYWWIH£MR£QSVI£HIXEMP£MR£'LETXIV£

8LI£MRXIRX£SJ£XLMW£QSRSKVETL£MW£XS£WIVZI£EW£E£KYMHI£XS£EMH£XVERWTSVXEXMSR£TVEGXMXMSRIVW£MR EHHVIWWMRK£SRI£SJ£XLI£QSWX£TVIWWMRK£YVFER£QSFMPMX]£TVSFPIQW£GSRKIWXMSR£EX£QENSV£WMKREPM^IH MRXIVWIGXMSRW££3FNIGXMZIW£SJ£XLMW£QSRSKVETL£EVI£XS£ £MRGVIEWI£XLI£E[EVIRIWW£SJ£GYVVIRX YRGSRZIRXMSREP£MRXIVWIGXMSR£HIWMKRW£ERH£SXLIV£STIVEXMSREP£ERH£QEREKIQIRX£WXVEXIKMIW£ WYQQEVM^I£GYVVIRX£ERH£TEWX£VIWIEVGL£SR£YRGSRZIRXMSREP£HIWMKR£STIVEXMSREP£I\TIVMIRGIW GSWXW£ERH£WEJIX]£TIVJSVQERGI£ERH£ £TVSZMHI£VIJIVIRGIW£ERH£VIWSYVGIW£JSV£WTIGMJMG£HIWMKRW SJ£MRXIVIWX£JSV£JYVXLIV£MRHITXL£WXYH]£

1.1.2 Survey

-R£ER£IJJSVX£XS£HIZIPST£ER£YRHIVWXERHMRK£SJ£WXEXI£EKIRG]£I\TIVMIRGI£[MXL£YRGSRZIRXMSREP HIWMKR£STIVEXMSRW£ERH£QEREKIQIRX£[MXLMR£XLI£97£E£WYVZI]£[EW£WIRX£XS£EPP££WXEXI£LMKL[E] EKIRGMIW£[MXL££WXEXIW£VIWTSRHMRK£££7YVZI]£VIWTSRHIRXW£[IVI£X]TMGEPP]£WIRMSV£XVEJJMG£STIVE XMSRW£WMKREPW£SV£GSRKIWXMSR£QEREKIQIRX£IRKMRIIVW£SV£QEREKIVW£[MXL£XLI£WXEXI£EKIRG] 7YVZI]£UYIWXMSR£XSTMGW£MRGPYHIH£WXEXI£I\TIVMIRGI£[MXL£WTIGMJMG£YRGSRZIRXMSREP£HIWMKRW£ WTIGMJ MG£HIWMKRW£YWIH£HIWMKR£ERH£WMKRMRK£HIXEMPW£EGGMHIRX£I\TIVMIRGI£TYFPMG£TIVGITXMSR £XVEJJMG STIVEXMSRW£TSPMGMIW£ WMKREP£TLEWMRK[EVVERXW£G]GPI£PIRKXLW£XYVRMRK£TVSLMFMXMSRW £EREP]WMW£XSSPW ERH£VIWSYVGIW£YWIH£ERH£VIEWSRW£WXEXIW£[SYPH£GSRWMHIV£SV£VINIGX£YRGSRZIRXMSREP£HIWMKR

8LI£KSEP£SJ£XLI£WYVZI]£[EW£XS£PIEVR£LS[£MQTSVXERX£ERH£XS£[LEX£I\XIRX£YRGSRZIRXMSREP£LMKL ZSPYQI£MRXIVWIGXMSR£HIWMKR£MW£TVEGXMGIH£MR£IEGL£WXEXI£EW£[IPP£EW£YRHIVWXERH£HIWMKR£MWWYIW

 ReidMonoChapt1.qxd 6/23/04 9:25 AM Page 6

WMKREP£WXERHEVHW£ERH£XVEJJMG£PE[W£TEVXMGYPEV£XS£IEGL£WXEXI££5YIWXMSRW£EWOIH£MR£XLI£WYVZI] MRGPYHIH£ ˆ;LEX£YRGSRZIRXMSREP£HIWMKRW£EVI£GYVVIRXP]£FIMRK£YWIH#£ ˆ ;LEX£EVI£XLI£WXEXI£EKIRG]«W£I\TIVMIRGIW£[MXL£WTIGMJMG£YRGSRZIRXMSREP£MRXIVWIGXMSR HIWMKRW#££ ˆ ,EZI£EGGMHIRX£VEXIW£HIGPMRIH£SV£MRGVIEWIH£EJXIV£TVSNIGX£MQTPIQIRXEXMSR#£ ˆ ,S[£[IVI£RI[£YRGSRZIRXMSREP£HIWMKRW£MRXVSHYGIH£XS£XLI£TYFPMG#££

*SPPS[YT£XIPITLSRI£MRXIVZMI[W£ERHSV£JMIPH£ZMWMXW£[IVI£GSRHYGXIH£HITIRHMRK£SR£IEGL WXEXI«W£PIZIP£SJ£I\TIVMIRGI£[MXL£YRGSRZIRXMSREP£HIWMKR£ERH£XLI£TVIWIRGI£SJ£HIWMKRW£MR£XLI£JMIPH

8LI£WYVZI]£JSVQ£ERH£E£WYQQEV]£SJ£XLI£WYVZI]£VIWYPXW£EVI£MRGPYHIH£MR£XLI£ETTIRHMGIW£SJ XLMW£QSRSKVETL

1.2 IMPORTANCE OF THE ARTERIAL SYSTEM

1.2.1 System Mobility

6SEH[E]£W]WXIQW£MR£XLI£97£ERH£QER]£SXLIV£MRHYWXVMEPM^IH£REXMSRW£EVI£FYMPX£[MXLMR£E£LMIVEV GL]£WXVYGXYVI£SJ£GPEWWMJMGEXMSRW£XS£HIPMZIV£FSXL£QSFMPMX]£ERH£EGGIWW£XS£IJJIGXMZIP]£QSZI£TISTPI ERH£KSSHW££%X£SRI£IRH£SJ£XLI£WTIGXVYQ£JVII[E]W£I\TVIWW[E]W£ERH£TVMRGMTEP£EVXIVMEPW£EVI JSGYWIH£XS[EVHW£TVSZMHMRK£STXMQEP£QSFMPMX]£JSV£PSRKIV£XVMTW£EX£LMKLIV£WTIIHW££%X£XLI£SXLIV£IRH PSGEP£VSEHW£ERH£WXVIIXW£JSGYW£SR£EGGIWW£XS£TPEGIW£SJ£FYWMRIWW£ERH£VIWMHIRGI££8LI£WTIGXVYQ EPWS£MRGPYHIW£QENSV£ERH£QMRSV£XLSVSYKLJEVIW£ERH£GSPPIGXSV£VSEH[E]W£XLEX£XVERWMXMSR£FIX[IIR QSFMPMX]£ERH£EGGIWW£RIIHW£

Exhibit 2: Mobility to Access Scale

8LI£%QIVMGER£%WWSGMEXMSR£SJ£7XEXI£,MKL[E]£ERH£8VERWTSVXEXMSR£3JJMGMEPW£ %%7,83 £4SPMG] SR£+ISQIXVMG£(IWMKR£SJ£,MKL[E]W£ERH£7XVIIXW£ SJXIR£VIJIVVIH£XS£EW£XLI£IRKMRIIV«W£¨FMFPI©£SJ VSEH[E]£HIWMKR £TVIWIRXW£E£W]WXIQEXMG£ETTVSEGL£XS£VSEH[E]£RIX[SVO£TPERRMRK£XS£TVSZMHI£FEP ERGI£FIX[IIR£XLI£QSFMPMX]£ERH£EGGIWW£RIIHW£SJ£E£XVERWTSVXEXMSR£W]WXIQ££-R£XLEX£ETTVSEGL£XLI

 ReidMonoChapt1.qxd 6/23/04 9:25 AM Page 7

SFNIGXMZI£SJ£E£VSEH[E]£HIJMRIH£EW£E£¨TVMRGMTEP£EVXIVMEP©£MW£XS£TVSZMHI£XLI£KVIEXIWX£WYVJEGI£WXVIIX QSFMPMX]£[MXL£PMQMXIH£SV£TVSZMWMSREP£EGGIWW£XS£EHNEGIRX£PERH£YWI£;LIVI£VIWXVMGXMSR£SJ£PSGEP EGGIWW£MW£RSX£TVEGXMGEP£WTIGMEP£HIWMKRW£XLEX£MRGPYHI£EGGIWW£QEREKIQIRX£ERH£WSQI£JSVQ£SJ QIHMER£GSRXVSP£EX£QMRMQYQ£EVI£HIWMVEFPI££1IEWYVIW£WLSYPH£FI£MR£TPEGI£XS£ZMKSVSYWP]£TVSXIGX XLI£EFMPMX]£SJ£XLI£EVXIVMEP£XS£JYRGXMSR£EX£ER£STXMQEP£TVIHIXIVQMRIH£PIZIP£SJ£WIVZMGI£  £

%£[IPPHIWMKRIH£YVFER£ERH£WYFYVFER£TVMRGMTEP£EVXIVMEP£W]WXIQ£WIVZIW£QENSV£GIRXIVW£SJ EGXMZMX]£ERH£LERHPIW£XLI£LMKLIWX£WYVJEGI£ RSRJVII[E] £XVEJJMG£ZSPYQIW£ERH£XLI£PSRKIWX£XVMT HIWMVIW££8]TMGEPP]£XLI£TVMRGMTEP£EVXIVMEP£W]WXIQ£GEVVMIW£QSWX£SJ£XLI£XVMTW£IRXIVMRK£ERH£PIEZMRK YVFER£EVIEW£QSWX£SJ£XLI£XLVSYKLQSZIQIRXW£F]TEWWMRK£E£GIRXVEP£FYWMRIWW£HMWXVMGX£ERH£QSWX MRXVEYVFER£ERH£MRXIVGMX]£FYW£VSYXIW££-HIEPP]£TVMRGMTEP£EVXIVMEPW£LEZI£JYPP£SV£TEVXMEP£EGGIWW£GSR XVSP£ERH£WIVZMGI£XS£EHNEGIRX£PERH£YWI£MW£WYFSVHMREXI£XS£XLI£QSFMPMX]£RIIHW£SJ£XLI£EVXIVMEP 7TEGMRK£SJ£TVMRGMTEP£EVXIVMEPW£ZEV]£JVSQ£PIWW£XLER£SRI£QMPI£MR£IWXEFPMWLIH£GIRXVEP£FYWMRIWW£HMW XVMGXW£XS£KVIEXIV£XLER£JMZI£QMPIW£MR£PIWW£HIZIPSTIH£YVFER£JVMRKI£EVIEW££%£LMKLUYEPMX]£VIKMSREP EVXIVMEP£W]WXIQ£QE]£EPWS£GMVGYQZIRX£XLI£RIIH£JSV£EHHMXMSREP£JVII[E]£PERI£QMPIW£[LMGL£GEVV] QYGL£KVIEXIV£WSGMEP£IRZMVSRQIRXEP£ERH£GETMXEP£GSWXW£XLER£EVXIVMEPW££%£[IPP£STIVEXMRK£EVXIVMEP GER£EPWS£HMZIVX£WLSVXIV£XVMT£PIRKXLW£JVSQ£XLI£JVII[E]£W]WXIQ£ERH£VIHYGI£IRXVERGI£ERH£I\MX STIVEXMSRW£EPPS[MRK£JVII[E]W£XS£FIXXIV£WIVZI£XLI£PSRKIWX£XVMT£PIRKXLW£  ££

8LI£YVFER£ERHSV£WYFYVFER£QMRSV£EVXIVMEP£X]TMGEPP]£EGGSQQSHEXIW£XVMTW£SJ£QSHIVEXI PIRKXL£EX£E£KVIEXIV£PIZIP£SJ£EGGIWW£GSRXVSP£GSQTEVIH£XS£GSPPIGXSV£SV£PSGEP£VSEH[E]W££8LIMV SFNIGXMZI£MW£XS£HMWXVMFYXI£XVEZIP£XS£WQEPPIV£KISKVETLMG£EVIEW£TVSZMHMRK£MRXIVGSQQYRMX]£GSRXMRY MX]£[MXL£XLI£TVMRGMTEP£EVXIVMEP£W]WXIQ£FYX£RSX£XS£XLI£PIZIP£SJ£MRXIKVEXMRK£[MXL£VIWMHIRXMEP£RIMKLFSV LSSHW£SV£PSGEP£WXVIIXW

1.2.2 System Trip Mileage

8LI£TVMRGMTEP£EVXIVMEP£W]WXIQ£EGGSYRXW£JSV£PIWW£XLER££TIVGIRX£SJ£XLI£XSXEP£97£LMKL[E] ERH£WXVIIX£W]WXIQ£QMPIEKI£FYX£GEVVMIW£RIEVP]£SRILEPJ£SJ£XLI£XSXEP£97£ZILMGPI£QMPIW£XVEZIPIH :18 £SR£EPP£VSEH[E]W££3RP]£XLI£MRXIVWXEXI£W]WXIQ£LEW£E£KVIEXIV£QMPIW£XVEZIPIH£XS£VSEH£QMPIEKI VEXMS

Exhibit 3: US Miles of Roadway and Miles Traveled by Functional Class

US Road Mileage by Total Miles Traveled by Functional Functional System System (in millions of miles)

Arterials Arterials Interstate 1,328,114 389,925 46,677 (48.0%) (9.9%) (1.2%) Interstate 667,603 Collectors (24.1%) 795,208 (20.1%) Locals 2,719,288 (68.8%) Locals Collectors 365,571 406,075 (13.2%) (14.7%) E £97£1MPIW£SJ£6SEH[E]£F]£*YRGXMSREP£'PEWW£ F £8SXEP£%RRYEP£1MPIW£8VEZIPIH£F]£*YRGXMSREP£'PEWW£ -R£QMPPMSRW£SJ£QMPIW 7SYVGI£3JJMGI£SJ£,MKL[E]£4SPMG]£-RJSVQEXMSR£ =IEV££WXEXMWXMGW

 ReidMonoChapt1.qxd 6/23/04 9:25 AM Page 8

1.3 CURRENT US SYSTEM PERFORMANCE

1.3.1 Traffic Congestion

;LMPI£KVS[XL£MR£GSRKIWXMSR£MW£SFZMSYW£XS£QSWX£HVMZIVW£MR£XLI£97£WIZIVEP£SVKERM^EXMSRW XVEGO£LS[£GSRKIWXMSR£MW£VMWMRK£MR£YVFER£ERH£WYFYVFER£EVIEW££8LI£8I\EW£8VERWTSVXEXMSR -RWXMXYXI«W£ 88- £ERRYEP£9VFER£1SFMPMX]£7XYH]£HSGYQIRXW£XLI£TIVJSVQERGI£SJ£XVERWTSVXEXMSR£W]W XIQW£MR££YVFER£EVIEW£XVEGOMRK£LMWXSVMGEP£XVIRHW£MR£XVEJJMG£GSRKIWXMSR£8LI££9VFER£1SFMPMX] 7XYH]£JMRHMRKW£MRGPYHI ˆ 8LI£¦XMQI£TIREPX]¦£JSV£QEOMRK£VYWLLSYV£XVMTW£MW£KVIEXIV£VMWMRK£JVSQ££LSYVW£TIV£]IEV£MR £XS££LSYVW£TIV£]IEV£MR££ ˆ 8LI£TIVMSH£SJ£XMQI£IEGL£HE]£XLEX£XVEZIPIVW£QMKLX£IRGSYRXIV£XVEJJMG£GSRKIWXMSR£LEW MRGVIEWIH£JVSQ££LSYVW£MR££XS££LSYVW£MR££ ˆ -R££ER£EZIVEKI£TIEO£TIVMSH£XVMT£VIUYMVIH££TIVGIRX£QSVI£XMQI£XLER£XLI£WEQI£XVMT YRHIV£RSRTIEO£RSRGSRKIWXIH£GSRHMXMSRW£ ˆ 8LIVI£MW£E£KVS[MRK£RIIH£XS£MQTVSZI£W]WXIQ£VIPMEFMPMX]£[LMGL£TPE]W£ER£MQTSVXERX£TEVX£MR VIHYGMRK£GSRKIWXMSR

1.3.2 Declining Infrastructure

7XEXI£LMKL[E]£EKIRGMIW£EVI£JEGMRK£ER£MRGVIEWMRK£FYVHIR£XS£VITEMV£ERH£QEMRXEMR£XLIMV£I\MWX MRK£EKMRK£LMKL[E]£W]WXIQ£VIHYGMRK£MRMXMEXMZIW£ERH£JYRHMRK£WSYVGIW£JSV£RI[£VSEH£GSRWXVYGXMSR 7XEXI£ERH£PSGEP£KSZIVRQIRXW£HIZSXIH£E£PEVKIV£WLEVI£SJ£XLIMV£GETMXEP£WTIRHMRK£XS£XLI£TVIWIVZE XMSR£SJ£XLIMV£I\MWXMRK£VSEHW£ERH£FVMHKIW£MR££ © £XLER£MR££ © ££8LMW£EPWS£QEVOIH XLI£JMVWX£XMQI£MR£LMWXSV]£XLEX£XSXEP£GETMXEP£WTIRHMRK£SR£QEMRXIRERGI£ERH£VITEMVW£I\GIIHIH£XLI£ TIVGIRX£QEVO

7MRGI£XLI£]IEV££GETMXEP£MRZIWXQIRX£HSPPEVW£LEZI£HIGVIEWIH£GSQTEVIH£XS£TVMSV£]IEVW« MRZIWXQIRX£PIZIPW£EW£JIHIVEP£WXEXI£ERH£PSGEP£FYHKIXW£LEZI£FIIR£XMKLXIRIH£HYI£XS£IGSRSQMG JEGXSVW£ERH£MRGVIEWIH£LSQIPERH£WIGYVMX]£GSWXW££;LMPI£I\TIRHMXYVIW£JSV£LMKL[E]£TVSNIGXW£XLEX MQTVSZI£WIGYVMX]£ERH£XLI£QSZIQIRX£SJ£KSSHW£QE]£MRGVIEWI£XS£QIIX£LSQIPERH£WIGYVMX]£RIIHW E£WMKRMJMGERX£MRGVIEWI£MR£LMKL[E]£WTIRHMRK£EX£ER]£PIZIP£SJ£KSZIVRQIRX£MW£YRPMOIP]

1.3.3 Opportunities for Design Innovation

,MWXSVMGEPP]£JIHIVEP£ERH£WXEXI£LMKL[E]£EKIRGMIW£LEZI£JSGYWIH£QSVI£EXXIRXMSR£SR£FYMPHMRK ERH£QEMRXEMRMRK£VSEHW£ERH£PIWW£EXXIRXMSR£SR£TVSZMHMRK£LMKLIV£SV£STXMQEP£PIZIPW£SJ£WIVZMGI£SR XLI£I\MWXMRK£VSEH£W]WXIQW££;MXL£MRGVIEWMRK£GSRKIWXMSR£XLI£I\TIRWI£ERH£HMJJMGYPXMIW£MRLIVIRX£MR FYMPHMRK£RI[£LMKL[E]£JEGMPMXMIW£ERH£XLI£RIIH£JSV£VIPMEFPI£ERH£WYWXEMREFPI£LMKL[E]W£XLMW IQTLEWMW£MW£FIKMRRMRK£XS£GLERKI£,MKL[E]£SJJMGMEPW£EVI£VIEPM^MRK£XLEX£STIVEXMSRW£WXVEXIKMIW£GER QEOI£E£QENSV£HMJJIVIRGI£MR£LS[£LMKL[E]£W]WXIQW£TIVJSVQ£MRJPYIRGMRK£XLI£VIPMEFMPMX]£QSFMPMX] WIGYVMX]£ERH£WEJIX]£SJ£LMKL[E]£YWI££%£VIPMEFPI£TVIHMGXEFPI£XVERWTSVXEXMSR£W]WXIQ£MW£TEVXMGYPEVP] MQTSVXERX£[LIR£XVEZIPIVW£TPEGI£E£LMKL£ZEPYI£SR£XMQI£ERH£[LIVI£XVERWTSVXIH£KSSHW£EVI£VIPMIH YTSR£MR£XMKLXP]£WGLIHYPIH£QERYJEGXYVMRK£ERH£HMWXVMFYXMSR£W]WXIQW££6IGYVVMRK£GSRKIWXMSR£ERH TSSV£XVEJJMG£GSRXVSP£GER£MRGVIEWI£XVEZIP£XMQI£ERH£EHH£XS£XLI£GSWX£SJ£XVEZIP£ERH£KSSHW

 ReidMonoChapt1.qxd 6/23/04 9:25 AM Page 9

%W£HMWGYWWIH£MR£PEXIV£WIGXMSRW£YRGSRZIRXMSREP£EVXIVMEP£MRXIVWIGXMSR£HIWMKR£ERH£STIVEXMSRW QEREKIQIRX£LEZI£FIIR£WLS[R£XS£MQTVSZI£STIVEXMSREP£IJJMGMIRG]£SR£XLI£EVXIVMEP£W]WXIQ££

1.4 CONVENTIONAL INTERSECTION DESIGN DEFICIENCIES

1.4.1 What Is “Conventional” Intersection Design?

'SRZIRXMSREP£MRXIVWIGXMSR£HIWMKR£MW£FIWX£HIWGVMFIH£EW£XLI£QIIXMRK£SJ£X[S£WXVIIXW£[LIVI XLVSYKL£VMKLX£ERH£PIJX£XYVR£QSZIQIRXW£EVI£QEHI£HMVIGXP]£EX£XLI£MRXIVWIGXMSR£ERH£YRHIV£WMKREP GSRXVSP££%X£LMKLIVZSPYQI£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£XLI£WMKREP£GSRXVSP£SJXIR£LEW£QYPXMTPI£TLEWIW£ERH£E£TVI WIX£SV£EGXYEXIH£ HIQERHVIWTSRWMZI £TEXXIVR£SJ£WIVZMGI£XLEX£SVGLIWXVEXIW£GSRJPMGXMRK£QSZI QIRXW£YRHIV£HMJJIVMRK£WMKREP£TLEWIW££'SRZIRXMSREP£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£QE]£LEZI£WMRKPI£SV£QYPXMTPI XYVRMRK£FE]W£XS£WXSVI£XVEJJMG£XS£QMRMQM^I£XLI£FPSGOEKI£SJ£XLVSYKLXVEJJMG£PERIW£ERH£XLI£GYVF£VEHMM EVI£SJXIR£KVIEXIV£XS£EPPS[£JSV£QSVI£IJJMGMIRX£ERH£XVYGOJVMIRHP]£VMKLX£XYVR£QSZIQIRXW££8LI£ZEWX QENSVMX]£SJ£EVXIVMEP£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£FYMPX£MR£XLI£97£EVI£SJ£GSRZIRXMSREP£HIWMKR

%X£PS[IV£XVEJJMG£ZSPYQIW£GSRZIRXMSREP£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£X]TMGEPP]£STIVEXI£WEJIP]£ERH£IJJMGMIRXP] ERH£TVSZMHI£EHIUYEXI£EGGIWW£XS£EHNEGIRX£HIZIPSTQIRX££%W£XVEJJMG£ZSPYQIW£VMWI£GSRKIWXMSR PIZIPW£MRGVIEWI£VETMHP]£ERH£EGGIWW£XS£EHNEGIRX£PERH£ TEVXMGYPEVP]£XS£PERH£TEVGIPW£MR£XLI£JSYV UYEHVERXW£MQQIHMEXIP]£EHNEGIRX£XS£XLI£MRXIVWIGXMSR £FIGSQIW£HMJJMGYPX£XS£QEMRXEMR£[MXLSYX£WEGVM JMGMRK£QSFMPMX]£ERHSV£WEJIX]££8VEJJMG£IRKMRIIVW£LEZI£X[IEOIH£XVEHMXMSREP£MRXIVWIGXMSR£GETEGMX] YWMRK£EGXYEXIH£WMKREPW£ XVEJJMG£WMKREPW£XLEX£GLERKI£XLIMV£XMQMRK£SV£EHHIPMQMREXI£TLEWIW£MR VIWTSRWI£XS£HIXIGXIH£XVEJJMG£PIZIPW £GSSVHMREXIH£WMKREP£W]WXIQW£TLEWI£SZIVPETW£QYPXMTPI£PIJX XYVR£PERIW£ERH£SXLIV£GSRZIRXMSREP£QIEWYVIW££%GGIWW£QEREKIQIRX£XVIEXQIRXW£WYGL£EW£QIHMER FEVVMIVW£SV£XYVR£VIWXVMGXMSRW£GER£MQTVSZI£JPS[£ERH£WEJIX]£EX£XLI£MRXIVWIGXMSR£FYX£WYGL£EVI£SJXIR QIX£[MXL£STTSWMXMSR£F]£PSGEP£FYWMRIWWIW£XLEX£VIP]£SR£¨IEW]£EGGIWW©££

1.4.2 Conventional Intersection Capacity Constraints

¨)ZIV£WMRGI£XLI£XVEJJMG£WMKREP£[EW£MRZIRXIH£MR££QER]£E£QSXSVMWX£LEW£GYVWIH£[LMPI£[EMX MRK£JSV£E£VIH£PMKLX££&YX£XV]£EW£XLI]£QE]£XVEJJMG£IRKMRIIVW£LEZI£FIIR£LEVH£TVIWWIH£XS£HIZMWI£E FIXXIV£[E]£XS£VIKYPEXI£XLI£KVS[MRK£KVMHPSGO£EX£MRXIVWIGXMSRW© ¦£3VERKI£'SYRX]£RI[W£EVXMGPI (IGIQFIV£

7MKREPM^IH£EVXIVMEP£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£EVI£SJXIR£GSRKIWXIH£MR£YVFER£ERH£WYFYVFER£EVIEW£HYVMRK TIEO£TIVMSHW£VIWYPXMRK£MR£E£HIGVIEWI£MR£SZIVEPP£EVXIVMEP£XLVSYKLTYX£IJJMGMIRG]££-R£XLI£ZEWX QENSVMX]£SJ£GEWIW£XLI£WMRKPI£QSWX£PMQMXMRK£GETEGMX]£JEGXSV£MR£SZIVEPP£EVXIVMEP£TIVJSVQERGI MW£WMKREPM^IH£MRXIVWIGXMSR£STIVEXMSRW££'YVVIRX£WMKREPM^EXMSR£ERH£XVEJJMG£QEREKIQIRX£WXVEXI KMIW£EVI£PMQMXIH£MR£IJJIGXMZIRIWW£ERH£SJXIR£JEMP£XS£FEPERGI£XLI£GETEGMX]£SJ£QENSV£MRXIVWIGXMSRW [MXL£XLI£GETEGMX]£SJ£XLI£EVXIVMEP£FIX[IIR£WMKREPM^IH£MRXIVWIGXMSRW

%£ZEWX£QENSVMX]£SJ£97£EVXIVMEP£VSEH[E]W£TVSZMHI£HMVIGX£QSZIQIRXW£MR£EPP£HMVIGXMSRW£ PIJX XLVSYKL£ERH£VMKLX £EX£QENSV£MRXIVWIGXMSRW££;LIVI£LMKL£XLVSYKL£SV£PIJX£XYVR£ZSPYQI£HIQERH£SV WEJIX]£MWWYIW£[EVVERX£MRXIVWIGXMSR£MQTVSZIQIRXW£XLI£EVXIVMEP£MRXIVWIGXMSR£MW£X]TMGEPP]£MQTVSZIH F]£EHHMRK£XYVR£PERIW£ERHSV£TVSXIGXIH£PIJX£XYVR£TLEWIW£XS£QEREKI£MRXIVWIGXMRK£ZSPYQIW££;LMPI GSRZIRXMSREP£MRXIVWIGXMSR£MQTVSZIQIRXW£EVI£TVYHIRX£ERH£WIVZI£TYFPMG£QSFMPMX]£ERH£WEJIX]£MRXIV IWXW£XLIVI£MW£E£HMVIGX£XVEHISJJ£MR£W]WXIQ£TIVJSVQERGI£ERH£QSFMPMX]

 ReidMonoChapt1.qxd 6/23/04 9:25 AM Page 10

Multiple Left-Turn Lanes %X£FYW]£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£PIJX£XYVR£ZSPYQIW£GER£FIGSQI£XSS£KVIEX£XS£FI£TVSGIWWIH£F]£E£WMR KPI£PIJX£XYVR£PERI£ERH£HYEP£XYVR£PERIW£EVI£RIIHIH££%W£HIQERH£JSV£PIJX£XYVRW£KVS[W£XLIWI£XYVR MRK£PERIW£QMKLX£RIIH£XS£FI£PIRKXLIRIH£EW£[IPP££3RP]£E£LERHJYP£SJ£EKIRGMIW£MR£XLI£97£YWI XVMTPI PIJX£XYVR£PERIW£EW£E£WSPYXMSR£XS£PIJXXYVRMRK£GETEGMX]££4VSZMHMRK£EHHMXMSREP£WXSVEKI£GETEGM X]£JSV£XYVRMRK£ZILMGPIW£VIUYMVIW£EHHMXMSREP£VMKLXSJ[E]£EX£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£[LMGL£GER£FI£GSWXP] ERH£GVIEXI£YR[ERXIH£IRZMVSRQIRXEP£MQTEGXW£MRGPYHMRK£VIWXVMGXMRK£EGGIWW£XS£EHNEGIRX£PERH YWIW Exhibit 4: Intersection Multiple Left-Turn Lanes

(YEP£PIJXW£EX£'LEVPSXXI£2'£MRXIVWIGXMSR£££ 8VMTPI£PIJXW£EX£0EW£:IKEW£2:£MRXIVWIGXMSR 8LIVI£MW£RS£LEVH£ERH£JEWX£VYPI£EW£XS£[LIR£HYEP£PIJX£PERIW£EVI£VIUYMVIH£EPXLSYKL£QER] LMKL[E]£EKIRGMIW£YWI£E£JMKYVI£SJ££TIEOLSYV£PIJXXYVRMRK£ZILMGPIW£EW£E£KIRIVEP£KYMHIPMRI 2IEVP]£EPP£LMKL[E]£EKIRGMIW£VIUYMVI£HYEP£PIJX£XYVR£PERIW£XS£FI£WMKREPM^IH£YRHIV£E£TVSXIGXIH TLEWI£HYI£XS£WMKLX£HMWXERGI£VIUYMVIQIRXW

1.4.3 Protected Left-Turn Phasing

Demand for Protected Phases 0IJX£XYVR£HIQERH£MW£SJXIR£E£OI]£WXMQYPYW£JSV£MRXIVWIGXMSR£MQTVSZIQIRXW££;LIR£XLVSYKL QSZIQIRXW£EX£ER£MRXIVWIGXMSR£FIGSQI£GPSWI£XS£WEXYVEXMSR£JSV£QYPXMTPI£GSRJPMGXMRK£QSZIQIRXW TIVQMWWMZI£PIJX£XYVRW£GER£UYMGOP]£TVSHYGI£I\GIWWMZI£HIPE]W££;LIR£XLI£EFMPMX]£XS£QEOI£E£PIJX XYVR£SR£E£TIVQMWWMZI£TLEWI£EX£E£WMKREPM^IH£MRXIVWIGXMSR£MW£PMQMXIH£F]£XLVSYKL£ZILMGPIW£GSRJPMGX PIJXXYVR£GETEGMX]£GER£FI£PIWW£XLER££ZILMGPIW£TIV£LSYV£7MKRMJMGERX£PIJXXYVR£UYIYMRK£QE] EPWS£MQTEGX£XLVSYKL£QSZIQIRXW£MJ£XLI£PIJX£XYVR£FE]£MW£WLSVX£ERH£UYIYIH£XYVRMRK£ZILMGPIW£FPSGO XLVSYKL£PERIW££(VMZIVW£QE]£EPWS£XEOI£KVIEXIV£VMWOW£F]£XYVRMRK£MR£WQEPPIV£KETW£MR£STTSWMRK£XVEJ JMG£SV£VYR£XLI£VIH£PMKLX£EX£XLI£IRH£SJ£XLI£GPIEVERGI£TLEWI

Phasing Warrants *IHIVEP£WXEXI£ERH£GMX]£XVERWTSVXEXMSR£EKIRGMIW£SJXIR£HMJJIV£SR£[LIR£TVSXIGXIH£PIJX£XYVR TLEWMRK£MW£[EVVERXIH££1ER]£WXEXI£LMKL[E]£EKIRGMIW£LEZI£IWXEFPMWLIH£[EVVERX£GVMXIVME£JSV MQTPIQIRXMRK£TVSXIGXIH£PIJX£XYVR£TLEWMRK£MR£VIGSKRMXMSR£SJ£XLI£HMJJMGYPX]£XS£TVSGIWW£PIJX£XYVRW HYVMRK£TIVQMWWMZI£ERH£GPIEVERGI£TLEWIW£SRP]££8[S£SJ£XLI£QSWX£GSQQSR£QIEWYVIQIRXW£JSV HIXIVQMRMRK£[LIR£TVSXIGXIH£PIJXXYVR£TLEWMRK£MW£ETTVSTVMEXI£EVI£WEJIX]£ERH£ZSPYQIW££3XLIV ZEVMEFPIW£XS£GSRWMHIV£MRGPYHI£RYQFIV£SJ£PERIW£WTIIH£EZIVEKI£HEMP]£XVEJJMG£ %(8 £RYQFIV£SJ PIJX£XYVRW£KISQIXV]£WMKLX£HMWXERGI£PIZIP£SJ£WIVZMGI£ERH£IJJIGX£SR£EVXIVMEP£TVSKVIWWMSR£2SXI XLEX£WMRGI£VIQSZEP£SJ£E£PIJX£XYVR£TLEWI£MW£VEVIP]£VIGSQQIRHIH£XLI£SZIVEPP£RIIH£JSV£E£PIJX£XYVR TLEWI£WLSYPH£FI£XLSVSYKLP]£GSRWMHIVIH£ERH£HIJIRWMFP]£NYWXMJMIH

 ReidMonoChapt1.qxd 6/23/04 9:25 AM Page 11

Exhibit 5: Left-Turn Queuing :SPYQI£[EVVERX£GVMXIVME£EVI£QSWX£SJXIR£QIEWYVIH£F] QYPXMTP]MRK£LSYVP]£XVEJJMG£QSZIQIRXW£IMXLIV£JSV£EPP£MRXIV WIGXMRK£VSEH[E]W£SV£XLI£LMKLIWX£XLVY£ERH£PIJX£XYVR£QSZI QIRXW££7EJIX]£[EVVERXW£EVI£IWXEFPMWLIH£FEWIH£SR£E TEXXIVR£SJ£EGGMHIRX£LMWXSV]£EX£E£TEVXMGYPEV£MRXIVWIGXMSR )\LMFMX£ TVSZMHIW£E£WEQTPI£SJ£XLI£WEJIX]£ERH£ZSPYQI [EVVERXW£QIXLSHSPSKMIW£YWIH£EW£GSPPIGXIH£MR£XLI£WYVZI] SJ£7XEXI£ERH£'MX]£(ITEVXQIRXW£SJ£8VERWTSVXEXMSR£ EW HIWGVMFIH£MR£'LETXIV£ ££2SXI£XLEX£QER]£SJ£XLI VIWTSRHMRK£EKIRGMIW£VIUYMVI£QYPXMTPI£SV£GSQFMREXMSRW SJ£[EVVERXW£XS£FI£IWXEFPMWLIH£FIJSVI£EYXLSVM^MRK£TVS XIGXIH£PIJXXYVR£TLEWMRK

Exhibit 6: Typical Warrant Criteria for Left-Turn Protected Phasing (IPE]£SV£:SPYQI£'VMXIVME 4VSHYGX£SJ£PIJX£XYVRW£ ZTLTP £\£STTSWMRK£XLVY£ ZTLTP £"££JSV££SV£QSVI£LSYVW 4VSHYGX£SJ£PIJX£XYVRW£ ZTL £\£STTSWMRK£XLVY£ ZTL £"£ 0IJX£XYVR£"££ZTL 0IJX£XYVR£ZTL£\£STTSWMRK£XLVY£"££SR£PERI£JEGMPMX]£"££SR£X[SPERI£JEGMPMX] 0IJX£XYVR£ZTL£\£STTSWMRK£XLVY£"££ PR £"££ PR £"££ PR 8[S£ZILMGPI£LSYVW£SJ£HIPE]£SGGYVW£MR£TIEO£LSYV £EZIVEKI£HIPE]£"££WIGSRHW£TIV£ZILMGPI 0IJX£XYVR£TIEO£ZSPYQI£"££ZILMGPIWG]GPIETTVSEGL£WXMPP£[EMXMRK£EX£XLI£IRH£SJ£KVIIR 7EJIX]£'VMXIVME 1SVI£XLER££GSVVIGXEFPI£EGGMHIRX£X]TIW£MR££QSRXLW 2YQFIV£SJ£PERIW£STTSWMRK£PIJX£XYVRW£"£ 2YQFIV£SJ£SFWIVZIH£XVEJJMG£GSRJPMGXW£"££MR££LSYVW 4VIZEMPMRK£XLVSYKL£WTIIH£MW£"££QTL 1SVI£XLER££XSXEP£GSRJPMGXW£SJ££PIJX£XYVR£GSRJPMGXW£SFWIVZIH£MR£TIEO£LSYV (YEP£PIJX£XYVR£TSGOIXW 9WI£SJ£TIVQMWWMZITVSXIGXIH£TLEWMRK£VIWYPXW£MR£YREGGITXEFPI£GVEWL£VEXI 7MKLX£HMWXERGI£PMQMXEXMSRW£JSV£STTSWMRK£XVEJJMG£HYI£XS£KISQIXV]£SV£STTSWMRK£PIJXXYVR£ZILMGPIW 2SXIW£ZTL!ZILMGPIW£TIV£LSYV£ZTLTP£!£ZILMGPIW£TIV£LSYV£TIV£PERI

Multi-Phase Signal Inefficiencies ¨8LI]£ TVSXIGXIH£PIJX£XYVRW £LEZI£XS£KIX£E£WPMGI£SJ£XLI£WMKREP£TMI£&]£XEOMRK£PIJX£XYVRW£SYX£SJ XLI£QEMR£WMKREP£]SY«VI£FEWMGEPP]£WTPMXXMRK£YT£XLI£TMI£FIX[IIR£X[S£QSZIQIRXWŸEW£STTSWIH£XS EW£QER]£EW£WM\£SV£IMKLX£QSZIQIRXW© £)RKMRIIV£1MGLEIP£&VYGI£MR£ER£MRXIVZMI[£SR£MRXIVWIGXMSR HIWMKR£MRRSZEXMSR

1YGL£SJ£XLI£ZILMGPI£HIPE]£MRGYVVIH£EX£LMKLZSPYQI£EVXIVMEP£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£MW£GEYWIH£F]£PIJX XYVR£HIQERH££4VSXIGXIH£PIJX£XYVR£TLEWIW£GER£WMKRMJMGERXP]£MQTVSZI£PIJX£XYVR£QSZIQIRX£GETEGMX] ERH£WYFWXERXMEPP]£VIHYGI£PIJX£XYVR£SV£¨8FSRI©£X]TI£EGGMHIRXW£SR£LMKLZSPYQI£JEGMPMXMIW ,S[IZIV£F]£TVSXIGXMRK£PIJX£XYVR£QSZIQIRXW£EHHMXMSREP£GPIEVERGI£TLEWIW£ ]IPPS[£TPYW£EPP£VIH QYWX£FI£EHHIH£FIX[IIR£WMKREPM^IH£QSZIQIRXW£XLYW£VIHYGMRK£XLI£EZEMPEFPI£KVIIR£XMQI£JSV XLVSYKL£QSZIQIRX£TLEWIW££

 ReidMonoChapt1.qxd 6/23/04 9:25 AM Page 12

Exhibit 7: Multi-Phase Signal Control E F

G H %VXIVMEP£MRXIVWIGXMSR£WMKREPM^EXMSR£WXVEXIKMIW£SJXIR£MRGPYHI£JSYV£ HMWXMRGX£XVEJJMG£QSZIQIRXW££ E £EVXIVMEP£PIJXXYVR£QSZIQIRXW£ F £EVXIVMEP£XLVSYKLQSZIQIRXW£ G £XLI£GVSWW£WXVIIX£PIJXXYVR QSZIQIRXW£ERH£ H £GVSWW£WXVIIX£XLVSYKLQSZIQIRXW££8LI£SVHIV MR£[LMGL£XLIWI£TLEWIW£EVI£WIVZIH£QE]£ZEV]£F]£WXEXI£ERHSV HIQERH£EGGYPXYVEXMSR£ERH£QE]£SZIVPET£[MXL£SXLIV£TLEWIW£SJ£ PIWWIV£HIQERH £LS[IZIV£IEGL£TLEWI£QYWX£FI£WIVZIH£ MRHITIRHIRXP]£SJ£EPP£SXLIVW£VIWYPXMRK£MR£E£QMRMQYQ£SJ£JSYV£ GPIEVERGI£TLEWIW£ ]IPPS[£TPYW£EPP£VIH £MR£IEGL£JYPP£WMKREP£G]GPI

%HHMXMSREP£GPIEVERGI£TLEWIW£EPWS£MRGVIEWI£MRXIVWIGXMSR£¨WXEVXYT£PSWX£XMQI©£XLI£XMQI£MX XEOIW£WXSTTIH£ZILMGPIW£XS£EGLMIZI£STXMQEP£JPS[£VEXI£XLVSYKL£XLI£MRXIVWIGXMSR££8LI£,MKL[E] 'ETEGMX]£1ERYEP£  £IWXMQEXIW£XLMW£XMQI£XS£FI££XS££WIGSRHW£JSV£IEGL£WMKREP£TLEWI FEWIH£SR£QIEWYVIH£WXYHMIW£ERH£VIWIEVGL£TVSNIGXW££8S£GSQTIRWEXI£JSV£XLI£MRXVSHYGXMSR£SJ EHHMXMSREP£PSWX£XMQIW£MR£IEGL£WMKREP£G]GPI£XVEJJMG£IRKMRIIVW£EVI£X]TMGEPP]£JSVGIH£XS£PIRKXLIR£XLI JYPP£WMKREP£G]GPI£XS£TVSZMHI£EHIUYEXI£KVIIR£XMQIW£JSV£IEGL£TLEWI£WIVZIH£ERH£XS£VIHYGI£XLI TIVGIRX£PSWX£XMQI£TIV£G]GPI£'PIEVERGI£ERH£WXEVXYT£PSWX£XMQIW£EVI£JM\IH£JSV£IEGL£WMKREP£TLEWI XLIVIJSVI£E£KVIEXIV£G]GPI£PIRKXL£VIHYGIW£XLI£TIVGIRXEKI£SJ£PSWX£XMQI£SZIV£E£KMZIR£G]GPI£PIRKXL

8LI£,MKL[E]£'ETEGMX]£1ERYEP£EPWS£VITSVXW£XLEX£ZILMGPI£LIEH[E]W£ QIEWYVIH£MR£WXYHMIW£XS FI£FIX[IIR££ERH££WIGSRHW£IUYEXMRK£XS£JPS[£VEXIW£SJ££XS££ZTLTP £QE]£MRGVIEWI [MXL£PSRKIV£KVIIR£TLEWIW£[MXL£KVIIR£TLEWIW£PSRKIV£XLER££XS££WIGSRHW£TVSTSVXMSREXIP] PIWW£IJJMGMIRX£XLER£MR£WLSVXIV£TLEWIW£  ££8LMW£QE]£FI£EXXVMFYXIH£XS£E£GYQYPEXMZI£PSWW£MR£HVMZIV

 ReidMonoChapt1.qxd 6/23/04 9:25 AM Page 13

VIEGXMSR£XMQI£MR£PSRKIV£UYIYIW£SV£SXLIV£WMHI£JVMGXMSR£JEGXSVW£FIX[IIR£XLI£WMKREP£ERH£FEGO£SJ UYIYI

%W£ER£I\EQTPI£SJ£XLI£GPIEVERGI£TLEWI£XMQI£WEZMRKW£)\LMFMX£ GSQTEVIW£XLVII£WMKREP G]GPI£TLEWMRK£TEXXIVRW£XLI£JMVWX£X[S£[MXL£QYPXMTLEWI£WMKREPW£ TVSXIGXIH£PIJX£XYVR£TLEWMRK£JSV£EPP ETTVSEGLIW £ERH£XLI£PEWX£SRI£[MXL£WMQTPI£X[STLEWI£STIVEXMSRW££%PP£GPIEVERGI£TLEWIW£EVI EWWYQIH£XS£MRGPYHI£JSYV£ERH£JMZI£WIGSRHW£SJ£]IPPS[£XMQI£ JSV£PIJX£XYVRW£ERH£XLVSYKL£QSZIQIRXW VIWTIGXMZIP] £ERH£SRI£WIGSRH£SJ£EPPVIH£GPIEVERGI£XMQI

Exhibit 8: Phase Allocation Comparison

% £%£WIGSRH£QYPXMTLEWI£G]GPI£VIUYMVIW£E£JM\IH A) 90-Second Multi -Phase Cycle XSXEP£SJ££WIGSRHW£MR£MRXIVWIGXMSR£GPIEVERGI£XMQI£TIV Arterial Left G]GPI£SV££TIVGIRX£SJ£XLI£XSXEP£G]GPI£PIRKXL (10 sec) Clearance Clearance 11.1% 5.6% 6.7% & £8LI£WEQI£JM\IH££WIGSRHW£SJ£MRXIVWIGXMSR GPIEVERGI£MR£E£WIGSRH£QYPXMTLEWI£G]GPI£MW£ Arterial Thru Cross Thru TIVGIRX£SJ£XLI£XSXEP£G]GPI£PIRKXL£MRGVIEWMRK£XLVSYKL (30 sec) (20 sec) TYX£GETEGMX]£SJ£E£WEXYVEXIH£MRXIVWIGXMSR££1IEWYVIH 33.3% 22.2% SZIV£E£SRILSYV£TIVMSH£XLI£XMQI£WEZMRKW£MW£WYFWXER Clearance XMEP£XLI£WIGSRH£G]GPI£VIUYMVIW££WIGSRHW£SJ£XLI Cross Left Clearance 5.6% LSYV£JSV£GPIEVERGI£XMQI£[LMPI£XLI£WIGSRH£G]GPI (8 sec) 6.7% RIIHW£SRP]££WIGSRHW£PIEZMRK£JMZI£QMRYXIW£SJ£EHHM 8.9% XMSREP£XMQI£JSV£MRXIVWIGXMSR£XLVSYKLTYX

B) 150- Second Multi - Phase Cycle ,S[IZIV£[LMPI£MRGVIEWMRK£G]GPI£PIRKXL£HSIW Arterial Left VIHYGI£GPIEVERGI£MRXIVZEP£MQTEGXW£ERH£I\XIRHW£XLI (18 sec) KVIIR£XMQI£EPPSXQIRX£XS£GIVXEMR£SV£EPP£QSZIQIRXW Clearance Clearance 12.0% PSRKIV£G]GPI£PIRKXLW£X]TMGEPP]£VIWYPX£MR£PSRKIV£UYIYI 3.3% 4.0% PIRKXLW£KVIEXIV£WXSVEKI£VIUYMVIQIRXW£ERH£PIWW£JPI\MFMP MX]£XS£VIWTSRH£XS£WYHHIR£GLERKIW£MR£HIQERH Arterial Thru Cross Thru (56 sec) (40 sec) 37.3% ' £;LIR£TVSXIGXIH£PIJXW£EVI£VIQSZIH£ERH£XLI 26.7% MRXIVWIGXMSR£STIVEXIW£YRHIV£E£X[STLEWI£WMKREP£XLI Clearance TIVGIRXEKI£SJ£KVIIR£XMQI£JSV£XLVSYKL£EVXIVMEP£ERH Clearance GVSWW£WXVIIX£QSZIQIRXW£MW£WYFWXERXMEPP]£MRGVIEWIH 3.3% Cross Left 4.0% ,S[IZIV£XVEZIP£XMQI£ERH£HIPE]W£EVI£RSX£IUYEPP] (14 sec) 9.3% VIHYGIH£FIGEYWI£QER]£YRGSRZIRXMSREP£HIWMKRW GEYWI£PIJXXYVRMRK£ZILMGPIW£XS£XVEZIP£XLVSYKL£XLI£MRXIV WIGXMSR£X[MGI£ C) 90-Second Two- Phase Cycle Clearance 8LIVI£EVI£TVEGXMGEP£PMQMXEXMSRW£XS£XLI£G]GPI£PIRKXL 6.7% XLEX£GER£FI£YWIH££%£ZILMGPI£XLEX£EVVMZIW£EX£XLI£MRXIV Cross Thru WIGXMSR£NYWX£EW£MXW£QSZIQIRX£XYVRW£VIH£QYWX£[EMX (33 sec) XLVSYKL£XLI£IRXMVI£G]GPI£PIRKXL£YRXMP£MX£VIGIMZIW£KVIIR Arterial Thru 36.7% EKEMR£MRGYVVMRK£XLVII£QMRYXIW£SJ£WXSTTIH£HIPE]£MR£E (45 sec) WIGSRH£G]GPI££8LI£,MKL[E]£'ETEGMX]£1ERYEP 50.0% ,'1 £PIZIP£SJ£WIVZMGI£ 037 £WXERHEVHW£[SYPH£GPEWWMJ] Clearance XLEX£ZILMGPI«W£TVSKVIWW£EX£037£*£HIWTMXI£RSX£QMWWMRK£E 6.7% G]GPI£PIRKXL££

 ReidMonoChapt1.qxd 6/23/04 9:25 AM Page 14

0SRK£G]GPI£PIRKXLW£EX£QENSV£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£QE]£EPWS£EHZIVWIP]£MQTEGX£SXLIV£WMKREPM^IH MRXIVWIGXMSRW£SR£XLI£EVXIVMEP£XLEX£HS£RSX£VIUYMVI£PSRK£G]GPI£PIRKXLW£*YVXLIV£IWXEFPMWLMRK£WMKREP TVSKVIWWMSR£SR£ER£EVXIVMEP£XLEX£FEPERGIW£QENSV£ERH£QMRSV£MRXIVWIGXMSR£GETEGMX]£RIIHW£FIGSQIW QSVI£HMJJMGYPX£YRHIV£PSRK£G]GPI£PIRKXLW

1.4.4 Signal Maintenance

-QTVSZMRK£XVEJJMG£WMKREP£XMQMRK£ERH£GSSVHMREXMSR£TEVXMGYPEVP]£EPSRK£GSVVMHSVW£SJ£GPSWIP] WTEGIH£WMKREPW£GER£FI£E£PS[GSWX£MQTVSZIQIRX£[MXL£WMKRMJMGERX£STIVEXMSRW£FIRIJMXW££,S[IZIV XLIVI£EVI£PMQMXEXMSRW£XS£XLI£PIZIP£SJ£MQTVSZIQIRX£KEMRIH£ERH£MQTPIQIRXEXMSR£ERH£QEMRXIRERGI SJ£WMKREP£W]WXIQW£GER£FI£GSWXP]£

&IGEYWI£LMKL[E]£TVMSVMXMIW£EVI£X]TMGEPP]£JSGYWIH£SR£GSRWXVYGXMSR£ERH£QEMRXIRERGI£SJ£JEGMP MXMIW£XVEJJMG£QSRMXSVMRK£ERH£GSRXVSP£HIZMGIW£EVI£SJXIR£SYX£SJ£WIVZMGI£HYI£XS£PEGO£SJ£QEMRXIRERGI -X£MW£SJXIR£HMJJMGYPX£XS£TIVWYEHI£TSPMXMGEP£PIEHIVW£XS£EPPSGEXI£WYJJMGMIRX£JYRHW£JSV£WMKREP£QEMRXI RERGI£MJ£XLEX£QIERW£JI[IV£JYRHW£KSMRK£XS£RI[£LMKL[E]W££7MKREP£QEMRXIRERGI£SJXIR£QYWX£GSQ TIXI£[MXL£SXLIV£LMKL[E]£QEMRXIRERGI£RIIHW£¦£JM\MRK£TSXLSPIW£ERH£KYEVHVEMPW£VITEMRXMRK£TEZI QIRX£QEVOMRKW£IXG

-R£E£VIZMI[£SJ£2SVXL£'EVSPMRE«W£XVEJJMG£WMKREP£STIVEXMSRW£ RSXIH£EW£X]TMGEP£GSQTEVIH£XS£SXLIV WXEXI£LMKL[E]£EKIRGMIW £MX£[EW£VITSVXIH£XLEX£   ˆ -X£MW£IWXMQEXIH£XLEX£SRIXLMVH£SJ£2SVXL£'EVSPMRE«W£XVEJJMG£WMKREPW£EVI£RSX£[SVOMRK£TVSTIVP]£EX ER]£SRI£KMZIR£XMQI£QSWX£MRZSPZMRK£MQTVSTIV£SYXHEXIH£XMQMRKW ˆ -R£XLI£GMX]£SJ£6EPIMKL££TIVGIRX£SJ£EPP£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£[MXL£XVEJJMG£WIRWMRK£HIXIGXSVW£[IVI QEPJYRGXMSRMRK £XLI£GMX]£SJ£(YVLEQ£VITSVXIH£E£WMQMPEV££TIVGIRX£JEMPYVI£VEXI ˆ 8LI£FMKKIWX£WMKREP£QEMRXIRERGI£TVSFPIQ£FSXL£WXEXI£ERH£REXMSR[MHI£MW£MQTVSTIV£XMQMRK£SJ MWSPEXIH£WMKREPW£ERH£GSSVHMREXIH£WMKREP£W]WXIQW£EPSRK£E£GSVVMHSV

%R£-RWXMXYXI£SJ£8VERWTSVXEXMSR£)RKMRIIVW£ -8) £WYVZI]£VITSVXIH£XLEX£SZIV££TIVGIRX£SJ£XLI £REXMSREP£LMKL[E]£EKIRG]£WYVZI]£VIWTSRHIRXW£MHIRXMJMIH£XVEJJMG£QSRMXSVMRK£HIXIGXSV£TVSF PIQWMWWYIW£EW£XLI£FMKKIWX£GLEPPIRKI£MR£STIVEXMRK£WMKREP£W]WXIQW£  ££8LI£WEQI£WYVZI]£JSYRH XLEX£SRP]£SRIUYEVXIV£SJ£VIWTSRHIRX£EKIRGMIW£VIXMQIH£W]WXIQ£WMKREPW£[MXLMR£XLI£TEWX££]IEVW ERH£EFSYX£LEPJ£SJ£XLSWI£ £TIVGIRX £WEMH£XLI]£VIXMQI£WMKREPW£SRP]£EW£RIIHIH££IZIV£ IK£JSV RI[£HIZIPSTQIRX£SV£MRXIVWIGXMSR£MQTVSZIQIRXW 

%£KSSH£WMKREP£W]WXIQ£EPSRI£WLSYPH£RSX£FI£PSSOIH£EX£EW£ER£I\GPYWMZI£WSPYXMSR£XS£STXMQM^I XVEZIP£EPSRK£E£GSVVMHSV£EW£HIXIGXSVW£ERH£W]WXIQ£GSQQYRMGEXMSR£QEPJYRGXMSRW£QE]£VIHYGI STIVEXMSREP£IJJMGMIRG]££-R£YRGSRZIRXMSREP£MRXIVWIGXMSR£HIWMKRSTIVEXMSRWQEREKIQIRX£WMKREP W]WXIQW£WLSYPH£MRWXIEH£FI£ZMI[IH£EW£E£XSSP£XS£IRLERGI£KSSH£MRXIVWIGXMSR£HIWMKR£ERH£QER EKIQIRX£WXVEXIKMIW£EW£QER]£YRGSRZIRXMSREP£HIWMKRW£VIP]£SR£KSSH£STIVEXMSRW£QEREKIQIRX ERH£HITIRH£PIWW£SR£EGXYEXMSR£XLYW£STIVEXMSRW£EVI£PIWW£WYWGITXMFPI£XS£TVSFPIQW£JVSQ£HIXIGXSV JEMPYVIW

 ReidMonoChapt1.qxd 6/23/04 9:25 AM Page 15

SUMMARY

8VEJJMG£GSRKIWXMSR£GSRXMRYIW£XS£FI£TVSFPIQEXMG£JSV£QER]£GSQQYRMXMIW£EGVSWW£XLI£97£ERH GER£FI£TEVXMGYPEVP]£WIZIVI£ERH£ZMWMFPI£EX£QENSV£EVXIVMEP£MRXIVWIGXMSRW££%VXIVMEPW£EQSRK£EPP£WYV JEGI£VSEH[E]W£WIVZI£ER£MQTSVXERX£JYRGXMSR£MR£XVEZIP£QSFMPMX]£ERH£WLSYPH£FI£HIWMKRIH£ERH QEREKIH£XS£QEMRXEMR£XLI£LMKLIWX£PIZIPW£SJ£GETEGMX]£ERH£XLI£PS[IWX£PIZIPW£SJ£WXST£HIPE]££2I[ VSEH[E]£GETEGMX]£MW£MRGVIEWMRKP]£HMJJMGYPX£XS£GSRWXVYGX£[MXL£MRGVIEWMRK£GSRGIVRW£EFSYX£IRZMVSR QIRXEP£ERH£WSGMEPIGSRSQMG£GSWXW£ERH£GSQTIXMXMSR£JSV£JYRHMRK£JVSQ£XLI£QEMRXIRERGI£ERH VITPEGIQIRX£RIIHW£SJ£ER£EKMRK£MRJVEWXVYGXYVI£W]WXIQ££8LIVI£EVI£STTSVXYRMXMIW£JSV£MRRSZEXMSR£MR MRXIVWIGXMSR£HIWMKR£JSGYWIH£SR£MQTVSZMRK£MRXIVWIGXMSR£GETEGMX]£EX£QENSV£EVXIVMEP£MRXIVWIGXMSRW 8LIWI£MRRSZEXMSRW£GER£SZIVGSQI£HIWMKR£ERH£STIVEXMSREP£HIJMGMIRGMIW£EX£WMKREPM^IH£MRXIVWIG XMSRW£SJ£GSRZIRXMSREP£HIWMKR£MRGPYHMRK£QYPXMTLEWI£WMKREP£MRIJJMGMIRGMIW£WXSVEKI£FE]£VIUYMVI QIRXW£ERH£VIPMERGI£SR£XVEJJMG£HIXIGXMSR£ERH£EGXYEXMSR£

 ReidMonoChapt1.qxd 6/23/04 9:25 AM Page 16

 ReidMonoChapt2.qxd 6/23/04 9:26 AM Page 17

2.0 UNCONVENTIONAL DESIGN, OPERATIONS AND MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES

 ReidMonoChapt2.qxd 6/23/04 9:26 AM Page 18

 ReidMonoChapt2.qxd 6/23/04 9:26 AM Page 19

2.0 UNCONVENTIONAL DESIGN, OPERATIONS AND MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES

9RGSRZIRXMSREP£EVXIVMEP£MRXIVWIGXMSR£HIWMKR£STIVEXMSR£ERH£QEREKIQIRX£WXVEXIKMIW£LEZI XLVII£TVMQEV]£TVMRGMTPIW£  8LI£HIWMKR£ERH£STIVEXMSRW£IQTLEWMW£MW£SR£XLVSYKLZILMGPI£QSZIQIRXW££-R£XLI£LMIVEV GL]£SJ£VSEH[E]£JYRGXMSREPMX]£WIVZMRK£XLVSYKLZILMGPIW£MW£XLI£QEMR£TYVTSWI£SJ£XLI£EVXIVMEP JYRGXMSREP£GPEWW£  ££8LMW£MRGPYHIW£QMRMQM^MRK£WXSTTIH£HIPE]£JSV£XLVSYKLQSZIQIRXW£SR XLI£EVXIVMEP£EX£XLI£VMWO£SJ£MRHYGMRK£PEVKIV£HIPE]£ERHSV£XVEZIP£XMQI£TIREPXMIW£XS£PIJXXYVR£ERH GVSWW£WXVIIX£QSZIQIRXW££  8LI£MRXIVWIGXMSR£HIWMKR£ERH£STIVEXMSRW£EPPS[£JSV£E£VIHYGXMSR£MR£XLI£RYQFIV£SJ£WMKREP TLEWIW£TEVXMGYPEVP]£EX£XLI£QEMR£MRXIVWIGXMSR£GVSWWMRK££1SWX£YRGSRZIRXMSREP£MRXIVWIGXMSR HIWMKRW£VIHYGI£XLI£MRXIVWIGXMSR£WMKREP£GSRXVSP£XS£WMQTPI£X[STLEWI£STIVEXMSRW££%W£E£VIWYPX SJ£XLI£VIHYGXMSR£MR£WMKREP£TLEWIW£XLI£MRXIVWIGXMSR£G]GPI£PIRKXL£GER£SJXIR£FI£VIHYGIH£EW [IPP£EW£XMQI£PSWX£XS£GPIEVERGI£TLEWIW££  9RGSRZIRXMSREP£HIWMKRW£X]TMGEPP]£VIHYGI£XLI£RYQFIV£SJ£GSRJPMGX£TSMRXW£EX£MRXIVWIGXMSRW ERH£WITEVEXI£GSRJPMGX£TSMRXW£XLEX£VIQEMR£££%£VIHYGXMSR£MR£GSRJPMGX£TSMRXW£X]TMGEPP]£PIEHW XS£JI[IV£EGGMHIRXW£ TEVXMGYPEVP]£XLI£X]TIW£SJ£KVIEXIV£WIZIVMX] £ERH£E£WMQTPIV£HIGMWMSR TVSGIWW£JSV£QSXSVMWXW£IRXIVMRK£QEMR£XVEZIP£JPS[W

;LMPI£XLI£YRGSRZIRXMSREP£HIWMKRW£TVIWIRXIH£MR£XLMW£QSRSKVETL£QE]£LEZI£TSXIRXMEP£FIRI JMXW£SR£GSPPIGXSV£SV£QMRSV£EVXIVMEP£VSEH[E]W££XLSWI£IMXLIV£JYRGXMSRMRK£EW£XLSVSYKLJEVIW£SV£LEZMRK WTIGMEP£RIIHW£JSV£MRGVIEWIH£QSFMPMX]££XLI£HIWMKR£MRRSZEXMSRW£EVI£JSGYWIH£SR£EVXIVMEP£VSEH[E]W HIWMKRIH£XS£GEVV]£PEVKI£XVEJJMG£ZSPYQIW£SZIV£KVIEXIV£HMWXERGIW£[MXL£PMQMXIH£HMVIGX£EGGIWW£XS EHNEGIRX£HIZIPSTQIRX££

2.1 EMPHASIS ON THROUGH-MOVEMENTS

,MKL[E]W£[MXL£GSQTEVEFPI£XVEJJMG£ZSPYQIW£EVI£GSRWXVYGXIH£XS£XLI£WEQI£HIWMKR£GVMXIVME£ERH TVSZMHI£MHIRXMGEP£PIZIPW£SJ£WIVZMGI£EPXLSYKL£XLIVI£QE]£FI£GSRWMHIVEFPI£HMJJIVIRGI£MR£XLI£JYRG XMSRW£XLI]£WIVZI£  ££%VXIVMEPW£EVI£I\TIGXIH£XS£TVSZMHI£E£LMKL£HIKVII£SJ£QSFMPMX]£JSV£XLI£PSRKIV XVMT£PIRKXL£ERH£WLSYPH£TVSZMHI£LMKLIV£STIVEXMRK£WTIIH£ERH£PIZIP£SJ£WIVZMGI££&IGEYWI£WIVZMGI XS£EHNEGIRX£PERH£YWIW£MW£RSX£XLIMV£QENSV£JYRGXMSR£WSQI£HIKVII£SJ£EGGIWW£GSRXVSP£MW£HIWMVEFPI£XS IRLERGI£QSFMPMX]££%£W]WXIQEXMG£ETTVSEGL£XS£HIWMKR£WLSYPH£GSRWMHIV£XLI£SZIVEPP£TYVTSWI£XLEX XLI£VSEH[E]£MW£MRXIRHIH£XS£WIVZI££%GGIWW£WLSYPH£FI£QSWX£VIWXVMGXMZI£[LIR£XLI£TVMRGMTEP£JYRG XMSR£SJ£XLI£VSEH£MW£XS£TVSZMHI£LMKLIV£WTIIH£GEVV]£LMKLIV£ZSPYQIW£ERHSV£WIVZI£PSRKIVHMWXERGI XVEZIP££

%£QENSV£FIRIJMX£SJ£TVSTIV£MRXIVWIGXMSR£HIWMKR£ERH£STIVEXMSRW£MW£TVIWIVZMRK£XLI£JYRGXMSREP MRXIKVMX]£SJ£LMKLWTIIH£LMKLGETEGMX]£JEGMPMXMIW££&]£YRPSGOMRK£GSRKIWXMSR£EX£QENSV£WMKREPM^IH MRXIVWIGXMSRW£STIVEXMSRW£EPSRK£XLI£IRXMVI£EVXIVMEP£GSVVMHSV£EVI£MQTVSZIH£HVEQEXMGEPP]££-J£EX£E GSRKIWXIH£MRXIVWIGXMSR£EZIVEKI£XLVSYKLTYX£HIPE]£GER£FI£VIHYGIH£F]£SRIUYEVXIV£JSV£I\EQ TPI£JVSQ£SRI£QMRYXI£EZIVEKI£HIPE]£XS££WIGSRHW£XLEX£WIGSRH£XMQIWEZMRKW£QYPXMTPMIH£F] XLI£RYQFIV£SJ£GSRKIWXIH£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£EPSRK£E£TEVXMGYPEV£GSVVMHSV£ ERH£JYVXLIV£QYPXMTPMIH£F] XLSYWERHW£SV£XIRW£SJ£XLSYWERHW£SJ£ZILMGPIW£HEMP] £GER£VIWYPX£MR£WYFWXERXMEP£SZIVEPP£VIHYGXMSRW£MR HIPE]£GSRKIWXMSR£ERH£YWIV£GSWXW

4VSZMHMRK£HMVIGX£EGGIWW£JVSQ£XLI£EVXIVMEP£XS£GSPPIGXSV£ERH£PSGEP£VSEH[E]W£ERH£VSEHWMHI HIZIPSTQIRX£FYWMRIWWIW£JEZSVW£XLEX£EGGIWW£SZIV£XLI£QSFMPMX]£RIIHW£SJ£PEVKI£ZSPYQIW£SJ

 ReidMonoChapt2.qxd 6/23/04 9:26 AM Page 20

XLVSYKLXVEJJMG££;LMPI£IEW]£EGGIWW£XS£FYWMRIWWIW£GER£FI£MQTSVXERX£WYGL£EGGIWW£WLSYPH£FI [IMKLIH£EKEMRWX£RIIHW£SJ£SXLIV£YWIVW£SJ£XLI£VSEH££1ER]£WXEXI£PE[W£VIUYMVI£VIEWSREFPI EGGIWW XS£EFYXXMRK£TVSTIVX]£FYX£XLMW£HSIW£RSX£RIGIWWEVMP]£QIER£HMVIGX EGGIWW££8LI£MRXIVWXEXI£W]WXIQ MW£TVSXIGXIH£F]£XLMW£TVMRGMTPI£EW£MRXIVGLERKIW£EVI£KVERXIH£FEWIH£SR£KVIEXIV£TYFPMG£KSSH£ERH ER£-RXIVGLERKI£.YWXMJMGEXMSR£6ITSVX£MW£JIHIVEPP]£QERHEXIH£XS£IRWYVI£WS££;LMPI£EVXIVMEP£EGGIWW MW£RSX£EW£XMKLXP]£GSRXVSPPIH£F]£QSWX£LMKL[E]£EKIRGMIW£GIVXEMRP]£WSQI£GSRWXVEMRXW£SR£PSGEP ERHSV£TVMZEXI£EGGIWW£WIIQW£VIEWSREFPI£SR£XLI£LMKL[E]£GPEWW£SRP]£SRI£WXIT£FIPS[£JVII[E] W]WXIQW

2.1.1 Left-Turn Treatment

-HIEPP]£XLI£GETEGMX]£SJ£ER£MRXIVWIGXMSR£WLSYPH£QEXGL£ZILMGYPEV£XVEZIP£TEXXIVR£HIQERH£ERH PIJX£XYVRW£WLSYPH£RSX£FI£WMQTP]£TVSLMFMXIH£I\GITX£[LIVI£E£VIEWSREFPI£EPXIVREXMZI£VSYXMRK£MW EZEMPEFPI££-R£KIRIVEP£JI[IV£PIWWGSRGIRXVEXIH£PIJX£XYVRW£VIWYPX£MR£FIXXIV£TVSGIWWMRK£SJ£GSRJPMGX MRK£MRXIVWIGXMSR£HIQERHW££-X£MW£FIXXIV£XS£LEZI£RYQIVSYW£PSGEXMSRW£SJ£PS[ZSPYQI£PIJX£XYVRW£XLER XS£GSRGIRXVEXI£PIJX£XYVRW£EX£SRI£WMRKPI£MRXIVWIGXMSR

2.1.2 Separation of Turning Volumes from Through Movements

8YVRMRK£ZILMGPIW£X]TMGEPP]£WPS[£HS[R£FIJSVI£QEOMRK£XLIMV£XYVR££;LIVI£XYVRMRK£ZILMGPIW£EVI VIQSZIH£JVSQ£XLI£XLVSYKL£PERIW£SJ£XVEJJMG£XVEJJMG£WTIIH£MW£FIXXIV£QEMRXEMRIH££8LMW£MW£TVIGMWIP] XLI£VIEWSR£JSV£VMKLX£ERH£PIJX£XYVR£WXSVEKI£FE]W£ERH£XETIVW£EX£MRXIVWIGXMSR£ETTVSEGLIW£-R£EHHM XMSR£XS£QEMRXEMRMRK£WTIIH£VSEH[E]£GETEGMX]£MW£TVIWIVZIH£ERH£EGGMHIRX£TSXIRXMEP£MW£VIHYGIH 1ER]£YRGSRZIRXMSREP£HIWMKRW£YWI£QIHMERW£WITEVEXI£VSEH[E]W£ERH£SXLIV£GLERRIPM^MRK£JIE XYVIW£XS£MRGVIEWI£XLI£WITEVEXMSR£SJ£PIJX£XYVR£ZILMGPIW£JVSQ£XLVSYKLXVEJJMG£XLYW£MQTVSZMRK£WEJIX] ERH£KISQIXVMGW

KRAMER'S CONCEPT OF AN IDEAL SUBURBAN ARTERIAL -R£E£TETIV£XLEX£WIVZIW£EW£E£GPEWWMG£SR£XLI£TVSTIV£HIWMKR£ERH£STIVEXMSR£SJ£E£WYFYVFER EVXIVMEP£  £6MGLEVH£/VEQIV£IRYQIVEXIW£X[S£HIWMKR£TVMRGMTPIW£XLEX£LI£VIGSQQIRHW£EVI IWWIRXMEP XS£FI£EHSTXIH£ERH£JSPPS[IH£EX£EPP MRXIVWIGXMSRW£SJ£E£WYFYVFER£EVXIVMEP£[MXL£GSPPIG XSV£VSEHW£ERH£TVMZEXI£HVMZI[E]W££/VEQIV£TYVTSVXW£XLEX£MR£EHHMXMSR£XS£WXERHEVH£%%7,83 *,;%£ERH£SXLIV£ETTPMGEFPI£HIWMKR£ERH£STIVEXMSRW£GVMXIVME£LMKL[E]£EKIRGMIW£WLSYPH IWXEFPMWLŸ£¨ER£EFWSPYXI£QMRMQYQ£TIVGIRXEKI£SJ£KVIIR£XMQI£XLEX£[MPP£FI£HMWTPE]IH£XS EVXIVMEP£XLVY£XVEJJMG©££'VSWWMRK£SV£IRXIVMRK£XVEJJMG£EX£WMKREPM^IH£EGGIWW£TSMRXW£EVI£XS£[SVO [MXLMR£XLI£GSRJMRIW£SJ£XLI£VIQEMRMRK£TIVGIRX£SJ£G]GPI£XMQI£EPPSGEXIH£XS£XLSWI£QSZIQIRXW££-J XLI]£GERRSX£I\GIWWMZI£GVSWW£WXVIIX£HIPE]W£EVI£XS£FI£XSPIVEXIH£SV£E£JYPP£SV£TEVXMEP£KVEHI£WIT EVEXMSR£MW£XS£FI£FYMPX££0SGEXMSRW£[LIVI£QSZIQIRXW£EVI£TIVQMXXIH£XS£GVSWW£FSXL£HMVIGXMSRW£SJ XLI£EVXIVMEP£EX£KVEHI£QYWX£FI£TVIHIXIVQMRIH£FIJSVI£GSRWXVYGXMSR£ERH£WMKREP£G]GPI£PIRKXLW QYWX£FI£TVIIWXEFPMWLIH£JSV£GVMXMGEP£EXKVEHI£MRXIVWIGXMSRW££4VSTIV£WMKREP£WTEGMRK£WLSYPH HSQMREXI£EPP£SXLIV£HIWMKR£GSRWMHIVEXMSRW£ERH£FI£MR£LEVQSR]£[MXL£XLI£TVIHIXIVQMRIH£G]GPI PIRKXL££/VEQIV«W£WIGSRH£TVMRGMTPI£TVSTSWIW£XLEX£XLI£EVXIVMEP£HIWMKR£WLSYPH£TVSLMFMX£HMVIGX PIJX£XYVRW£EX£GVSWW£WXVIIX£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£ERH£HVMZI[E]W£F]£YWMRK£VEMWIH£SV£[MHI£QIHMER£FEVVM IVW£[LIVI£ER£EGGITXEFPI£PIZIP£SJ£WIVZMGI£GERRSX£SXLIV[MWI£FI£EGLMIZIH£F]£GSRZIRXMSREP HIWMKR£QIEWYVIW££

8LI£KVIEX£WMKRMJMGERGI£SJ£/VEQIV W£GSRGITX£MW£XLEX£MX£TVSZMHIW£E£HIWMKR£TLMPSWSTL]£JSV ER£IRXMVI£GPEWW£SJ£JEGMPMXMIW£ [LMGL£LI£GEPPIH£¨7YTIVWXVIIXW© ££,I£TVIHMGXIH£XLEX£XLMW£GPEWW£SJ 7YTIVWXVIIX£JEGMPMXMIW£[MPP£FI£SJ£KVIEXIV£MQTSVXERGI£EW£GMXMIW£ERH£GSQQYRMXMIW£GSRXMRYI HIGIRXVEPM^EXMSR£ VIPEXMZI£XS£E£LMWXSVMG£YVFER£GIRXVEP£FYWMRIWW£HMWXVMGX£JSGYW £SJ£IQTPS]QIRX ERH£SXLIV£EGXMZMXMIW£MRXS£¦QIKEGIRXIVW¦£XLVSYKLSYX£WYFYVFW£ERH£SYXP]MRK£EVIEW£MR£IJJIGX£KMZ MRK£VMWI£XS£WIXW£SJ£MRXIVVIPEXIH£WQEPP£GMXMIW£PMROIH£F]£EVXIVMEP£JEGMPMXMIW

 ReidMonoChapt2.qxd 6/23/04 9:26 AM Page 21

2.2 REDUCTION IN SIGNAL PHASES

¨;MXLMR£XLI£VIEPQ£SJ£WMKREPM^IH£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£RS£KVIEXIV£IJJMGMIRG]£GER£FI£EXXEMRIH£XLER XLEX£TVSZMHIH£F]£E£X[S£TLEWI£WMKREP© £'VEMK£1MPPIV£SR£XLI£VIEWSRW£JSV£GSRWMHIVMRK£YRGSRZIR XMSREP£HIWMKR£MR£E£VIGIRX£-8)£TYFPMGEXMSR

;LIR£XVEJJMG£WMKREPW£SR£ER£EVXIVMEP£EVI£TSSVP]£WTEGIH£ERHSV£TSSVP]£GSSVHMREXIH£EVXIVMEP GETEGMX]£WEJIX]£ERH£WTIIHW£EVI£GSQTVSQMWIH££4VSKVIWWMSR£MW£QSWX£VIEHMP]£EGLMIZIH£[LIR£XLI WTEGMRK£SJ£WMKREPW£MW£ETTVSTVMEXI£ERH£XLI£EZEMPEFPI£KVIIR£XMQI£JSV£XLI£EVXIVMEP£XLVSYKLZSPYQIW MW£QE\MQM^IH

9RGSRZIRXMSREP£EVXIVMEP£MRXIVWIGXMSR£HIWMKR£STIVEXMSRW£ERH£QEREKIQIRX£TVMRGMTPIW£JSGYW SR£WITEVEXMRK£PIJX£XYVR£QSZIQIRXW£IMXLIV£E[E]£JVSQ£XLI£MRXIVWIGXMSR£SV£SXLIV[MWI£SYX£SJ£GSRJPMGX [MXL£EVXIVMEP£XLVSYKLQSZIQIRXW££0IJXXYVR£GSRJPMGXW£SJXIR£PMQMX£GETEGMX]£ERH£GEYWI£QER]£SJ£XLI STIVEXMSREP£ERH£WEJIX]£TVSFPIQW£EX£EVXIVMEP£MRXIVWIGXMSRW££6IVSYXMRK£PIJX£XYVRW£YWYEPP]£EPPS[W£E VIHYGXMSR£MR£XLI£RYQFIV£SJ£WMKREP£TLEWIW£JVSQ£JSYV£XS£X[S£[LMGL£VIWYPXW£MR£HIGVIEWIH£HIPE]£JSV XLVSYKLXVEJJMG£ERH£TVSQSXIW£TVSKVIWWMSR£EPSRK£XLI£EVXIVMEP££%W£HMWGYWWIH£MR£GLETXIV£SRI QYPXMTLEWI£WMKREPW£QMRMQM^I£XLI£EZEMPEFMPMX]£JSV£XLVSYKLXVEJJMG£TLEWIW£ERH£MQTIHI£TVSKVIW WMSR££%£X[STLEWI£WMKREP£LEW£QSVI£XMQI£EZEMPEFPI£MR£MXW£G]GPI£JSV£XLVSYKLZILMGPI£TVSKVIWWMSR FSXL£SR£XLI£EVXIVMEP£ERH£SR£XLI£GVSWW£WXVIIX££8[STLEWI£WMKREPW£EPWS£EPPS[£JSV£WLSVXIV£G]GPI PIRKXLW£ERH£STTSVXYRMXMIW£JSV£TVSKVIWWMSR£MR£FSXL£HMVIGXMSRW£[MPP£MR£QSWX£GEWIW£MRGVIEWI£[MXL WLSVXIV£G]GPIW

2.3 REDUCTION IN CONFLICT POINTS

9RGSRZIRXMSREP£HIWMKRW£EPWS£WLEVI£E£HIPMFIVEXI£VIHYGXMSR£MR£XLI£RYQFIV£ERH£WIZIVMX]£SJ MRXIVWIGXMSR£GSRJPMGX£TSMRXW£[LMGL£MW£X]TMGEPP]£E£QENSV£JEGXSV£MR£MRXIVWIGXMSR£STIVEXMSREP£WEJIX]££% VIHYGXMSR£MR£GSRJPMGX£TSMRXW£YWYEPP]£QIERW£JI[IV£TSXIRXMEP£XLVIEXW£XS£HVMZIVW£[LMGL£TVSQSXIW WEJIX]££1ER]£SJ£XLI£YRGSRZIRXMSREP£MRXIVWIGXMSR£HIWMKR£EPXIVREXMZIW£VIHYGI£XLI£RYQFIV£SJ£GSR JPMGX£TSMRXW£F]£VIVSYXMRK£WSQI£PIJX£XYVRW

%W£XLI£RYQFIV£SJ£TSXIRXMEP£GSRJPMGX£TSMRXW£EX£ER£MRXIVWIGXMSR£MRGVIEWIW£WS£HSIW£XLI£EZIV EKI£VEXI£SJ£XVEJJMG£GVEWLIW££*SYVPIK£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£LEZI£XLI£QSWX£TSXIRXMEP£TSMRXW£SJ£GSRJPMGX£%W WLS[R£MR£)\LMFMX££XLIVI£EVI££GSRJPMGX£TSMRXW£ £QENSV£ERH££QMRSV £EX£E£WMQTPI£JSYVPIK MRXIVWIGXMSR £ER£MRXIVWIGXMSR£XLEX£TIVQMXW£SRP]£XLVSYKL£ERH£VMKLX£XYVR£QSZIQIRXW£VIHYGIW£XLI RYQFIV£SJ£GSRJPMGX£TSMRXW£XS£IMKLX£[LMPI£E£VMKLXMR£VMKLXSYX£HVMZI[E]£LEW£RS£QENSV£ERH£X[S QMRSV£GSRJPMGXW£)PMQMREXMRK£GVSWWMRK£GSRJPMGX£TSMRXW£XLEX£LEZI£XLI£LMKLIWX£EGGMHIRX£TSXIRXMEP£GER VIHYGI£XLI£WIZIVMX]£ERH£TSXIRXMEPP]£XLI£RYQFIV£SJ£MRXIVWIGXMSRVIPEXIH£EGGMHIRXW

4SWMXMZI£EGGIWW£QEREKIQIRX£XIGLRMUYIW£GER£VIHYGI£XLI£RYQFIV£SJ£GSRJPMGX£TSMRXW£EX£MRXIV WIGXMSRW£ERH£EX£EGGIWW£TSMRXW£MR£FIX[IIR££1IHMER£FEVVMIVW£EPSRK£ER£EVXIVMEP£PMQMX£ERH£WITEVEXI GSRJPMGX£TSMRXW£F]£GSRXVSPPMRK£PSGEXMSRW£JSV£PIJX£XYVRW££(MVIGXMSREP£QIHMER£STIRMRKW£TVSZMHI KVIEXIV£WEJIX]£ERH£GSRXVSPPIH£EGGIWW£[MXL£JI[IV£GSRJPMGX£TSMRXW££;LIR£QIHMERW£EVI£YWIH£JSV XLI£JYPP£PIRKXL£SJ£E£GSVVMHSV£EPP£YRGSRXVSPPIH£HVMZI[E]£EGGIWWIW£FIGSQI£VMKLXMR£ERH£VMKLXSYX SRP]£[MXL£NYWX£X[S£GSRJPMGX£TSMRXW£

 ReidMonoChapt2.qxd 6/23/04 9:26 AM Page 22

8LMW£VIHYGXMSR£SJ£GSRJPMGX£TSMRXW£QSWX£SJXIR£XVERWPEXIW£MRXS£MQTVSZIH£WEJIX]£3ZIV£XLI£TEWX UYEVXIVGIRXYV]£QER]£WXYHMIW£LEZI£HSGYQIRXIH£E£VIHYGXMSR£MR£XLI£RYQFIV£SJ£XVEJJMG£EGGMHIRXW MRGPYHMRK£JEXEP£MRNYV]£ERH£TVSTIVX]£HEQEKI£GVEWLIW £SR£VSEH[E]W£XLEX£LEZI£ETTPMIH£KSSH EGGIWW£QEREKIQIRX£TVMRGMTPIW££*SV£I\EQTPI£ ˆ 7XYHMIW£MR£'SPSVEHS£ERH£*PSVMHE£LEZI£WLS[R£E££TIVGIRX£VIHYGIH£GVEWL£VEXI£SR£EGGIWW QEREKIH£VSEHW£ ˆ -R£+ISVKME£MRWXEPPMRK£QIHMERW£[MXL£TVSXIGXIH£PIJX£XYVR£PERIW£HIGVIEWIH£GVEWLIW£F]££TIV GIRX££7MQMPEV£QIEWYVIW£MR£2I[£.IVWI]£VIHYGIH£GVEWLIW£F]££TIVGIRX ˆ%££1MGLMKER£WXYH]£WLS[IH££TIVGIRX£JI[IV£GVEWLIW£SR£JSYV£SV£WM\PERI£HMZMHIH LMKL[E]W£GSQTEVIH£XS£WMQMPEV£YRHMZMHIH£JSYV£ERH£WM\PERI£VSEHW

Exhibit 9: Intersection Vehicular Conflict Points

INTERSECTION CONFLICTS/ TYPE

FULL ACCESS NO LEFT TURN 3/4 ACCESS FULL ACCESS T RIGHT IN/OUT

CROSSING (MAJOR) 4 4 000

TURNING (MAJOR) 12 0 230

DIVERGE (MINOR) 16 8 864

TOTAL 32 12 10 9 4

RIGHT IN/ RIGHT OUT (PER MILLION 0.4 N/A 0.2 0.3 0.1 ENTERING VEH) 7SYVGI£%HETXIH£JVSQ£XLI£1MRRIWSXE£(ITEVXQIRX£SJ£8VERWTSVXEXMSR£8VEJJMG£1ERYEP£,ERHFSSO

-R£E£XLVII]IEV£WXYH]£SJ£EGGMHIRXW£SR£1MGLMKER£WXEXI£LMKL[E]W£RIEVP]££TIVGIRX£SJ£EPP GVEWLIW£[IVI£EGGIWWVIPEXIH£LEZMRK£SGGYVVIH£EX£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£SV£HVMZI[E]W££1SVI£XLER£ GVEWLIW£[IVI£VIGSVHIH£EW£HVMZI[E]VIPEXIH£EGGSYRXMRK£JSV££JEXEPMXMIW£ERH£RIEVP]£ MRNYVMIW££8LI£IWXMQEXIH£EZIVEKI£ERRYEP£GSWX£EWWSGMEXIH£[MXL£XLIWI£HVMZI[E]VIPEXIH£GVEWLIW [EW£QSVI£XLER£¨£QMPPMSR£  ££8LI£WXYH]£GSRGPYHIH£XLEX£FIXXIV£EGGIWW£QEREKIQIRX£GSYPH MQTVSZI£QSXSVMWX£WEJIX]£ERH£VIHYGI£GVEWLVIPEXIH£MRNYVMIW£ERH£EYXSQSFMPI£VITEMV£I\TIRWIW

 ReidMonoChapt2.qxd 6/23/04 9:26 AM Page 23

2.3.1 Separating Conflict Points

7ITEVEXMSR£SJ£GSRJPMGX£TSMRXW£GER£EPWS£VIHYGI£XVEJJMG£GSRJPMGXW££)JJIGXMZI£QIERW£SJ£WITEVEX MRK£GSRJPMGX£TSMRXW£MRGPYHI£WYJJMGMIRX£HVMZI[E]£WTEGMRK£ERH£GSVRIV£GPIEVERGI£EX£XLI£GVMXMGEP ETTVSEGL£EVIEW£SJ£MRXIVWIGXMSRW££%RSXLIV£QIERW£MW£TL]WMGEPP]£WITEVEXMRK£F]£HMWXERGI£ER STTSWMRK£QSZIQIRX£ WYGL£EW£VIHMVIGXIH£PIJX£XYVR£PERIW £SV£MQTVSZMRK£STTSWMRKQSZIQIRX£ZMWM FMPMX]£WS£QSXSVMWXW£GER£WEJIP]£GSRGIRXVEXI£SR£SXLIV£GSRJPMGX£TSMRXW££8LI£KSEP£MW£XS£VIHYGI£ZMWYEP HMWXVEGXMSRW£JSV£IRXIVMRK£ZILMGPIW£[LMGL£MRGVIEWIW£XVEJJMG£WEJIX]££+VIEXIV£WITEVEXMSR£HMWXERGI EPWS£KMZIW£QSXSVMWXW£E£PSRKIV£VIEGXMSR£XMQI££,MKLIVWTIIH£XVEJJMG£VIUYMVIW£KVIEXIV£HVMZI[E] WITEVEXMSR££%£WMRKPI£HVMZI[E]£GER£QIIX£XLI£EGGIWW£RIIHW£SJ£QYPXMTPI£FYWMRIWWIW£EPSRK£ER EVXIVMEP£[LIVI£E£JVSRXEKI£VSEH£MW£YWIH

2.3.2 Access Management

1ER]£SJ£XLI£YRGSRZIRXMSREP£MRXIVWIGXMSR£HIWMKRW£TVIWIRXIH£MR£XLMW£QSRSKVETL£GER IRLERGI£XLI£EFMPMX]£XS£QEREKI£EGGIWW£EPSRK£XLI£IRXMVI£EVXIVMEP£GSVVMHSV£RSX£NYWX£EX£MRXIVWIGXMSRW 8LI£KSEP£SJ£EGGIWW£QEREKIQIRX£MW£XS£EGLMIZI£E£WEJI£ERH£IJJMGMIRX£JPS[£SJ£XVEJJMG£ MR£XIVQW£SJ WEJIX]£XLVSYKLTYX£ERH£WTIIH £EPSRK£E£VSEH[E]£[LMPI£TVIWIVZMRK£VIEWSREFPI£EGGIWW£XS£EFYX XMRK£TVSTIVXMIW££%£ZEVMIX]£SJ£XIGLRMUYIW£EVI£EZEMPEFPI£JSV£EGLMIZMRK£EGGIWW£QEREKIQIRX£GSR XVSP£MRGPYHMRK£HIWMKR£GSRWMHIVEXMSRW£WYGL£EW£QIHMERW£ERH£GSRXVSP£MWPERHW£TVSLMFMXMRK£XYVRMRK QSZIQIRXW£GSRWSPMHEXMSR£EGXMSRW£WYGL£EW£WLEVMRK£HVMZI[E]£EGGIWW£ERH£YWI£SJ£WIVZMGI£VSEHW ERH£WMKREP£GSRXVSP£ERH£GSSVHMREXMSR£WYGL£EW£QMRMQYQ£MRXIVWIGXMSR£WTEGMRK£VIUYMVIQIRXW TLEWI£PMQMXW£ERH£W]WXIQ£GSSVHMREXMSR££%GGIWW£QEREKIQIRX£ERH£YRGSRZIRXMSREP£MRXIVWIGXMSR HIWMKR£WLEVI£XLIWI£GSQQSR£TVMRGMTPIW£ERH£GER£FI£[SZIR£XSKIXLIV£MJ£GSRWMHIVIH£MR£XLI£TPER RMRK£WXEKI££%GGIWW£QEREKIQIRX£QYWX£FI£GSRWMWXIRXP]£ERH£IJJIGXMZIP]£FYMPX£MRXS£XLI£KISQIXVMG HIWMKR£SJ£XLI£EVXIVMEP£XS£VIHYGI£GSRKIWXMSR£

2.3.3 Pedestrian Crossings

1ER]£YRGSRZIRXMSREP£HIWMKRW£WITEVEXI£TIHIWXVMER£GVSWWMRKW£MRXS£X[SWXEKI£GVSWWMRKW£XLEX EVI£REVVS[IV£ERHSV£GVSWW£SRI£HMVIGXMSR£SJ£XLI£EVXIVMEP£EX£E£XMQI££'VSWWMRK£E£WMRKPI£HMVIGXMSR£SJ E£VSEH[E]£EW£[MXL£HS[RXS[R£SRI[E]£WXVIIX£W]WXIQW£MW£WEJIV£JSV£TIHIWXVMERW£FIGEYWI£XLI] SRP]£RIIH£XS£JSGYW£SR£GVSWWMRK£SRI£HMVIGXMSR£ERH£HS£RSX£RIIH£XS£FI£E[EVI£SJ£EW£QER]£XVEJJMG QSZIQIRXW££3XLIV£FIRIJMXW£XS£TIHIWXVMERW£VIWYPX£JVSQ£XLI£YWI£SJ£X[STLEWI£WMKREPW£ ˆ8[STLEWI£WMKREPW£X]TMGEPP]£LEZI£WLSVXIV£SZIVEPP£G]GPI£PIRKXLW£XLER£QYPXMTLEWI£MRXIVWIG XMSRW£ERH£XLIVIJSVI£XLI£TIHIWXVMER£HSIW£RSX£LEZI£XS£[EMX£EW£PSRK£XS£VIGIMZI£E£GVSWWMRK TLEWI£ ˆ8[STLEWI£WMKREPW£X]TMGEPP]£LEZI£QSVI£KVIIR£XMQI£EPPSXXIH£EW£E£TIVGIRXEKI£XS£XLI£XLVSYKL QSZIQIRX£ ERH£XLIVIF]£XLI£TIHIWXVMER£GVSWWMRKW £XLER£EX£QYPXMTLEWI£WMKREPW£ ˆ -R£WSQI£YRGSRZIRXMSREP£HIWMKRW£TIHIWXVMER£QSZIQIRXW£HS£RSX£GSRJPMGX£[MXL£TIVQMWWMZI£SV TVSXIGXIH£PIJXXYVRMRK£ZILMGPIW£ XLI£PIJX£XYVR£QSZIQIRX£MW£RSX£EPPS[IH£EX£XLI£MRXIVWIGXMSR £

 ReidMonoChapt2.qxd 6/23/04 9:26 AM Page 24

SUMMARY

9RGSRZIRXMSREP£EVXIVMEP£MRXIVWIGXMSR£HIWMKR£STIVEXMSRW£ERH£QEREKIQIRX£GSRGITXW£WLEVI XLVII£TVMQEV]£TVMRGMTPIW££*MVWX£XLI£HIWMKR£ERH£STIVEXMSRW£JEZSV£XLVSYKLQSZIQIRXW£EPSRK£XLI EVXIVMEP££IZIR£EX£XLI£I\TIRWI£SJ£PIJX£XYVR£ERH£GVSWW£WXVIIX£QSZIQIRXW££XS£TVSZMHI£QE\MQYQ IJJMGMIRG]£ERH£PIZIP£SJ£WIVZMGI£JSV£PSRKIV£XVMT£QSZIQIRXW£SR£XLI£EVXIVMEP££7IGSRH£XLI£HIWMKRW QMRMQM^I£XLI£RYQFIV£SJ£MRXIVWIGXMSR£WMKREP£TLEWIW£ YWYEPP]£XS£X[S £F]£VIVSYXMRK£SV£HMZIVXMRK£PIJX XYVR£QSZIQIRXW£XLYW£IPMQMREXMRK£WMKREP£GPIEVERGIXMQI£MRIJJMGMIRGMIW£ERH£MRGVIEWMRK£EVXIVMEP TVSKVIWWMSR£STTSVXYRMXMIW££0EWXP]£XLI£YRGSRZIRXMSREP£MRXIVWIGXMSR£HIWMKRW£VIQSZI£SV£WITEVEXI ZILMGYPEV£ERH£TIHIWXVMER£GSRJPMGX£TSMRXW£ERH£QEREKI£EGGIWW£SR£XLI£EVXIVMEP£MR£QSWX£GEWIW MQTVSZMRK£WEJIX]£

 ReidMonoChapt3.qxd 6/23/04 9:26 AM Page 25

3.0 ARTERIAL SYSTEM AT-GRADE INTERSECTIONS

 ReidMonoChapt3.qxd 6/23/04 9:26 AM Page 26

 ReidMonoChapt3.qxd 6/23/04 9:26 AM Page 27

3.0 ARTERIAL SYSTEM AT-GRADE INTERSECTIONS

8LI£YRGSRZIRXMSREP£EVXIVMEP£MRXIVWIGXMSR£HIWMKRW£TVIWIRXIH£MR£XLMW£GLETXIV£EVI£E£WYFWIX£SJ EXKVEHI£HIWMKRW£XLEX£EVI£FIWX£WYMXIH£JSV£MQTPIQIRXEXMSR£EW£E£W]WXIQ£SJ£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£EPSRK£ER EVXIVMEP£GSVVMHSV£[MXL£WYGGIWWMZI£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£SJ£PMOI£HIWMKR££;LMPI£WIZIVEP£SJ£XLI£MRXIVWIGXMSR HIWMKRW£TVIWIRXIH£LIVI£GER£FI£ETTPMIH£MR£MWSPEXMSR£XLIWI£HIWMKRW£HIVMZI£XLIMV£QE\MQYQ£FIRI JMX£JVSQ£W]WXIQEXMG£ETTPMGEXMSRW££-WSPEXIH£ETTPMGEXMSRW£QE]£LEZI£EHHMXMSREP£WMKRMRK£ERH QSXSVMWX£I\TIGXERG]£GSRWMHIVEXMSRW££%XKVEHI£HIWMKRW£XLEX£EVI£FIXXIV£WYMXIH£JSV£MWSPEXIH£MRXIV WIGXMSRW£EVI£TVIWIRXIH£MR£'LETXIV£

;LIR£GSRWXVYGXIH£EW£TEVX£SJ£E£VIKMSREP£SV£W]WXIQ£GSVVMHSV£XLIWI£HIWMKRW£LEZI£E£KVIEXIV TSXIRXMEP£JSV£MRGVIEWIH£EVXIVMEP£IJJMGMIRG]£EW£XLI]£QEREKI£STIVEXMSRW£EX£PEVKI£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£EW [IPP£EW£XLI£QMRSV£SV£HVMZI[E]£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£FIX[IIR££7IZIVEP£SJ£XLIWI£EXKVEHI£W]WXIQ£MRXIV WIGXMSR£HIWMKR£GSRGITXW£LEZI£FIIR£YWIH£WYGGIWWJYPP]£JSV£QER]£]IEVW£[LMPI£SXLIVW£LEZI£FIIR MQTPIQIRXIH£SRP]£MR£TEVX£SV£EVI£WXMPP£MR£XLI£VIWIEVGL£WXEKIW

3.1 MEDIAN U-TURN CROSSOVER

3.1.1 Evolution of Design

1MGLMKER£(ITEVXQIRX£SJ£8VERWTSVXEXMSR£ 1(38 £MW£XLI£QSWX£TVSQMRIRX£YWIV£SJ£XLI£1IHMER 98YVR£'VSWWSZIV£HIWMKR£MR£XLI£97£[MXL£SZIV££QMPIW£MR£WIVZMGI£ERH£GSRXMRYIW£XS£MRGPYHI XLIQ£EW£E£TVIJIVVIH£QEREKIQIRX£ERH£STIVEXMSRW£WXVEXIK]£SR£MXW£TVMQEV]£EVXIVMEP£W]WXIQ 4VSQMRIRX£1IHMER£98YVR£GSVVMHSV£I\EQTPIW£MRGPYHI£PSRK£WXVIXGLIW£SJ£97££ 8IPIKVETL£6SEH ERH£;SSH[EVH£%ZIRYI£MR£WSYXLIEWXIVR£1MGLMKER £E£JI[£QSVI£VIGIRX£TEVXMEP£SV£HIWMKRW£[MXL WMQMPEV£GSRGITXW£LEZI£ETTIEVIH£MR£*PSVMHE£1EV]PERH£ERH£2I[£1I\MGS£ERH£XLI£HIWMKR£LEW FIIR£GSRWMHIVIH£MR£TPERRMRK£WXYHMIW£MR£-PPMRSMW£ERH£7SYXL£'EVSPMRE££

1(38£JMVWX£MRXVSHYGIH£XLI£1IHMER£98YVR£'VSWWSZIV£HIWMKR£MR£XLI£W££7IZIVEP£VYVEP LMKL[E]£GSVVMHSVW£LEH£FIIR£TVIWIVZIH£ZME£TSPMGMIW£EW£IEVP]£EW£XLI£W£XLEX£TVSZMHIH£PEVKI VMKLXWSJ[E]£JSV£[MHI£QIHMERW£XS£IWXEFPMWL£JYXYVI£¨WYTIV£LMKL[E]W©££6YVEP£ PEXIV£WYFYVFER QYPXMPERI£LMKL[E]W£[MXL£FMHMVIGXMSREP£STIRMRKW£MR£[MHI£QIHMERW£[IVI£KVEHYEPP]£FYMPX£YT£MR XLIWI£GSVVMHSVW££&]£XLI£W£QER]£GSVVMHSVW£[IVI£PEVKIP]£YVFERM^IH£ERH£I\TIVMIRGMRK GETEGMX]£TVSFPIQW£EX£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£ERH£EX£FMHMVIGXMSREP£GVSWWSZIV£PSGEXMSRW£PEVKIP]£HYI£XS MRXIVPSGOMRK£PIJX£XYVRW£  

Exhibit 10: Interlocking Left Turns at Bi-Directional Medians

 ReidMonoChapt3.qxd 6/23/04 9:26 AM Page 28

8S£ EHHVIWW£XLMW£GSRGIVR£IRKMRIIVW£HIZMWIH£XLI£1IHMER£98YVR£GSRGITX£EPWS£ORS[R£EW ¨1MGLMKER£98YVRW©£SV£¨1MGLMKER£0IJXW©£XLEX£GSRZIVXIH£XLI£FMHMVIGXMSREP£QIHMER£STIRMRKW£XS SRI[E]£GVSWWSZIVW£[MXLMR£XLI£[MHI£QIHMER££%PP£PIJXXYVRMRK£XVEJJMG£[EW£VIUYMVIH£XS£YWI£XLI HMVIGXMSREP£GVSWWSZIVW£FSXL£EX£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£ERH£EX£QMHFPSGO£PSGEXMSRW££-R£YVFERM^IH£EVIEW FEGOXSFEGO£GVSWWSZIVW£[IVI£MQTPIQIRXIH£[MXL£ER£ETTVS\MQEXI£JVIUYIRG]£SJ£QMPI£WTEG MRK£XS£WIVZI£RYQIVSYW£HIZIPSTQIRX£EGGIWWIW£[MXLSYX£YRHYI£XVEZIP£XMQI£ERH£HMWXERGI£

Exhibit 11: Median U-Turn Crossover Design

3.1.2 Description of Operations

8LI£1IHMER£98YVR£HIWMKR£KVIEXP]£WMQTPMJMIW£QENSV£MRXIVWIGXMSR£WMKREP£STIVEXMSRW££(MVIGX PIJX£XYVR£QSZIQIRXW£EVI£TVSLMFMXIH£EX£XLI£QENSV£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£XLIVIJSVI£GVIEXMRK£E£WMQTPI£X[S TLEWI£WMKREP£GSRXVSP£EPXIVREXMRK£FIX[IIR£EVXIVMEP£ERH£GVSWW£WXVIIX£XLVSYKL£ERH£VMKLX£XYVR£QSZI QIRXW££0IJX£XYVR£QSZIQIRXW£EVI£QEHI£MRHMVIGXP]£YWMRK£HMVIGXMSREP£PIJX£XYVR£GVSWWSZIVW£MQQIHM EXIP]£YT£ERH£HS[RWXVIEQ£SJ£XLI£GVSWWVSEH£MRXIVWIGXMSR££*SV£I\EQTPI£E£PIJXXYVRMRK£ZILMGPI JVSQ£XLI£GVSWWVSEH£JMVWX£XYVRW£VMKLX£SRXS£XLI£EVXIVMEP£QEOIW£E£98YVR£SR£XLI£EVXIVMEP£YWMRK£XLI JMVWX£HMVIGXMSREP£98YVR£GVSWWSZIV£ERH£TEWWIW£FEGO£XLVSYKL£XLI£GVSWW£WXVIIX£MRXIVWIGXMSR££%£PIJX XYVRMRK£ZILMGPI£JVSQ£XLI£EVXIVMEP£GVSWWIW£XLVSYKL£XLI£GVSWW£WXVIIX£MRXIVWIGXMSR£QEOIW£E£98YVR SR£XLI£EVXIVMEP£EX£XLI£JMVWX£98YVR£GVSWWSZIV£ERH£XYVRW£VMKLX£EX£XLI£GVSWWVSEH££%PP£PIJX£XYVRW£EX£E 1IHMER£98YVR£MRXIVWIGXMSR£TEWW£XLVSYKL£XLI£MRXIVWIGXMSR£X[MGI£EW£FSXL£E£XLVSYKL£XLIR£E£VMKLX XYVR£QSZIQIRX

 ReidMonoChapt3.qxd 6/23/04 9:26 AM Page 29

Exhibit 12: Median U-Turn Design Variations

%£-RGPYWMSR£SJ£E£WXSTGSRXVSPPIH &£4PEGIQIRX£SJ£XLI£HMVIGXMSREP '£4PEGIQIRX£SJ£HMVIGXMSREP HMVIGXMSREP£GVSWWSZIV£MQQIHMEXIP] GVSWWSZIVW£SR£XLI£GVSWW£WXVIIX£XS GVSWWSZIVW£SR£FSXL£XLI£EVXIVMEP TVMSV£XS£E£QEMR£MRXIVWIGXMSR£8LMW QMRMQM^I£EVXIVMEP£QIHMER£[MHXL ERH£XLI£GVSWW£WXVIIX£MRGVIEWIW QE]£MQTVSZI£PERH£EGGIWW£IPMQM ERH£63;£VIUYMVIQIRXW£8LMW PIJX£XYVR£GETEGMX]£8LMW£MW£XLI£GEWI REXMRK£XLI£RIIH£JSV£WSQI£HIZIP ¨MWSPEXIH©£MRXIVWIGXMSR£XVIEXQIRX [LIVI£X[S£1IHMER£98YVR£EVXIVM STQIRXFSYRH£ZILMGPIW£XS£XVEZIP MW£FIWX£WYMXIH£[LIVI£HVMZIVW£EVI EPW£MRXIVWIGX££-X£GER£EPWS£FI£XLI XLVSYKL£XLI£MRXIVWIGXMSR£X[MGI JEQMPMEV£[MXL£XLI£1IHMER£98YVR GEWI£[LIR£LMKL£PIJX£XYVR£ZSPYQIW 'VIEXIW£MRGVIEWIH£WEJIX]£GSR GSRGITX££4PEGMRK£98YVR EVI£TVIWIRX£SR£FSXL£VSEH[E]W GIVRW£[LIVI£98YVRW£GSRJPMGX£[MXL GVSWWSZIVW£MR£XLI£QIHMER£SJ£PSRK XLEX£QE]£SXLIV[MWI£SZIVFYVHIR E£LMKL£GVSWW£WXVIIX£VMKLXXYVR£ZSP WXVIXGLIW£SJ£EVXIVMEP£GSVVMHSVW 98YVR£GVSWWSZIVW£SR£XLI£EVXIVMEP YQI KVIEXP]£MQTVSZIW£VSYXI£GSRXMRYMX] EPSRI££ HVMZIV£I\TIGXEXMSR£ERH£KVIEXIV EGGIWW£GSRXVSPW£FIX[IIR£QENSV MRXIVWIGXMSRW

Exhibit 13: Four Corners, Maryland

%WTIGXW£SJ£XLI£1IHMER£98YVR£HIWMKR£GER£FI£WIIR£EX£XLMW£1(££MRXIVWIGXMSR£[MXL£97££MR£RSVXL IVR£;EWLMRKXSR£('££1(££WTPMXW£MRXS£X[S£SRI[E]£VSEH[E]W£[MXL£98YVR£GVSWWSZIVW£EX£FSXL IRHW£(MVIGX£PIJX£XYVRW£EVI£TVSLMFMXIH£EX£XLI£QEMR£1(££97££MRXIVWIGXMSR £VEXLIV£XLI]£EVI£QEHI MRHMVIGXP]£YWMRK£XLI£98YVR£GVSWWSZIVW££%IVMEP£F]£%MV4LSXS97%£

 ReidMonoChapt3.qxd 6/23/04 9:26 AM Page 30

3.1.3 Design and Operational Considerations

(IGMHMRK£XLI£ETTVSTVMEXI£HMWXERGI£JVSQ£E£QENSV£GVSWWVSEH£MRXIVWIGXMSR£XS£XLI£JMVWX£98YVR GVSWWSZIV£STTSVXYRMX]£MW£E£XVEHISJJ£FIX[IIR£TVSZMHMRK£E£WYJJMGMIRX£98YVR£WXSVEKI£FE]£PIRKXL XS£QMRMQM^I£WTMPPFEGO£TSXIRXMEP £ERH£OIITMRK£XLI£PIJXXYVRMRK£TEXL£PIRKXL£WLSVX£ XS£QMRMQM^I XVEZIP£XMQI ££8LI£JMVWX£HIWMKRW£MR£XLI£W£LEH£E£WTEGMRK£SJ££JIIX£FIX[IIR£XLI£MRXIVWIGXMSR ERH£JMVWX£98YVR£GVSWWSZIVW £LS[IZIV£XLMW£WTEGMRK£[EW£JSYRH£XS£FI£MREHIUYEXI£JSV£98YVR£WXSV EKI££)RKMRIIVMRK£IZEPYEXMSR£ERH£HIWMKR£MXIVEXMSRW£SZIV£XLI£]IEVW£LEZI£PIH£XS£1(38£ERH %%7,83£HIWMKR£KYMHIPMRIW£SR£PSGEXMRK£98YVR£GVSWWSZIV£PSGEXMSRW££%%7,83£TVSTSWIW£ER STXMQEP£WTEGMRK£SJ££JIIX£JVSQ£XLI£QENSV£MRXIVWIGXMSR£[LMPI£1MGLMKER£HIWMKR£WXERHEVHW£TVS TSWI£JSSX£WTEGMRK£TPYW£SV£QMRYW££JIIX

(IWMVIH£QIHMER£[MHXLW£HITIRH£SR£XLI£HIWMKR£ZILMGPI£ WTIGMJMGEPP]£XLI£ZILMGPI£98YVR£VEHMM VIUYMVIQIRXW £ERH£XLI£RYQFIV£SJ£PERIW£SR£XLI£EVXIVMEP££8LI£%%7,83£HIWMKR£KYMHI£TVIWIRXW GVMXIVME£JSV£WIPIGXMRK£E£QIHMER£[MHXL£JSV£E£1IHMER£98YVR£GVSWWSZIV££*SV£E£PEVKI£WIQMXVEMPIV GSQFMREXMSR£HIWMKR£ZILMGPI£ GEPPIH£E£¨;&©£JSV£MXW£EWWYQIH£[LIIPFEWI£PIRKXL£SJ££JIIX  %%7,83£VIGSQQIRHW£E£QMRMQYQ£QIHMER£[MHXL£SJ££JIIX£ I\GPYHMRK£98YVR£FE]£[MHXL £SR£E JSYVPERI£EVXIVMEP££8LI£VIGSQQIRHIH£QMRMQYQ£[MHXL£MW£VIHYGIH£JSV£E£WM\PERI£EVXIVMEP£XS£ JIIX££%£REVVS[IV£QIHMER£MW£TSWWMFPI£[MXL£E£WQEPPIV£HIWMKR£ZILMGPI£SV£F]£TVSZMHMRK£E£TEZIH XYVRMRK£FEWMR£FI]SRH£XLI£IHKI£PMRI££7TEGMRK£SJ£XLI£QIHMER£GVSWWSZIVW£EPSRK£XLI£EVXIVMEP HITIRHW£PEVKIP]£SR£XLI£PERH£YWI£EPSRK£XLI£EVXIVMEP£XLSYKL£XLI£1MGLMKER£6SEH[E]£(IWMKR 1ERYEP£VIGSQQIRHW£WTEGMRK£SJ£RS£PIWW£XLER££QMPI£FIX[IIR£FEGOXSFEGO£98YVR GVSWWSZIVW

Exhibit 14: AASHTO Median Width Design Standards

7SYVGI£%£4SPMG]£SR£+ISQIXVMG£(IWMKR£SJ£,MKL[E]W£ERH£7XVIIXW£XL£)HMXMSR£'ST]VMKLX££%%7,83 ;EWLMRKXSR£('£9WIH£F]£TIVQMWWMSR

7MKRMRK£MW£TEVXMGYPEVP]£MQTSVXERX£JSV£WEJI£ERH£IJJMGMIRX£STIVEXMSRW£SJ£XLI£QIHMER£98YVR HIWMKR££%JXIV£WIZIVEP£IEVP]£WMKRMRK£HIWMKR£MXIVEXMSRW£XLI£QSWX£GSQQSR£ERH£[MHIP]£EGGITXIH

 ReidMonoChapt3.qxd 6/23/04 9:27 AM Page 31

WMKRMRK£MW£XLI£¨JMWLLSSO©£HIWMKR£ PIJX £YWIH£EX£XLI£QEMR£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£ERH£EX£QENSV£GVSWWSZIV PSGEXMSRW£3XLIV£VIKYPEXSV]£WMKRMRK£VIUYMVIQIRXW£EVI£X]TMGEP£SJ£ER]£QIHMER£LMKL[E]£HIWMKR

Exhibit 15: Median U-Turn Signing and Pedestrian Crosswalks

%£WPMKLXP]£PSRKIV£GPIEVERGI£TLEWI£QYWX£FI£TVSZMHIH£SR£XLI£GVSWW£WXVIIX£FIGEYWI£SJ£XLI [MHIV£QIHMER£[MHXL££8LI£WMKREPW£GVSWWMRK£IEGL£HMVIGXMSR£SJ£XLI£EVXIVMEP£WLSYPH£FI£WXEKKIVIH F]£E£WIGSRH£SV£X[S£FIX[IIR£XLI£RIEV£ERH£JEVWMHI£WMKREPW£GVSWWMRK£XLI£EVXIVMEP£ HITIRHMRK£SR XLI£QIHMER£[MHXL £WS£EW£RSX£XS£GSRJYWI£HVMZIVW£[MXL£E£WXSTTMRK£HMWXERGI£HMPIQQE££

3.1.4 Studies and Research

8LI£1IHMER£98YVR£HIWMKR£MW£TIVLETW£XLI£QSWX£WXYHMIH£SJ£EPP£XLI£YRGSRZIRXMSREP£MRXIVWIG XMSR£HIWMKRW££7IZIVEP£EYXLSVW£LEZI£GSRHYGXIH£I\XIRWMZI£JMIPH£QIEWYVIQIRX£ERH£XVEJJMG£WMQYPE XMSR£QSHIPMRK£VIWIEVGL£EREP]^MRK£XLI£XVEZIP£IJJMGMIRG]£SJ£XLI£1IHMER£98YVR£MRXIVWIGXMSR  ££8LIWI£WXYHMIW£EPP£GSRGYV£XLEX£XLI£1IHMER£98YVR£HIWMKR£TVSZMHIW£WYTIVMSV£XVEZIP XMQI£ERH£HIPE]£QIEWYVIW£GSQTEVIH£XS£XLI£GSRZIRXMSREP£MRXIVWIGXMSR£HIWMKR£JSV£EX£PIEWX£WSQI ZSPYQI£GSQFMREXMSRW£%£VIGIRX£WMQYPEXMSR£QSHIP£WXYH]£GSQTEVIH£1IHMER£98YVR£STIVEXMSRW£XS GSRZIRXMSREP£ERH£SXLIV£YRGSRZIRXMSREP£MRXIVWIGXMSR£HIWMKR£EPXIVREXMZIW££8LI£1IHMER£98YVR X]TMGEPP]£LEH£XLI£PS[IWX£SV£GSQTIXMXMZI£XVEZIP£XMQIW£JSV£EPP£MRXIVWIGXMSR£ZSPYQI£GSQFMREXMSRW WXYHMIH£ERH£EP[E]W£TVIJSVQIH£FIXXIV£XLER£XLI£GSRZIRXMSREP£HIWMKR£MR£SZIVEPP£HIPE]£XMQI£   %RSXLIV£WXYH]£ZIVMJMIH£XLI£XVEZIP£XMQI£FIRIJMXW£SJ£XLI£1IHMER£98YVR£GSQTEVIH£XS£GSRZIRXMSREP MRXIVWIGXMSR£HIWMKR£ERH£WLS[IH£XLEX£XLI£1IHMER£98YVR£STIVEXMSRW£HS£RSX£RIGIWWEVMP]£GSQTVS QMWI£W]WXIQ£XVEZIP£XMQIW£HYVMRK£SJJTIEO£LSYVW£SJ£XLI£HE]£  

3ZIV£XLI£]IEVW£1(38£LEW£TIVJSVQIH£WIZIVEP£¨FIJSVI£ERH£EJXIV©£EGGMHIRX£WXYHMIW£SR£GSVVM HSVW£[MXL£FMHMVIGXMSREP£GVSWWSZIVW£XLEX£[IVI£VIGSRWXVYGXIH£EW£1IHMER£98YVRW££2IEVP]£EPP GEWI£WXYHMIW£VITSVXIH£E£WMKRMJMGERX£VIHYGXMSR£MR£XLI£RYQFIV£SJ£GVEWLIW£TEVXMGYPEVP]£VMKLX£ERKPI GVEWLIW£  ££7XYHMIW£GSRHYGXIH£F]£1(38£LEZI£EPWS£WLS[R£XLEX£XLI£1IHMER£98YVR£HIWMKR MQTVSZIW£XVEJJMG£JPS[£SR£EZIVEKI£E£JYPP£PIZIP£SJ£WIVZMGI£KVEHI£GSQTEVIH£XS£E£GSQTEVEFPI£MRXIV WIGXMSR£[MXL£GSRZIRXMSREP£PERIW£ERH£WMKREP£GSRXVSP£ WII )\LMFMX£ ££

 ReidMonoChapt3.qxd 6/23/04 9:27 AM Page 32

PROFILE: MEDIAN U-TURN

Big Beaver @ Coolidge (Troy, MI)

8LMW£1IHMER£98YVR£MRXIVWIGXMSR£SJ£X[S£IMKLXPERI£HMZMHIH£LMKL[E]W£MR£8VS] 1MGLMKER£ WYTTSVXW£ WIZIVEP£ LMKLKIRIVEXMSR£ PERH£ YWIW£ MR£ IEGL£ MRXIVWIGXMSR UYEHVERX£MRGPYHMRK£XLI£[SVPH£LIEHUYEVXIVW£JSV£XLI£/QEVX£'SVTSVEXMSR£ YTTIV PIJX £E£GSQFMRIH£QMPPMSRWUYEVIJSSX£VIKMSREP£WLSTTMRK£QEPP£GSRRIGXIH£F] ER£ SZIVLIEH£ [EPO[E]£ YTTIV£ ERH£ PS[IV£ VMKLX £ ERH£ E£ QMHVMWI£ SJJMGI£ XS[IV PS[IV£ PIJX £ ;LMPI£ XLMW£ EXKVEHI£ MRXIVWIGXMSR£ LEW£ GSRKIWXIH£ FYX£ RSX£ JEMPMRK STIVEXMSRW£HYVMRK£TIEO£XVEJJMG£TIVMSHW£'SYRX]£ERH£7XEXI£XVERWTSVXEXMSR£EKIR GMIW£LEH£IRSYKL£GSRJMHIRGI£MR£XLI£MRXIVWIGXMSR£GETEGMX]£SJ£XLI£QIHMER£98YVR GSRGITX£XS£FYMPH£ERH£STIVEXI£XLMW£MRXIVWIGXMSR£EXKVEHI

%IVMEP£F]£%MV4LSXS97%£

 ReidMonoChapt3.qxd 6/23/04 9:27 AM Page 33

Exhibit 16: Divided Highway Level of Service Comparison

4,000

3,500 E

D 3,000 E C D 2,500 C E 2,000 D E C D 1,500

Bi-Directional Hourly Volume Bi-Directional Hourly C

1,000 4-In Blvd 4-In Blvd 6-In Blvd 6-In Blvd Direct Left Turns Indirect Left Turns Direct Left Turns Indirect Left Turns 7SYVGI£(MVIGXMSREP£'VSWWSZIVW£1MGLMKER«W£4VIJIVVIH£0IJX£8YVR£7XVEXIK]£1(38

2SXIH£EHZERXEKIW£SJ£XLI£1IHMER£98YVR£HIWMKR£VIPEXMZI£XS£E£GSRZIRXMSREP£MRXIVWIGXMSR HIWMKR£MRGPYHI£VIHYGIH£HIPE]£JSV£EVXIVMEP£XLVSYKLXVEJJMG £IEWMIV£XLVSYKLXVEJJMG£TVSKVIWWMSR£SR XLI£EVXIVMEP £JI[IV£WXSTW£JSV£XLVSYKLXVEJJMG £JI[IV£XLVIEXW£XS£GVSWWMRK£TIHIWXVMERW £ERH£JI[IV ERH£QSVI£[MHIP]£WTEGIH£GSRJPMGX£TSMRXW££(MWEHZERXEKIW£MRGPYHI£KVIEXIV£TSXIRXMEP£JSV£HVMZIV GSRJYWMSR £HVMZIV£HMWVIKEVH£SJ£XLI£PIJXXYVR£TVSLMFMXMSR£EX£XLI£QEMR£MRXIVWIGXMSR £MRGVIEWIH£HIPE] XVEZIP£HMWXERGI£ERH£WXSTW£JSV£PIJXXYVRMRK£XVEJJMG £ERH£PEVKIV£QIHMER£VMKLXSJ[E]£VIUYMVIQIRXW

;LIR£XS£'SRWMHIV 7XYHMIW£LEZI£WLS[R£XLEX£XLI£1IHMER£98YVR£HIWMKR£TVSZMHIW£XLI£KVIEXIWX£XVEZIP£XMQI£WEZ MRKW£SR£EVXIVMEPW£XLEX£LEZI£LMKL£XLVSYKL£ZSPYQIW£QSHIVEXI£SV£PS[£PIJXXYVR£ZSPYQIW£ERH£ER] PIZIP£SJ£GVSWW£WXVIIX£ZSPYQIW££-J£XLI£PIJX£XYVR£ZSPYQI£MW£TVSTSVXMSREXIP]£LMKL£XLI£XMQI£ERH£HMW XERGI£TIREPXMIW£MRGYVVIH£F]£ZILMGPIW£QEOMRK£PIJX£XYVRW£ EW£[IPP£EW£MRGVIEWIH£UYIYMRK£ERH£WTMPP FEGO£TSXIRXMEP £QE]£SYX[IMKL£XLVSYKLZILMGPI£XMQIWEZMRKW££%HHMXMSREPP]£EVXIVMEPW£[MXL£PMQMXIH I\MWXMRK£SV£TSXIRXMEP£VMKLXSJ[E]£EVI£RSX£HIWMVEFPI£GERHMHEXIW£HYI£XS£XLI£I\XIRWMZI£QIHMER [MHXL£VIUYMVIQIRXW£JSV£IJJIGXMZI£1IHMER£98YVR£HIWMKR£[MXL£XLI£I\GITXMSR£SJ£GEWIW£[LIVI EKIRGMIW£GER£FYMPH£XLI£[MHI£QIHMER£ERH£GVSWWSZIVW£SR£XLI£GVSWW£WXVIIXW

3.1.5 Lessons Learned

8LI£1MGLMKER£(ITEVXQIRX£SJ£8VERWTSVXEXMSR£VITSVXW£XLEX£WIGXMSRW£SJ£IMKLXPERI£QIHMER£9 8YVR£EVXIVMEPW£GEVV]£ZSPYQIW£MR£I\GIWW£SJ££ZTH£[MXL£XSXEP£MRXIVWIGXMSR£IRXV]£ZSPYQIW£EW LMKL£EW££ZTH££;LMPI£XLIWI£PSGEXMSRW£QE]£I\TIVMIRGI£GSRKIWXMSR£HYVMRK£TIEO£TIVMSHW XSXEP£W]WXIQ£JEMPYVI£MW£VEVI£  ££:SPYQIW£SJ£WYGL£QEKRMXYHI£EVI£X]TMGEPP]£JSYRH£SR£JVII[E]£SV I\TVIWW[E]£JEGMPMXMIW£[MXL£XSXEP£GSRXVSP£SJ£EGGIWW£ERH£KVEHIWITEVEXMSR £LS[IZIV£XLI£1IHMER 98YVR£HIWMKR£GER£LERHPI£XLIWI£ZSPYQIW£[LMPI£TVSZMHMRK£EXKVEHI£GVSWWMRKW£ERH£MRHMVIGX EGGIWW£XS£PERH£TEVGIPW£EPSRK£XLI£GSVVMHSV££

8LIVI£EVI£RS£ORS[R£GEWIW£MR£[LMGL£E£QIHMER£98YVR£HIWMKR£LEW£FIIR£MQTPIQIRXIH£ERH PEXIV£VIQSZIH£JSV£WEJIX]£GETEGMX]£SV£SXLIV£HIJMGMIRGMIW££;LMPI£RI[£PSGEXMSRW£LEZI£GVIEXIH

 ReidMonoChapt3.qxd 6/23/04 9:27 AM Page 34

WEJIX]£IRJSVGIQIRX£ERH£IHYGEXMSREP£MWWYIW£HYVMRK£XLI£JMVWX£WIZIVEP£QSRXLW£SJ£STIVEXMSR£XLIWI MWWYIW£LEZI£MR£EPP£GEWIW£FIIR£SZIVGSQI£

3.2 JUGHANDLE

3.2.1 Evolution of Design

8LI£QSWX£TVSQMRIRX£YWIV£SJ£.YKLERHPI£HIWMKR£MW£XLI£7XEXI£SJ£2I[£.IVWI]£JSPPS[IH£F]£E JI[£SXLIV£RSVXLIEWXIVR£WXEXIW££8LI£2I[£.IVWI]£(ITEVXQIRX£SJ£8VERWTSVXEXMSR£ 2.(38 £LEW YWIH£XLI£.YKLERHPI£VIJIVVIH£XS£EW£¨.IVWI]£PIJXW©£MR£XLI£+EVHIR£7XEXI£JSV£SZIV££]IEVW£SR£LYR HVIHW£SJ£QMPIW£SJ£LIEZ]ZSPYQI£EVXIVMEPW££2.(38£GSRXMRYIW£XS£FYMPH£RI[£.YKLERHPIW£EW£E£TVI JIVVIH£HIWMKR£WXVEXIK]£SR£LMKLZSPYQI£EVXIVMEPW£  ££%£TVSQMRIRX£I\EQTPI£SJ£E£.YKLERHPI£GSV VMHSV£MW£97££JVSQ£8VIRXSR£XS£2I[£&VYRW[MGO£2I[£.IVWI]££3YXWMHI£SJ£XLI£RSVXLIEWX£.YKLERHPI MRXIVWIGXMSRW£GER£FI£JSYRH£MR£*PSVMHE£,E[EMM£1MWWSYVM£ERH£'EPKEV]£%PFIVXE£'EREHE

2.(38«W£TLMPSWSTL]£JSV£.YKLERHPI£HIWMKR£MW£TVIQMWIH£SR£XLI£JEGX£XLEX£PERH£EPSRK£EVXIVMEP GSVVMHSVW£MW£I\TIRWMZI££1YGL£SJ£2I[£.IVWI]«W£SVMKMREP£VSEH[E]£W]WXIQ£[EW£FYMPX£MR£XLI£W ERH£W£EW£X[SPERI£GSRGVIXI£VSEHFIHW£XLEX£RIIHIH£XS£FI£I\TERHIH£[MXLMR£XLI£VMKLXSJ[E]£XS QYPXMPERI£JEGMPMXMIW£MR£XLI£W£ERH£W££6MKLXSJ[E]£MR£YVFERM^IH£EVIEW£[EW£PMQMXIH£TEVXMGYPEVP] EX£MRXIVWIGXMSRW££&]£HIWMKRMRK£ERH£MQTPIQIRXMRK£.YKLERHPI£VSEH[E]W£XLEX£EPPS[IH£RS£HMVIGX PIJX£SV£98YVRW£JVSQ£XLI£EVXIVMEP£XLI£QIHMER£GSYPH£FI£REVVS[£ERH£EHHMXMSREP£63;£TYVGLEWIW EPSRK£XLI£EVXIVMEP£GSVVMHSV£[IVI£EZSMHIH££8SHE]£QSWX£.YKLERHPI£GSVVMHSVW£MRGPYHI£NIVWI]£FEVVM IV£[MXLMR£XLI£QIHMER£XS£GSRXVSP£PIJX£XYVRW

3.2.2 Description of Operations

8LI£.YKLERHPI£HIWMKR£MRGPYHIW£ER£EXKVEHI£VEQT£JVSQ£XLI£VMKLX£WMHI£SJ£XLI£VSEH[E]£EX£SV FIX[IIR£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£F]£[LMGL£QSXSVMWXW£QEOI£MRHMVIGX£PIJX£XYVRW£VMKLX£XYVRW£ERHSV£98YVRW 8LI£.YKLERHPI£VEQTW£HMZIVKI£JVSQ£XLI£VMKLX£WMHI£SJ£XLI£EVXIVMEP£MR£EHZERGI£SJ£XLI£MRXIVWIGXMSR VIQSZMRK£XYVRW£EX£XLI£QEMR£MRXIVWIGXMSR£JVSQ£EGXMZI£XLVSYKLPERIW££6EQT£XIVQMREPW£EVI£X]TMGEP P]£WXSTGSRXVSPPIH£JSV£PIJX£XYVRW£ERH£]MIPHGSRXVSPPIH£JSV£GLERRIPM^IH£VMKLX£XYVRW££8LI£.YKLERHPI QSZIQIRX£VITPEGIW£HMVIGX£PIJX£XYVR£QSZIQIRXW£EX£XLI£QEMR£GVSWW£WXVIIX£MRXIVWIGXMSR£TVSZMHMRK KVIEXIV£WEJIX]£ERH£VIHYGIH£HIPE]£XS£XLVSYKLXVEJJMG

 ReidMonoChapt3.qxd 6/23/04 9:27 AM Page 35

Exhibit 17: Jughandle Intersection

%IVMEP£F]£%MV4LSXS97%£

-R£[IPPHIWMKRIH£.YKLERHPIW£VEQT£XIVQMREPW£EVI£WIZIVEP£LYRHVIH£JIIX£JVSQ£XLI£QEMR£MRXIV WIGXMSR£XS£IRWYVI£XLEX£GVSWW£WXVIIX£WMKREP£UYIYIW£HS£RSX£FPSGO£XLI£VEQT£XIVQMREP££7MRGI£RS£9 8YVRW£SV£PIJX£XYVRW£EVI£EPPS[IH£HMVIGXP]£JVSQ£XLI£EVXIVMEP£XLI£QIHMER£SR£XLI£EVXIVMEP£QE]£FI£REV VS[£SJXIR£[MXL£NIVWI]£QIHMER£FEVVMIV£ERH£EW£PMXXPI£EW£E£JSSX£SJJWIX£WITEVEXMRK£STTSWMRK£PERIW -RXIVWIGXMSRW£EPSRK£XLI£EVXIVMEP£SJXIR£EVI£GSRXVSPPIH£F]£X[STLEWI£WMKREPW £E£XLMVH£TLEWI£GER£FI VIUYMVIH£JSV£PIJX£XYVRW£JVSQ£XLI£GVSWW£WXVIIX£MJ£XLI£ZSPYQI£MW£LIEZ]£FYX£XLI£.YKLERHPI£HIWMKR EP[E]W£IPMQMREXIW£XLI£HMVIGX£PIJX£XYVR£QSZIQIRX£ERH£WMKREP£TLEWI£JVSQ£XLI£EVXIVMEP

%W£.YKLERHPIW£VIUYMVI£EPP£PIJX£XYVR£ERH£98YVR£QSZIQIRXW£JVSQ£XLI£EVXIVMEP£XS£FI£QEHI JVSQ£XLI£VMKLX£PERI£HVMZIV£GSRJYWMSR£ERH£PERI£GLERKMRK£QE]£FI£VIHYGIH£ERH£XVEZIP£WTIIHW£MR XLI£PIJX£PERIW£MRGVIEWIH£.YKLERHPIW£EPPS[£HVMZIVW£MR£XLI£QIHMER£PERI£SJ£XLI£EVXIVMEP£XS£FI£ZMVXY EPP]£JVII£SJ£GSRJPMGXW£  ££6MKLXSJ[E]£VIUYMVIQIRXW£EPSRK£XLI£EVXIVMEP£GER£FI£WMKRMJMGERXP]£PIWW £XS££JIIX £GSQTEVIH£XS£E£GSRZIRXMSREP£QIHMERHMZMHIH£VSEH[E]£EW£XLI£[MHXL£VIUYMVIQIRXW JSV£QIHMER£PIJX£XYVR£TSGOIXW£MR£FSXL£HMVIGXMSRW£MW£IPMQMREXIH £LS[IZIV£VMKLXSJ[E]£VIUYMVIQIRXW EX£XLI£NYKLERHPI£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£GER£FI£QYGL£KVIEXIV

Exhibit 18: Jughandle Signing Examples

 ReidMonoChapt3.qxd 6/23/04 9:27 AM Page 36

3.2.3 Design and Operational Considerations

8LIVI£EVI£XLVII£FEWMG£.YKLERHPI£GSRJMKYVEXMSRW ˆ 8LI£WXERHEVH£8]TI£% .YKLERHPI£GSRJMKYVEXMSR£X]TMGEP£EX£JSYVETTVSEGL£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£EW HIWGVMFIH£TVIZMSYWP] ˆ ;LIVI£XLIVI£EVI£XLVII£SV£PIWW£ETTVSEGLIW£XS£ER£MRXIVWIGXMSR£8]TI£& .YKLERHPIW£EVI£X]TM GEPP]£YWIH££%X£XLVIIPIK£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£XLI£8]TI£&£HIWMKR£YWIW£XLI£VMKLX£VEQTW£XS£SVMIRX£PIJX XYVRW£STTSWMXI£XS£XLI£¨8©£MRXIVWIGXMSR£PIK££8LI£8]TI£&£HIWMKR£MW£EPWS£YWIH£XS£TIVQMX£9 8YVRW£EX£QMHTSMRXW£EPSRK£XLI£EVXIVMEP£[LIVI£XLIVI£MW£RS£GVSWW£WXVIIX£QSZIQIRX££-R£KIRIVEP 8]TI£&£.YKLERHPIW£WLSYPH£FI£PMQMXIH£XS£PSGEXMSRW£[LIVI£XSTSKVETLMG£IRZMVSRQIRXEP£SV ^SRMRK£GSRWXVEMRXW£PMQMX£JYXYVI£EGGIWW£TSXIRXMEP£XS£EHNEGIRX£PERH£TEVGIPW ˆ ;LIVI£PIJX£XYVRW£JVSQ£XLI£EVXIVMEP£EVI£QSHIVEXI£XS£LMKL£[MXL£TSXIRXMEP£XS£GEYWI£WXSVEKI TVSFPIQW£SR£XLI£GVSWW£WXVIIX£SV£.YKLERHPI£VEQT£E£8]TI£' .YKLERHPI£MW£SJXIR£YWIH££8LI 8]TI£'£GSRJMKYVEXMSR£MRGPYHIW£XLI£YWI£SJ£PSST£VEQTW£PSGEXIH£EJXIV£XLI£GVSWW£WXVIIX£MRXIV WIGXMSR££8LI£PSST£VEQT£IPMQMREXIW£PIJX£XYVRW£JVSQ£XLI£VEQT£SRXS£XLI£GVSWW£WXVIIX£FYX£GER GEYWI£GSRJPMGXW£[MXL£VMKLX£XYVR£QSZIQIRXW£JVSQ£XLI£GVSWW£WXVIIX£SRXS£XLI£EVXIVMEP£[LIVI£XLMW QSZIQIRX£MW£WMKRMJMGERX

Exhibit 19: Jughandle Design Configurations

8]TI£% 8]TI£& 8]TI£' 7SYVGI£2I[£.IVWI]£(ITEVXQIRX£SJ£8VERWTSVXEXMSR£YWIH£F]£TIVQMWWMSR

3.2.4 Studies and Research

7IZIVEP£WXYHMIW£GSQTEVMRK£XLI£.YKLERHPI£STIVEXMSRW£XVEZIP£XMQI£ERH£GETEGMXMIW£[MXL£GSR ZIRXMSREP£ERH£YRGSRZIRXMSREP£MRXIVWIGXMSR£HIWMKRW£WLS[IH£XLEX£XLI£.YKLERHPI£[EW£GSQTIXMXMZI [MXL£XLI£GSRZIRXMSREP£HIWMKR£JSV£EX£PIEWX£WSQI£ZSPYQI£GSQFMREXMSRW£  ££7XYHMIW£LEZI WLS[R£XLEX£XLI£.YKLERHPI£HIWMKR£TVSZMHIW£XLI£KVIEXIWX£XVEZIP£XMQI£WEZMRKW£SR£EVXIVMEPW£XLEX LEZI£LMKL£XLVSYKL£QSZIQIRXW£QSHIVEXI£SV£PS[£PIJX£XYVR£ZSPYQIW£ERH£QSHIVEXI£XS£PS[£GVSWW WXVIIX£ZSPYQIW££-J£XLI£PIJX£XYVR£SV£GVSWW£WXVIIX£ZSPYQIW£EVI£TVSTSVXMSREXIP]£LMKL£UYIYIW£JVSQ XLI£GVSWW£WXVIIX£QE]£FPSGO£XLI£VEQT£XIVQMREPW£ERH£QE]£SYX[IMKL£ER]£XLVSYKLZILMGPI£XMQIWEZ

 ReidMonoChapt3.qxd 6/23/04 9:27 AM Page 37

MRKW££8LI£.YKLERHPI£MW£TEVXMGYPEVP]£WYMXEFPI£JSV£EVXIVMEPW£[MXL£PMQMXIH£VMKLXSJ[E]£SJXIR£VIUYMV MRK£PIWW£[MHXL£EPSRK£XLI£GSVVMHSV£ EPXLSYKL£QSVI£VMKLXSJ[E]£EX£.YKLERHPI£MRXIVWIGXMSRW £GSQ TEVIH£XS£XLI£GSRZIRXMSREP£QIHMERHMZMHIH£LMKL[E]£GSVVMHSV££8LI£HMWXERGIW£FIX[IIR .YKLERHPI£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£WLSYPH£FI£JVIUYIRX£IRSYKL£WS£XLEX£GVSWW£WXVIIX£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£EVI£RSX SZIVPSEHIH

8LI£EHZERXEKIW£SJ£XLI£.YKLERHPI£EPXIVREXMZI£SZIV£GSRZIRXMSREP£QYPXMTLEWI£WMKREPM^IH MRXIVWIGXMSRW£MRGPYHI£VIHYGIH£HIPE]£JSV£EVXIVMEP£XLVSYKLXVEJJMG £VIHYGIH£WXSTW£JSV£EVXIVMEP XLVSYKLXVEJJMG £IEWMIV£TVSKVIWWMSR£JSV£EVXIVMEP£XLVSYKLXVEJJMG £REVVS[IV£VMKLXSJ[E]£VIUYMVI QIRXW£EPSRK£XLI£EVXIVMEP £ERH£VIHYGIH£ERH£WITEVEXIH£GSRJPMGX£TSMRXW££8LI£HMWEHZERXEKIW£SJ£XLI EPXIVREXMZI£VIPEXMZI£XS£GSRZIRXMSREP£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£MRGPYHI£KVIEXIV£TSXIRXMEP£JSV£HVMZIV£GSRJYWMSR HVMZIV£HMWVIKEVH£JSV£PIJXXYVR£TVSLMFMXMSRW£EX£XLI£QEMR£MRXIVWIGXMSR £MRGVIEWIH£HIPE]£JSV£PIJX£XYVRW JVSQ£XLI£EVXIVMEP£IWTIGMEPP]£MJ£UYIYIW£SJ£GVSWW£WXVIIX£ZILMGPIW£FPSGO£XLI£VEQT£XIVQMREP MRGVIEWIH£XVEZIP£HMWXERGIW£JSV£PIJX£XYVRW£JVSQ£XLI£EVXIVMEP £MRGVIEWIH£WXSTW£JSV£PIJX£XYVRW£JVSQ£XLI EVXIVMEP £TIHIWXVMERW£QYWX£GVSWW£VEQTW£ERH£XLI£QEMR£MRXIVWIGXMSR £EHHMXMSREP£VMKLXSJ[E] VIUYMVIQIRXW£EX£XLI£.YKLERHPI£MRXIVWIGXMSRW £EHHMXMSREP£GSRWXVYGXMSR£ERH£QEMRXIRERGI£GSWXW£JSV .YKLERHPI£VEQTW £ERH£PEGO£SJ£EGGIWW£XS£XLI£EVXIVMEP£JSV£TEVGIPW£RI\X£XS£VEQTW££

;LIR£XS£'SRWMHIV (IWMKRIVW£WLSYPH£GSRWMHIV£.YKLERHPIW£SR£EVXIVMEPW£[MXL£LMKL£XLVSYKLZSPYQIW£QSHIVEXI XS£PS[£PIJX£XYVR£ZSPYQIW£ERH£REVVS[£VMKLXWSJ[E]££7YMXEFPI£GSVVMHSVW£EPWS£EPPS[£KIRIVSYW£WTEG MRK£FIX[IIR£QENSV£GVSWW£WXVIIX£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£ [LIVI£.YKLERHPIW£ERHSV£MRXIVGLERKIW£[SYPH£FI TVSZMHIH £]IX£JVIUYIRX£IRSYKL£QMRSV£GVSWWMRKW£WS£XLEX£XLI£.YKLERHPI£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£EVI£RSX SZIVPSEHIH££'SVVMHSVW£[MXL£FYMPXSYX£HIZIPSTQIRX£MR£QSWX£QENSV£MRXIVWIGXMSR£UYEHVERXW£EVI GSWXP]£JSV£GSRZIVWMSR£XS£E£.YKLERHPI£GSVVMHSV£

3.2.5 Lessons Learned

8LI£2.(38£6SEH[E]£(IWMKR£1ERYEP£VIGSQQIRHW£EGUYMWMXMSR£SJ£VMKLXSJ[E]£SR£XLI£MRXIVM SV£SJ£.YKLERHPIW£XS£TVSQSXI£WEJI£ERH£IJJMGMIRX£STIVEXMSRW£SR£WYVVSYRHMRK£EGGIWW£VSEHW££-X£MW EPWS£X]TMGEP£TVEGXMGI£XS£VIWXVMGX£SRWXVIIX£TEVOMRK£[MXLMR£XLI£MRXIVWIGXMSR£EW£MX£GER£MRXVSHYGI£WMKLX HMWXERGI£SFWXEGPIW£ERH£TEVOMRK£ZILMGPI£GSRJPMGXW££8LI£GMVGYQWGVMFIH£EVIE£MW£X]TMGEPP]£TVI WIVZIH£ERH£PERHWGETIH£F]£EVIE£FYWMRIWWIW£XLVSYKL£XLI£WXEXIWTSRWSVIH£¨%HSTXE.YKLERHPI© TVSKVEQ££8LIWI£EVIEW£EVI£EPWS£WSQIXMQIW£YWIH£JSV£HVEMREKI£HIXIRXMSR

2I[£.IVWI]«W£I\TIVMIRGI£[MXL£WMKREP£TSPI£TPEGIQIRX£SZIV£XLI£]IEVW£LEW£PIH£XS£VIJMRIH *,;%£KYMHERGI£JSV£TPEGIQIRX£SJ£WMKREP£TSPIW£EX£.YKLERHPI£MRXIVWIGXMSRW££%PP£RI[£MRXIVWIG XMSRW£EVI£HIWMKRIH£XS£MRGPYHI£WMKREPW£SR£QEWX£EVQW£VEXLIV£XLER£SR£TSPIW£[MXLMR£XLI£GIRXIV£NIV WI]£FEVVMIV£8LI£QEWX£EVQ£TPEGIQIRX£VIQSZIW£XLI£TSPI£EW£E£VSEHWMHI£LE^EVH£MR£IMXLIV£XLI YRTVSXIGXIH£QIHMER£GEWI£SV£MR£XLI£REVVS[£NIVWI]£[EPP£HIWMKR

 ReidMonoChapt3.qxd 6/23/04 9:27 AM Page 38

Exhibit 20: Jughandle Signal Pole Placement

E F G

.YKLERHPI£TSPIW£MR£XLI£QIHMER£[MXLSYX£TVSXIGXMSR£ E £EVI£RSX£VIGSQQIRHIH £MQTEGX£EXXIRYEXSVW£ F £EVI SJXIR£YWIH£[LIR£XLI£TSPI£MW£[MXLMR£XLI£QIHMER£[EPP £*,;%£GYVVIRXP]£VIGSQQIRHW£ G £TSPI£TPEGIQIRX£SR£XLI SYXWMHI£SJ£XLI£VSEH[E]£VMKLXSJ[E] 2I[£.IVWI]«W£I\TIVMIRGI£[MXL£XLI£.YKLERHPI£HIWMKR£LEW£TVSZMHIH£WSQI£SXLIV£FEWMG KYMHIPMRIW£JSV£HIWMKR£   ˆ ;LIVI£NIVWI]£FEVVMIV£GSRXVSPW£PIJX£XYVR£EGGIWW£WTIIH£PMQMXW£XLEX£FEPERGI£JEGMPMX]£IJJMGMIRG] ERH£WEJIX]£EVI£X]TMGEPP]££SV££QTL ˆ 8LIVI£EVI£SRP]£E£JI[£I\EQTPIW£SJ£.YKLERHPIW£EX£MWSPEXIH£PSGEXMSRW£SV£[MXLSYX£QIHMER£FEVVM IV £XLIWI£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£X]TMGEPP]£I\TIVMIRGI£LMKLIV£EGGMHIRX£VEXIW ˆ%£QMRMQYQ£JSSX£WTEGMRK£MW£HIWMVIH£FIX[IIR£XLI£VEQT£XIVQMREP£ERH£XLI£MRXIVWIGXMSR£XS TVSZMHI£EX£PIEWX£WSQI£VSSQ£XS£WXSVI£ZILMGPIW£SR£XLI£GVSWW£WXVIIX£[EMXMRK£EX£E£WMKREP£[MXLSYX FPSGOMRK£XLI£VEQT£EGGIWW ˆ 8LI£EFMPMX]£XS£YWI£WLSVXIV£WMKREP£G]GPIW£HYI£XS£XLI£VIHYGXMSR£MR£WMKREP£TLEWIW£GER£EPWS VIHYGI£XLI£SGGYVVIRGI£SV£JVIUYIRG]£SJ£UYIYMRK£EX£XLI£GVSWW£WXVIIX£MRXIVWIGXMSR££ ˆ 3R£E£JSYVPERI£EVXIVMEP£E£QMRMQYQ£X[SJSSX£SJJWIX£MW£HIWMVIH£JVSQ£XLI£PIJX£XVEZIP£PERI£XS£XLI QIHMER£FEVVMIV £KVIEXIV£WITEVEXMSR£MW£HIWMVIH£[MXL£E£WM\£SV£IMKLXPERI£EVXIVMEP ˆ -RXIVWIGXMSR£PMKLXMRK£RIIHW£ZEV]£HITIRHMRK£SR£PSGEXMSR£MRXIVWIGXMSR£KISQIXVMGW£ERH£XVEJJMG ZSPYQIW££.YKLERHPI£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£[MXLSYX£PERI£GLERRIPM^EXMSR£WIPHSQ£MRGPYHI£SZIVLIEH PMKLXMRK££7XYHMIW£WLS[£XLEX£JM\IH£PMKLXMRK£WSYVGIW£XIRH£XS£VIHYGI£EGGMHIRXW£EX£MRXIVWIGXMSRW [MXL£LMKL£GSRGIRXVEXMSRW£SJ£TIHIWXVMERW£ERHSV£VSEHWMHI£HIZIPSTQIRXW

3.3 SUPERSTREET

3.3.1 Evolution of Design

6MGLEVH£/VEQIV£E£XVEJJMG£IRKMRIIV£JVSQ£,YRXWZMPPI£%PEFEQE£GSRGIMZIH£SJ£XLI£7YTIVWXVIIX GSRGITX£ERH£TYFPMWLIH£E£TETIV£SR£MX£MR£££%GGSVHMRK£XS£XLI£7XEXI£(38£WYVZI]£RS£WXEXI£LEW MQTPIQIRXIH£XLI£JYPP£7YTIVWXVIIX£EPXIVREXMZI£FYX£WSQI£EKIRGMIW£LEZI£WIZIVIH£GVSWW£WXVIIX XLVSYKLQSZIQIRXW£ERH£FYMPX£HMVIGXMSREP£GVSWWSZIVW£SR£EVXIVMEPW£MR£E£TMIGIQIEP£JEWLMSR

 ReidMonoChapt3.qxd 6/23/04 9:27 AM Page 39

1EV]PERH£;EWLMRKXSR£7XEXI ££%£WMRKPI£MRXIVWIGXMSR£SJ£7YTIVWXVIIX£HIWMKR£MW£GYVVIRXP]£YRHIV GSRWXVYGXMSR£MR£'LETIP£,MPP£2SVXL£'EVSPMRE£

3.3.2 Description of Operations

8LI£7YTIVWXVIIX£QIHMER£HIWMKR£MW£WMQMPEV£XS£XLI£1IHMER£98YVR£GSRGITX£FYX£JIEXYVIW£E FVIEO£MR£GVSWW£WXVIIX£XVEJJMG£XLEX£EPPS[W£XLI£WMKREPW£SR£STTSWMXI£HMVIGXMSRW£SJ£XLI£EVXIVMEP£XS£STIV EXI£MRHITIRHIRXP]££8LI£HIWMKR£VIUYMVIW£GVSWW£WXVIIX£XLVSYKL£QSZIQIRXW£ERH£PIJX£XYVRW£XS£ERH JVSQ£XLI£EVXIVMEP£XS£YWI£XLI£HMVIGXMSREP£GVSWWSZIVW££%£GSRZIRXMSREP£JSYVETTVSEGL£MRXIVWIGXMSR FIGSQIW£X[S£MRHITIRHIRX£XLVIIETTVSEGL£MRXIVWIGXMSRW££8LMW£MRHITIRHIRGI£EPPS[W£IEGL HMVIGXMSR£SJ£XLI£EVXIVMEP£XS£LEZI£MXW£S[R£WMKREPXMQMRK£TEXXIVR£MRGPYHMRK£HMJJIVIRX£G]GPI£PIRKXLW£MJ HIWMVIH£WS£XLEX£IRKMRIIVW£GER£EGLMIZI£¨TIVJIGX©£TVSKVIWWMSR£MR£FSXL£HMVIGXMSRW£EX£ER]£XMQI [MXL£ER]£MRXIVWIGXMSR£WTEGMRK££%W£TVSTIVP]£XMQIH£WMKREPW£EPSRK£XLI£7YTIVWXVIIX£WLSYPH£RSX MQTEGX£XLI£EFMPMX]£XS£TVSKVIWW£XLVSYKL£XVEJJMG£QSZIQIRXW£LMKL[E]£EKIRGMIW£QE]£FI£QSVI£PMFIV EP£MR£KVERXMRK£WMKREPM^IH£EGGIWW£TSMRXW£ [MXLMR£VIEWSR £XS£MQTVSZI£WEJIX]£JSV£XVEJJMG£IRXIVMRK£XLI EVXIVMEP£4IHIWXVMERW£GER£QEOI£E£VIPEXMZIP]£WEJI£FYX£WPS[£X[SWXEKI£GVSWWMRK£SJ£XLI£EVXIVMEP 1ER]£SJ£XLI£SXLIV£HIWMKR£HIXEMPW£SJ£XLI£7YTIVWXVIIX£EVI£MHIRXMGEP£XS£1IHMER£98YVRW££

Exhibit 21: Superstreet Median Design

3.3.3 Design and Operational Considerations

(IWMKR£:EVMEXMSRW 8LIVI£EVI£WIZIVEP£QIXLSHW£MR£[LMGL£E£7YTIVWXVIIX£GER£¨FVIEO©£XLI£GVSWW£WXVIIX£QSZIQIRX %W£WLS[R£MR£)\LMFMX££XLI£GVSWW£WXVIIX£GER£FI£ E £SJJWIX£MJ£XLIVI£MW£WYJJMGMIRX£GVSWW£WXVIIX HIQERH££%X£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£[MXL£ZIV]£PS[£SV£RSRI\MWXIRX£XLVSYKLQSZIQIRXW£HMVIGXMSREP GVSWWSZIVW£JSV£PIJX£XYVRW£JVSQ£XLI£EVXIVMEP£GER£FI£VIQSZIH£ F £ERH£PIJXXYVRMRK£ZILMGPIW£GER QEOI£98YVRW£EX£XLI£RI\X£EZEMPEFPI£QIHMER£GVSWWSZIV££8LI£HMVIGXMSR£SJ£XLI£GVSWWSZIVW£GER£FI VIZIVWIH£ G £XS£EPPS[£PIJX£XYVRW£JVSQ£XLI£GVSWW£WXVIIX£SRXS£XLI£EVXIVMEP£MR£GEWIW£[LIVI£XLMW£QSZI QIRX£HIQERH£MW£LIEZMIWX £LS[IZIV£XLIWI£GVSWWSZIVW£GVIEXI£E£PIJXQIVKI£SR£XLI£EVXIVMEP£ERH PIRKXLIR£XLI£HMWXERGI£XS£XLI£QIHMER£GVSWWSZIV££

 ReidMonoChapt3.qxd 6/23/04 9:27 AM Page 40

Exhibit 22: Superstreet Design Variations

E F ££ G

8LI£0IJX3ZIV£(IWMKR£'SRGITX ;LMPI£XLIVI£EVI£RS£ORS[R£7YTIVWXVIIX£ETTPMGEXMSRW£XLI£TVMRGMTPI£SJ£XLI£7YTIVWXVIIX£HIWMKR GER£FI£JSYRH£MR£XLI£GSQQSR£YWI£SJ£XLI£¨0IJX3ZIV©£HIWMKR££8LI£0IJX3ZIV£GSRGITX£IPMQMREXIW XLI£PIJX£XYVR£QSZIQIRX£JVSQ£HVMZI[E]W£SV£GVSWW£WXVIIXW£SRXS£ER£EVXIVMEP£F]£YWMRK£E£VEMWIH£QIHM ER£GYVF££3TIRMRKW£MR£XLI£QIHMER£GYVF£EPPS[£PIJX£XYVRW£JVSQ£XLI£EVXIVMEP£XS£XLI£GVSWW£WXVIIX£SV HVMZI[E]£8LI£PIJX£XYVR£QSZIQIRX£JVSQ£E£GVSWW£WXVIIX£SV£HVMZI[E]£EPSRK£XLI£EVXIVMEP£MW£QEHI£F] XYVRMRK£VMKLX£ERH£XLIR£QEOMRK£E£98YVR£EX£E£HS[RWXVIEQ£GVSWWSZIV£NYWX£EW£MR£XLI£JYPP 7YTIVWXVIIX£GSRGITX£££8LMW£QSZIQIRX£MW£X]TMGEPP]£KMZIR£PS[IWX£TVMSVMX]£X]TMGEPP]£WXST£GSRXVSP WYFNIGX£XS£EPP£SXLIV£XLVSYKL£ERH£XYVRMRK£QSZIQIRXW££8LI£GSRGITX£LEW£X]TMGEPP]£WLS[R£TSWMXMZI IJJIGX£SR£WEJIX]£ERH£STIVEXMSRW£SR£XLI£EVXIVMEP

8LI£0IJX3ZIV£HIWMKR£MW£JEMVP]£MRI\TIRWMZI£ERH£IEW]£XS£GSRWXVYGX£ERH£QER]£ETTPMGEXMSRW EVI£TPEGIH£EW£TEVX£SJ£WTSX£WEJIX]£MQTVSZIQIRX£TVSKVEQW££8LI£0IJX3ZIV£HIWMKR£MW£RSX£TVEGXMGEP EX£QENSV£WMKREPM^IH£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£ERH£MR£WSQI£GEWIW£XLI£TVIZIRXMSR£SJ£QMHFPSGO£PIJX£XYVRW£QE] GEYWI£STIVEXMSREP£TVSFPIQW£EX£EHNEGIRX£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£FIGEYWI£SJ£MRGVIEWIH£GSRGIRXVEXMSRW£SJ PIJX£ERH£98YVRMRK£XVEJJMG££8LI£0IJX3ZIV£GLERRIPM^EXMSR£GER£EPWS£FI£FYMPX£MRXS£XLI£MRMXMEP£HIWMKR SJ£XLI£EVXIVMEP£VSEH[E]£XS£PSGEXI£JYXYVI£EGGIWW£PSGEXMSRW££8LMW£KMZIW£IRKMRIIVW£XLI£EFMPMX]£XS PSGEXI£XLI£EGGIWW£TSMRXW£EX£WYJJMGMIRX£HMWXERGIW£ERH£[LIVI£WEJI£LSVM^SRXEP£ERH£ZIVXMGEP£WMKLX HMWXERGI£I\MWXW££4VITPEGIQIRX£EPWS£IRGSYVEKIW£XLI£HIZIPSTQIRX£SJ£WLEVIH£HVMZI[E]£EGGIWW ERH£PERH£TEVGIP£GSRRIGXMZMX]£EPSRK£XLI£EVXIVMEP£

 ReidMonoChapt3.qxd 6/23/04 9:27 AM Page 41

PROFILE: SUPERSTREET

US 15-501@ Europa Drive/Erwin Road (Chapel Hill, NC)

3R£ XLI£ JEQIH£ 97£ £ VSEH[E]£ PMROMRK£ 2SVXL£ 'EVSPMRE£ ERH£ (YOI 9RMZIVWMXMIW£ XLI£ 2SVXL£ 'EVSPMRE£ (ITEVXQIRX£ SJ£ 8VERWTSVXEXMSR£ MW£ GSR WXVYGXMRK£ E£ WMKREPM^IH£ 7YTIVWXVIIX£ HIWMKR£ EX£ E£ WMRKPI£ QENSV£ MRXIVWIGXMSR GVSWWMRK£8LI£HIWMKR£VIGSQQIRHEXMSR£[EW£FEWIH£SR£XVEJJMG£GETEGMX]£GSR WMHIVEXMSRW£ERH£KISQIXVMG£GSRWXVEMRXW£ERH£XLI£QMRMQM^EXMSR£SJ£MQTEGXW£XS PERH£YWI£ERH£XVEJJMG£MRKVIWWIKVIWW£EW£MX£TIVXEMRW£XS£TIHIWXVMER£ERH£FMG] GPI£WEJIX]£SR£97£££:MWYEP£MQTEGXW£EVI£MQTVSZIH£[MXL£TPERXMRKW£MR£XLI QIHMER£8LI£XSXEP£GSWX£SJ£XLI£MRXIVWIGXMSR£MQTVSZIQIRXW£[EW£¨£QMPPMSR [MXL£¨£MR£VMKLXSJ[E]£EGUYMWMXMSR££&YWMRIWW£S[RIVW£EVI£[EV]£SJ XLI£PEGO£SJ£HMVIGX£EGGIWW£ERH£XLI£HIWMKR£SJ£WMKRMRK£ERH£TEZIQIRX£QEVO MRKW£[MPP£FI£MRWXVYQIRXEP£MR£LIPTMRK£HVMZIVW£REZMKEXI£2SVXL£'EVSPMRE«W£JMVWX 7YTIVWXVIIX£MRXIVWIGXMSR

(IWMKR£'SRGITX£GSYVXIW]£2'(38£ERH£XLI£,28&£'SVTSVEXMSR£6EPIMKL£2' £YWIH£F]£TIVQMWWMSR

 ReidMonoChapt3.qxd 6/23/04 9:27 AM Page 42

Exhibit 23: Left-Over Concept

0IJXSZIV£GSRGITX££ )\EQTPI£SJ£HIWMKR£TVITPEGIQIRX£

3.3.4 Studies and Research

7IZIVEP£WXYHMIW£LEZI£I\EQMRIH£XVEZIP£XMQI£MR£E£7YTIVWXVIIX£EVXIVMEP£GSVVMHSV£GSQTEVIH£XS GSRZIRXMSREP£ERH£YRGSRZIRXMSREP£MRXIVWIGXMSR£HIWMKRW£ERH£JSYRH£MQTVSZIH£XVEZIP£XMQIW£MR WSQI£WGIREVMSW£GSQTEVIH£XS£XLI£GSRZIRXMSREP£HIWMKR£  

8LI£EHZERXEKIW£SJ£XLI£7YTIVWXVIIX£SZIV£E£GSRZIRXMSREP£QYPXMTLEWI£WMKREPM^IH£MRXIVWIGXMSR MRGPYHI£VIHYGIH£HIPE]£JSV£EVXIVMEP£XLVSYKLXVEJJMG£ERH£JSV£SRI£TEMV£SJ£PIJX£XYVRW£ YWYEPP]£PIJX£XYVRW JVSQ£XLI£EVXIVMEP £VIHYGIH£WXSTW£JSV£EVXIVMEP£XLVSYKLXVEJJMG£¨TIVJIGX©£X[S[E]£TVSKVIWWMSR£EX£EPP XMQIW£[MXL£ER]£WMKREP£WTEGMRK£JSV£EVXIVMEP£XLVSYKLXVEJJMG£JI[IV£XLVIEXW£XS£GVSWWMRK£TIHIWXVMERW ERH£VIHYGIH£ERH£WITEVEXIH£GSRJPMGX£TSMRXW££(MWEHZERXEKIW£SJ£XLI£7YTIVWXVIIX£VIPEXMZI£XS£GSR ZIRXMSREP£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£MRGPYHI£KVIEXIV£TSXIRXMEP£JSV£HVMZIV£ERH£TIHIWXVMER£GSRJYWMSR£MRGVIEWIH HIPE]£JSV£GVSWW£WXVIIX£XLVSYKLXVEJJMG£ERH£JSV£SRI£TEMV£SJ£PIJX£XYVRW£ YWYEPP]£PIJX£XYVRW£SRXS£XLI EVXIVMEP £MRGVIEWIH£XVEZIP£HMWXERGIW£JSV£GVSWW£WXVIIX£XLVSYKL£XVEJJMG£ERH£JSV£SRI£TEMV£SJ£PIJX£XYVRW MRGVIEWIH£WXSTW£JSV£GVSWW£WXVIIX£XLVSYKLXVEJJMG£ERH£JSV£SRI£TEMV£SJ£PIJX£XYVRW£E£WPS[£X[SWXEKI GVSWWMRK£SJ£XLI£EVXIVMEP£JSV£TIHIWXVMERW£ERH£EHHMXMSREP£VMKLXSJ[E]£VIUYMVIQIRXW£EPSRK£XLI£EVXI VMEP££

;LIR£XS£'SRWMHIV 7XYHMIW£LEZI£WLS[R£XLEX£XLI£7YTIVWXVIIX£HIWMKR£TVSZMHIW£XLI£KVIEXIWX£XVEZIP£XMQI£FIRIJMXW [LIVI£LMKL£XLVSYKLZSPYQIW£SR£XLI£EVXIVMEP£GSRJPMGX£[MXL£QSHIVEXI£XS£PS[£GVSWW£WXVIIX£XLVSYKL ZSPYQIW££8LMW£[MPP£FI£XLI£GEWI£JSV£QER]£WYFYVFER£EVXIVMEPW£[LIVI£VSEHWMHI£HIZIPSTQIRX£KIR IVEXIW£QSWX£SJ£XLI£GSRJPMGXMRK£XVEJJMG££8LI£7YTIVWXVIIX£WLSYPH£EPWS£FI£KMZIR£KVIEXIWX£GSRWMHIVE XMSR£JSV£EVXIVMEPW£XLEX£LEZI£GPSWI£XS££HMVIGXMSREP£WTPMXW£JSV£QSWX£LSYVW£SJ£XLI£HE]£ERH YRIZIR£GVSWW£WXVIIX£WTEGMRK£XLEX£VIQSZIW£ER]£GLERGI£SJ£IWXEFPMWLMRK£FEPERGIH£TVSKVIWWMSR£MR FSXL£HMVIGXMSRW££

8LI£7YTIVWXVIIX£MW£RSX£GSQTIXMXMZI£[LIVI£XLI£GVSWW£WXVIIX£XLVSYKLQSZIQIRX£MW£LIEZ] IRSYKL£XS£VIUYMVI£X[S£XLVSYKLPERIW££%VXIVMEPW£[MXL£REVVS[£QIHMERW£ERH£RS£TVSWTIGXW£JSV SFXEMRMRK£EHHMXMSREP£VMKLXSJ[E]£JSV£[MHIRMRK£EVI£EPWS£TSSV£GERHMHEXIW£JSV£XLI£7YTIVWXVIIX££

 ReidMonoChapt3.qxd 6/23/04 9:27 AM Page 43

3.3.5 Lessons Learned

(YVMRK£XLI£TPERRMRK£TVSGIWW£JSV£XLI£'LETIP£,MPP£7YTIVWXVIIX£HIWMKR£E£WIVMIW£SJ£TYFPMG QIIXMRKW£[EW£LIPH£XS£GSRWMHIV£HIWMKR£EPXIVREXMZIW£ERH£KEXLIV£TYFPMG£WYTTSVX£JSV£E£TVIJIVVIH HIWMKR£GSRGITX££-RGVIEWMRK£PIZIPW£SJ£TYFPMG£WYTTSVX£[IVI£KEMRIH£JSV£XLI£7YTIVWXVIIX£HIWMKR£EX IEGL£QIIXMRK££'SRGIVRW£VEMWIH£JVSQ£XLI£TYFPMG£MRGPYHIH£HVMZIV£IHYGEXMSR£VIKEVHMRK£E£RI[ XVEJJMG£TEXXIVR£GPIEV£WMKREKI£ERH£TVSZMWMSR£JSV£XVYGO£98YVR£QSZIQIRXW££

%X£XLI£QIIXMRKW£FYWMRIWW£S[RIVW£I\TVIWWIH£GSRGIVRW£EFSYX£EGGIWW£TEVXMGYPEVP]£XLSWI XLEX£VIPMIH£SR£IEW]£EGGIWW£MRGPYHMRK£E£JEWXJSSH£VIWXEYVERX£SR£)V[MR£6SEH££,S[IZIV£QSWX£VIG SKRM^IH£XLEX£XLIVI£[SYPH£FI£EX£PIEWX£WSQI£FIRIJMX£JVSQ£MRGVIEWIH£XVEJJMG£JPS[£¦£XLEX£XLI£ZSPYQI SJ£XVEJJMG£QSZIQIRXW£ XLEX£MW£XLI£RYQFIV£SJ£TSXIRXMEP£GYWXSQIVW£TEWWMRK£F] £SR£XLI£EVXIVMEP£[EW EW£MQTSVXERX£EW£IEWI£SJ£EGGIWW£ERH£ZMWMFMPMX]£  

3.4 PAIRED INTERSECTIONS

3.4.1 Evolution of Design

8LI£KYMHMRK£TVMRGMTPIW£SJ£XLI£TEMVIH£MRXIVWIGXMSR£GSRGITX£EVI£XLI£WITEVEXMSR£SJ£PIJX£XYVRW ERH£XLI£IQTLEWMW£SJ£XLVSYKLZILMGPI£QSZIQIRXW££,MKL[E]£EKIRGMIW£LEZI£FIIR£TVSLMFMXMRK PIJX£XYVRW£JVSQ£SV£SRXS£EVXIVMEPW£JSV£]IEVW£ TEVXMGYPEVP]£MR£HS[RXS[R£EVIEW £VIP]MRK£SR£E£KSSH TEVEPPIP£WXVIIX£W]WXIQ£SV£JVSRXEKI£VSEH[E]W£XS£TVSZMHI£GMVGYPEXMSR££8LI£TEMVIH£MRXIVWIGXMSR£GSR GITX£EPPS[W£XLMW£XS£FI£HSRI£MR£EVIEW£[MXLSYX£E£TVII\MWXMRK£W]WXIQ£SJ£TEVEPPIP£WXVIIXW£SV£JVSRXEKI VSEHW££'LERRIPM^MRK£MWPERHW£WITEVEXMRK£VMKLX£ERH£PIJX£XYVR£QSZIQIRXW£EVI£EPWS£GSQQSRTPEGI SR£97£VSEH[E]W£EW£EVI£XLMW£GSRGITX«W£VIPMERGI£SR£EGGIWW£QEREKIQIRX£TVEGXMGIW£MRGPYHMRK XLI£YWI£SJ£GSQQSR£EGGIWW£TSMRXW£F]£QYPXMTPI£TEVGIPW

)HMWSR£.SLRWSR£E£XVEJJMG£IRKMRIIV£[MXL£XLI£'MX]£SJ£6EPIMKL£2SVXL£'EVSPMRE£GSRGIMZIH£SJ£E TEMVIH£MRXIVWIGXMSR£EVXIVMEP£HIWMKR£YWMRK£HMVIGXMSREP£GVSWWSZIVW£MR£GSRNYRGXMSR£[MXL£TEVEPPIP£GSP PIGXSV£WXVIIXW££8LI£GSRGITX£[EW£FSVR£EW£TEVX£SJ£E££WXYH]£SJ£XLI£97£GSVVMHSV£MR£6EPIMKL [LIVI£GSRZIVWMSR£XS£E£JYPPEGGIWWGSRXVSP£JVII[E]£[EW£RSX£TSPMXMGEPP]£EGGITXEFPI£  ££8LI£VIG SQQIRHIH£TEMVIH£MRXIVWIGXMSR£HIWMKR£MW£WPS[P]£FIMRK£TLEWIH£MR£F]£XLI£GMX]£EW£XLI£EVIE£HIZIP STW££,MKL[E]£EKIRGMIW£MR£*PSVMHE£:MVKMRME£ERH£1MGLMKER£LEZI£ETTPMIH£XLI£TEMVIH£MRXIVWIGXMSR GSRGITX£XS£GIVXEMR£GSVVMHSVW£F]£EPXIVREXMRK£XYVRMRK£QSZIQIRXW£FYX£RS£EKIRG]£LEW£ETTPMIH£XLI TEMVIH£MRXIVWIGXMSR£GSRGITX£XS£ER£IRXMVI£GSVVMHSV

3.4.2 Description of Operations

8LI£TEMVIH£MRXIVWIGXMSR£GSRGITX£EPXIVREXIW£FIX[IIR£XLI£YWI£SJ£HMVIGXMSREP£GVSWWSZIVW£JSV PIJX£XYVRW£JVSQ£XLI£EVXIVMEP£EX£SRI£MRXIVWIGXMSR£ERH£TIVQMWWMZI£PIJX£XYVRW£SRXS£XLI£EVXIVMEP£EX£XLI WIGSRH£QIQFIV£SJ£XLI£TEMV££0IJX£XYVRW£EVI£TVSLMFMXIH£EX£GVSWW£WXVIIXW£ERH£SXLIV£EGGIWW£TSMRXW FIX[IIR£XLI£X[S£TEMVW££'MVGYPEXMSR£FIX[IIR£VSEH[E]£TEMVW£EPSRK£XLI£EVXIVMEP£VIUYMVIW£X[S[E] GSPPIGXSV£VSEHW£SV£¨FEGOEKI©£VSEHW£XLEX£EVI£WIX£FEGO£JVSQ£XLI£EVXIVMEP£ERH£TEVEPPIP£XS£MX &EGOEKI£VSEHW£EVI£HMJJIVIRX£JVSQ£JVSRXEKI£VSEHW£EW£FEGOEKI£VSEHW£EVI£FILMRH XLI£HIZIPST QIRX£TEVGIPW£MQQIHMEXIP]£EHNEGIRX£XS£XLI£EVXIVMEP£ERH£TEVOMRK£MW£KIRIVEPP]£TVSZMHIH£JVSQ£XLI

 ReidMonoChapt3.qxd 6/23/04 9:27 AM Page 44

VIEV£SJ£XLI£TEVGIPW££8LI£WITEVEXMSR£FIX[IIR£XLI£EVXIVMEP£ERH£FEGOEKI£VSEH£LIPT£MRXIVWIGXMSRW [MXL£XLI£GSPPIGXSV£XS£STIVEXI£QSVI£IJJMGMIRXP]£ERH£EZSMH£XLI£UYIYMRK£ERH£GPSWIP]£WTEGIH£MRXIV WIGXMSRW£SJXIR£EWWSGMEXIH£[MXL£JVSRXEKI£VSEHW£&EGOEKI£ERH£GSPPIGXSV£VSEHW£GER£FI£HIWMKRIH XS£E£TIHIWXVMER£WGEPI£[MXL£GSRZIRMIRX£EGGIWW£XS£TEVOMRK£SRWXVIIX£TEVOMRK£ERHSV£WMHI[EPOW 0SGEP£EGGIWW£MW£TVSZMHIH£JVSQ£XLIWI£FEGOEKI£VSEHW£ERH£XLIVIJSVI£XLI£EVXIVMEP£QIHMER£GER£FI REVVS[£

Exhibit 24: Paired Intersection Concept

7SYVGI££GSRWYPXERX£WXYH]£YWIH£F]£TIVQMWWMSR£JVSQ£XLI£'MX]£SJ£6EPIMKL

8LI£YWI£SJ£XLMW£HIWMKR£GER£EPWS£GSRXVSP£WTEGMRK£SJ£JYPPWIVZMGI£WMKREPW£XS£IRWYVI£KSSH£TVS KVIWWMSR£SR£XLI£EVXIVMEP£ JSV£I\EQTPI£F]£SRP]£EPPS[MRK£XLIWI£IZIV]£LEPJQMPI ££4PEGIQIRX£SJ£XLI FEGOEKI£VSEHW£EVI£MHIEPP]£EX£PIEWX££JIIX£JVSQ£XLI£EVXIVMEP£XS£EZSMH£WTMPP£FEGO£ERH£PSGOMRK£PIJX XYVRW£ERH£XS£TVSZMHI£EGGIWW£XS£HIZIPSTQIRX£TEVGIPW£JVSQ£XLI£FEGOEKI£VSEH££

8LI£TEMVIH£MRXIVWIGXMSR£HIWMKR£MW£E£LSPMWXMG£TPER£XLEX£JMVWX£VIUYMVIW£OI]£VSEH[E]£IPIQIRXW£XS FI£MR£TPEGI£FIJSVI£XLI£JYPP£HIWMKR£MW£MQTPIQIRXIH££(IZIPSTQIRXW£EPSRK£XLI£EVXIVMEP£GER£LEZI XIQTSVEV]£JYPP£EGGIWW£YRXMP£ZSPYQIW£[EVVERX£GSRZIVWMSR£ERHSV£E£FEGOEKI£VSEH£W]WXIQ£MW£FYMPX SYX£

3.4.3 Design and Operational Considerations

7EJIX]£FIRIJMXW£EVI£I\TIGXIH£FEWIH£SR£XLI£TVIQMWI£XLEX£HMWEKKVIKEXMRK£PIJX£XYVRW£KIRIVEPP] MQTVSZI£WEJIX]£F]£WMQTPMJ]MRK£GSRJPMGXW££&IRIJMXW£XS£XLVSYKLXVEJJMG£GER£EPWS£FI£I\TIGXIH£EW£XLI HIWMKR£TYWLIW£HIPE]W£JVSQ£XLI£EVXIVMEP£XS£XLI£WMHI£WXVIIX £XLYW£KVIIR£XMQI£GER£FI£QE\MQM^IH£SR XLI£EVXIVMEP£  £

 ReidMonoChapt3.qxd 6/23/04 9:27 AM Page 45

Exhibit 25: Alternating Arterial Turns

-RXIVWIGXMSRW£EX£GVSWW£WXVIIXW£[MXL£XLI£TEVEPPIP£GSPPIGXSV£VSEHW£GER£FI£WXST£SV£WMKREPGSR XVSPPIH£HITIRHMRK£SR£XVEJJMG£ZSPYQIW£ERH£MRXIVWIGXMSR£WTEGMRK££-J£HIZIPSTQIRXW£JVSRXMRK£XLI EVXIVMEP£EVI£EPWS£TVSZMHIH£EGGIWW£JVSQ£XLI£GSPPIGXSV£VSEH[E]W£98YVR£EPPS[ERGIW£HS£RSX£LEZI XS£FI£TVSZMHIH£JSV£MR£XLI£EVXIVMEP£QIHMER£ERH£XLYW£XLI£QIHMER£GER£FI£REVVS[££7MQMPEV£XS£XLI 7YTIVWXVIIX£HIWMKR£TIHIWXVMERW£MR£XLI£TEMVIH£MRXIVWIGXMSR£HIWMKR£GER£QEOI£VIPEXMZIP]£WEJI£FYX WPS[£X[SWXEKI£GVSWWMRKW£SJ£XLI£EVXIVMEP£

3.4.4 Studies and Research

8LI£EHZERXEKIW£SJ£XLI£TEMVIH£MRXIVWIGXMSR£HIWMKR£GSQTEVIH£XS£E£GSRZIRXMSREP£EVXIVMEP£[MXL QYPXMTLEWI£WMKREPM^IH£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£MRGPYHI£VIHYGIH£HIPE]£JSV£EVXIVMEP£XLVSYKLXVEJJMG£ERH£JSV WSQI£PIJX£XYVRW£VIHYGIH£WXSTW£JSV£EVXIVMEP£XLVSYKLXVEJJMG£IEWMIV£TVSKVIWWMSR£JSV£EVXIVMEP XLVSYKLXVEJJMG£VIHYGIH£ERH£WITEVEXIH£GSRJPMGX£TSMRXW£SR£XLI£EVXIVMEP£ERH£STXMQEP£X[S[E]£TVS KVIWWMSR£[MXL£XLI£PIJX£QIVKI£ZEVMEXMSR££2SXIH£HMWEHZERXEKIW£GSQTEVIH£XS£XLI£GSRZIRXMSREP EVXIVMEP£MRGPYHI£KVIEXIV£TSXIRXMEP£JSV£HVMZIV£ERH£TIHIWXVMER£GSRJYWMSR£MRGVIEWIH£HIPE]£JSV£GVSWW WXVIIX£XLVSYKLXVEJJMG£ERH£JSV£WSQI£PIJXXYVRMRK£XVEJJMG£MRGVIEWIH£WXSTW£ERH£XVEZIP£HMWXERGIW£JSV GVSWW£WXVIIX£XLVSYKL£ERH£WSQI£PIJXXYVRMRK£XVEJJMG£ERH£WPS[£X[SWXEKI£TIHIWXVMER£GVSWWMRKW 8LIVI£EVI£EPWS£EHHMXMSREP£VMKLXSJ[E]£GSRWXVYGXMSR£QEMRXIRERGI£ERH£STIVEXMSR£GSWXW£JSV£XLI TEVEPPIP£GSPPIGXSV£VSEHW££

-R£HIZIPSTMRK£TEMVIH£MRXIVWIGXMSR£GSVVMHSVW£XLIVI£QE]£FI£STTSVXYRMXMIW£JSV£TEVXRIVWLMTW FIX[IIR£XLI£LMKL[E]£EKIRG]£ERH£HIZIPSTIVW£XS£WLEVI£XLI£GSWXW£SJ£GSRWXVYGXMSR£SV£I\XIRWMSR£SJ XLI£GSPPIGXSV£VSEH[E]W££8S£MQTPIQIRX£XLI£TEMVIH£MRXIVWIGXMSR£HIWMKR£MR£LMKLP]£HIZIPSTIH£GSVVM HSVW£E£W]WXIQ£SJ£TEVEPPIP£WXVIIXW£SV£FEGOEKI£VSEHW£QYWX£FI£TVIWIRX£ERH£LEZI£XLI£EFMPMX]£XS GEVV]£EHHMXMSREP£XVEJJMG£ZSPYQIW££-R£WYGL£GMVGYQWXERGIW£SRI[E]£TEMVW£QE]£FI£E£WYTIVMSV EPXIVREXMZI

 ReidMonoChapt3.qxd 6/23/04 9:27 AM Page 46

;LIR£XS£'SRWMHIV 8LI£TEMVIH£MRXIVWIGXMSR£HIWMKR£MW£FIWX£WYMXIH£JSV£EVXIVMEP£GSVVMHSVW£[MXL£LMKL£XLVSYKLXVEJJMG ZSPYQIW£ERH£PS[£GVSWW£WXVIIX£XLVSYKL£ZSPYQIW££6MKLXSJ[E]£QYWX£FI£EZEMPEFPI£XS£FYMPH£ERH STIV££EXI£XLI£TEVEPPIP£GSPPIGXSV£VSEHW££%HHMXMSREPP]£GSSVHMREXMSR£FIX[IIR£LMKL[E]£EKIRGMIW ERH£TPERRMRK£GSYRGMPW£MW£MQTSVXERX£XS£IRWYVI£XLEX£PERH£YWI£GSRXVSPW£EVI£MR£TPEGI£XS£TPER£JSV EGGIWW£XS£XLI£GSPPIGXSVFEGOEKI£VSEHW£JSV£ER]£JYXYVI£HIZIPSTQIRXW£

3.4.5 Lessons Learned

)\TIVMIRGIW£JVSQ£XLI£'MX]£SJ£6EPIMKL£LEZI£WLS[R£XLEX£XLI£YWI£SJ£E£GLERRIPM^MRK£GYVF£JSV XLI£PIJX£XYVR£MR£XLI£QIHMER£MW£MQTSVXERX£XS£TVIZIRX£WMHI£WXVIIX£PIJXXYVR£ZMSPEXSVW££0S[£GYVF LIMKLX£ERHSV£XLI£PEGO£SJ£SZIVPETTMRK£GYVF£IHKIW£LEZI£GEYWIH£LMKLIV£ZMSPEXMSR£VEXIW£JVSQ EKKVIWWMZI£HVMZIVW£ERH£WSQI£PSGEXMSRW£LEH£XS£FI£QSHMJMIH£EJXIV£MRWXEPPEXMSR

8LI£GSRWYPXERX£WXYH]£SJ£XLI£97££GSVVMHSV£MW£E£X]TMGEP£I\EQTPI£SJ£WXVEXIKMG£GSVVMHSV KVS[XL£TPERRMRK££8LI£97££GSVVMHSV£FIX[IIR£6EPIMKL£ERH£(YVLEQ£[EW£JEMVP]£YRHIZIPSTIH ERH£XLI£'MX]£ERH£7XEXI£XVERWTSVXEXMSR£HITEVXQIRXW£HMH£RSX£[ERX£XLI£LMKL[E]£XS£FIGSQI£E£WXVMT QEPP£GSVVMHSV£[MXL£QER]£WMKREPW£ERH£PMXXPI£EGGIWW£GSRXVSP£PMOI£QER]£SXLIV£GSVVMHSVW£MR£XLI£EVIE %ZIVEKI£HEMP]£XVEJJMG£TVSNIGXMSRW£JSV£XLI£GSVVMHSV£I\GIIHIH££ZTH££8LI£TPER£KSEP£[EW£XS TVSXIGX£GETEGMX]£[MXLSYX£LEZMRK£XS£FYMPH£E£JVII[E]££8LI£WXYH]£IZIRXYEPP]£FVSYKLX£XLI£HIZIPST QIRX£GSQQYRMX]£XS£E£TPER£GSRWIRWYW£FYX£MX£XSSO£PSRKIV£XLER£I\TIGXIH££%£TPERRIH£WM\QSRXL WXYH]£XSSO££QSRXLW £LS[IZIV£XLI£EHHMXMSREP£XMQI£[EW£RIIHIH£XS£I\TPEMR£XLI£TSXIRXMEP£FIRI JMXW£SJ£XLI£TEMVIH£MRXIVWIGXMSR£HIWMKR£ERH£HIZIPST£TEVXRIVWLMTW£ERH£YRHIVWXERHMRK£FIX[IIR XLI£'MX]£7XEXI£ERH£PERHS[RIV£MRXIVIWXW££-R£XLI£IRH£XLI£PERHS[RIVW£[IVI£WEXMWJMIH£[MXL£XLI JYXYVI£GSQQIVGMEP£ZMEFMPMX]£SJ£XLI£TVSTSWIH£TEMVIHMRXIVWIGXMSR£HIWMKR£TPER£JSV£XLI£GSVVMHSV

 ReidMonoChapt4.qxd 6/23/04 9:28 AM Page 47

4.0 ISOLATED AT-GRADE INTERSECTIONS

 ReidMonoChapt4.qxd 6/23/04 9:28 AM Page 48

 ReidMonoChapt4.qxd 6/23/04 9:28 AM Page 49

4.0 ISOLATED AT-GRADE INTERSECTIONS

8LI£EXKVEHI£YRGSRZIRXMSREP£EVXIVMEP£MRXIVWIGXMSR£HIWMKRW£TVIWIRXIH£MR£XLMW£GLETXIV£EVI FIWX£WYMXIH£JSV£WMRKPI£MWSPEXIH£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£[LIVI£QENSV£VSEH[E]W£GVSWW£VEXLIV£XLER£XLI£W]W XIQ£[MHI£HIWMKR£ETTPMGEXMSRW£TVIWIRXIH£MR£XLI£TVIZMSYW£GLETXIV££8LI£HIWMKRW£TVIWIRXIH£MR XLMW£GLETXIV£[IVI£HIZIPSTIH£XS£QEREKI£XVEJJMG£JPS[£ERH£GETEGMX]£EX£WMRKYPEV£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£[MXL PIWW£SJ£E£JSGYW£SR£STIVEXMSRW£EPSRK£XLI£EVXIVMEP£GSVVMHSV

4.1 CONTINUOUS FLOW INTERSECTION

4.1.1 Evolution of Design

8LI£'SRXMRYSYW£*PS[£-RXIVWIGXMSR£  £HIWMKR£ '*- £EPWS£ORS[R£EW£XLI£¨(MWTPEGIH£0IJX 8YVR©£ERH£XLI£¨)RLERGIH£%X+VEHI£-RXIVWIGXMSR©£  £MW£E£VIPEXMZIP]£RI[£HIWMKR£MR£XLI£97£XLEX LEW£KIRIVEXIH£VIGIRX£MRXIVIWX£JVSQ£LMKL[E]£EKIRGMIW£MR£WIZIVEP£WXEXIW£WTYVVIH£F]£JEZSVEFPI VIWIEVGL£SR£GYVVIRX£HIWMKR£STIVEXMSRW££8LI£'*-£[EW£E[EVHIH£XLI£%%7,83£¨*VERGMW£& *VERGSMW£%[EVH©£MR££MR£VIGSKRMXMSR£SJ£MXW£GSRXVMFYXMSR£XS£XVERWTSVXEXMSR£HIWMKR£MRRSZEXMSR££

8LI£JMVWX£'*-£MR£XLI£97£[EW£STIRIH£MR££EX£E£8MRXIVWIGXMSR£IRXVERGI£XS£E£VIWIEVGL£GIR XIV£SR£XLI£GEQTYW£SJ£(S[PMRK£'SPPIKI£SR£0SRK£-WPERH£2I[£=SVO££%£WIGSRH£8MRXIVWIGXMSR HIWMKR£¦£XLI£JMVWX£SR£E£97£WXEXI£LMKL[E]£¦£STIRIH£MR££MR£1EV]PERH££8LI£HIWMKR£MW£FIMRK£SV LEW£FIIR£GSRWMHIVIH£EX£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£MR£'EPMJSVRME£%VM^SRE£2IZEHE£1MWWMWWMTTM£ERH %VOERWEW£EW£[IPP£EW£EX£SXLIV£1EV]PERH£ERH£2I[£=SVO£PSGEXMSRW££8LIVI£EVI£EX£PIEWX££'*- MRXIVWIGXMSRW£GSRWXVYGXIH£MR£'LMPI£&VE^MP£1I\MGS£ERH£)RKPERH£ XLIVI£ORS[R£EW£E£(MWTPEGIH 6MKLX 8YVR ££8S£HEXI£XLI£'*-£LEW£KIRIVEPP]£FIIR£ETTPMIH£XS£JSYVPIK£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£[LIVI£XLIVI MW£MRXIVIWX£MR£GSQFMRMRK£XLVSYKL£ERH£PIJX£WMKREP£TLEWIW£SR£XLI£EVXIVMEP££

4.1.2 Description of Operations

8LI£XIVQ£¨'SRXMRYSYW£*PS[©£MW£E£FMX£SJ£E£QMWRSQIV£EW£XVEJJMG£MW£VIUYMVIH£XS£WXST£EX£WMKREPW EX£XLI£MRXIVWIGXMSR £LS[IZIV£XLI£'*-£HIWMKR£WITEVEXIW£PIJXXYVR£QSZIQIRXW£JVSQ£GSRJPMGXMRK XLVSYKLQSZIQIRXW£EPPS[MRK£STTSWMRK£PIJXXYVRW£XS£FI£QEHI£EX£XLI£WEQI£XMQI£EW£XLVSYKL QSZIQIRXW£0IJXXYVRMRK£ZILMGPIW£FIKMR£XLIMV£XYVR£WIZIVEP£LYRHVIH£JIIX£TVMSV£XS£XLI£QEMR£MRXIV WIGXMSR££8LI]£EVI£XIQTSVEVMP]£WXSVIH£MR£E£FE]£XS£XLI£PIJX£SJ£XLI£STTSWMRK£XLVSYKL£PERIW£SJ£XVEZ IP£ERH£GSQTPIXI£XLI£PIJX£XYVR£QSZIQIRX£YRHIV£XLI£WEQI£WMKREP£TLEWI£EW£XLI£XLVSYKLQSZI QIRX££%X£XLI£QEMR£MRXIVWIGXMSR£TVIZMSYWP]£GSRJPMGXMRK£XLVSYKL£ERH£PIJXXYVR£QSZIQIRXW£GER STIVEXI£WMQYPXERISYWP]£EW£TVSXIGXIH£QSZIQIRXW£YRHIV£XLI£WEQI£WMKREP£TLEWI££8LI£WMKREP G]GPI£MW£XLYW£VIHYGIH£XS£X[S£TLEWIW£IREFPMRK£E£VIHYGXMSR£MR£SZIVEPP£G]GPI£PIRKXLW£ERH£QE\M QM^MRK£XLVSYKLQSZIQIRX£KVIIR£XMQIW££8LI£VIWYPX£MW£E£VIHYGXMSR£MR£XVEZIP£HIPE]W£ERH MRGVIEWIH£GETEGMX]£EX£XLI£MRXIVWIGXMSR£  £

4.1.3 Design and Operational Considerations

%X£LMKLZSPYQI£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£E£WMKREP£EX£XLI£GVSWWSZIV£MW£RIIHIH£XS£GSRXVSP£PIJX£XYVR£QSZI QIRX£WXEKMRK££8LMW£WMKREP£GER£FI£GSSVHMREXIH£[MXL£XLI£QEMR£MRXIVWIGXMSR£GSRXVSP£WS£XLEX£EVXIVMEP

 ReidMonoChapt4.qxd 6/23/04 9:28 AM Page 50

XLVSYKLXVEJJMG£WXSTW£RS£QSVI£XLER£SRGI££8LI£'*-£HIWMKR£EPWS£MQTVSZIW£TIHIWXVMER£IJJMGMIRG] ERH£WEJIX]££4IHIWXVMERW£GER£GVSWW£XLI£MRXIVWIGXMSR£MR£X[S£WXEKIW£[MXLSYX£PIJX£SV£VMKLXXYVRMRK GSRJPMGXW££8LI£WLSVXIV£G]GPI£PIRKXLW£X]TMGEP£EX£E£'*-£MRXIVWIGXMSR£EPWS£WLSVXIR£XLI£TIHIWXVMER«W [EMX£JSV£E£[EPO£TLEWI

Exhibit 26: Continuous Flow Intersection Design

6MKLX£XYVRW£EVI£VIQSZIH£JVSQ£GSRJPMGXW£RIEV£XLI£MRXIVWIGXMSR£[MXL£VEQTW££98YVRW£SR£XLI EVXIVMEP£EVI£TSWWMFPI£EX£XLI£PIJXXYVR£GVSWWSZIV£MJ£XLI£QIHMER£MW£[MHI£IRSYKL £LS[IZIV£[MXLSYX 98YVR£TVSZMWMSRW£XLI£EVXIVMEP£QIHMER£QE]£FI£REVVS[££8LI£PIJXXYVR£PERI£GVSWWIW£XLI£STTSWMRK XVEJJMG£EX£ER£MRXIVWIGXMSR£ETTVS\MQEXIP]££JIIX£MR£EHZERGI£SJ£XLI£GVSWW£WXVIIX££8LMW£HMWXERGI£MW E£FEPERGI£FIX[IIR£XLI£GSWXW£SJ£E£PSRKIV£WXSVEKI£EVIE£ERH£XLI£WTMPPFEGO£TSXIRXMEP£JVSQ£XLI£QEMR MRXIVWIGXMSR

4.1.4 Studies and Research

7IZIVEP£WXYHMIW£SJ£XLI£'*-£HIWMKRW£GSQTEVIH£XVEZIP£XMQIW£VIPEXMZI£XS£E£GSRZIRXMSREP£MRXIV WIGXMSR£HIWMKR£ERH£JSYRH£KVIEX£XMQIWEZMRK£TSXIRXMEP£TEVXMGYPEVP]£EX£LMKL£ZSPYQI£PIZIPW£   %£VIGIRX£*,;%£6IWIEVGL£ERH£(IZIPSTQIRX£WXYH]£WLS[IH£XLI£GSRWMHIVEFPI£GETEGMX]£MQTVSZI QIRX£XLI£'*-£GSYPH£LEZI£YRHIV£GIVXEMR£STIVEXMRK£GSRHMXMSRW£GSQTEVIH£XS£XLI£GSRZIRXMSREP MRXIVWIGXMSR

 ReidMonoChapt4.qxd 6/23/04 9:28 AM Page 51

Exhibit 27: CFI vs. Conventional Intersections

'SRZIRXMSREP£ -RXIVWIGXMSR '*- 8SXEP£)RXIVMRK£*PS[£ :IL,V   %ZIVEKI£-RXIVWIGXMSR£(IPE]£ 7IG:IL   -RXIVWIGXMSR£0IZIP£SJ£7IVZMGI * ' %ZIVEKI£1SZIQIRX£5YIYI£ JX  

7SYVGI£*,;%£6IWIEVGL£ £(IZIPSTQIRX£ERH£:MVKMRME£8IGL£7XYH]£*MRHMRKW££8LI£GEWI£WXYH]£GSRZIRXMSREP MRXIVWIGXMSR£MRGPYHIH£XLVII£XLVSYKLPERIW£HYEP£PIJXXYVR£PERIW£ERH£SRI£VMKLXXYVR£PERI£TIV£ETTVSEGL

%HZERXEKIW£SJ£XLI£'*-£HIWMKR£MRGPYHI£JI[IV£ERH£WITEVEXIH£QSZIQIRX£GSRJPMGXW£JI[IV£WMK REP£TLEWIW£ VIHYGIH£XS£X[S £EX£XLI£QEMR£MRXIVWIGXMSR£E£LMKLIV£KVIIR£XMQI£TIVGIRXEKI£JSV XLVSYKL£ERH£PIJXXYVR£QSZIQIRXW£VIHYGIH£ERH£WITEVEXIH£GSRJPMGX£TSMRXW£ERH£WMKRMJMGERXP] PS[IV£GSRWXVYGXMSR£GSWXW£ERH£WLSVXIV£GSRWXVYGXMSR£XMQI£GSQTEVIH£XS£ER£MRXIVGLERKI£HIWMKR 7XYHMIW£LEZI£EPWS£WLS[R£XLEX£XLI£'*-£GER£VIHYGI£HIPE]£JSV£EVXIVMEP£XVEJJMG£VIHYGI£WXSTW£JSV XLVSYKL£EVXIVMEP£XVEJJMG£ERH£IEWI£TVSKVIWWMSR£JSV£EVXIVMEP£XLVSYKLXVEJJMG£

8LI£HMWEHZERXEKIW£SJ£XLMW£EPXIVREXMZI£VIPEXMZI£XS£GSRZIRXMSREP£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£MRGPYHI£KVIEXIV TSXIRXMEP£JSV£HVMZIV£ERH£TIHIWXVMER£GSRJYWMSR£MRGVIEWIH£WXSTW£JSV£PIJX£XYVRW£JVSQ£XLI£EVXIVMEP VIWXVMGXIH£98YVR£TSWWMFMPMXMIW£TIHIWXVMERW£QYWX£GVSWW£VEQTW£ERH£XLI£QEMR£MRXIVWIGXMSR£ ERH TIHIWXVMERW£QYWX£GVSWW£XLI£JSYVUYEHVERX£HIWMKR£MR£E£WPS[£XLVIIWXEKI£QERIYZIV £EHHMXMSREP VMKLXSJ[E]£VIUYMVIH£JSV£VEQTW£EHHMXMSREP£GSRWXVYGXMSR£QEMRXIRERGI£ERH£STIVEXMSR£GSWXW£JSV VEQTW£ERH£I\XVE£WMKREPW£ERH£PEGO£SJ£EGGIWW£XS£XLI£EVXIVMEP£JSV£TEVGIPW£RI\X£XS£VEQTW££-J£PIJX XYVRW£JVSQ£XLI£EVXIVMEP£I\TIVMIRGI£QSVI£HIPE]£XLER£EX£GSQTEVEFPI£GSRZIRXMSREP£MRXIVWIGXMSRW XLI£I\XVE£HIPE]£MW£PMOIP]£XS£FI£WQEPP£MR£QEKRMXYHI££

;LIR£XS£'SRWMHIV %KIRGMIW£WLSYPH£GSRWMHIV£XLI£'*-£HIWMKR£[LIVI£MRXIVWIGXMRK£VSEH[E]£ZSPYQIW£EVI£LMKL [MXL£WMKRMJMGERX£PIJXXYVR£HIQERH£ERH£PS[£98YVR£HIQERH££8LIVI£QYWX£FI£EZEMPEFPI£VMKLXSJ [E]£EX£XLI£MRXIVWIGXMSR£ERH£EHNEGIRX£PERH£TEVGIPW£QYWX£FI£SVKERM^IH£XS£EPPS[£VIWXVMGXIH EGGIWW£RIEV£XLI£MRXIVWIGXMSR

4.1.5 Lessons Learned

7IZIVEP£VIGIRX£TPERRMRK£ERH£HIWMKR£WXYHMIW£GSQTPIXIH£JSV£WXEXI£LMKL[E]£EKIRGMIW£LEZI WLS[R£XLI£GSWX£WEZMRKW£SJ£XLI£'*-£GSQTEVIH£XS£ZEVMSYW£MRXIVGLERKI£EPXIVREXMZIW££%X£XLI£1( 1(££'*-£MRXIVWIGXMSR£HIWMKR£VMKLXSJ[E]£ERH£GSRWXVYGXMSR£GSWXW£SJ£E£JP]SZIV£MRXIV GLERKI£HIWMKR£EX£XLEX£PSGEXMSR£[IVI£IWXMQEXIH£EX£¨£QMPPMSR£[LMPI£XLI£'*-£HIWMKR£[EW£GSR WXVYGXIH£JSV£¨£QMPPMSR££8LI£'*-£HIWMKR£EPWS£QMRMQM^IH£IRZMVSRQIRXEP£ERH£VMKLXSJ[E] MQTEGXW£ERH£LEH£E£QYGL£WLSVXIV£GSRWXVYGXMSR£HYVEXMSR£GSQTEVIH£XS£XLI£JP]SZIV£XLIVIF]£QEO MRK£XLI£MRXIVWIGXMSR£EZEMPEFPI£XS£QSXSVMWXW£WSSRIV£[MXL£JI[IV£GSRWXVYGXMSRVIPEXIH£MRXIVVYTXMSRW

8LIVI£[EW£MRMXMEP£GSRGIVR£XLEX£XLI£'*-£HIWMKR£EX£XLI£1(£1(££MRXIVWIGXMSR£[SYPH£FI GSRJYWMRK£XS£QSXSVMWXW £LS[IZIV£VIWYPXW£SJ£E£1EV]PERH£7XEXI£3JJMGI£SJ£8VEJJMG£ERH£7EJIX]£WXYH] JSV£XLI£SRI]IEV£TIVMSH£EJXIV£STIRMRK£SJ£XLI£1(£1(££ETTPMGEXMSR£WLS[IH£RS£MRXIVWIG

 ReidMonoChapt4.qxd 6/23/04 9:28 AM Page 52

PROFILE: CONTINUOUS FLOW INTERSECTION

MD 210 AT MD 228 (PRINCE GEORGES COUNTY, MD)

8LI£1(£1(££8MRXIVWIGXMSR£STIRIH£MR£7ITXIQFIV££EW£XLI£JMVWX '*-£ETTPMGEXMSR£SR£E£WXEXI£LMKL[E]££8LI£HIWMKR£MRGPYHIW£E£XVMTPI£PIJX JVSQ£1(££ERH£E£¨'*-©£QSZIQIRX£SR£XLI£TIVTIRHMGYPEV£8MRXIVWIGXMSR 1(££ETTVSEGL££0IJX£XYVRW£JVSQ£1(££IRXIV£XLI£'*-£XYVR£FE]£[LMPI XLI£XVMTPI£PIJX£MW£VIH £XLIR£FSXL£PIJX£XYVR£QSZIQIRXW£GER£SGGYV£WMQYPXERI SYWP]£VIHYGMRK£XLI£MRXIVWIGXMSR£XS£E£X[STLEWI£WMKREP££1(££PIJXXYVR QSZIQIRXW£IRXIV£1(££JVSQ£E£PIJX£EGGIPIVEXMSR£PERI£WS£WSYXLFSYRH 1(££RIZIV£LEW£XS£WXST££8LI£'*-£[EW£JSYRH£XS£FI£GLIETIV£ERH£PIWW MRXVYWMZI£EX£XLMW£MRXIVWIGXMSR£GSQTEVIH£XS£E£TVSTSWIH£JP]SZIV£HIWMKR ;IXPERH£ERH£JSVIWX£MQTEGXW£[IVI£VIHYGIH£F]£©£GSQTEVIH£XS£XLI£JP] SZIV£STXMSR££-X£[EW£JSV£XLMW£MRXIVWIGXMSR£HIWMKR£XLEX£XLI£'*-£VIGIMZIH£XLI %%7,83££*VERGMW£&£*VERGSMW£E[EVH JSV£HIWMKR£MRRSZEXMSR£EW£WTSR WSVIH£F]£XLI£1EV]PERH£7XEXI£,MKL[E]£%KIRG]££8LI£ETTPMGEXMSR£MW£GSR WMHIVIH£WYGGIWWJYP£EW£RS£QSHMJMGEXMSRW£XS£WMKRMRK£SV£QEVOMRK£LEZI£FIIR RIIHIH

%IVMEP£F]£%MV4LSXS97%£

 ReidMonoChapt4.qxd 6/23/04 9:28 AM Page 53

XMSR£EGGMHIRXW£LEH£SGGYVVIH£VIPEXIH£XS£XLI£'*-£QSZIQIRXW£  ££3XLIV£MRMXMEP£GSRGIVRW£MRGPYH IH£HVMZIV£TIVGITXMSR£VMKLXXYVR£XVEJJMG£WEJIX]£TVSTIV£WMKREKI£RMKLXXMQI£LIEHPMKLX£GSRJYWMSR FIEQW£JEGMRK£FIX[IIR£PERIW £PMKLXMRK£GPIEVERGI£XMQIW£WMKLX£HMWXERGI£ERH£PERHWGETMRK ;LIR£GSRWMHIVIH£MR£XLI£QMHW£EX£ER£3VERKI£'SYRX]£'EPMJSVRME£MRXIVWIGXMSR£IRKMRIIVW£JIPX XLEX£XLI£MRXIVWIGXMSR£[SVOIH£ZIV]£[IPP£MR£XLISV]£FYX£XLI]£LEH£VIWIVZEXMSRW£EFSYX£TSXIRXMEP£HVMZIV GSRJYWMSR£JVSQ£JSVGMRK£QSXSVMWXW£XS£QEOI£PIJX£XYVR£QSZIQIRXW£WIZIVEP£LYRHVIH£JIIX£TVMSV£XS£XLI QEMR£MRXIVWIGXMSR£  ££8LSYKL£RIZIV£MQTPIQIRXIH£IRKMRIIVW£HIZIPSTIH£E£TPER£SJ£E£RYQFIV SJ£WMKRW£ERH£TEZIQIRX£QEVOMRKW£XS£LIPT£QSXSVMWXW£WEJIP]£REZMKEXI£XLI£MRXIVWIGXMSR£

3TIVEXMSREP£WXYHMIW£EX£XLI£MRXIVWIGXMSR£LEZI£JSYRH£XLEX£XLI£'*-£LEW£VIHYGIH£HIPE]W£ERH STIVEXIW£EX£XLI£PIZIP£SJ£WIVZMGI£TVIHMGXIH£MR£TVIHIWMKR£WXYHMIW££7IZIVEP£JMIPH£XIWXW£SR£'*- HIWMKRW£[MXL£X[SPERI£ETTVSEGLIW£MR£1I\MGS£WLS[IH£ETTVSEGL£ZSPYQI£GETEGMXMIW£SJ£ ZTL£ERH££XS££ZTL£JSV£PIJX£XYVRW££'*-£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£SJ£X[S£WM\PERI£VSEH[E]W£[IVI SFWIVZIH£XS£TVSGIWW£TIEO£LSYV£MRXIVWIGXMSR£ZSPYQIW£EW£LMKL£EW££ZTL££4VMSV£XS£HIWMKR MQTPIQIRXEXMSR£WIZIVEP£SJ£XLIWI£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£LEH£ZILMGPI£HIPE]W£SJ££XS££G]GPI£PIRKXLW£  

4.2 CONTINUOUS GREEN "T"

4.2.1 Evolution of Design

;LMPI£QSWX£SJ£XLI£YRGSRZIRXMSREP£HIWMKRW£HMWGYWWIH£MR£XLMW£QSRSKVETL£GER£FI£MQTPI QIRXIH£EX£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£[MXL£FSXL£XLVII£ERH£JSYVPIK£ETTVSEGLIW£XLI£'SRXMRYSYW£+VIIR£8 MRXIVWIGXMSR£ '+8 £HIWMKR£LEW£TSXIRXMEP£ETTPMGEXMSR£SRP]£EX£8MRXIVWIGXMSRW££3J£XLI£WXEXIW£ERH SXLIV£NYVMWHMGXMSRW£XLEX£LEZI£GSRWXVYGXIH£'+8MRXIVWIGXMSRW£XLI£WXEXI£SJ£*PSVMHE£ETTIEVW£XS£FI XLI£QSWX£TVSQMRIRX£[MXL£WIZIVEP£HMWXVMGXW£SJ£XLI£*PSVMHE£(ITEVXQIRX£SJ£8VERWTSVXEXMSR£LEZMRK YWIH£XLI£'SRXMRYSYW£+VIIR£8MRXIVWIGXMSR£ EPWS£ORS[R£EW£E£¨8YVFS8©£MR£WSYXL£*PSVMHE £EX£QER] MRXIVWIGXMSRW£JSV£]IEVW£[MXL£RS£QENSV£ETTEVIRX£TVSFPIQW£  

4.2.2 Description of Operations

8LI£'+8MRXIVWIGXMSR£MW£HIWMKRIH£WS£XLEX£SRI£HMVIGXMSR£SJ£XLI£QEMR£XLVSYKLVSEH[E]£HSIW RSX£LEZI£XS£WXST££8LI£HIWMKR£GER£FI£IRLERGIH£F]£YWMRK£JVIIJPS[£XYVR£ERH£EGGIPIVEXMSR£PERIW JSV£VMKLX£XYVR£QSZIQIRXW£WS£XLEX£SRP]£XLVII£ETTVSEGL£QSZIQIRXW£VIUYMVI£WMKREP£GSRXVSP££8LIVI EVI£X[S£FEWMG£]IX£WMKRMJMGERX£HIWMKR£ZEVMEXMSRW£SR£LS[£XLI£'+8MRXIVWIGXMSR£EPPS[W£SRI£JVIIJPS[ XLVSYKLQSZIQIRX

 ReidMonoChapt4.qxd 6/23/04 9:28 AM Page 54

Exhibit 28: Continuous Green T-Intersection Design

E F 8LI£X[S£ZIVWMSRW£SJ£XLI£GSRXMRYSYW£JPS[£MRXIVWIGXMSR£MRGPYHI£ E £QIVKIGSRXVSP£E£JVIIJPS[£PIJX£QIVKI£PERI SRXS£XLI£EVXIVMEP£ERH£ F £PERIGSRXVSP£ER£STXMSR£PERI£[MXL£WMKREP£GSRXVSP£XS£IPMQMREXI£XLI£RIIH£JSV£PIJXXYVRMRK XVEJJMG£JVSQ£XLI£GVSWW£WXVIIX£XS£QIVKI££-R£FSXL£GEWIW£PERIW£MR£SRI£HMVIGXMSR£SJ£JPS[£HS£RSX£LEZI£XS£WXST

1IVKIGSRXVSP£'SRXMRYSYW£+VIIR£8£ 7MKREPGSRXVSPPIH£'SRXMRYSYW£+VIIR£8

 -R£XLI£JMVWX£HIWMKR£ZEVMEXMSR£EPP£XLVSYKLPERIW£MR£XLI£HMVIGXMSR£SR£XLI£STTSWMXI£WMHI£SJ£XLI EVXIVMEP£JVSQ£XLI£8ETTVSEGL£VIGIMZI£E£GSRWXERX£KVIIR£WMKREP £PIJX£XYVRW£JVSQ£XLI£GVSWW WXVIIX£QIVKI£SRXS£XLI£EVXIVMEP£JVSQ£XLI£QIHMER£YWMRK£E£GLERRIPM^IH£PIJXXYVRMRK£QSZIQIRX &IGEYWI£SJ£XLI£QIHMER£QIVKI£PERI£E£WPMKLXP]£[MHIV£XLER£X]TMGEP£JSSX£QIHMER£MW£VIUYMVIH SR£XLI£EVXIVMEP£EX£PIEWX£RIEV£XLI£XLVSEX£SJ£XLI£MRXIVWIGXMSR££8LI£GLERRIPM^MRK£PIJXXYVR£MWPERH WLSYPH£FI£TSWMXMZI £WSQI£EKIRGMIW£YWI£GYVFW£[MXL£TEZIQIRX£QEVOMRKW£ERH£VIJPIGXSVW (YI£XS£XLI£STIVEXMSRW£SJ£XLI£PIJX£QIVKI£SR£XLI£EVXIVMEP£EVXIVMEPW£[MXL£LMKLIV£XLVSYKLZSP YQIW£[MPP£FIRIJMX£WS£PSRK£EW£PIJXXYVR£ZSPYQIW£JVSQ£XLI£GVSWW£WXVIIX£EVI£QSHIVEXI£SV£PS[£XS PMQMX£STIVEXMSREP£FVIEOHS[RW£EX£XLI£QIVKI£TSMRX££  9RHIV£XLI£WIGSRH£HIWMKR£ZEVMEXMSR£XLI£XLVSYKL£PERIW£MR£XLI£HMVIGXMSR£SR£XLI£STTSWMXI£WMHI SJ£XLI£EVXIVMEP£JVSQ£XLI£8ETTVSEGL£EVI£GSRXVSPPIH£HMJJIVIRXP]££8LI£SYXWMHI£ VMKLXWLSYPHIV PERIW£VIGIMZI£E£WXIEH]£KVIIR£WMKREP££8LI£QIHMER£ MRWMHI £PERI£MW£WITEVEXIH£JVSQ£XLI£SYX WMHI£PERIW£F]£E£XVERWMXMSREP£XETIV£ERH£FEVVMIV£ERH£WYFNIGX£XS£WMKREP£GSRXVSP£ SJ£EX£PIEWX£X[S ERH£TVSFEFP]£XLVII£TLEWIW £XLEX£EPWS£GSRXVSPW£PIJXXYVR£QSZIQIRXW£JVSQ£XLI£8ETTVSEGL 8LI£GLERRIPM^IH£WITEVEXMSR£WLSYPH£I\XIRH£WIZIVEP£LYRHVIH£JIIX£YTWXVIEQ£ERH£HS[R WXVIEQ£JVSQ£XLI£MRXIVWIGXMSR£XS£QMRMQM^I£LE^EVHSYW£PEWXQMRYXI£[IEZIW££8LI£EVXIVMEP

 ReidMonoChapt4.qxd 6/23/04 9:28 AM Page 55

WLSYPH£LEZI£E£VEMWIH£QIHMER£SJ£WSQI£X]TI£XLVSYKL£XLI£PIRKXL£SJ£XLI£GLERRIPM^IH£PERI£XS WXST£ZILMGPIW£JVSQ£XYVRMRK£PIJX£XS£SV£JVSQ£HVMZI[E]W£SR£XLI£STTSWMXI£WMHI£SJ£XLI£VSEH[E] ERH£XLIVIF]£GVSWWMRK£XLI£XLVSYKLPERI£WITEVEXMSR££8LMW£ZEVMEXMSR£GER£TVSGIWW£LMKLIV£ZSP YQIW£SJ£PIJX£XYVRW£SRXS£XLI£EVXIVMEP£EPXLSYKL£EX£XLI£I\TIRWI£SJ£EVXIVMEP£XLVSYKLXVEJJMG GETEGMX]£ERH£TSXIRXMEP£HVMZIV£GSRJYWMSR£

4.2.3 Design and Operational Considerations

&IGEYWI£XLI£'+8MRXIVWIGXMSR£WXSTW£SRP]£SRI£HMVIGXMSR£SJ£XVEZIP£XLI£MRXIVWIGXMSR£GER£FI IEWMP]£MRXIKVEXIH£MRXS£E£TVSKVIWWMZI£XVEJJMG£GSRXVSP£WMKREP£W]WXIQ££%VXIVMEP£TVSKVIWWMSR£MW£QSVI PMOIP]£XS£FI£STXMQEP£ MR£XLI£HMVIGXMSR£[MXL£WMKREP£GSRXVSP £[LIR£MRXIVWIGXMSR£HIQERHW£JSV£PIJX XYVRW£XS£ERH£JVSQ£XLI£8ETTVSEGL£EVI£QSHIVEXI£XS£PS[

8LI£'+8MRXIVWIGXMSR£HIWMKR£LEW£ETTPMGEXMSRW£MR£FSXL£YVFER£ERH£WYFYVFER£WIXXMRKW EPXLSYKL£FSXL£XLI£QIVKI£ERH£PERIGSRXVSP£HIWMKR£ZEVMEXMSRW£EVI£RSX£GSRHYGMZI£XS£TIHIWXVMER GVSWWMRKW£EW£TIHIWXVMERW£[SYPH£LEZI£XS£GVSWW£EX£PIEWX£X[S£PERIW£SJ£QSZMRK£XVEJJMG£[MXLSYX£XLI EMH£SJ£E£WMKREP££%PP£SJ£XLI£'+8£WMXIW£QIRXMSRIH£MR£XLI£WYVZI]£VIWTSRWIW£HMH£RSX£EXXIQTX£XS MRGPYHI£TVSZMWMSRW£JSV£TIHIWXVMER£GVSWWMRKW£

6MKLXSJ[E]£VIUYMVIQIRXW£JSV£FSXL£'+8£HIWMKR£ZEVMEXMSRW£EVI£QSHIWX££%£[MHIV£QIHMER£MW RIIHIH£SR£XLI£EVXIVMEP£MR£XLI£QIVKIPERI£HIWMKR£XS£EGGSQQSHEXI£XLI£QIVKI£ERH£XETIV

4.2.4 Studies and Research

%HZERXEKIW£SJ£XLI£'+8MRXIVWIGXMSR£ GSQTEVIH£XS£E£GSRZIRXMSREP£QYPXMTLEWI£WMKREPM^IH£ 8MRXIVWIGXMSR£HIWMKR £MRGPYHI£WMKRMJMGERXP]£VIHYGIH£HIPE]£ERH£JI[IV£WXSTW£JSV£EVXIVMEP£XLVSYKL XVEJJMG£MR£EX£PIEWX£SRI£HMVIGXMSR£SJ£XVEZIP££(MWEHZERXEKIW£SJ£XLI£'+8MRXIVWIGXMSR£MRGPYHI£KVIEXIV TSXIRXMEP£JSV£HVMZIV£ERH£TIHIWXVMER£GSRJYWMSR£PEGO£SJ£E£TVSXIGXIH£ WMKREPM^IH £TIHIWXVMER£GVSWW MRK£SJ£XLI£EVXIVMEP£MRGVIEWIH£QIVKMRK£SV£[IEZMRK£QERIYZIVW£ERH£VIWXVMGXIH£EGGIWW£XS£TEVGIPW EHNEGIRX£XS£XLI£EVXIVMEP£XLVSYKLPERIW

;LIR£XS£'SRWMHIV 8LI£'+8MRXIVWIGXMSR£LEW£E£JEMVP]£VIWXVMGXIH£ETTPMGEXMSR£RMGLI££)RKMRIIVW£WLSYPH£SRP]£GSR WMHIV£XLI£'+8£EX£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£[MXL£XLVII£ETTVSEGLIW£QSHIVEXI£XS£PS[£PIJXXYVR£ZSPYQIW£JVSQ XLI£GVSWW£WXVIIX£LMKL£EVXIVMEP£XLVSYKLZSPYQIW£ERH£[LIVI£XLIVI£EVI£JI[£TIHIWXVMER£GVSWWMRKW ERH£RS£HVMZI[E]W£EPSRK£XLI£EVXIVMEP£STTSWMXI£XLI£GVSWW£WXVIIX

4.2.5 Lessons Learned

(VMZI[E]W£EPSRK£XLI£GSRXMRYSYW£KVIIR£XLVSYKLPERI W £TSWI£X[S£TSXIRXMEP£TVSFPIQW££*MVWX XLVSYKLHVMZIVW£MR£XLI£GSRXMRYSYW£KVIIR£PERIW£QE]£RSX£I\TIGX£XS£WPS[£JSV£ER]XLMRK£MR£XLSWI PERIW£IZIR£E£VMKLXXYVRMRK£ZILMGPI££7IGSRH£HVMZIVW£XYVRMRK£PIJX£SRXS£XLI£EVXIVMEP£JVSQ£XLI£GVSWW WXVIIX£QE]£XV]£XS£QIVKI£MRXS£XLI£GSRXMRYSYW£KVIIR£XLVSYKLPERI£SV£TEWW£XLVSYKL£XLI£PERI£WITE VEXMSR£XS£KIX£XS£E£HVMZI[E]£

9RHIV£XLI£PERIGSRXVSP£HIWMKR£QSXSVMWXW£QE]£FI£GSRJYWIH£F]£XLI£PERI£WMKREP£GSRXVSP ERHSV£QE]£EXXIQTX£PEWXQMRYXI£PERI£GLERKIW£XS£EZSMH£XLI£WMKREP£GSRXVSP££8LI£PERI£WITEVE

 ReidMonoChapt4.qxd 6/23/04 9:29 AM Page 56

XMSRGLERRIPM^EXMSR£WLSYPH£FI£GPIEVP]£HIPMRIEXIH£ERH£MHIRXMJMIH£F]£TVSTIV£EHZERGI£WMKREKI 7IZIVEP£WXYHMIW£LEZI£WLS[R£XLEX£EX£X]TMGEP£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£SR£JSYVPERI£EVXIVMEPW£MR£*PSVMHE£EFSYX £TIVGIRX£SJ£HVMZIVW£GLSWI£XLI£GSRXMRYSYW£KVIIR£PERI£[LMPI£SR£WM\PERI£EVXIVMEPW£EFSYX££TIV GIRX£SJ£HVMZIVW£GLSWI£SRI£SJ£XLI£X[S£GSRXMRYSYW£KVIIR£PERIW£  

Exhibit 29: Stanchion Maintenance Needs at CGT-Intersection

8LI£WITEVEXMSR£FIX[IIR£XLI£WMKREPGSRXVSPPIH£PERI ERH£XLI£GSRXMRYSYW£KVIIR£XLVSYKLPERI W £GER£FI£REV VS[£ERH£WLSYPH£RSX£TVIWIRX£E£LE^EVHSYW£JM\IH£SFNIGX VEXLIV£QSWX£EKIRGMIW£LIPT£MHIRXMJ]£XLI£WITEVEXMSR£[MXL VEMWIH£VIJPIGXSVW£SV£VYQFPI£WXVMTW££8LI£*PSVMHE£(ITEVX QIRX£SJ£8VERWTSVXEXMSR£LEW£JSYRH£XLEX£WXERGLMSRW£GER FI£TVSFPIQEXMG£JSV£QEMRXIRERGI

%KIRGMIW£GER£YWI£QSVI£XLER£SRI£GSRXMRYSYW KVIIR£XLVSYKLPERI£FYX£HYEP£PIJXXYVR£PERIW£JVSQ£XLI GVSWW£WXVIIX£VIUYMVI£HYEP£WMKREPGSRXVSPPIH£XLVSYKL PERIW£SR£XLI£XST£SJ£XLI£8£ERH£[SYPH£TYX£KVIEX£TVIWWYVI SR£XLI£VIQEMRMRK£GSRXMRYSYW£KVIIR£XLVSYKL£PERI W ££

4.3 MULTI-LANE ROUNDABOUTS

4.3.1 Evolution of Design

8LI£97£HIZIPSTIH£XLI£JMVWX£VSXEV]£XVEJJMG£GMVGPI£MR££EX£'SPYQFYW£'MVGPI£MR£2I[£=SVO£'MX] 2S£VMKLXSJ[E]£VYPIW£[IVI£IWXEFPMWLIH£ERH£EPXLSYKL£ER£MQTVSZIQIRX£SZIV£XLI£TVIZMSYW£MRXIV WIGXMSR£GSRXVSP£XLI£GMVGPI£[SYPH£PSGO£YT£YRHIV£LIEZMIV£ZSPYQIW£ERH£VIUYMVIH£TSPMGI£GSRXVSP HYVMRK£TIEO£LSYVW££7IZIVEP£MRMXMEPP]£TVSQMRIRX£97£XVEJJMG£GMVGPIW£[IVI£IMXLIV£VITPEGIH£F]£MRXIV GLERKIW£SV£LEH£WMKREPW£EHHIH£[MXLMR£XLI£GMVGPI£ERH£F]£XLI£W£6SYRHEFSYXW£LEH£KIRIVEPP] JEPPIR£SYX£SJ£JEZSV£MR£XLI£97££%X£EFSYX£XLEX£WEQI£XMQI£&VMXMWL£XVEJJMG£IRKMRIIVW£FIKER£IZEPYEX MRK£6SYRHEFSYX£STIVEXMSRW£ERH£XLI£GETEGMXMIW£SJ£PEVKIV£GMVGPIW£ERH£JSYRH£XLEX£6SYRHEFSYXW LEH£LMKLIV£GETEGMXMIW£[LIR£E£¨TVMSVMX]XSXLIGMVGPI©£VYPI£[EW£ETTPMIH££6SYRHEFSYXW£[IVI£XLIR HIWMKRIH£[MXL£WQEPPIV£HMEQIXIVW£ERH£[MHIV£IRXV]£TSMRXW£VIWYPXMRK£MR££XS££TIVGIRX£MRGVIEWIW MR£GETEGMX]££

6SYRHEFSYXW£[IVI£¨I\TSVXIH©£XS£%YWXVEPME£ERH£*VERGI£MR£XLI£W£ERH£WIZIVEP£HIGEHIW SJ£HIWMKR£ERH£STIVEXMSREP£EHZERGIQIRX£EW£[IPP£EW£YWIV£JEQMPMEVMX]£LEZI£PIH£QER]£)YVSTIER GMXMIW£XS£VIKYPEVP]£EHSTX£XLIQ£EW£E£ZMEFPI£EPXIVREXMZI£XS£XLI£XVEHMXMSREP£WMKREPGSRXVSPPIH£MRXIVWIG XMSR£*VERGI£LEW£FIGSQI£E£PIEHIV£MR£6SYRHEFSYX£MQTPIQIRXEXMSRW£[MXL£SZIV££GYVVIRX ETTPMGEXMSRW££3XLIV£TVSQMRIRX£YWIVW£MRGPYHI£%YWXVEPME£7[MX^IVPERH£+IVQER]£7TEMR£4SVXYKEP ERH£QSVI£VIGIRXP]£-WVEIP£2I[£>IEPERH£ERH£7SYXL£%JVMGE££(IWTMXI£XLI£TVSPMJIVEXMSR£SJ£QSHIVR 6SYRHEFSYX£HIWMKRW£EFVSEH£XLI]£LEZI£SRP]£VIGIRXP]£FIIR£MQTPIQIRXIH£MR£XLI£97££8LI£JMVWX QSHIVR£6SYRHEFSYXW£MR£XLI£97£[IVI£HIWMKRIH£MR£7YQQIVPERH£ 0EW£:IKEW £2IZEHE£MR£ ERH£SXLIVW£JSPPS[IH£MR£+EMRIWZMPPI£*PSVMHE£ERH£%ZSR£'SPSVEHS

 ReidMonoChapt4.qxd 6/23/04 9:29 AM Page 57

Exhibit 30: Modern Multi-lane Roundabout, Kingston, NY

4LSXS£F]£,S[EVH£1G'YPPSGL£2=7(38£YWIH£F]£TIVQMWWMSR +VS[MRK£MRXIVIWX£MR£XLI£6SYRHEFSYX£HIWMKR£LEW£PIH£XS£WIZIVEP£YWIJYP£TYFPMGEXMSRW£SR£XLI XSTMG£[MXL£TIVLETW£XLI£QSWX£MRGPYWMZI£VITSVXW£FIMRK£XLI£2EXMSREP£'SSTIVEXMZI£,MKL[E] 6IWIEVGL£4VSKVEQ«W£7]RXLIWMW£SJ£,MKL[E]£4VEGXMGI££1SHIVR£6SYRHEFSYX£4VEGXMGI£MR£XLI 9RMXIH£7XEXIW£ERH£XLI£*IHIVEP£,MKL[E]£%HQMRMWXVEXMSR£TYFPMGEXMSR£6SYRHEFSYXW£%R -RJSVQEXMSREP£+YMHI££3XLIV£YWIJYP£97£VIJIVIRGIW£MRGPYHI£XLI£KYMHIPMRIW£HIZIPSTIH£F]£XLI 1EV]PERH£7XEXI£,MKL[E]£%KIRG]£ERH£XLI£*PSVMHE£(ITEVXQIRX£SJ£8VERWTSVXEXMSR

4.3.2 Description of Operations

6SYRHEFSYXW£EVI£SJXIR£GSRJYWIH£[MXL£XVEJJMG£GMVGPIW£JVSQ£XLI£JMVWX£LEPJ£SJ£XLI£XL£GIRXYV] [LMGL£EVI£SJXIR£ZMI[IH£YRJEZSVEFP]£FIMRK£GMXIH£JSV£GSRKIWXMSR£LMKLIV£EGGMHIRX£VEXIW£ERH£TSSV IRXV]£GSRHMXMSRW££8LI£HMJJIVIRGIW£FIX[IIR£QSHIVR£6SYRHEFSYXW£ERH£XVEJJMG£GMVGPIW£EVI£SYXPMRIH FIPS[

8VEJJMG£'MVGPIW 1SHIVR£6SYRHEFSYXW 'MVGPI£HMEQIXIV£HIXIVQMRIH£F]£WTEGI£ 6SYRHEFSYX£HMEQIXIV£MW£GEPGYPEXIH£FEWIH£ EZEMPEFPI£ERH£RYQFIV£SJ£ETTVSEGLIW£ SR£XVEJJMG£ZSPYQIW£KIRIVEPP]£FIX[IIR££XS££JIIX£ MR£HMEQIXIV %TTVSEGLIW£KIRIVEPP]£HIWMKRIH£XS£TIVQMX£E£ %TTVSEGLIW£EVI£JPEVIH£ERH£HIJPIGXIH£EVSYRH£XLI LMKLWTIIH£IRXV]£QIVKI£MRXS£XLI£GMVGPI GIRXVEP£MWPERH £QSZIQIRX£IRXV]£WTIIHW£EVI£PMQMXIH£XS £QTL£F]£KISQIXV] 0EVKI£GMVGPI£HMEQIXIV£EPPS[W£LMKLIV£STIVEXMRK£ )RXIVMRK£ZILMGPIW£QYWX£]MIPH£XS£GMVGYPEXMRK£ZILMGPIW WTIIHW£ YT£XS££QTL £XLEX£GER£GEYWI£YRWEJI£ WQEPPIV£HMEQIXIV£TVSZMHIW£E£PS[WTIIH£IRZMVSRQIRX IRXIVMRK£ERH£I\MXMRK£[IEZMRK£QSZIQIRXW£ £QTL 6SYRHEFSYX£JPS[W£GER£FVIEO£HS[R£EX£LMKLIV£ 5YIYMRK£SR£ETTVSEGLIW£QE]£VIWYPX£EX£LMKLIV£ZSPYQI£ ZSPYQIW FYX£GIRXVEP£6SYRHEFSYX£QSZIQIRX£[MPP£RSX£FVIEO£HS[R

'YVVIRXP]£XLIVI£EVI£QYPXMPERI£6SYRHEFSYXW£MR£RMRI£WXEXIW£EGVSWW£XLI£97££4VSQMRIRX£QYPXM PERI£I\EQTPIW£MRGPYHI£XLI£68££68£0SW£'S]SXIW£6SYRHEFSYX£MR£0SRK£&IEGL£'EPMJSVRME [LMGL£STIRIH£MR££LEW£ER£MRWGVMFIH£HMEQIXIV£SJ££JIIX£ERH£TIEO£LSYV£ETTVSEGL£ZSP YQIW£SJ££ZTL££8LIVI£EVI£IMKLX£ORS[R£QYPXMPERI£HIWMKRW£SR£97£VSEH[E]W£XLEX£LEZI£HEMP]

 ReidMonoChapt4.qxd 6/23/04 9:29 AM Page 58

XVEJJMG£ZSPYQIW£MR£I\GIWW£SJ££ZTH£ERH£GEVV]£TIEO£LSYV£JPS[W£MR£I\GIWW£SJ££ZTL 7SQI£QYPXMPERI£6SYRHEFSYXW£MR£)RKPERH£GEVV]£QSVI£XLER££ZTL£  ££1YPXMPERI 6SYRHEFSYXW£GER£LEZI£GETEGMXMIW£YT[EVH£SJ££XS££ZTH£  

4.3.3 Design and Operational Considerations

6SYRHEFSYXW£LEZI£FIIR£WYGGIWWJYP£MR£)YVSTI£JSV£WIZIVEP£VIEWSRW£MRGPYHMRK£XLI£HIWMKR«W LMKL£GETEGMX]£ERH£JPYMHMX]£MQTVSZIH£MRXIVWIGXMSR£WEJIX]£WLSVXIV£HIPE]W£ERH£VIHYGIH£IRZMVSR QIRXEP£MQTEGXW£

4VSTIV£WMKRMRK£ERH£QEVOMRK£SR£XLI£ETTVSEGLIW£EVI£IWWIRXMEP£MR£LIPTMRK£QSXSVMWXW£MHIRXMJ] ERH£REZMKEXI£6SYRHEFSYXW££-R£97£HIWMKRW£QSWX£QYPXMPERI£6SYRHEFSYXW£HS£RSX£YWI£PERI QEVOMRKW£XS£MHIRXMJ]£WITEVEXI£GMVGYPEXSV]£PERIW£[MXLMR£XLI£6SYRHEFSYX££)\GITXMSRW£MRGPYHI£XLI EFSZI£/MRKWXSR£2=£HIWMKR£ )\LMFMX£ £[LIVI£GIRXVEP£PERI£WXVMTMRK£[EW£MRGPYHIH£XS£LIPT£QER EKI£XLI£LMKLIV£XLER£RSVQEP£PIZIPW£SJ£XVYGO£XVEJJMG

1YPXMPERI£6SYRHEFSYXW£LEZI£KVIEXIV£GMVGYPEXSV]£WTIIHW£ERH£LMKLIV£XVEJJMG£ZSPYQIW£GSQ TEVIH£XS£WMRKPIPERI£6SYRHEFSYXW£XLEX£GER£QEOI£XLIQ£PIWW£MRZMXMRK£JSV£TIHIWXVMER£GVSWWMRKW :ILMGPI£WTIIHW£EVI£E£TVMQEV]£JEGXSV£MR£XLI£GSQJSVX£ERH£WEJIX]£SJ£TIHIWXVMERW£ERH£FMG]GPMWXW %GGSVHMRK£XS£XLI£%QIVMGERW£[MXL£(MWEFMPMXMIW£%GX£ %(% £MWWYIW£VIPEXMRK£XS£ZMWYEPP]£MQTEMVIH TIHIWXVMERW£QYWX£FI£EHHVIWWIH£WEXMWJEGXSVMP]£MR£XLI£6SYRHEFSYX£HIWMKR£TVSGIWW£SV£XLI£MRXIV WIGXMSR£QE]£FI£I\GPYHIH£JVSQ£GSRWMHIVEXMSR£MR£EVIEW£[MXL£LMKL£TIHIWXVMER£XVEJJMG

Exhibit 31: Examples of Modern Roundabout Signing

+SPHIR£'SPSVEHS£6SYRHEFSYX£TLSXS£ VMKLX £F]£&MPP£&EVERS[WOM £YWIH£F]£TIVQMWWMSR

4.3.4 Studies and Research

1ER]£WXYHMIW£LEZI£JSYRH£XLEX£SRI£SJ£XLI£QENSV£FIRIJMXW£SJ£6SYRHEFSYX£ETTPMGEXMSRW£MW£XLI MQTVSZIQIRX£MR£SZIVEPP£WEJIX]£TIVJSVQERGI£TEVXMGYPEVP]£MR£VIHYGMRK£XLI£MRGMHIRGI£SJ£XLI£WIZIV IWX£SJ£MRXIVWIGXMSR£GVEWLIW£ERH£XLI£RYQFIV£SJ£MRNYVMIW£ERH£JEXEPMXMIW£I\TIVMIRGIH££'VEWL£JVI UYIRG]£VIHYGXMSRW£EVI£QSWX£TVSRSYRGIH£JSV£ZILMGPIW£ERH£PIWW£TVSRSYRGIH£JSV£TIHIWXVMERW 6IEWSRW£JSV£XLI£VIHYGIH£RYQFIV£ERH£WIZIVMX]£SJ£EGGMHIRXW£EX£QSHIVR£6SYRHEFSYX£ETTPMGE XMSRW£MRGPYHI£££

 ReidMonoChapt4.qxd 6/23/04 9:29 AM Page 59

ˆ £TIVGIRX£JI[IV£ZILMGPI£GSRJPMGX£TSMRXW£GSQTEVIH£XS£E£GSRZIRXMSREP£MRXIVWIGXMSR£HIWMKR ˆ 4L]WMGEP£KYMHERGI£ERH£WITEVEXMSR£SJ£XLI£ZEVMSYW£QSZIQIRXW ˆ 0S[IV£ERH£GSRWMWXIRX£WTIIHW£XVEZIVWMRK£XLI£6SYRHEFSYX ˆ 4IHIWXVMERW£GVSWW£SRP]£SRI£HMVIGXMSR£SJ£XVEZIP£EX£E£XMQI

6SYRHEFSYXW£VITPEGI£XLI£QSWX£WIZIVI£ZILMGPI£GVSWWMRK£GSRJPMGXW£[MXL£PIWW£WIZIVI£QIVKMRK GSRJPMGXW££1YPXMPERI£6SYRHEFSYXW£MRXVSHYGI£EHHMXMSREP£GSRJPMGXW£RSX£TVIWIRX£MR£WMRKPIPERI 6SYRHEFSYXW£EW£HVMZIVW£QE]£YWI£XLI£MRGSVVIGX£PERI£SV£QEOI£MQTVSTIV£XYVRW££%£WXYH]£SJ£XLVII QYPXMPERI£6SYRHEFSYXW£XLEX£[IVI£GSRZIVXIH£JVSQ£GSRZIRXMSREP£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£WLS[IH£XLI£JSP PS[MRK£VIHYGXMSRW£MR£GVEWLIW

Exhibit 32: US Multi-lane Roundabout Conversions Crash Study (3 Sites)

%GGMHIRX£6EXIW£TIV££QMPPMSR£:ILMGPI£1MPIW£8VEZIPIH %GGMHIRXW£[MXL£-RNYVMIW %GGMHIRXW£[MXL 8SXEP£%GGMHIRXW ERHSV£*EXEPMXMIW 4VSTIVX]£(EQEKI£3RP] &IJSVI£6SYRHEFSYX    %JXIV£6SYRHEFSYX    'LERKI © © © 7SYVGI£%HETXIH£JVSQ£*,;%£6SYRHEFSYXW£%R£-RJSVQEXMSREP£+YMHI

8LI£WXYH]£EPWS£GSPPIGXIH£FIJSVIERHEJXIV£GVEWL£WXEXMWXMGW£JSV££6SYRHEFSYXW£MR£XLI£97 XLVII£SJ£[LMGL£[IVI£PEVKIV£QYPXMPERI£6SYRHEFSYXW£[MXL£HMEQIXIVW£KVIEXIV£XLER££JIIX££8SXEP GVEWLIW£EX£XLIWI££MRXIVWIGXMSRW£[IVI£VIHYGIH£F]£ER£EZIVEKI£SJ££TIVGIRX£ERH£MRNYV]£GVEWL IW£[IVI£VIHYGIH£F]££TIVGIRX

%RSXLIV£FIRIJMX£SJ£HYEPPERI£6SYRHEFSYXW£MW£XLIMV£LMKLIV£MRXIVWIGXMSR£GETEGMX]£)\LMFMX£ WLS[W£XLI£ETTVSEGL£GETEGMX]£SJ£E£HSYFPIPERI£6SYRHEFSYX£[MXL£ER£MRWGVMFIH£HMEQIXIV FIX[IIR££ERH££JIIX£FEWIH£SR£WXYHMIW£SJ£&VMXMWL£6SYRHEFSYX£ETTPMGEXMSRW££1SHIVR 6SYRHEFSYXW£[MXL£PEVKIV£MRWGVMFIH£HMEQIXIVW£GER£LEZI£WPMKLXP]£KVIEXIV£GETEGMXMIW£XLER 6SYRHEFSYXW£[MXL£WQEPPIV£HMEQIXIVW££'ETEGMXMIW£SJ£MRHMZMHYEP£6SYRHEFSYX£I\MXW£LEZI£FIIR IWXMQEXIH£EX££ZTL£JSV£6SYRHEFSYXW£SJ£XLMW£WM^I££%R]£ETTVSEGL£[MXL£ER£ERXMGMTEXIH£I\MX ZSPYQI£ETTVSEGLMRK£XLMW£GETEGMX]£WLSYPH£GSRWMHIV£E£HYEPPERI£I\MX££

 ReidMonoChapt4.qxd 6/23/04 9:29 AM Page 60

Exhibit 33: Capacity of a Double-Lane Roundabout Approach

7SYVGI£6SYRHEFSYXW£%R£-RJSVQEXMSREP£+YMHI£*IHIVEP£,MKL[E]£%HQMRMWXVEXMSR

6SYRHEFSYXW£GER£TVSHYGI£STIVEXMSREP£MQTVSZIQIRXW£MR£PSGEXMSRW£[LIVI£XLI£WTEGI£EZEMP EFPI£JSV£UYIYMRK£MW£PMQMXIH££6SEHW£EVI£SJXIR£[MHIRIH£XS£GVIEXI£WXSVEKI£JSV£ZILMGPIW£[EMXMRK£EX VIH£PMKLXW£FYX£XLI£VIHYGIH£HIPE]W£ERH£GSRXMRYSYW£JPS[W£EX£6SYRHEFSYXW£QE]£EPPS[£XLI£YWI£SJ JI[IV£PERIW£RIEV£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£

Exhibit 34: Non-Circular Modern Roundabout

;LIR£XS£'SRWMHIV %TTVSTVMEXI£PSGEXMSRW£JSV£6SYRH EFSYXW£MRGPYHI£PSGEXMSRW£[LIVI£XLIVI£MW MRWYJJMGMIRX£VSSQ£JSV£EHIUYEXI£UYIYI£WXSV EKI£WYGL£EW£EX£MRXIVGLERKIW£SV£EX IRXVERGIW£XS£FVMHKIW£ERH£XYRRIPW££3XLIV TSXIRXMEP£GERHMHEXIW£MRGPYHI£MRXIVWIGXMSRW [MXL£LMKL£EGGMHIRX£VEXIW£TEVXMGYPEVP]£EGGM HIRXW£MRZSPZMRK£GVSWW£WXVIIX£XLVSYKL ERHSV£PIJXXYVR£QSZIQIRXW££4SSV£GERHM HEXIW£MRGPYHI£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£SJ£VSEHW£[MXL YRIUYEP£ZSPYQIW£[LMGL£[SYPH£KMZI£E£HMW TVSTSVXMSREXI£EHZERXEKI£XS£XLI£PS[ZSPYQI ETTVSEGLIW 6SYRHEFSYX£TVMRGMTPIW£GER£FI£ETTPMIH£XS£RSRGMVGYPEV WLETIW £XLMW£MW£TEVXMGYPEVP]£YWIJYP£JSV£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£[MXL IGGIRXVMGEPP]£EVVERKIH£ETTVSEGLIW

 ReidMonoChapt4.qxd 6/23/04 9:29 AM Page 61

Exhibit 35: Roundabout Advantages/Disadvantages Category Advantages Disadvantages Safety • Reduced number of conflict points • Since Roundabouts are unfamiliar to the compared to signal-controlled intersection. average driver in the US, there is likely to • Lower operational speeds, resulting from be an initial period where accidents intersection geometry, yield fewer and less increase. severe accidents. • Signalized intersections can preempt control for emergency vehicles. Capacity • Traffic yields rather than stops, often • When a coordinated signal network can be resulting in the acceptance of smaller gaps. used, a signalized intersection will increase the overall capacity of the network. • For isolated intersections, Roundabouts should have higher capacity per lane than • Signals may be preferred at intersections signalized intersections due to the omission that periodically operate at higher than of lost time (red and yellow) at signalized designed capacities. intersections. Delay • Overall delay will probably be less than for • Drivers may not like the delays resulting an equivalent-volume signalized intersection from geometries that force them to divert (this does not equate to a higher level of their cars from straight paths. service). • When queuing develops, entering drivers • During off-peak, signalized intersections with tend to force into the circulating streams no retiming produce unnecessary delays to with shorter gaps; this may increase the stopped traffic when gaps on the other flow delays on other legs, as well as the number are available. of accidents. Cost • In general, less right-of-way is required. • Construction costs may be higher. • Maintenance includes landscaping, • In some locations, Roundabouts may illumination, and occasional sign require more illumination, thus increasing replacement. costs. Peds and • A splitter island (see Exhibit 30) provides a • Difficult for visually impaired pedestrians. Bicyclists refuge for pedestrians that will increase • No stopped phase for pedestrians who safety. want security of a signal. • Low speeds reduce frequency and severity • Longer paths increase travel distances for of pedestrian-vehicle accidents. both pedestrians and bicyclists.

4.3.5 Lessons Learned

3TMRMSR£WYVZI]W£MR£97£GMXMIW£XLEX£LEZI£MRWXEPPIH£6SYRHEFSYXW£LEZI£WLS[R££XS£TIV GIRX£ETTVSZEP£VEXMRKW£  ££8LI£WEQI£STMRMSR£TSPPW£XEOIR£FIJSVI£GSRWXVYGXMSR£SJ£E£6SYRHEFSYX HIWMKR£WLS[IH£QYGL£KVIEXIV£YRGIVXEMRX]£ERH£E£PIWWIV£TYFPMG£WYTTSVX£SJ£XLI£HIWMKR£MRHMGEXMRK XLEX£QER]£SJ£XLI£MRMXMEP£JIEVW£VIKEVHMRK£6SYRHEFSYXW£EVI£SZIVWXEXIH

-R£E£WYVZI]£SJ£97£HITEVXQIRXW£SJ£XVERWTSVXEXMSR£XLI£QEMR£VIEWSRW£LMKL[E]£EKIRGMIW£GSR WMHIVIH£ERHSV£GSRWXVYGXIH£6SYRHEFSYXW£MRGPYHIH£KVIEXIV£WEJIX]£WLSVXIV£HIPE]W£PS[IV£GSWXW ERH£MQTVSZIH£EIWXLIXMGWYVFER£HIWMKR £SRGI£GSRWXVYGXIH£XLI£KVIEXIWX£FIRIJMXW£VIEPM^IH£[IVI WLSVXIV£HIPE]W£MRGVIEWIH£GETEGMX]£MQTVSZIH£WEJIX]£ERH£MQTVSZIH£EIWXLIXMGW£6IEWSRW£KMZIR JSV£RSX£FYMPHMRK£6SYRHEFSYXW£MRGPYHIH£YRGIVXEMRX]£XLEX£HVMZIVW£GSYPH£EHNYWX£ERH£UYIWXMSRW EFSYX£STIVEXMSRW£ERH£WEJIX]£  ££4VSFPIQW£IRGSYRXIVIH£EX£I\MWXMRK£6SYRHEFSYX£PSGEXMSRW£XLEX WLSYPH£FI£IZEPYEXIH£MR£RI[£6SYRHEFSYX£HIWMKR£TVSGIWWIW£LEZI£MRGPYHIH£MRGVIEWIH£QEMRXI RERGI£GSWXW£JSV£XLI£GIRXVEP£MWPERH£ EHHMXMSREP£SV£HMJJMGYPX£WRS[£VIQSZEP£EHHMXMSREP£WMKR£GSWXW

 ReidMonoChapt4.qxd 6/23/04 9:29 AM Page 62

ERH£XLI£RIIH£XS£HS£QEMRXIRERGI£EX£RMKLX £PEGO£SJ£WMKREPM^IH£TIHIWXVMER£GVSWWMRKW£PEVKIV£ZILM GPIW£VYRRMRK£SZIV£GIRXVEP£MWPERHW£ERH£LS[£XS£PSGEXI£HVMZI[E]W£RIEV£6SYRHEFSYX£IRXVERGIW

8LSYKL£E£XLSVSYKL£MRZIWXMKEXMSR£SJ£HIWMKR£ERH£GSRWXVYGXMSR£GSWXW£LEW£RSX£FIIR£YRHIVXEO IR£E£WEQTPMRK£SJ£HYEPPERI£6SYRHEFSYXW£SR£WXEXI£LMKL[E]W£LEW£WLS[R£E£GSWX£VERKI£SJ ¨£XS£¨£TIV£MRWXEPPEXMSR£ I\GPYHMRK£VMKLXSJ[E] £ZEV]MRK£[MXL£WM^I£HVEMREKI£ERH PERHWGETMRK£GSWXW£  £

4.4 SPLIT INTERSECTION

4.4.1 Evolution of Design

8LI£JMVWX£ORS[R£ETTPMGEXMSR£SJ£XLI£7TPMX£-RXIVWIGXMSR£GSRGITX£MW£MR£8IP£%ZMZ£-WVEIP£GSRZIVXIH JVSQ£E£GSRZIRXMSREP£MRXIVWIGXMSR£HIWMKR£MR£££8LI£HIWMKR£TVSZIH£XS£FI£WYGGIWWJYP£TVSZMH MRK£KVIEXIV£MRXIVWIGXMSR£GETEGMXMIW£XLER£I\TIGXIH£ERH£TSWXTSRIH£XLI£GSRWXVYGXMSR£SJ£E£GSQ TPIXI£KVEHIWITEVEXIH£HIWMKR£EX£XLMW£PSGEXMSR£  ££7IZIVEP£SXLIV£7TPMX£-RXIVWIGXMSRW£LEZI£FIIR GSRWXVYGXIH£MR£-WVEIP£ERH£[IVI£PEXIV£GSRZIVXIH£XS£HMEQSRH£EXKVEHI£MRXIVWIGXMSRW££3XLIV£XLER YWI£EW£E£XIQTSVEV]£QIEWYVI£HYVMRK£MRXIVGLERKI£GSRWXVYGXMSR£XLIVI£MW£RS£ORS[R£ETTPMGEXMSR£MR XLI£97££%£VIGIRX£WXYH]£MR£2ETPIW£*PSVMHE£MHIRXMJMIH£XLI£WTPMX£MRXIVWIGXMSR£EW£XLI£FIWX£YRGSR ZIRXMSREP£EXKVEHI£HIWMKR£EPXIVREXMZI£XS£E£GSRXVSZIVWMEP£¨£QMPPMSR£EVXIVMEP£MRXIVGLERKI£HIWMKR

4.4.2 Description of Operations

8LI£7TPMX£-RXIVWIGXMSR£WITEVEXIW£XVEJJMG£JPS[£SR£XLI£QEMR£PMRI£MRXS£SJJWIX£SRI[E]£VSEH[E]W [MXL£X[S£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£[MXL£XLI£GVSWW£WXVIIX£WITEVEXIH£F]££XS££JIIX££8LI£GSRGITX£MW£WMQM PEV£XS£E£(MEQSRH£MRXIVGLERKI£]IX£[MXLSYX£LEZMRK£XS£KVEHIWITEVEXI£XLI£VSEH[E]W££8LI£X[S MRXIVWIGXMSRW£EVI£GSRXVSPPIH£F]£GSSVHMREXIH£WMKREPW£ERH£IEGL£MRXIVWIGXMSR£MW£VIHYGIH£XS£XLVII WMKREP£TLEWIW££8LI£WITEVEXMSR£SJ£VSEH[E]W£ERH£VIHYGIH£ERH£GSSVHMREXIH£WMKREP£TLEWMRK£GER TVSZMHI£KVIEXIV£IJJMGMIRG]£ERH£LMKLIV£GETEGMX]£GSQTEVIH£XS£XLI£GSRZIRXMSREP£MRXIVWIGXMSR HIWMKR£  ££8LI£HIWMKR£GER£FI£QSHMJMIH£XS£MRGPYHI£MRHMVIGX£PIJXXYVR£QSZIQIRXW£YWMRK£HMVIG XMSREP£98YVR£GVSWWSZIVW£[LMGL£IPMQMREXIW£XLI£RIIH£JSV£WXSVEKI£PERIW£SR£XLI£GVSWW£WXVIIX£ERH JYVXLIV£VIHYGIW£XLI£WMKREP£TLEWIW£XS£X[S££

Exhibit 36: Split Intersection Design Concept

 ReidMonoChapt4.qxd 6/23/04 9:29 AM Page 63

4.4.3 Design and Operational Considerations

'SRWMHIVEXMSRW£JSV£E£WYGGIWWJYP£7TPMX£-RXIVWIGXMSR£HIWMKR£MRGPYHI£ ˆ 8LI£HMWXERGI£FIX[IIR£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£QYWX£FI£WYJJMGMIRX£XS£WXSVI£EPP£PIJXXYVRMRK£ZILMGPIW£XS EZSMH£TSXIRXMEP£WTMPPFEGOW£SR£XLI£GVSWW£WXVIIX£ERH£PSGOMRK£XLVSYKL£ERH£XYVRMRK£QSZIQIRXW ˆ-X£MW£TVIJIVEFPI£XLEX£XLI£WMKREPW£EX£XLI£X[S£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£FI£GSRXVSPPIH£F]£E£WMRKPI£GSRXVSPPIV XS£EZSMH£XLI£STIVEXMSREP£MRIJJMGMIRGMIW£XLEX£[SYPH£SGGYV£WLSYPH£XLI£GSSVHMREXMSR£SJ£MRHMZMH YEP£WMKREPW«£XMQMRK£JEMP ˆ 8LI£7TPMX£-RXIVWIGXMSR£VIUYMVIW£QSVI£VMKLXSJ[E]£XLER£QSWX£SXLIV£YRGSRZIRXMSREP£MRXIVWIG XMSR£HIWMKRW£ERH£XLI£HIWMKR«W£KVIEXIWX£MQTEGXW£EVI£GPSWIWX£XS£XLI£MRXIVWIGXMSR£[LIVI£VMKLX SJ[E]£QE]£FI£QSVI£HMJJMGYPX£XS£EGUYMVI£YRHIV£E£HIWMKR£VIXVSJMX£WGIREVMS

4.4.4 Studies and Research

&EVIH£ERH£/EMWEV£  £ERH£4SPYW£ERH£'SLIR£  £LEZI£IEGL£GSRHYGXIH£E£WIVMIW£SJ£WMQY PEXMSRW£GSQTEVMRK£7TPMX£-RXIVWIGXMSRW£XS£GSRZIRXMSREP£HIWMKRW££8LIMV£VIWYPXW£WLS[£XLEX£XLI£7TPMX -RXIVWIGXMSR£LEW£KVIEX£IJJMGMIRG]£TSXIRXMEP£[MXL£HIPE]£VIHYGXMSRW£SJ££ERH££TIVGIRX£YRHIV GIVXEMR£LMKLZSPYQI£WGIREVMSW££&SXL£WXYHMIW£EXXVMFYXI£STIVEXMSREP£XMQIWEZMRKW£XS£XLI£VIHYGXMSR MR£WMKREP£TLEWIW£XLEX£]MIPH£KVIEXIV£EVXIVMEP£KVIIR£XMQI£ERH£WLSVXIV£G]GPI£PIRKXLW£

;LMPI£RS£EGGMHIRX£WXYHMIW£EVI£EZEMPEFPI£XLIVI£MW£RS£VIEWSR£XS£EWWYQI£XLEX£XLI£MRXIVWIG XMSRW£[SYPH£VIHYGI£WEJIX]£GSQTEVIH£XS£XLI£GSRZIRXMSREP£ KVEHIWITEVEXIH £(MEQSRH£MRXIV GLERKI££*YVXLIV£XLI£WITEVEXMSR£SJ£GSRJPMGX£TSMRXW£WLSYPH£VIWYPX£MR£JI[IV£GSPPMWMSRW£GSQTEVIH£XS GSRZIRXMSREP£MRXIVWIGXMSRW££0IJX£XYVRW£JVSQ£XLI£EVXIVMEP£XS£XLI£GVSWW£WXVIIX£EVI£[MXLSYX£STTSWMRK QSZIQIRXW££4IHIWXVMERW£LEZI£ER£EHHMXMSREP£MRXIVWIGXMSR£XS£GVSWW£FYX£IEGL£MRXIVWIGXMSR£GVSWW MRK£MW£REVVS[IV£LEW£JI[IV£STTSWMRK£ZILMGPI£GSRJPMGXW£ERH£TSXIRXMEPP]£WLSVXIV£G]GPI£PIRKXLW 2SXIH£HMWEHZERXEKIW£SJ£XLI£7TPMX£-RXIVWIGXMSR£HIWMKR£MRGPYHI£LMKL£MRMXMEP£GSWX£XS£GSRWXVYGX KVIEXIV£VMKLXSJ[E]£RIIHW£GSRJYWMSR£JSV£YRJEQMPMEV£HVMZIVW£ERH£XLI£TSWWMFMPMX]£SJ£QYPXMTPI£WXSTW ERH£STIVEXMSREP£FVIEOHS[RW£MJ£XLI£WMKREPW£EVI£RSX£TVSTIVP]£GSSVHMREXIH

;LIR£XS£'SRWMHIV 8LI£7TPMX£-RXIVWIGXMSR£MW£FIWX£WYMXIH£JSV£MWSPEXIH£ERH£GSRKIWXIH£WYFYVFER£MRXIVWIGXMSRW [MXL£QMH£XS£LMKL£PIZIPW£SJ£PIJX£XYVR£QSZIQIRXW££7TPMX£-RXIVWIGXMSRW£WLS[£XLI£KVIEXIWX£FIRIJMX£EX MWSPEXIH£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£[LIVI£XLI£XSXEP£MRXIVWIGXMSR£ZSPYQI£MW£KVIEXIV£XLER££ZTL£[MXL£QMH£XS LMKL£PIZIPW£SJ£PIJXXYVRMRK£XVEJJMG££8LI£HIWMKR£MW£QSWX£GSQTEXMFPI£MR£ER£EVXIVMEP£W]WXIQ£XLEX£TVS ZMHIW£TVSKVIWWMSR£ERH£GER£MRXIVGSRRIGX£[MXL£XLI£X[S£7TPMX£-RXIVWIGXMSR£WMKREPW££8LI£HIWMKR£GER FI£TEVXMGYPEVP]£EXXVEGXMZI£[LIVI£XLI£GVIEXMSR£SJ£E£KVEHIWITEVEXIH£(MEQSRH£MRXIVGLERKI£MW IMXLIV£TPERRIH£SV£YRHIV£GSRWMHIVEXMSR££8LI£HIWMKR£MW£EPWS£TSWWMFPI£MR£ER£YVFER£WIXXMRK£[LIVI TEVEPPIP£WXVIIXW£[MXL£EHIUYEXI£EZEMPEFPI£SJJWIX£GER£FI£GSRZIVXIH£XS£SRI[E]£XVEJJMG

 ReidMonoChapt4.qxd 6/23/04 9:29 AM Page 64

4.5 OTHER UNCONVENTIONAL INTERSECTION DESIGN CONCEPTS

4.5.1 Quadrant Roadway Intersection

8LI£5YEHVERX£6SEH[E]£-RXIVWIGXMSR£ 56- £MW£E£VIPEXMZIP]£RI[£YRGSRZIRXMSREP£MRXIVWIGXMSR HIWMKR£GSRGITX£XLEX£[EW£JMVWX£TYFPMWLIH£MR£XLI£-RWXMXYXI£SJ£8VERWTSVXEXMSR£)RKMRIIVW£.SYVREP .YRI££MWWYI£ :SP££2S£ ££7IZIVEP£MRUYMVIW£LEZI£FIIR£QEHI£EFSYX£XLI£56-£HIWMKR +ISVKME£-PPMRSMW£ERH£;EWLMRKXSR£7XEXI £ERH£SXLIV£EKIRGMIW£VIWTSRHIH£LEZMRK£HIWMKRW£WMQMPEV XS£XLI£56- £LS[IZIV£RS£EKIRG]£LEW£JYPP]£ERH£MRXIRXMSREPP]£MQTPIQIRXIH£XLI£56-£HIWMKR£ERH STIVEXMSRW£TPER££7SQI£EKIRGMIW£LEZI£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£[LIVI£E£UYEHVERX£SV£WMQMPEV£VSEH[E]W£EVI YWIH£ERH£WSQI£XYVRMRK£QSZIQIRXW£TVSLMFMXIH£FYX£RSRI£MR£GSRNYRGXMSR£[MXL£E£WMKREP£TLEWI VIHYGXMSR£EX£XLI£QEMR£MRXIVWIGXMSR

8LI£GSRGITX£JSV£XLI£56-£HIWMKR£MW£WMQMPEV£XS£XLI£WMRKPIUYEHVERX£VEQT£MRXIVGLERKI HIWGVMFIH£MR£XLI£%%7,83£LERHFSSO£ERH£MR£E£PEXIV£WIGXMSR £ERH£XLI£HIWMKR£JIEXYVIW£EVI FEWIH£SR£GSRGITXW£JVSQ£SXLIV£YRGSRZIRXMSREP£HIWMKRW£GYVVIRXP]£IQTPS]IH£XLVSYKLSYX£XLI£97 8LI£56-£HIWMKR£VIQSZIW£PIJXXYVR£QSZIQIRXW£JVSQ£QEMR£EVXIVMEPGVSWW£WXVIIX£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£F] YWMRK£ER£EHHMXMSREP£VSEH[E]£ GEPPIH£XLI£UYEHVERX£VSEH[E] £MR£SRI£MRXIVWIGXMSR£UYEHVERX££0IJX XYVR£QSZIQIRXW£EVI£VSYXIH£JVSQ£XLI£EVXIVMEP£ERH£GVSWW£WXVIIXW£SRXS£XLI£UYEHVERX£VSEH[E]£XS GSQTPIXI£XLI£PIJX£XYVR£QSZIQIRX£EX£SRI£SJ£XLI£X[S£UYEHVERX£VSEH[E]£8MRXIVWIGXMSRW££

Exhibit 37: Quadrant Roadway Intersection Concept

2SXI£;LMPI£XLI£GSRGITX£MPPYWXVEXMSR£WLS[W£XLI£UYEHVERX£VSEH[E]£XS£FI£MR£XLI£WSYXL[IWX£MRXIVWIGXMSR£UYEH VERX£XLI£VSEH[E]£GER£FI£IJJIGXMZIP]£PSGEXIH£[MXLMR£ER]£UYEHVERX£SJ£XLI£MRXIVWIGXMSR££

&IGEYWI£IEGL£HMVIGXMSREP£PIJXXYVR£QSZIQIRX£TEXXIVR£MW£HMJJIVIRX£EHHMXMSREP£EHZERGI£WMKR MRK£MW£RIIHIH££8LMW£MW£ER£EHHIH£GSWX£GSRWMHIVEXMSR£FYX£RSX£RIGIWWEVMP]£E£HIWMKR£HMWEHZER

 ReidMonoChapt4.qxd 6/23/04 9:29 AM Page 65

XEKI££%PP£PIJX£XYVR£QSZIQIRXW£I\MWX£MR£ZEVMSYW£HIWMKRW£GYVVIRXP]£MR£YWI£MR£XLI£97£ERH£WMKRMRK LEW£FIIR£HIWMKRIH£WTIGMJMGEPP]£JSV£YRGSRZIRXMSREP£PIJXXYVRW££3ZIV£XMQI£QSXSVMWXW£LEZI£FI GSQI£JEQMPMEV£[MXL£FSXL£XLI£KISQIXVMG£HIWMKR£ERH£XLI£EHZERGI£WMKRMRK£JSV£YRGSRZIRXMSREP£PIJX XYVR£HIWMKR£ETTPMGEXMSRW££-R£EHHMXMSR£HIWMKR£QSHMJMGEXMSRW£GER£FI£QEHI£XS£GSRWMHIV£QMWWIH PIJXXYVR£STTSVXYRMXMIW£WYGL£EW£EHHMXMSREP£1IHMER£98YVRW£FI]SRH£XLI£QEMR£MRXIVWIGXMSR

Exhibit 38: Quadrant Roadway Intersection Left-Turning Patterns

*VSQ£%VXIVMEP *VSQ£'VSWW£7XVIIX

8LIVI£EVI£WIZIVEP£MQTSVXERX£HIWMKR£ERH£STIVEXMSRW£GSRWMHIVEXMSRW£RIIHIH£JSV£WYGGIWWJYP 56-£MQTPIQIRXEXMSR ˆ 8LI£WTEGMRK£SJ£XLI£UYEHVERX£VSEH[E]£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£JVSQ£XLI£QEMR£MRXIVWIGXMSR£MW£E£XVEHISJJ FIX[IIR£PIJXXYVR£XVEZIP£HMWXERGIW£ZIVWYW£EZEMPEFPI£WXSVEKI£JSV£XLI£PIJXXYVR£JVSQ£XLI£EVXIVMEP 8LMW£HMPIQQE£MW£WMQMPEV£XS£PSGEXMRK£GVSWWSZIV£PSGEXMSRW£MR£XLI£1IHMER£98YVR£HIWMKR£-X£MW VIGSQQIRHIH£XLEX£XLI£UYEHVERX£VSEH[E]£FI£WTEGIH££XS££JIIX£JVSQ£XLI£QEMR£MRXIV WIGXMSR£WMQMPEV£XS£%%7,83£VIGSQQIRHEXMSR£JSV£1IHMER£98YVR£GVSWWSZIVW£  £££ ˆ 8LI£EVIE£IRGMVGPIH£F]£XLI£UYEHVERX£VSEH[E]£ ETTVS\MQEXIP]££EGVIW£EWWYQMRK£JSSX MRXIVWIGXMSR£WTEGMRK £GER£FI£YWIH£XS£WIVZI£E£WQEPP£HIZIPSTQIRX£[MXLMR£MX£SV£EPXIVREXMZIP] FI£PIJX£YRHIZIPSTIH£XS£QMRMQM^I£XLI£MQTEGX£SJ£HIZIPSTQIRX£XVEJJMG£EX£XLI£MRXIVWIGXMSR ˆ 8LI£56-£HIWMKR£VIUYMVIW£XLEX£EPP£XLVII£WMKREPM^IH£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£FI£GSSVHMREXIH£XS£WIVZI£EW SRI£MRXIVGSRRIGXIH£JM\IHXMQI£MRXIVWIGXMSRGSRXVSP£W]WXIQ££8LI£QEMR£MRXIVWIGXMSR£STIV EXIW£YRHIV£E£WMQTPI£X[STLEWI£WMKREP£GSRXVSP£[LMPI£XLI£WIGSRHEV]£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£VIUYMVI XLVII£WMKREP£TLEWIW £LS[IZIV£XLI£SJJWIXW£XS£XLI£WIGSRHEV]£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£EVI£TVSKVEQQIH XS£TVSZMHI£TIVJIGX£TVSKVIWWMSR£XLVSYKL£XLI£QEMR£MRXIVWIGXMSR£XLYW£RSX£MQTEGXMRK£EVXIVMEP XLVSYKLQSZIQIRXW££8LIVIJSVI£XLI£W]WXIQ£STIVEXIW£EW£MJ£EPP£WMKREPW£EVI£X[STLEWI ˆ%£JSYVXL£PIK£QYWX£RSX£FI£HIZIPSTIH£EX£IMXLIV£SJ£XLI£UYEHVERX£VSEH[E]£8MRXIVWIGXMSRW£XS TVIWIVZI£XLI£STIVEXMSRW£SJ£XLI£GSSVHMREXIH£WMKREP£W]WXIQ ˆ 0IJX£XYVRW£JVSQ£HVMZI[E]W£FIX[IIR£XLI£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£WLSYPH£FI£VIWXVMGXIH£ TSWWMFP]£F] VEMWIH£QIHMER£WIGXMSRW £XS£TVIWIVZI£PIJXXYVR£WXSVEKI£JSV£XLI£QEMR£MRXIVWIGXMSR£ETTVSEGLIW££ ˆ 8LI£UYEHVERX£VSEH[E]£WLSYPH£FI£EX£PIEWX£XLVII£PERIW£[MHI£XS£EPPS[£HYEP£PIJXXYVR£WXSVEKI£EX XLI£XIVQMRM£ERH£XS£TVSZMHI£E£QMHHPIPERI£VIJYKI£JSV£XYVRW£XS£ERH£JVSQ£HVMZI[E]W£EPSRK£XLI UYEHVERX£VSEH[E]££

 ReidMonoChapt4.qxd 6/23/04 9:29 AM Page 66

7XYHMIW£SJ£XLI£56-£HIWMKR£WLS[IH£MQTVSZIH£MRXIVWIGXMSR£WXSTTIH£HIPE]£ERH£XVEZIP£XMQI WMKRMJMGERX£VIHYGXMSRW£MR£ZILMGPI£UYIYMRK£ERH£MQTVSZIH£XSXEP£W]WXIQ£XVEZIP£XMQIW£GSQTEVIH£XS E£GSRZIRXMSREP£EVXIVMEP£MRXIVWIGXMSR£HIWMKR£  ££%W£XLIVI£MW£RS£ORS[R£56-£ETTPMGEXMSR£FYMPX XLI£STIVEXMSRW£WXYHMIW£[IVI£FEWIH£WSPIP]£SR£GSQTYXIV£WMQYPEXMSR£EREP]WMW£VIWYPXW£[MXL EWWYQIH£HVMZIV£FILEZMSVEP£GLEVEGXIVMWXMGW££-QTEGXW£SJ£HVMZIV£I\TIGXEXMSR£QYWX£GIVXEMRP]£FI GSRWMHIVIH£MR£ER]£JMIPH£ETTPMGEXMSR£

2SXIH£EHZERXEKIW£SJ£XLI£56-£HIWMKR£GSQTEVIH£XS£GSRZIRXMSREP£HIWMKR£MRGPYHI£VIHYGIH WMKREP£TLEWIW£EX£XLI£QEMR£MRXIVWIGXMSR£XLI£GVIEXMSR£SJ£GSRHMXMSRW£JSV£MQTVSZIH£EVXIVMEP£ERH GVSWW£WXVIIX£TVSKVIWWMSR£WMKRMJMGERX£HIGVIEWIW£MR£WXST£HIPE]£ERH£ZILMGPI£UYIYMRK£JI[IV£ERH QSVIWITEVEXIH£GSRJPMGX£TSMRXW£ERH£REVVS[IV£MRXIVWIGXMSR£[MHXL£VIUYMVIQIRXW££(MWEHZERXEKIW MRGPYHI£KVIEXIV£TSXIRXMEP£JSV£HVMZIV£GSRJYWMSR£ERH£HVMZIV£HMWVIKEVH£SJ£XLI£PIJXXYVR£TVSLMFMXMSR£EX XLI£QEMR£MRXIVWIGXMSR£MRGVIEWIH£XVEZIP£HMWXERGIW£JSV£PIJXXYVRMRK£XVEJJMG£TSXIRXMEP£MRGVIEWIW£MR WXSTW£ERH£HIPE]£JSV£PIJXXYVRMRK£XVEJJMG£ERH£RSRGSRJSVQMX]£SJ£PIJXXYVRMRK£TEXXIVRW£ERH£EHZERGI WMKRMRK£VIUYMVIQIRXW££

8LI£KVIEXIWX£XMQIWEZMRKW£ERH£STIVEXMSREP£FIRIJMXW£SJ£XLI£56-£HIWMKR£[IVI£SFWIVZIH£[LIVI EVXIVMEP£XLVSYKLQSZIQIRXW£[IVI£TVSTSVXMSREXIP]£LMKL£[MXL£QSHIVEXI£SV£PS[£PIJXXYVR£ZSPYQIW ERH£GVSWW£WXVIIX£ZSPYQIW££-J£XLI£PIJXXYVR£ZSPYQI£MW£LMKL£XLI£XMQI£ERH£HMWXERGI£TIREPXMIW MRGYVVIH£F]£XLI£PIJX£XYVRW£ERH£XLI£MRGVIEWIH£WTMPPFEGO£TSXIRXMEP£QE]£SYX[IMKL£XLVSYKLZILMGPI XMQIWEZMRKW££

4.5.2 Bowtie

8LI£&S[XMI£MRXIVWIGXMSR£[EW£MRWTMVIH£F]£XLI£VEMRHVST£MRXIVGLERKI£GSRGITX£TSTYPEV£MR )RKPERH££8LI£GSRGITX£MW£EPWS£WMQMPEV£XS£XLI£1IHMER£98YVR£HIWMKR£[MXL£HMVIGXMSREP£GVSWWSZIVW SR£XLI£GVSWW£WXVIIX££7IZIVEP£WXEXI£EKIRGMIW£EVI£I\TIVMQIRXMRK£[MXL£VSYRHEFSYXW£SR£GVSWW WXVIIXW£WIZIVEP£XLEX£MRGPYHI£XYVRMRK£TVSLMFMXMSRW£FYX£EW£SJ£]IX£RS£EKIRG]£LEW£GSRWXVYGXIH£E£JYPP &S[XMI£HIWMKR££.SWITL£,YQQIV£E£TVSJIWWSV£EX£2SVXL£'EVSPMRE£7XEXI£9RMZIVWMX]£MR£6EPIMKL£ERH KVEHYEXI£WXYHIRX£.SREXLER£&SSRI£JMVWX£GSRGIMZIH£SJ£XLI£&S[XMI£HIWMKR£MR£E££VIWIEVGL VITSVX£ERH£TYFPMWLIH£E£TETIV£MR£E£8VERWTSVXEXMSR£6IWIEVGL£6IGSVH£MR££HIXEMPMRK£XLI£GSR GITX£ERH£E£WMQYPEXMSR£EREP]WMW£  ££8LMW£ERH£SXLIV£WYFWIUYIRX£WXYHMIW£MRGPYHMRK£WMQYPEXMSR EREP]WIW£SJ£XLI£&S[XMI£LEZI£JSYRH£XLI£HIWMKR£GER£LEZI£QSHIWX£XVEZIP£XMQIWEZMRKW£SZIV£GSR ZIRXMSREP£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£JSV£WSQI£ZSPYQI£GSQFMREXMSRW£  

8LI£&S[XMI£HIWMKR£[EW£HIZIPSTIH£XS£SZIVGSQI£XLI£[MHIV£EVXIVMEP£VMKLXSJ[E]£VIUYMVI QIRXW£SJ£QER]£SXLIV£YRGSRZIRXMSREP£MRXIVWIGXMSR£HIWMKR£EPXIVREXMZIW££8LI£&S[XMI£YWIW£VSYRH EFSYXW£SR£XLI£GVSWW£WXVIIX£XS£EGGSQQSHEXI£PIJX£XYVRW£MRWXIEH£SJ£HMVIGXMSREP£GVSWWSZIVW£EGVSWW E£[MHI£QIHMER££0IJX£XYVRW£EVI£TVSLMFMXIH£EX£XLI£QEMR£MRXIVWIGXMSR£ERH£XLI£QEMR£MRXIVWIGXMSR WMKREP£MW£VIHYGIH£XS£E£WMQTPI£X[STLEWI£STIVEXMSR££%W£MR£QSWX£QSHIVR£VSYRHEFSYX£HIWMKRW ZILMGPIW£]MIPH£YTSR£IRXV]£XS£XLI£VSYRHEFSYX £LS[IZIV£MJ£XLI£VSYRHEFSYX£LEW£SRP]£X[S£IRXVERGIW EW£MPPYWXVEXIH£MR£)\LMFMX£ £XLI£IRXV]£JVSQ£XLI£QEMR£MRXIVWIGXMSR£HSIW£RSX£LEZI£XS£]MIPH

%W£TIV£QSHIVR£VSYRHEFSYX£WXERHEVHW£XLI£&S[XMI£VSYRHEFSYXW£QE]£LEZI£HMEQIXIVW FIX[IIR££ERH££JIIX£HITIRHMRK£SR£WTIIH£ZSPYQI£RYQFIV£SJ£ETTVSEGLIW£ERH£XLI HIWMKR£ZILMGPI££8LI£HMWXERGI£JVSQ£XLI£VSYRHEFSYX£XS£XLI£QEMR£MRXIVWIGXMSR£QE]£ZEV]£JVSQ£ XS££JIIX£[MXL£XVEHISJJW£FIX[IIR£WTMPPFEGO£TSXIRXMEP£ERH£XVEZIP£HMWXERGI£JSV£PIJXXYVRMRK£ZILM GPIW££&IGEYWI£XLI£VSYRHEFSYXW£EVI£SR£XLI£GVSWW£WXVIIX£XLI£EVXIVMEP£QE]£LEZI£E£REVVS[£QIHMER SV£RSRI£EX£EPP££3XLIV£&S[XMI£HIWMKR£GSRWMHIVEXMSRW£MRGPYHI

 ReidMonoChapt4.qxd 6/23/04 9:29 AM Page 67

ˆ 8LI£98YVR£QSZIQIRX£MW£HMJJMGYPX£LEZMRK£XS£XVEZIP£XLVSYKL£FSXL£VSYRHEFSYXW£ERH£FEGO XLVSYKL£XLI£QEMR£MRXIVWIGXMSR££1MHFPSGO£PIJX£XYVRW£EVI£XLIVIJSVI£VIGSQQIRHIH£EPSRK£XLI EVXIVMEP££ ˆ%£8MRXIVWIGXMSR£ZIVWMSR£SJ£XLI£&S[XMI£MW£TSWWMFPI£FYX£MX£[SYPH£PMOIP]£FI£MRJIVMSV£XS£E£XLVII PIKKIH£1IHMER£98YVR£SV£.YKLERHPI£YRPIWW£E£JSYVXL£MRXIVWIGXMSR£PIK£[EW£TPERRIH££ ˆ 8LI£HMWXERGIW£FIX[IIR£XLI£VSYRHEFSYXW£ERH£HS[RWXVIEQ£WMKREPM^IH£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£WLSYPH FI£KVIEX£IRSYKL£XLEX£TSXIRXMEP£UYIYMRK£EX£XLI£VSYRHEFSYX£ETTVSEGLIW£HSIW£RSX£WTMPP£FEGO XS£XLI£WMKREPM^IH£MRXIVWIGXMSR£

Exhibit 39: Bowtie Intersection Concept

8LI£EHZERXEKIW£SJ£XLI£&S[XMI£VIPEXMZI£XS£XLI£GSRZIRXMSREP£QYPXMTLEWI£WMKREPM^IH£MRXIVWIG XMSR£MRGPYHI£VIHYGIH£HIPE]£JSV£EVXIVMEP£XLVSYKLXVEJJMG£VIHYGIH£WXSTW£JSV£EVXIVMEP£XLVSYKLXVEJJMG IEWMIV£TVSKVIWWMSR£JSV£EVXIVMEP£XLVSYKLXVEJJMG£JI[IV£XLVIEXW£XS£GVSWWMRK£TIHIWXVMERW£ERH VIHYGIH£ERH£WITEVEXIH£GSRJPMGX£TSMRXW££8LI£HMWEHZERXEKIW£SJ£XLI£EPXIVREXMZI£VIPEXMZI£XS£GSR ZIRXMSREP£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£MRGPYHI£KVIEXIV£TSXIRXMEP£JSV£HVMZIV£GSRJYWMSR£ERH£HVMZIV£HMWVIKEVH£JSV XLI£PIJXXYVR£TVSLMFMXMSR£EX£XLI£QEMR£MRXIVWIGXMSR£MRGVIEWIH£HIPE]£JSV£PIJXXYVRMRK£XVEJJMG£ERH£TSW WMFP]£GVSWW£WXVIIX£XLVSYKLXVEJJMG£MRGVIEWIH£XVEZIP£HMWXERGIW£JSV£PIJXXYVRMRK£XVEJJMG£MRGVIEWIH WXSTW£JSV£PIJXXYVRMRK£ERH£GVSWW£WXVIIX£XLVSYKLXVEJJMG£EHHMXMSREP£VMKLXSJ[E]£RIIHIH£JSV£XLI VSYRHEFSYXW£ERH£QSVI£GMVGYMXSYW£EVXIVMEP£98YVRW

;LMPI£RS£WXEXI£EKIRG]£LEW£HMVIGX£I\TIVMIRGI£[MXL£XLI£&S[XMI£HIWMKR£WYVZI]£VIWTSRWIW JVSQ£WXEXI£EKIRGMIW£XLEX£MQTPIQIRX£QSHIVR£VSYRHEFSYX£HIWMKRW£MRHMGEXIH£I\TIGXEXMSRW£XLEX XLI£&S[XMI£VSYRHEFSYXW£WLSYPH£WII£WMQMPEV£EGGMHIRX£VIHYGXMSRW£ TEVXMGYPEVP]£SJ£WIZIVI£EGGMHIRX X]TIW £EW£I\TIVMIRGIH£EX£GSRWXVYGXIH£QSHIVR£VSYRHEFSYXW££,S[IZIV£XLI£&S[XMI£TVIWIRXW EHHMXMSREP£HVMZIV£I\TIGXEXMSR£MWWYIW£FI]SRH£XLI£TVIWIRGI£SJ£VSYRHEFSYXW£FIGEYWI£SJ£XYVR QSZIQIRX£TVSLMFMXMSRW£ERH£VSYXI£KYMHERGI££

+SSH£GERHMHEXIW£JSV£&S[XMI£HIWMKRW£MRGPYHI£EVXIVMEPW£[MXL£REVVS[£SV£RSRI\MWXIRX£QIHMERW ERHSV£RS£TVSWTIGXW£JSV£SFXEMRMRK£EHHMXMSREP£VMKLXSJ[E]£JSV£[MHIRMRK££%KIRGMIW£QE]£GSRWMHIV XLI£&S[XMI£EPXIVREXMZI£[LIVI£KIRIVEPP]£LMKL£EVXIVMEP£XLVSYKLZSPYQIW£GSRJPMGX£[MXL£QSHIVEXI£XS PS[£GVSWW£WXVIIX£XLVSYKL£ERH£PIJXXYVR£ZSPYQIW££-J£XLI£PIJXXYVR£ZSPYQI£MW£TVSTSVXMSREXIP]£LMKL XLI£I\XVE£PIJX£XYVR£XVEZIP£HMWXERGI£ERH£TSXIRXMEP£WTMPPFEGO£QE]£SYX[IMKL£XLI£FIRIJMXW£ SV£XMQIWEZ MRKW £JSV£EVXIVMEP£XLVSYKLXVEJJMG££-J£GVSWW£WXVIIX£XLVSYKLXVEJJMG£MW£LMKL£HIPE]W£GEYWIH£F]£XLI VSYRHEFSYX£QE]£EPWS£GSYRXIVEGX£FIRIJMXWXMQIWEZMRKW£JSV£EVXIVMEP£XLVSYKLXVEJJMG££6SYRHEFSYXW EVI£RSX£X]TMGEPP]£YWIH£HMVIGXP]£SR£QYPXMPERI£EVXIVMEPW£WS£XLI£&S[XMI£HIWMKR£MW£RSX£VIGSQQIRHIH EX£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£SJ£X[S£QYPXMPERI£EVXIVMEPW££8LI£HIWMKR£WLSYPH£EPWS£RSX£FI£GSRWMHIVIH£MJ£MX£MW ERXMGMTEXIH£XLEX£XLI£GVSWW£WXVIIX£[MPP£FI£I\TERHIH£XS£E£QYPXMPERI£JEGMPMX]££

 ReidMonoChapt4.qxd 6/23/04 9:29 AM Page 68

4.5.3 Double-Wide

.SWITL£,YQQIV£TVSTSWIH£ERSXLIV£RI[£YRGSRZIRXMSREP£MRXIVWIGXMSR£HIWMKR£MR£.ERYEV] £GEPPIH£E£¨(SYFPI;MHI©£MRXIVWIGXMSR£  ££8LI£GSRGITX£FILMRH£XLI£(SYFPI;MHI£MW X[SJSPH£XLI£HIWMKR£EHHW£I\XVE£PERIW£RIEV£XLI£MRXIVWIGXMSR£XS£QSZI£EW£QER]£ZILMGPIW£EW£TSWWM FPI£XLVSYKL£XLI£MRXIVWIGXMSR£EPSRK£XLI£EVXIVMEP£HYVMRK£XLI£KVIIR£TLEWI££8LI£HIWMKR£EPWS EXXIQTXW£XS£JMPP£XLI£KETW£FIX[IIR£XLI£ZILMGPI£TPEXSSRW£GVIEXIH£F]£MRXIVWIGXMSR£WMKREPW£F]£GSR XVSPPMRK£QIVKMRK£HS[RWXVIEQ£SJ£XLI£MRXIVWIGXMSR££8LI£HIWMKR£XEOIW£QE\MQYQ£EHZERXEKI£SJ I\XVE£PERIW£RIEV£XLI£MRXIVWIGXMSR£WS£XLEX£XLI£RIIH£JSV£[MHIRMRK£XLI£IRXMVI£EVXIVMEP£GER£TSWWMFP] FI£EZSMHIH£SV£TSWXTSRIH££

8LI£(SYFPI;MHI£MRXIVWIGXMSR£WITEVEXIW£IEGL£HMVIGXMSR£SJ£ER£EVXIVMEP£MRXS£X[S£WITEVEXI ¨FEVVIPW©£YTWXVIEQ£SJ£E£WMKREPM^IH£MRXIVWIGXMSR££8LI£EVXIVMEP£PERIW£EVI£WTPMX£YWMRK£E£XVERWMXMSREP XETIV£ERH£FEVVMIV£ WMQMPEV£XS£XLI£'SRXMRYSYW£+VIIR£8MRXIVWIGXMSR £ERH£ER£EHHMXMSREP£XLVSYKL PERI£ERH£XYVRMRK£PERI£MW£HIZIPSTIH£SR£IEGL£WMHI£SJ£XLI£FEVVMIV£XS£¨HSYFPI©£XLI£EVXIVMEP£XLVSYKL QSZIQIRX£XLVSYKL£XLI£MRXIVWIGXMSR££%X£WSQI£HMWXERGI£HS[RWXVIEQ£SJ£XLI£MRXIVWIGXMSR£E£WMQ TPI£X[STLEWI£WMKREP£ GSSVHMREXIH£[MXL£XLI£QEMR£MRXIVWIGXMSR£XS£TVSZMHI£WSQI£TVSKVIWWMSR £MW MRWXEPPIH£XS£¨QIXIV©£XLI£X[S£WIXW£SJ£PERIW£FEGO£MRXS£XLI£SVMKMREP£RYQFIV£SJ£EVXIVMEP£XLVSYKLPERIW XLIVIF]£EZSMHMRK£YRWEJI£QIVKMRK£GSRHMXMSRW££8LI£WIGSRH£WMKREP£MW£ER£MQTSVXERX£TEVX£SJ£XLI (SYFPI;MHI£HIWMKR£EW£MX£EPPS[W£XLI£KVIEXIV£RYQFIV£SJ£PERIW£XS£FI£QIVKIH£[MXLSYX£VIUYMVMRK PSRKIV£XETIV£PERIW£EPSRK£XLI£EVXIVMEP££8LI£TPEGIQIRX£SJ£XLMW£WMKREP£WLSYPH£FI£WYJJMGMIRX£XS£WXSVI XVEJJMG£JVSQ£E£WMRKPI£KVIIR£XLVSYKLTLEWI£[MXLSYX£WTMPPFEGO£MRXS£XLI£MRXIVWIGXMSR£

Exhibit 40: Double-Wide Intersection Concept

%W£XLI£HIWMKR£MW£RI[P]£TVSTSWIH£XLIVI£EVI£WXMPP£QER]£TSWWMFMPMXMIW£XS£I\TPSVI£LS[£XLI£MRXIV WIGXMSR£MW£STIVEXIH££-R£KIRIVEP£EX£PIEWX£WSQI£SJ£XLI£XLVSYKLZILMGPIW£WLSYPH£TVSKVIWW£XLVSYKL FSXL£WMKREPW££-X£MW£RSX£VIUYMVIH£XLEX£FSXL£WMKREPW£STIVEXI£EX£XLI£WEQI£G]GPI£PIRKXL £MR£JEGX£XLI WIGSRH£WMKREP£QE]£STIVEXI£FIWX£EX£E£LEPJG]GPI£PIRKXL££8LI£WMKREPW£WLSYPH£EPWS£FI£EPXIVREXIH XS£TVIZIRX£QSXSVMWXW£JVSQ£XV]MRK£XS£ERXMGMTEXI£[LMGL£FEVVIP£[SYPH£VIGIMZI£XLI£KVIIR£TLEWI£EX£XLI WIGSRH£WMKREP£WSSRIV

 ReidMonoChapt4.qxd 6/23/04 9:29 AM Page 69

%£WMQYPEXMSR£WXYH]£WLS[IH£XLEX£XLI£(SYFPI;MHI£MRXIVWIGXMSR£LEW£XLI£TSXIRXMEP£XS£WMKRMJM GERXP]£MRGVIEWI£GETEGMX]£ERH£VIHYGI£HIPE]£GSQTEVIH£XS£E£GSRZIRXMSREP£MRXIVWIGXMSR£EX£LMKL ZSPYQI£PIZIPW£  ££8LI£WXYH]£EPWS£GSQTEVIH£XLI£(SYFPI;MHI£XS£HIWMKRW£XLEX£MRGPYHIH£EHHM XMSREP£PERIW£XLEX£[IVI£HVSTTIH£EX£QIVKIW£HS[RWXVIEQ£SJ£XLI£MRXIVWIGXMSR£ERH£JSYRH£XLI (SYFPI;MHI£LEH£LMKLIV£GETEGMXMIW£ERH£GSQTIXMXMZI£SV£WYTIVMSV£XVEZIP£XMQIW£EX£LMKL£ZSPYQI PIZIPW££%£(SYFPI;MHI£[MXL£E£WMRKPI£PIJXXYVR£ERH£RS£I\GPYWMZI£VMKLXXYVR£PERI£[EW£WLS[R£XS£FI RIEVP]£EW£IJJMGMIRX£EW£E£GSRZIRXMSREP£MRXIVWIGXMSR£[MXL£HYEP£PIJX£ERH£I\GPYWMZI£VMKLX£PERIW£YRHIV XLI£WEQI£ZSPYQI£GSRHMXMSRW£

8LI£(SYFPI;MHI£HIWMKR£MW£ER£I\XIRWMSR£SJ£XLI£¨REVVS[VSEH[MHIRSHI©£GSRGITX£YWIH£MR QER]£WXEXIW£MR£[LMGL£XLI£EVXIVMEP£EHHW£ER£EHHMXMSREP£SYXWMHI£PERI£FIKMRRMRK£ETTVS\MQEXIP]£ JIIX£TVMSV£XS£E£QENSV£MRXIVWIGXMSR££8LEX£PERI£MW£X]TMGEPP]£E£WLEVIH£VMKLXXYVR£ERH£XLVSYKL£PERI ERH£WIVZIW£HIZIPSTQIRX£TEVGIPW£TVMSV£XS£ERH£EJXIV£XLI£MRXIVWIGXMSR££;LMPI£XLI£EHHMXMSREP£PERI TVSZMHIW£WSQI£EHHMXMSREP£GETEGMX]£EW£[IPP£EW£E£VIJYKI£JSV£VMKLXXYVRMRK£ZILMGPIW£MX£HSIW£RSX TVSZMHI£RIEVP]£XLI£JYPP£PERI£GETEGMX]£XLEX£XLI£(SYFPI;MHI£GER£TVSZMHI£MR£E£QYGL£WLSVXIV£WIK QIRX£SJ£XLI£EVXIVMEP

%£RSXIH£HMWEHZERXEKI£SJ£XLI£HIWMKR£MW£TSXIRXMEP£QSXSVMWX£GSRJYWMSR£XLEX£GSYPH£PIEH£XS£HVMZ IV£IVVSV£MRGPYHMRK£QSXSVMWXW£RSX£I\TIGXMRK£XLI£WIGSRH£WMKREP£SV£UYIYI£PEWXQMRYXI£[IEZMRK QERIYZIVW£YTWXVIEQ£SJ£XLI£FIKMRRMRK£SJ£XLI£FEVVMIV£ERH£XYVRMRK£QSZIQIRXW£SRXS£XLI£EVXIVMEP IRGSYRXIVMRK£ER£EHHMXMSREP£SFWXEGPI££8LIWI£HMWEHZERXEKIW£EVI£WMQMPEV£XS£XLSWI£SJ£SXLIV£YRGSR ZIRXMSREP£HIWMKRW£MR£YWI£XSHE]£ERH£XLIVIJSVI£EVI£RSX£F]£XLIQWIPZIW£WIVMSYW£IRSYKL£XS£IPMQM REXI£GSRWMHIVEXMSR£SJ£XLI£HIWMKR££%RSXLIV£HMWEHZERXEKI£SJ£XLI£HIWMKR£MW£XLI£VIWXVMGXMSR£SJ EGGIWW£XS£EHNEGIRX£PERH£YWIW£MRXVSHYGIH£F]£XLI£FEVVMIV£JSV£WSQI£HMWXERGI£SR£IMXLIV£WMHI£SJ£XLI MRXIVWIGXMSR££0EWXP]£XLI£EHHMXMSREP£[MHXL£SJ£XLI£I\XVE£PERIW£ERH£FEVVMIV£[MPP£MRGVIEWI£XLI£]IPPS[ GPIEVERGI£XMQIW£RIIHIH£JSV£XLI£GVSWW£WXVIIX£QSZIQIRXW£

8LI£(SYFPI;MHI£LEW£XLI£QSWX£WMKRMJMGERX£VIHYGXMSRW£MR£HIPE]W£EX£XLI£LMKLIWX£ZSPYQI£PIZ IPW£ KVIEXIV£XLER££ZTL £SR£XLI£EVXIVMEP£ERH£[SYPH£FI£FIWX£ETTPMIH£SR£ER£EVXIVMEP£[MXL£QSH IVEXI£XS£PS[£XYVR£QSZIQIRXW£ERH£[LIVI£XLI£EFMPMX]£I\MWXW£XS£VIWXVMGX£HVMZI[E]£EGGIWW£JSV£WSQI HMWXERGI£SR£IMXLIV£WMHI£SJ£XLI£QEMR£MRXIVWIGXMSR£

'SWXW£JSV£GSRWXVYGXMRK£E£(SYFPI;MHI£HIWMKR£JSV£ER£MRXIVWIGXMSR£MR£2SVXL£'EVSPMRE£[IVI IWXMQEXIH£EVSYRH£¨£QMPPMSR£MRGPYHMRK£VMKLXSJ[E]£GSWXW££8LMW£GSQTEVIW£ZIV]£JEZSVEFP]£XS XLI£¨£XS£¨£QMPPMSR£GSWX£JSV£E£X]TMGEP£(MEQSRH£ERH£7MRKPI4SMRX£9VFER£(MEQSRH -RXIVGLERKI£VIWTIGXMZIP]£  

 ReidMonoChapt4.qxd 6/23/04 9:29 AM Page 70

 ReidMonoChapt5.qxd 6/23/04 9:30 AM Page 71

5.0 ARTERIAL GRADE-SEPARATED INTERSECTIONS

 ReidMonoChapt5.qxd 6/23/04 9:30 AM Page 72

 ReidMonoChapt5.qxd 6/23/04 9:30 AM Page 73

5.0 ARTERIAL GRADE-SEPARATED INTERSECTIONS

8LMW£WIGXMSR£I\TPSVIW£YRGSRZIRXMSREP£KVEHIWITEVEXIH£MRXIVWIGXMSR£HIWMKRW£XLEX£QE]£LEZI EHZERXEKIW£MR£YVFER£ERH£WYFYVFER£EVXIVMEP£GSRXI\XW££7IZIVEP£SJ£XLIWI£KVEHI£WITEVEXMSR HIWMKR£GSRGITXW£GER£SRP]£FI£ETTPMIH£XS£EVXIVMEP£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£EW£XLI]£GSRXEMR£RS£JVIIJPS[ QSZIQIRXW£XLEX£EVI£X]TMGEP£MR£XVEHMXMSREP£JVII[E]WX]PI£MRXIVGLERKIW

-RGVIEWMRK£XVEJJMG£ZSPYQIW£SR£QER]£97£EVXIVMEP£ERH£XLSVSYKLJEVI£VSEH[E]W£LEZI£KMZIR IRKMRIIVW£GEYWI£XS£GSRWMHIV£KVEHI£WITEVEXMSR£SJ£QENSV£MRXIVWIGXMRK£VSEH[E]W£XS£TVSZMHI£WYJJM GMIRX£GETEGMX]£ERH£VIHYGI£GSRKIWXMSR£SR£VSEH[E]W£SXLIV[MWI£YRHIV£EXKVEHI£WMKREP£GSRXVSP +VEHIWITEVEXIH£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£EVI£HIWMKRIH£XS£IPIZEXI£XLVSYKLQSZIQIRXW£SR£SRI£VSEH[E] SZIV£XLI£GVSWWMRK£VSEH[E]££6EQTW£EVI£YWIH£XS£LERHPI£XYVRMRK£QSZIQIRXW£JSVQMRK£WIGSRHEV] WMKREPM^IH£SV£YRWMKREPM^IH£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£SR£SRI£SV£FSXL£SJ£XLI£VSEH[E]W

8LIVI£EVI£WIZIVEP£NYWXMJMGEXMSRW£JSV£GSRWMHIVMRK£KVEHIWITEVEXIH£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£MRGPYHMRK HIWMVIH£MRXIVWIGXMSR£GETEGMX]£GSRGIVRW£[MXL£WEJIX]£SV£JEZSVEFPI£KVEHIW£  ££%PXLSYKL£KVEHI WITEVEXMSRW£EVI£RSX£GSQQSR£JSV£EVXIVMEP£WXVIIXW£HYI£XS£LMKLIV£GSRWXVYGXMSR£GSWXW£ERH£VMKLXSJ [E]£VIUYMVIQIRXW£XLI]£QE]£FI£XLI£SRP]£QIXLSH£XS£TVSZMHI£WYJJMGMIRX£GETEGMX]£EX£GIVXEMR£LMKL ZSPYQI£MRXIVWIGXMSR£PSGEXMSRW££;LIR£GSRWMHIVMRK£E£KVEHIWITEVEXIH£MRXIVWIGXMSR£SJ£QENSV RSRJVII[E] £VSEH[E]W£MR£FYMPXYT£YVFER£ERH£WYFYVFER£EVIEW£XLI£IRKMRIIV£MW£GSRJVSRXIH£[MXL WIZIVEP£HIWMKR£GSRWMHIVEXMSRW£RSX£RIGIWWEVMP]£TVIWIRX£MR£X]TMGEP£JVII[E]X]TI£MRXIVGLERKI HIWMKRW££+VEHIWITEVEXIH£MRXIVWIGXMSR£HIWMKRW£QYWX£FI£JEV£QSVI£WIRWMXMZI£XS£XLI£PERH£YWI EHNEGIRX£XS£XLI£WYVVSYRHMRK£VSEH[E]£RIX[SVO££-R£FYMPXYT£EVIEW£XLIVI£MW£X]TMGEPP]£MRWYJJMGMIRX VSSQ£JSV£I\TERWMZI£PSST£VEQTW££*YVXLIV£PERH£[MXL£JVSRXEKI£EX£XLI£MRXIVWIGXMSR£SJ£X[S£FYW]£XLSV SYKLJEVIW£GER£FI£TEVXMGYPEVP]£ZEPYEFPI£XS£VIXEMP£ERH£GSQQIVGMEP£YWIW£FIGEYWI£SJ£FSXL£XLI IEWI£SJ£EGGIWW£ERH£XLI£ZMWMFMPMX]£SJ£WYGL£TEVGIPW££(VMZI[E]£EGGIWW£XS£XLI£XLSVSYKLJEVI£VSEH [E]W£MW£XLIVIJSVI£SJ£KVIEX£MQTSVXERGI£ERH£XLI£WXVYGXYVI£IPIZEXMSR£ERH£WYFWIUYIRX£KVEHI£ERH HMWXERGI£XS£HS[RWXVIEQ£EGGIWW£TSMRXW£WLSYPH£FI£QMRMQM^IH

8LI£(MEQSRH£MRXIVGLERKI£ WII£)\LMFMX£ MW£F]£JEV£XLI£QSWX£GSQQSR£KVEHIWITEVEXMSR HIWMKR£MR£XLI£97£FIGEYWI£SJ£MXW£WMQTPI£HIWMKR££8LI£(MEQSRH£MRXIVGLERKI£[SVOW£[IPP£[MXL£PS[ XS£QSHIVEXI£ZSPYQIW£SR£XLI£GVSWW£WXVIIX £LS[IZIV£XLI£TVS\MQMX]£SJ£XLI£X[S£WMKREPW£EX£IMXLIV VEQT£XIVQMRM£ X]TMGEPP]£WTEGIH££JIIX£ETEVX £GER£VIWYPX£MR£MREHIUYEXI£PIJXXYVR£WXSVEKI ERH£QEOI£TVSKVIWWMSR£SR£XLI£GVSWW£WXVIIX£HMJJMGYPX£MR£FSXL£HMVIGXMSRW££8LI£JYPP£'PSZIVPIEJ£MRXIV GLERKI£TVSZMHIW£HMVIGX£XYVRMRK£QSZIQIRXW£[MXLSYX£WXSTTMRK£JVSQ£EPP£ETTVSEGLIW£FYX£VIUYMVIW WYFWXERXMEP£VMKLXSJ[E]£MR£EPP£JSYV£MRXIVWIGXMSR£UYEHVERXW£ VEVI£MR£FYMPXYT£YVFER£ERH£WYFYVFER GSVVMHSVW £ERH£GER£GEYWI£GSRKIWXMSR£[MXLMR£XLI£VEQT£[IEZMRK£QSZIQIRXW£SR£FSXL£XLI£EVXIVMEP ERH£XLI£GVSWW£WXVIIX££8LI£4EVXMEP£'PSZIVPIEJ£ 4EVGPS £MRXIVGLERKI£LEW£FIIR£JSYRH£XS£FI£SRI£SJ XLI£QSWX£IJJMGMIRX£MRXIVGLERKI£HIWMKRW£  £LS[IZIV£XLI£4EVGPS£MRXIVGLERKI£GER£EPWS£LEZI LMKL£MQTEGXW£XS£EHNEGIRX£TVSTIVXMIW£MR£EX£PIEWX£X[S£MRXIVWIGXMSR£UYEHVERXW£ERH£VIUYMVIW£QSWX QSZIQIRXW£XS£WXST£SRGI££

 ReidMonoChapt5.qxd 6/23/04 9:30 AM Page 74

Exhibit 41: Common Conventional (Freeway Style) Interchanges

Diamond Interchange Cloverleaf Interchange Partial Cloverleaf (Parclo) Interchange -X£MW£TSWWMFPI£XLEX£WSQI£JVIIJPS[£QSZIQIRXW£SJ£E£GSRZIRXMSREP£JVII[E]WX]PI£MRXIVGLERKI GER£SZIVTS[IV£XLI£RI\X£HS[RWXVIEQ£WMKREPM^IH£MRXIVWIGXMSR£SR£XLI£EVXIVMEP££-J£XLI£EHNEGIRX EVXIVMEP£WMKREPM^IH£RIX[SVO£GERRSX£LERHPI£XLI£HMWGLEVKI£VEXIW£JVSQ£XLI£JVIIJPS[£MRXIVGLERKI QSZIQIRXW£XLI£TVSNIGX£VMWOW£QMRMQEP£MQTVSZIQIRXW£XS£XLI£EVXIVMEP£EX£LMKL£GETMXEP£GSRWXVYGXMSR GSWXW££-R£XLMW£GLETXIV£QER]£SJ£XLI£YRGSRZIRXMSREP£KVEHI£WITEVEXMSR£HIWMKRW£MRGSVTSVEXI£XLI YWI£SJ£WMKREPW£[MXLMR£XLI£MRXIVGLERKI£XS£LIPT£¨QIXIV©£XVEJJMG£VIPIEWIW£XS£HS[RWXVIEQ£MRXIVWIG XMSRW£9RGSRZIRXMSREP£KVEHIWITEVEXMSR£HIWMKR£IPIQIRXW£JSV£EVXIVMEP£WXVIIXW£QE]£EPWS£FI HIWMKRIH£XS£E£PS[IV£HIWMKR£WTIIH£XLER£JSV£GSRZIRXMSREP£JVII[E]WX]PI£MRXIVGLERKIW£ERH£XLIVI JSVI£HIWMKR£GVMXIVME£GER£FI£PIWWIRIH£MRGPYHMRK£XMKLXIV£PSST£VEQT£VEHMM£]MIPH£GSRXVSP£EX£VEQT EGGIWWIW£VIHYGIH£PERI£[MHXLW£WLSVXIV£[IEZI£EVIEW£ERH£YWI£SJ£WMKREPM^EXMSR£SR£XLI£EVXIVMEP££

5.1 ECHELON INTERCHANGE

5.1.1 Evolution of Design

8LI£)GLIPSR£HIWMKR£[EW£FSVR£SJ£RIGIWWMX]£JSV£E£WMRKPI£MRXIVWIGXMSR£MQTVSZIQIRX£TVSNIGX£EX 97££ERH£2)£VH£7XVIIX£MR£%ZIRXYVE£*PSVMHE££8LMW£7SYXL£*PSVMHE£HIWMKR£ETTPMGEXMSR£STIRIH MR£.YRI££ERH£MW£GYVVIRXP]£XLI£SRP]£ORS[R£ETTPMGEXMSR£MR£XLI£[SVPH£££7MRGI£MXW£STIRMRK£EX PIEWX£SRI£SXLIV£WXEXI£ ;EWLMRKXSR£7XEXI £LEW£GSRWMHIVIH£XLI£)GLIPSR£EW£E£ZMEFPI£HIWMKR£MR TPERRMRK£WXYHMIW£8LI£)GLIPSR£-RXIVGLERKI£[EW£WS£REQIH£F]£XLI£PEXI£(SR£&IGGEWMS£SJ£XLI *PSVMHE£(ITEVXQIRX£SJ£8VERWTSVXEXMSR«W£4PERRMRK£(MZMWMSR£[LS£[SVOIH£SR£XLMW£MRMXMEP£HIWMKR ETTPMGEXMSR££8LI£HIWMKR«W£JIEXYVI£SJ£SRI£MRXIVWIGXMSR£SJJWIX£ERH£SZIV£ERSXLIV£VIQMRHIH£LMQ£SJ XLI£97£2EZ]£*PMKLX£(IQSRWXVEXMSR£8IEQ«W£¨)GLIPSR©£JSVQEXMSR£[LIVI£IEGL£TPERI£JPMIW£SJJWIX ERH£SZIV£SRI£ERSXLIV

5.1.2 Description of Operations

8LI£)GLIPSR£MRXIVGLERKI£LEW£WTIGMJMG£ETTPMGEXMSR£XS£EVXIVMEP£VSEH[E]W££8LI£HIWMKR£MW YRMUYI£MR£XLEX£XLIVI£EVI£RS£XLVSYKL£SV£XYVRMRK£JVIIJPS[£QSZIQIRXW££8LYW£XLMW£MRXIVGLERKI [SYPH£RSX£FI£WYMXEFPI£JSV£E£JVII[E]£JEGMPMX]££8LI£)GLIPSR£MRXIVGLERKI£MW£E£WMQTPI£GSRGITX£XLEX YWIW£VIXEMRMRK£[EPP£WXVYGXYVIW£XS£IPIZEXI£X[S£SJ£XLI£MRXIVWIGXMSR£ETTVSEGLIW£[LMPI£XLI£SXLIV£X[S ETTVSEGLIW£MRXIVWIGX£EXKVEHI££8LI£VIWYPX£MW£E£W]QQIXVMGEP£FYX£SJJWIX£TEMV£SJ£X[STLEWI£MRXIV WIGXMSRW£WITEVEXIH£F]£KVEHI££

 ReidMonoChapt5.qxd 6/23/04 9:30 AM Page 75

Exhibit 42: Echelon Interchange Concept

%PP£MRXIVWIGXMSR£ETTVSEGLIW£IWWIRXMEPP]£FIGSQI£SRI[E]£WXVIIXW£ERH£XLIMV£MRXIVWIGXMSRW GER£FI£GSRXVSPPIH£F]£WMQTPI£X[STLEWI£WMKREPW££8LI£WMKREPW£GER£STIVEXI£YRHIV£HMJJIVIRX£G]GPI PIRKXLW£ERH£TLEWI£XMQMRKW££8LI£)GLIPSR£HIWMKR£MW£QSWX£ETTVSTVMEXI£MR£ER£YVFER£SV£WYFYVFER EVXIVMEP£VSEH[E]£RIX[SVO£EW£XLI£)GLIPSR£GER£¦QIXIV¦£MRXIVWIGXMRK£XVEJJMG£F]£GSRXVSPPMRK£EPP£JSYV ETTVSEGLIW£F]£WMKREP£]IX£MW£VEVIP]£MXWIPJ£WEXYVEXIH£FIJSVI£MXW£GSYRXIVTEVX£JSYVTLEWI£WMKREPW HS[RWXVIEQ£  

5.1.3 Design and Operational Considerations

8LI£)GLIPSR£HIWMKR£TVSZMHIW£KVIEX£JPI\MFMPMX]£JSV£IRKMRIIVW£ERH£HIWMKRIVW£EW£ER]£GSQFM REXMSR£SJ£ETTVSEGL£PERIW£ERHSV£VEQTW£GER£FI£TPEGIH£EXKVEHI£SV£IPIZEXIH£HITIRHMRK£SR£ZSP YQI£JSVIGEWXW£VMKLXSJ[E]£GSRWXVEMRXW£ERHSV£MRXIVWIGXMSR£KISQIXVMG£JIEXYVIW£ WYGL£EW£E£VEMP GVSWWMRK£SV£MRXIVWIGXMSR£WOI[ ££8LI£IRKMRIIV£XLIVIJSVI£GER£SVKERM^I£EHNEGIRX£PERH£YWIW£VIPE XMZI£XS£XLIMV£RIIH£JSV£EGGIWW£XS£XLI£EXKVEHI£VSEH[E]W££%GGIWW£WIZIVERGIW£SR£XLI£EVXIVMEP£ERH GVSWW£WXVIIX£EVI£GVIEXIH£SR£SRP]£LEPJ£SJ£XLI£MRXIVWIGXMSR£ETTVSEGLIW££8LI£MRXVSHYGXMSR£SJ£9 XYVRW£SR£XLI£EXKVEHI£VSEH[E]W£GER£LIPT£QMXMKEXI£XLI£PSWW£SJ£HMVIGXMSREP£EGGIWW£XS£EHNEGIRX PERH£TEVGIPW£

Exhibit 43: Sidewalks Through Aventura Echelon Interchange

8LI£HIWMKR£TVSZMHIW£PSKMGEP£QSZIQIRXW£JVSQ£IEGL ETTVSEGL£ERH£VIUYMVIW£PMXXPI£EHZERGI£WMKRMRK££1SXSVMWXW I\TIVMIRGI£XLI£WEQI£HIGMWMSR£TVSGIWWIW£EW£EX£ER£MRXIV WIGXMSR£SJ£X[S£SRI[E]£WXVIIXW££8LI£KVEHI£SJ£XLI ETTVSEGL£VEQTW£LEW£WMKRMJMGERX£FIEVMRK£SR£XLI£PIRKXL£SJ XLI£VEQTW£ERH£PMQMXEXMSRW£XS£EHNEGIRX£PERH£TEVGIPW££-X£MW VIGSQQIRHIH£XLEX£XLI£ETTVSEGL£KVEHIW£FI£SR£XLI£SVHIV SJ£JMZI£XS£WM\£TIVGIRX£XS£FEPERGI£XLI£GSWX£ERH£MQTEGX£SJ EGGIWW£[MXL£XLI£WXIITRIWW£SJ£XLI£ETTVSEGLIW£ERH£ZIVXMGEP GVIWX£WMKLX£HMWXERGIW£EX£XLI£IPIZEXIH£MRXIVWIGXMSR££8LI£TVS ZMWMSR£SJ£9XYVRW£SR£XLI£EXKVEHI£MRXIVWIGXMSR£[MPP£QEOI£XLI FVMHKI£WTER W £PSRKIV£

 ReidMonoChapt5.qxd 6/23/04 9:30 AM Page 76

8LI£)GLIPSR£HIWMKR£MW£JEMVP]£TIHIWXVMER£JVMIRHP]£EW£EPP£TIHIWXVMER£QSZIQIRXW£GER£FI QEHI£HMVIGXP]£EX£XLI£EXKVEHI£MRXIVWIGXMSR£[LMGL£STIVEXIW£YRHIV£X[STLEWI£WMKREP£GSRXVSP 4IHIWXVMERW£EVI£X]TMGEPP]£RSX£TVSZMHIH£JSV£SR£XLI£WXVYGXYVI££4IHIWXVMER£QSZIQIRXW£GER£FI EGGSQQSHEXIH£YRHIVRIEXL£ERH£XLVSYKL£XLI£WXVYGXYVI££(MVIGX£ZILMGYPEV£EXKVEHI£EGGIWW£XS EHNEGIRX£PERH£YWIW£MW£TVSZMHIH£MR£X[S£SJ£XLI£JSYV£UYEHVERXW££

5.1.4 Studies and Research

-R£E£WXYH]£GSQTEVMRK£STIVEXMSRW£SJ£XLI£)GLIPSR£ZIVWYW£XLI£'SQTVIWWIH£(MEQSRH£ERH£WMR KPITSMRX£YVFER£MRXIVGLERKI£ 749- £HIWMKRW£ YWMRK£8VEJ2IXWMQ £XLI£)GLIPSR£[EW£EFPI£XS TVSGIWW£XLI£QSWX£ZILMGPIW£ERH£LEH£RS£JEMPMRK£037£[LMPI£XLI£'SQTVIWWIH£(MEQSRH£LEH£X[S JEMPMRK£037£ETTVSEGLIW£YRHIV£XLI£WEQI£ZSPYQI£GSRHMXMSRW£ERH£XLI£749-£LEH£XLVII£   %RSXLIV£WXYH]£WLS[IH£XLI£GETEGMX]£ERH£HIPE]W£EX£XLI£)GLIPSR£XS£FI£GSQTIXMXMZI£[MXL£GSRZIR XMSREP£JVII[E]WX]PI£MRXIVGLERKIW£ERH£JSYRH£XLEX£FSXXPIRIGOW£[IVI£RSX£XVERWJIVVIH£XS£XLI£HS[R WXVIEQ£MRXIVWIGXMSR£MR£E£WMKREPM^IH£RIX[SVO££%£*PSVMHE£GSRWYPXMRK£JMVQ£GSQTEVIH£GSWXW£ERH STIVEXMSRW£JSV£WIZIVEP£MRXIVGLERKI£EPXIVREXMZIW£MPPYWXVEXMRK£XLI£)GLIPSR£STIVEXMSREP£GSQTIXMXMZI RIWW£[MXL£QSVI£XVEHMXMSREP£MRXIVGLERKI£HIWMKRW£EX£E£VIHYGIH£GSWX

Exhibit 44: Interchange Cost and Operations Comparative 97££EX£4SVX£0YGMI£&SYPIZEVH£4SVX£7X£0YGMI£*PSVMHE -RXIVWIGXMSR£ (IPE] 'SWX£ 7GIREVMS :SPYQI EZK£WIGZIL 037 )WXMQEXI 2S£&YMPH   *  2&£8VMTPI£0IJXW   ) ¨/ 749-   ' ¨£1 2&£0IJX£*P]SZIV   ' ¨£1 '+8£-RXIVGLERKI   ' ¨£1 )GLIPSR   & ¨£1 Source: Miller Consulting, Inc., 2001.

;LMPI£XLIVI£MW£SRP]£SRI£GEWI£XS£WXYH]£SZIV£E£WLSVX£XMQI£TIVMSH£WSQI£EWWYQTXMSRW£SR£WEJI X]£EWTIGXW£SJ£XLI£HIWMKR£GER£FI£QEHI££8LI£TVIWIRGI£SJ£JM\IH£VSEHWMHI£SFNIGXW£ERH£PIJX QIVKIW£SRXS£XLI£EVXIVMEP£EVI£SJ£WSQI£GSRGIVR£FYX£XLI£WMQTPMJMGEXMSR£SJ£QSXSVMWX£HIGMWMSR£TSMRXW [MPP£QSWX£PMOIP]£TVSZMHI£E£KSSH£SZIVEPP£WEJIX]£VIGSVH£EX£XLMW£X]TI£SJ£MRXIVGLERKI

;LIR£XS£'SRWMHIV 8LI£)GLIPSR£HIWMKR£MW£QSWX£ETTVSTVMEXI£EX£LMKLZSPYQI£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£PSGEXIH£[MXLMR£E£WMK REPM^IH£RIX[SVO££-X£MW£EPWS£[SVXL£GSRWMHIVMRK£[LIVI£ER£MRXIVGLERKI£MW£HIWMVIH£MR£ER£YVFER£SV WYFYVFER£PSGEXMSR£[LIVI£VMKLXSJ[E]£MW£PMQMXIH£ERHSV£I\TERWMZI£PSST£VSEH[E]W£EVI£MQTVEGXM GEP££8LI£)GLIPSR£MRXIVGLERKI£LEW£XLI£KVIEXIWX£SZIVEPP£STIVEXMSRW£FIRIJMXW£[LIVI£XLI£EVXIVMEP ERH£GVSWW£WXVIIX£ZSPYQIW£EVI£WMQMPEV££%X£PSGEXMSRW£[LIVI£XLI£GVSWW£WXVIIX£ZSPYQIW£EVI£PS[£XS QSHIVEXI£E£HIWMKR£XLEX£HSIW£RSX£VIUYMVI£XLI£EVXIVMEP£XS£WXST£QE]£TVSZMHI£WYTIVMSV£STIVEXMSRW

 ReidMonoChapt5.qxd 6/23/04 9:30 AM Page 77

PROFILE: ECHELON INTERCHANGE

US 1 at NE 203rd Street (Aventura, FL)

8LMW£ ¨1SHMJMIH©£ )GLIPSR£ -RXIVGLERKI£ EW£ WIIR£ JVSQ£ ER£ EIVMEP£ ZMI[ XST £[EW£GSRWXVYGXIH£EX£XLI£MRXIVWIGXMSR£SJ£97££ERH£2)£VH£7XVIIX MR£%ZIRXYVE£*0££8LMW£MRXIVGLERKI£IPIZEXIW£XLVII£SJ£XLI£JSYV£ETTVSEGL IW£QSHMJMIH£JVSQ£XLI£GSRGITX£SJ£IPIZEXMRK£EPXIVREXMRK£ X[S £ETTVSEGL IW£ £ 8LI£ VEMWIH£ IEWXFSYRH£ ETTVSEGL£ VEQT£ [LMGL£ GVSWWIW£ SZIV£ ER EGXMZI£VEMP£PMRI£MW£TMGXYVIH£JVSQ£FSXL£XLI£PS[IV£XIVQMRYW£ FSXXSQ£PIJX ERH£JVSQ£EXST£XLI£WXVYGXYVI£ FSXXSQ£VMKLX ££8LI£HIWMKR£MW£E£JMVWX£SJ£MXW OMRH£ MR£ XLI£ 97£ ERH£ STIRIH£ XS£ XVEJJMG£ MR£ .YRI£ £ £ 8LI£ HIWMKR£ [EW HIZIPSTIH£EJXIV£XIR£]IEVW£SJ£JEMPIH£MRXIVGLERKI£TPERRMRK£WXYHMIW£ERH VIGIMZIH£XLI£WYTTSVX£SJ£XLI£PSGEP£GSQQYRMX]££8LMW£MRXIVGLERKI£HIWMKR [SR£ E£ ¨+VERH£ %[EVH©£ JVSQ£ XLI£ *PSVMHE£ -RWXMXYXI£ SJ£ 'SRWYPXMRK )RKMRIIVW£ *-') £JSV£IRKMRIIVMRK£I\GIPPIRGI

 ReidMonoChapt5.qxd 6/23/04 9:30 AM Page 78

5.1.5 Lessons Learned

4VMSV£XS£XLI£STIRMRK£SJ£XLI£)GLIPSR£-RXIVGLERKI£XLI£MRXIVWIGXMSR£SJ£97££ERH£2)£VH 7XVIIX£VIKYPEVP]£I\TIVMIRGIH££XS£QMPI£TIEO£TIVMSH£FEGOYTW££8S£GSQTPMGEXI£XLI£HIWMKR WIPIGXMSR£TVSGIWW£HIWMKRIVW£LEH£XS£GSRWMHIV£MQTEGXW£SJ£E£WGLSSP£MR£SRI£MRXIVWIGXMSR£UYEHVERX ERH£E£QENSV£JVIMKLX£VEMPVSEH£GVSWWMRK£XLI£[IWXIVR£PIK£SJ£XLI£MRXIVWIGXMSR££3ZIV£E£]IEV£TIVM SH£SZIV££HMJJIVIRX£HIWMKRW£[IVI£TVSTSWIH£XS£EPPIZMEXI£GSRKIWXMSR£EX£XLMW£MRXIVWIGXMSR£¦£EPP£SJ [LMGL£[IVI£VINIGXIH£F]£'MX]£GSYRGMP£ERH£GSQQYRMX]£KVSYTW£ QSWX£FIMRK£JVII[E]WX]PI£MRXIV GLERKI£HIWMKRW ££8LI£2SVXLIEWX£8VERWTSVXEXMSR£'SVVMHSV£8IEQ£GLEVKIH£[MXL£SZIVWMKLX£SJ£XLMW MRXIVWIGXMSR£MQTVSZIQIRX£TVSNIGX£GEPPIH£JSV£E£HIWMKR£WSPYXMSR£XLEX£[SYPH£TVSZMHI£EX£E£QMRM QYQ£037£)£GSRHMXMSRW£MRGPYHMRK£XLI£MQTEGXW£SJ£X[S£XVEMRW£GVSWWMRK£TIV£LSYV££7IZIVEP£SJ£XLI IEVPMIV£MRXIVGLERKI£HIWMKR£TVSTSWEPW£EGLMIZIH£037£)£[MXLSYX£GSRWMHIVMRK£XLI£VEMP£GVSWWMRK MQTEGXW£FYX£JEMPIH£QMWIVEFP]£[LIR£XLI£GVSWWMRKW£[IVI£XEOIR£MRXS£EGGSYRX££8LI£TVIWIRGI£SJ XLI£VEMPVSEH£EPWS£JSVGIH£ER]£WXVYGXYVI£HIWMKR£XS£LEZI£E£KVIEXIV£GPIEVERGI£LIMKLX£ £JIIX£RIEV P]££JIIX£LMKLIV£XLER£E£WXERHEVH£LMKL[E]£GPIEVERGI £ERH£XLI£ZIVXMGEP£GYVZI£LEH£XS£GVIWX£[IWX£SJ XLI£MRXIVWIGXMSR£XS£GPIEV£XLI£VEMPVSEH££8LIWI£JEGXSVW£GSQFMRIH£XS£QEOI£XLMW£TEVXMGYPEV£ETTPMGE XMSR£FSXL£PEVKIV£ERH£QSVI£I\TIRWMZI£XLER£E£X]TMGEP£)GLIPSR£HIWMKR£ETTPMGEXMSR

8LVII£QENSV£GSQQYRMX]£JSVGIW£ MRGPYHMRK£E£GSRHSQMRMYQ£GSQTPI\£XLI£WGLSSP£WMXI£ERH£E WLSTTMRK£GIRXIV £MRMXMEPP]£STTSWIH£TPERW£JSV£E£GSRZIRXMSREP£JVII[E]WX]PI£MRXIVGLERKI£HIWMKR %PP£FYX£XLI£WLSTTMRK£GIRXIV£S[RIV£[IVI£GSRZMRGIH£XLI£)GLIPSR£HIWMKR£[SYPH£[SVO£ERH£PIRX XLIMV£WYTTSVX£EGGSVHMRKP]££%JXIV£QYGL£HIFEXI£XLI£TSPMXMGMERW£ZSXIH£MR£XLI£QENSVMX]£JSV£XLI HIWMKR££8LI£GSQQYRMX]£JIPX£XLI£)GLIPSR£[EW£XLI£FIWX£EPXIVREXMZI£XS£JEGMRK£QMPI£FEGOYTW %JXIV£GSRWXVYGXMSR£XLI£MQTEGXW£XS£XLI£WLSTTMRK£GIRXIV£[IVI£PIWW£XLER£JIEVIH££E£WYFWIUYIRX MRHITIRHIRX£QEVOIX£VIWIEVGL£WXYH]£WLS[IH£XLEX£XLI£WLSTTMRK£GIRXIV«W£QEVOIX£EVIE£LEH£RIEVP] HSYFPIH£FIGEYWI£XLI£GIRXIV£GSYPH£FI£VIEGLIH£[MXL£PIWW£HIPE]£SR£XLI£VSEH[E]£W]WXIQ££

8LI£SRP]£TSWXGSRWXVYGXMSR£WEJIX]£GSRGIVR£XLEX£RIIHIH£XS£FI£EHHVIWWIH£[EW£XLI£WSYXL FSYRH£97££ETTVSEGL«W£TIVQMWWMZI£PIJX£XYVR£SR£E£GVIWX£GYVZI££;LMPI£WMKLX£HMWXERGI£[EW£EHI UYEXI£WIZIVEP£GSPPMWMSRW£TVSQTXIH£E£WMKREP£GLERKI£XS£EPPS[£SRP]£TVSXIGXIH£PIJXW£ERH£XLI£TVSF PIQ£LEW£WMRGI£HMWETTIEVIH£  

5.2 CENTER TURN OVERPASS

5.2.1 Evolution of Design

8LI£TVMRGMTEP£JIEXYVI£SJ£XLI£'IRXIV£8YVR£3ZIVTEWW£ '83 £HIWMKR£MW£XLI£KVEHI£WITEVEXMSR£SJ EPP£PIJXXYVR£QSZIQIRXW£JVSQ£XLI£MRXIVWIGXMSR£XS£QE\MQM^I£PIJXXYVR£GETEGMX]££8LI£HIWMKR£EPWS EXXIQTXW£XS£QMRMQM^I£GSRWXVYGXMSR£GSWXW£ERH£HMVIGX£MQTEGXW£XS£EHNEGIRX£TVSTIVXMIW£F]£FYMPHMRK VEQTW£[MXLMR£XLI£MRXIVWIGXMRK£VSEH[E]£QIHMERW££9RPMOI£JVII[E]WX]PI£JP]SZIV£HIWMKRW£XLI£'83 VEQTW£JMX£ZIVXMGEPP]£[MXLMR£E£[MHI£GIRXIV£QIHMER£VITPEGMRK£HYEP£PIJXXYVR£FE]£WPSXW£[MXL£X[SPERI VSEH[E]W£SR£WXVYGXYVI

&SF£'PE]XSR£SJ£'PIEV[EXIV£*PSVMHE£GSRGIMZIH£SJ£XLI£'83£ERH£GYVVIRXP]£LSPHW£97£4EXIRX 2S££SR£XLMW£HIWMKR££8LI£'83£HIWMKR£GSRGITX£MW£VIPEXMZIP]£RI[£ERH£MW£GSRXMRYMRK£XS FI£VIJMRIH££8LSYKL£WIZIVEP£LMKL[E]£EKIRGMIW£LEZI£GSRWMHIVIH£XLI£HIWMKR£ 1EV]PERH 2IZEHE£2SVXL£'EVSPMRE £XLIVI£MW£GYVVIRXP]£RS£HIWMKR£ETTPMGEXMSR£SJ£MXW£OMRH£MR£XLI£97££

 ReidMonoChapt5.qxd 6/23/04 9:30 AM Page 79

5.2.2 Description of Operations

8LI£'83£KVEHI£WITEVEXIW£XYVRMRK£XVEJJMG£JVSQ£XLVSYKL£ERH£VMKLXXYVRMRK£XVEJJMG£F]£TPEGMRK XLI£PIJXXYVR£ZSPYQIW£SR£E£WITEVEXI£MRHITIRHIRXP]£XMQIH£PIZIP££&SXL£XLI£KVSYRH£ERH£YTTIV PIZIP£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£EVI£KSZIVRIH£F]£X[STLEWI£WMKREPW£E£HITEVXYVI£JVSQ£QYPXMTLEWI£WMKREPW£EX GSRZIRXMSREP£MRXIVWIGXMSRW££%W£PIJXXYVRMRK£XVEJJMG£MW£KVEHIWITEVEXIH£JVSQ£XLVSYKLXVEJJMG£LIEZ] XYVR£ZSPYQIW£EVI£PIWW£PMOIP]£XS£GLSOI£XLI£MRXIVWIGXMSR£GSQTEVIH£XS£E£GSRZIRXMSREP£MRXIVWIGXMSR HIWMKR£  

(IWGIRHMRK£JVSQ£XLI£VEMWIH£PIJXXYVR£MRXIVWIGXMSR£XVEJJMG£EGGIPIVEXIW£HS[RLMPP£ERH£QIVKIW PIJX£MRXS£XLI£XLVSYKLXVEJJMG£JPS[££-HIEPP]£XLI£'83£[SYPH£LEZI£E£HIHMGEXIH£TEWWMRKXYVRMRK£PERI XS£VIGIMZI£XLI£GEVW£GSQMRK£SJJ£XLI£VEQTW££-J£XLMW£MW£RSX£TSWWMFPI£ERH£XLI£QIVKI£MW£HMJJMGYPX£XLI YTTIVPIZIP£PMKLXW£GER£FI£W]RGLVSRM^IH£[MXL£XLI£PS[IVPIZIP£PMKLXW£WS£XLI£QIVKI£SGGYVW£[LIR XLVSYKL£XVEJJMG£MW£WXSTTIH££9XYVRW£SR£XLI£QENSV£ERH£QMRSV£VSEH[E]W£GER£FI£WYTTSVXIH£SR£XLI KVSYRH£PIZIP£F]£E£HIHMGEXIH£9XYVR£YRHIV£XLI£WXVYGXYVI£ WLS[R£MR£)\LMFMX£ 

Exhibit 45: Center Turn Overpass Conceptual Design

Illustration from CTO Website (www.centerturnoverpass.com); used by permission.

5.2.3 Design and Operational Considerations

8LI£'83£VEMWIW£EPP£PIJXXYVRMRK£XVEJJMG£ETTVSEGLIW£SR£VIXEMRMRK£[EPP£SV£WXIIP£KMVHIV£WXVYGXYVI XS£E£PIZIP£EFSZI£XLI£XLVSYKL£ERH£VMKLXXYVR£QSZIQIRX£ETTVSEGLIW££8YVRMRK£XVEJJMG£QSZMRK£YT XLI£VEQT£MW£HIGIPIVEXMRK£ [MXL£XLI£EMH£SJ£KVEZMX] £XS£WXST£SV£WPS[£XYVRMRK£GSRHMXMSRW£EX£XLI£XST£SJ XLI£VEQT £XLIVIJSVI£VEQT£WTIIHW£EVI£WPS[IV£ GSQTEVIH£XS£LMKLWTIIH£JP]SZIVW £ERH£GER£FI HIWMKRIH£WXIITIV£ERH£YT£XS££TIVGIRX£WLSVXIV£XLER£GSRZIRXMSREP£VEQTW

8LI£'83£GER£FI£WMQTPIV£XS£GSRWXVYGX£XLER£E£XVEHMXMSREP£JP]SZIV£SZIVTEWW££'SPYQR£ERH VIXEMRMRK£[EPP£WYTTSVXW£EVI£GSRJMRIH£XS£XLI£GIRXIV£QIHMER£QMRMQM^MRK£XLIMV£MQTEGX£SR£XLI£SYX WMHI£VMKLXSJ[E]£ERH£EHNEGIRX£TVSTIVXMIW££%£QMRMQEP£'83£ETTVSEGL£VSEH[E]£GER£FI£FYMPX [MXLMR£E£JSSX£QIHMER£EWWYQMRK£X[S£JSSX£ETTVSEGL£ERH£HITEVXYVI£PERIW£ERH£JSSX£SJJ WIXW£XS£XLI£SYXWMHI£JSSX£GSRGVIXI£FEVVMIVW £LS[IZIV£E£[MHIV£VEQT£VSEH[E]£WIGXMSR£QE]£FI

 ReidMonoChapt5.qxd 6/23/04 9:30 AM Page 80

HIWMVIH£XS£TEWW£WXEPPIH£ZILMGPIW£ERH£TVSZMHI£PEXIVEP£GPIEVERGI£XS£EVXIVMEP£PERIW£WMQMPEV£XS£ 86EQT£HIWMKRW£SR£,3:£JEGMPMXMIW£ WII£)\LMFMX£ 

Exhibit 46: Recommended Two-Way Reduced Standard HOV Drop Ramp Layout

Source: HOV Design Guide Manual 8LI£'83£GER£FI£FYMPX£JSV£EW£PMXXPI£EW£SRIJMJXL£XLI£GSWX£SJ£E£GSRZIRXMSREP£JP]SZIV£MRXIV GLERKI£[MXL£JVSRXEKI£VSEHW££8LI£2SVXL£'EVSPMRE£(ITEVXQIRX£SJ£8VERWTSVXEXMSR£MRGPYHIH£XLI '83£MR£E£TPERRMRK£WXYH]£JSV£ER£MRXIVWIGXMSR£MR£;MPQMRKXSR£2SVXL£'EVSPMRE£ERH£IWXMQEXIH£GSWXW XS£FI£¨£QMPPMSR£JSV£E£VIXVSJMX£HIWMKR£EX£ER£I\MWXMRK£LMKLZSPYQI£MRXIVWIGXMSR££'SWX£WEZMRKW£GER VIWYPX£JVSQ£XLI£HIWMKR«W£VIHYGIH£VMKLXSJ[E]£VIUYMVIQIRXW£ XLI£'83£VEQTW£GER£JMX£[MXLMR£E [MHI£LMKL[E]£QIHMER £ERH£XLI£YWI£SJ£TVIJEFVMGEXIH£FS\GLERRIP£KMVHIVW£XS£GSRWXVYGX£XLI VEQT£WXVYGXYVIW£ SJXIR£WXERHEVH£HIWMKRW£JSV£EPP£JSYV£ETTVSEGLIW ££8LI£GIRXIV£GSPYQR£WYTTSVX GER£FI£GSRWXVYGXIH£F]£YWMRK£PS[QEMRXIRERGI£GSRGVIXI£HIWMKRW£SV£EX£WPMKLXP]£KVIEXIV£GSWX£FYX KVIEXIV£HIWMKR£JPI\MFMPMX]£F]£YWMRK£WXIIP£WXVYGXYVI£MRGPYHMRK£FS\GLERRIP£KMVHIVW£ JSSX£WIG XMSRW 

5.2.4 Studies and Research

-R£E£WXYH]£GSQTEVMRK£STIVEXMSRW£SJ£XLI£'83£XS£WIZIVEP£SXLIV£EVXIVMEP£MRXIVGLERKI£HIWMKRW XLI£'83£HIWMKR£[EW£JSYRH£XS£LEZI£GSRWMHIVEFP]£KVIEXIV£GETEGMX]£GSQTEVIH£XS£XLI£XVEHMXMSREP (MEQSRH£MRXIVGLERKI£ERH£LEH£XLI£KVIEXIWX£STIVEXMSREP£FIRIJMXW£SR£E£WM\PERI£SV£[MHIV£EVXIVMEP [MXL£QSHIVEXI£XS£LMKL£PIJXXYVR£ZSPYQIW£  ££'ETEGMX]£WXYHMIW£LEZI£WLS[R£XLEX£XLI£'83£GER LEZI£YT£XS££TIVGIRX£QSVI£KVIIR£XMQI£EPPSXXIH£JSV£PIJX£XYVRW£GSQTEVIH£XS£HYEP£PIJXXYVR£PERIW£EX E£GSRZIRXMSREP£MRXIVWIGXMSR£ERH£KVSYRH£PIZIP£XLVSYKLZSPYQIW£GER£VIGIMZI£YT£XS££TIVGIRX QSVI£KVIIR£XMQI£  £4IHIWXVMERW£EVI£EGGSQQSHEXIH£SR£XLI£KVSYRH£PIZIP£ERH£GER£QEOI£SRI SV£X[SWXEKI£GVSWWMRKW££4IHIWXVMER£TLEWIW£EVI£EX£KVIEXIV£JVIUYIRG]£HYI£XS£WLSVXIV£G]GPI PIRKXLW£ERH£TIHIWXVMER£GVSWWMRK£[MXL£PIJXXYVRMRK£ZILMGPIW£EVI£IPMQMREXIH£F]£KVEHI£WITEVEXMSR

;LIR£XS£'SRWMHIV 8LI£'83£HIWMKR£MW£QSWX£ETTVSTVMEXI£EX£LMKLZSPYQI£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£PSGEXIH£[MXLMR£E£WMKREP M^IH£RIX[SVO££8LI£'83«W£KVIEXIWX£STIVEXMSREP£FIRIJMXW£GSQTEVIH£XS£E£GSRZIRXMSREP£MRXIVWIGXMSR HIWMKR£SGGYV£[LIVI£XLI£EVXIVMEP£ERH£GVSWW£WXVIIX£ZSPYQIW£EVI£WMQMPEV£ERH£PIJXXYVR£ZSPYQIW£EVI QSHIVEXI£XS£LMKL£8LI£WPIRHIV£HIWMKR£SJ£XLI£'83£QEOIW£MX£E£KSSH£JMX£MR£ER£YVFER£SV£WYFYVFER PSGEXMSR£[LIVI£VMKLXSJ[E]£MW£PMQMXIH££%PWS£FIGEYWI£XLI£'83£MW£WTIGMEPP]£HIWMKRIH£XS£TVI

 ReidMonoChapt5.qxd 6/23/04 9:30 AM Page 81

WIVZI£EGGIWW£XS£EHNEGIRX£TVSTIVXMIW£XLI£QSWX£PMOIP]£PSGEXMSR£JSV£E£WYGGIWWJYP£HIWMKR£ETTPMGE XMSR£[SYPH£FI£EPSRK£E£GSQQIVGMEP£EVXIVMEP£GSVVMHSV

5.2.5 Lessons Learned

-R£PSGEXMSRW£[MXL£KVIEXIV£GSRGIVRW£EFSYX£TVSTIVX]£EGGIWW£XLI£'83£HIWMKR£GSYPH£FI£QSHM JMIH£XS£TIVQMX£KVSYRHPIZIP£PIJX£XYVRW£JSV£HMVIGX£EGGIWW£XS£GSVRIV£TEVGIPW£8LIWI£QSHMJMGEXMSRW [SYPH£EPWS£WYTTSVX£EGGIWW£F]£IQIVKIRG]£ERH£SZIVWM^IH£ZILMGPIW££8LIWI£XYVRW£[SYPH£RSX LEZI£TVSXIGXIH£TLEWIW£XLYW£RIKEXMRK£WSQI£SJ£XLI£FIRIJMXW£SJ£XLI£X[STLEWI£MRXIVWIGXMSRW %PWS£XLIVI£EVI£EHHMXMSREP£WEJIX]£ERH£VSYXMRK£MQTEGXW£XS£GSRWMHIV£MRGPYHMRK£XLI£EFMPMX]£XS£¨WII XLVSYKL©£XLI£WXVYGXYVI£XS£QEOI£YRTVSXIGXIH£PIJX£XYVRW£WEJIP]£ERH£GVIEXMSR£SJ£EHIUYEXI£WXSVEKI PERIW£[MXLSYX£VIUYMVMRK£EHHMXMSREP£MRXIVWIGXMSR£[MHXL£ERHSV£PSGOMRK£PIJX£XYVRW£

7IZIVEP£MWWYIW£VIQEMR£EW£TSXIRXMEP£SFWXEGPIW£XS£XLI£JMVWX£HIWMKR£ETTPMGEXMSR££-R£RSVXLIVR£GPM QEXIW£WRS[£ERH£MGI£VIQSZEP£QE]£FI£TVSFPIQEXMG£EW£XLI£WPIRHIV£VEQT£ETTVSEGLIW£PIEZI£PMXXPI VSSQ£JSV£WRS[£SR£XLI£WLSYPHIVW£ERH£MGI£QE]£FI£E£GSRGIVR£SR£WLSVXIV£WXIITIV£KVEHIW %GGMHIRX£VIWTSRWI£ERH£GPIEVERGI£GSYPH£EPWS£FI£ER£MWWYI£SR£XLI£VEQT£ETTVSEGLIW££7MKLX£HMW XERGI£MWWYIW£JSV£FSXL£XLI£IPIZEXIH£ERH£EXKVEHI£VSEH[E]W£GER£FI£SZIVGSQI£[MXL£E£[MHIV£QSVI STIR£WXVYGXYVI£HIWMKR£QEHI£TSWWMFPI£YWMRK£WXIIP£GSRWXVYGXMSR£4VSZMWMSR£JSV£9XYVRW£SR£IMXLIV PIZIP£[SYPH£VIUYMVI£E£KVIEXIV£WXVYGXYVI£PIRKXL£ERHSV£[MHXL£XLYW£MRGVIEWMRK£GSWXW

8S£ HEXI£WIZIVEP£WXEXIW£LEZI£I\TVIWWIH£MRXIVIWX£MR£XLI£'83£HIWMKR£JSV£MXW£EFMPMX]£XS£LERHPI PEVKI£XYVRMRKXVEJJMG£ZSPYQIW£ERH£QMRMQM^I£MQTEGXW£XS£EHNEGIRX£TVSTIVXMIW£ERH£VMKLXSJ[E]£FYX WS£JEV£EPP£LEZI£WIPIGXIH£XS£MQTPIQIRX£E£QSVI£GSRZIRXMSREP£HIWMKR£SV£RS£MQQIHMEXI£MQTVSZI QIRX£EX£EPP££

5.3 SINGLE POINT URBAN INTERCHANGE

5.3.1 Evolution of Design

8LI£7MRKPI£4SMRX£9VFER£-RXIVGLERKI£ 749- £HIWMKR£EPWS£ORS[R£EW£ER£¨9VFER£-RXIVGLERKI© [EW£JMVWX£TVSTSWIH£MR£XLI£97£EX£X[S£HMJJIVIRX£WMXIW£MR£XLI£W££8SHE]£XLIVI£EVI£SZIV£ 749-W£MR£XLI£97£ERH£SXLIVW£GER£FI£JSYRH£MR£%YWXVEPME£'EREHE£+VIIGI£ERH£+IVQER] £LS[IZIV QSWX£SJ£XLI£I\MWXMRK£HIWMKRW£EVI£EPSRK£MRXIVWXEXI£SV£SXLIV£JVII[E]X]TI£JEGMPMXMIW££8LIVI£EVI£WIZ IVEP£ETTPMGEXMSRW£SR£RSRJVII[E]£JEGMPMXMIW£ EPFIMX£PMQMXIH£EGGIWW£JEGMPMXMIW £SR£1EV]PERH£ERH ;EWLMRKXSR£7XEXI£,MKL[E]£W]WXIQW££

5.3.2 Description of Operations

8LI£749-£HIWMKR£EPPS[W£JVIIJPS[£STIVEXMSRW£SR£XLI£TVMSVMX]£VSEH[E]£F]£GVIEXMRK£E£WITE VEXI£WMKREPM^IH£MRXIVWIGXMSR£SJ£QENSV£ERH£QMRSV£VSEH[E]£PIJX£XYVRW£ERH£QMRSV£VSEH[E]£XLVSYKL QSZIQIRXW£EX£E£WMKREPM^IH£MRXIVWIGXMSR£WITEVEXIH£F]£KVEHI££6MKLX£XYVRW£EVI£QEHI£EX£YRWMKREP M^IH£VEQTW£WITEVEXIH£JVSQ£XLI£QEMR£MRXIVWIGXMSR££8LI£GVIEXMSR£SJ£E£WMRKPI£WMKREPM^IH£MRXIVWIG

 ReidMonoChapt5.qxd 6/23/04 9:30 AM Page 82

XMSR£SR£XLI£GVSWW£WXVIIX£MQTVSZIW£XLI£EFMPMX]£XS£TVSKVIWW£XVEJJMG£GSQTEVIH£XS£E£GSRZIRXMSREP (MEQSRH£MRXIVGLERKI£ [MXL£GPSWIP]£WTEGIH£WMKREPW£EX£FSXL£VEQT£XIVQMREPW ££

8LI£749-£MRXIVWIGXMSR£[MXLSYX£JVSRXEKI£VSEHW£MW£X]TMGEPP]£GSRXVSPPIH£F]£E£XLVIITLEWI£WMK REP££'SRGIVRW£EFSYX£JVSRXEKI£VSEH[E]£MQTEGXW£EVI£RSX£VIPIZERX£XS£EVXIVMEP£VSEH[E]£ETTPMGE XMSRW£EW£XLI£EVXIVMEP W £TVSZMHI£HIZIPSTQIRX£EGGIWW£EPSRK£XLI£GSVVMHSV££8[S£SJ£XLI£WMKREP TLEWIW£EVI£HIHMGEXIH£XS£STTSWMRK£PIJXXYVR£QSZIQIRXW£ IEGL£EPPS[MRK£WMQYPXERISYW£STTSWMRK PIJX£XYVR£QSZIQIRXW £[MXL£XLI£XLMVH£TLEWI£EPPS[MRK£XLVSYKLQSZIQIRXW£SR£XLI£GVSWW£WXVIIX££8LI TVMSVMX]£VSEH[E]£MW£WITEVEXIH£F]£KVEHI£ERH£HSIW£RSX£LEZI£XS£WXST£

Exhibit 47: Arterial Single Point Urban Interchange (Overpass)

Aerial by AirPhotoUSA, 2003.

5.3.3 Design and Operational Considerations

;LMPI£XLI£749-£HIWMKR£VMKLXSJ[E]£VIUYMVIQIRXW£EVI£WMQMPEV£XS£E£X]TMGEP£(MEQSRH£MRXIV GLERKI£XLI£TEZIQIRX£EVIE£ERH£XLI£JSSXTVMRX£SJ£XLI£WXVYGXYVI£EX£XLI£MRXIVWIGXMSR£MW£GSRWMHIVEFP] [MHIV££8LI£PEVKIV£MRXIVWIGXMSR£[MHXL£GER£VIUYMVI£KVIEXIV£WXVYGXYVI£PIRKXL£ERH£HITXL£[LMGL MRGVIEWIW£GSWXW£JSV£FVMHKI£GSRWXVYGXMSR£VIXEMRMRK£[EPPW£ERH£IEVXL[SVO££%PWS£XLI£WXSTFEVW£EX XLI£WMKREPW£EVI£WIX£QYGL£JYVXLIV£FEGO£XS£EPPS[£GPIEVERGI£JSV£GVSWWMRK£QSZIQIRXW£XS£XVEZIVWI£E

 ReidMonoChapt5.qxd 6/23/04 9:30 AM Page 83

QYGL£[MHIV£MRXIVWIGXMSR£[LMGL£]MIPHW£PSRKIV£GPIEVERGI£ EQFIV£TPYW£EPP£VIH £XMQIW£FIX[IIR£WMK REP£TLEWIW££-R£E£WXYH]£GSQTEVMRK£STIVEXMSRW£SJ£ER£749-£[MXL£XLI£'SQTVIWWIH£(MEQSRH£MRXIV GLERKI£ HMWGYWWIH£MR£7IGXMSR£ £XLI£749-£[EW£JSYRH£XS£TVSZMHI£KVIEXIV£GETEGMX]£JSV£QSWX XVEJJMG£ZSPYQI£WGIREVMSW£  

(IWMKR£:EVMEXMSRW 8LIVI£EVI£X[S£FEWMG£ZEVMEXMSRW£SJ£XLI£749-£HIWMKR£XLI£¨SZIVTEWW©£ERH£¨YRHIVTEWW© HIWMKRW£[LIVI£XLI£VSEH£XVEZIPW£¨SZIV©£SV£¨YRHIV©£XLI£GVSWW£WXVIIX££8LI£SZIVTEWW£749-£EW£MPPYW XVEXIH£EX£XLI£1EV]PERH£1(£1(££MRXIVWIGXMSR£MR£)\LMFMX££IPIZEXIW£XLI£JVII[E]£ SV EVXIVMEP £SZIV£XLI£GVSWW£WXVIIX£YWMRK£E£WMQTPI£FYX£PSRK£WTER£FVMHKI£WXVYGXYVI£[MXL£XLI£749-£WMK REPM^IH£MRXIVWIGXMSR£FIPS[£EX£KVEHI£8LI£YRHIVTEWW£749-£ WII£)\LMFMX£ £VEMWIW£XLI£EVXIVMEP VEQTW£XS£E£WMRKPI£IPIZEXIH£MRXIVWIGXMSR£[MXL£XLI£GVSWW£WXVIIX££8LIVI£EVI£WMKRMJMGERX£STIVEXMSREP HMJJIVIRGIW£FIX[IIR£XLI£SZIVTEWW£ERH£YRHIVTEWW£749-£HIWMKRW£  

Exhibit 48: SPUI “Underpass” Design Variation

&SXL£XLI£SZIVTEWW£ERH£YRHIVTEWW£749- HIWMKRW£GER£FI£HIWMKRIH£MRXS£E£WQEPPIV£JSSXTVMRX GSQTEVIH£XS£E£GSRZIRXMSREP£(MEQSRH£MRXIVGLERKI 8LI£749-£SZIVTEWW£GER£LEZI£E£WMQTPIV£WXVYGXYVEP HIWMKR£GSQTEVIH£XS£XLI£YRHIVTEWW£HIWMKR£8LIVI QE]£EPWS£FI£E£XVEHISJJ£FIX[IIR£FVMHKI£PIRKXL£ERH LSVM^SRXEP£WMKLX£HMWXERGI£JSV£PIJX£XYVR£PERIW££8LI SZIVTEWW£749-£LEW£QSVI£HMJJMGYPX£PERI£TEXL£KYMH ERGI£ERH£STTSWMRK£XVEJJMG£QSZIQIRXW£EVI£QSVI HMJJMGYPX£XS£WII£YRHIVRIEXL£XLI£ HEVO £WXVYGXYVI£

8LI£YRHIVTEWW£749-£HIWMKR£YWIW£LMKLP]£ZMWM FPI£WMKREP£LIEHW£QSYRXIH£SR£E£WMRKPI£QEWX£EVQ WTERRMRK£XLI£IRXMVI£IPIZEXIH£MRXIVWIGXMSR£TVSZMHMRK KVIEXIV£QSZIQIRX£ZMWMFMPMX]££-R£XLMW£GSRJMKYVEXMSR VEQT£EGGIPIVEXMSR£ERH£HIGIPIVEXMSR£[SVOW£[MXL KVEZMX]£VIHYGMRK£WXSTTMRK£HMWXERGI£ERH£EGGIPIVE XMSR£PERI£PIRKXL£VIUYMVIQIRXW££8LI£YRHIVTEWW 749-£LEW£XLI£EHZERXEKI£SJ£VIHYGIH£RSMWI£MQTEGXW£ERH£LEW£TSXIRXMEPP]£JI[IV£WMKLX£HMWXERGI GSRJPMGXW£GSQTEVIH£XS£XLI£SZIVTEWW£749-£HIWMKR£(IWMKR£HMWEHZERXEKIW£QE]£MRGPYHI£XLI£RIIH JSV£I\GEZEXMSR£HVEMREKI£ERH£YXMPMX]£VIPSGEXMSR£MR£E£HITVIWWIH£HIWMKR

%RSXLIV£ZEVMEXMSR£SJ£XLI£749-£WLS[R£MR£)\LMFMX££[EW£JSYRH£EX£XLI£MRXIVWIGXMSR£SJ£X[S EVXIVMEP£VSEH[E]W£MR£+VIIRWFSVS£2SVXL£'EVSPMRE££8LMW£¨MRZIVXIH©£749-£HIWMKR£WITEVEXIW£XLI HMVIGXMSREP£JVIIJPS[£EVXIVMEP£PERIW£ERH£FVMRKW£XLI£VEQTW£XS£ER£MRXIVWIGXMSR£[MXL£XLI£GVSWW£WXVIIX MR£FIX[IIR£XLI£EVXIVMEP£VSEH[E]W££8LI£HIWMKR£MRGPYHIW£PIJX£I\MXW£ERH£QIVKIW£SRXS£XLI£EVXIVMEP JVSQ£XLI£GIRXVEP£EXKVEHI£MRXIVWIGXMSR££&IGEYWI£SJ£XLI£WITEVEXMSR£SJ£XLI£EVXIVMEP£PERIW£XLI SZIVTEWW£FVMHKIW£GER£FI£WMQTPI£WXVYGXYVIW£SJ£GSRWMHIVEFP]£WLSVXIV£PIRKXL

5.3.4 Studies and Research

8LI£749-£HIWMKR£MW£ER£MRGVIEWMRKP]£TSTYPEV£JSVQ£SJ£YVFER£MRXIVGLERKI££8LIVI£LEW£FIIR GSRWMHIVEFPI£VIWIEVGL£TYFPMWLIH£SZIV£XLI£TEWX£XIR£]IEVW£SR£XLI£HIWMKR£FYX£QSWX£SJ£XLI£WXYH

 ReidMonoChapt5.qxd 6/23/04 9:30 AM Page 84

Exhibit 49: Inverted SPUI Interchange Design, Greensboro, NC

Aerial by AirPhotoUSA, 2003.

MIW£ERH£GSQTPIXIH£HIWMKRW£LEZI£FIIR£MR£XLI£GSRXI\X£SJ£JVII[E]£MRXIVGLERKIW£VEXLIV£XLER KVEHIWITEVEXIH£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£SJ£EVXIVMEP£WXVIIXW

%%7,83£  £RSXIW£XLI£EHZERXEKIW£SJ£XLI£749-£EW£JSPPS[W ˆ &IRIJMGMEP£MR£YVFER£EVIEW£FIGEYWI£MX£GER£FI£GSRWXVYGXIH£MR£PMQMXIH£VMKLXWSJ[E] ˆ 6IHYGIW£WMKREP£TLEWIW£JVSQ£JSYV£XS£XLVII ˆ8YVRMRK£TEXLW£EVI£JPEXXIV£ERH£GER£FI£QEHI£EX£LMKLIV£WTIIHW£XLYW£MRGVIEWMRK£WEXYVEXMSR JPS[£VEXIW£ERH£MRXIVWIGXMSR£GETEGMX]

2SXIH£749-£HMWEHZERXEKIW£MRGPYHI ˆ ,MKLIV£FVMHKI£GSWXW£¦£IMXLIV£PSRKIV£WTERW£ SZIVTEWW £SV£FYXXIVJP]£WLETI£ YRHIVTEWW  ˆ 2IIH£JSV£TSWMXMZI£QEVOMRK£KYMHERGI£ MRGPYHMRK£PERI£QEVOMRKW£TVSNIGXMRK£XLI£XYVRMRK£TEXL XLVSYKL£XLI£MRXIVWIGXMSR£XLEX£MR£WSQI£GEWIW£MW£MPPYQMREXIH £ERH£EHHMXMSREP£WMKREKI ˆ 4IHIWXVMER£GVSWWMRKW£GER£FI£QSVI£HMJJMGYPX£TEVXMGYPEVP]£[LIVI£XLIVI£EVI£JVIIJPS[£QSZI QIRXW££%HHMRK£WITEVEXI£TIHIWXVMER£TLEWIW£HIGVIEWIW£MRXIVWIGXMSR£IJJMGMIRG]£ERH£GETEGM X]£JSV£ZILMGYPEV£QSZIQIRXW ˆ -J£JVSRXEKI£VSEHW£EVI£E£VIUYMVIH£TEVX£SJ£XLI£HIWMKR£STIVEXMSRW£IJJMGMIRG]£MW£WMKRMJMGERXP] HIGVIEWIH

;LIR£XS£'SRWMHIV 8LI£749-£HIWMKR£MW£EXXVEGXMZI£[LIVI£LMKLIV£MRXIVGLERKI£GETEGMXMIW£EVI£WSYKLX£ERH£[LIVI GSWXW£EVI£RSX£XLI£TVMQEV]£HIWMKR£WIPIGXMSR£MWWYI££8LI£749-£MW£TEVXMGYPEVP]£IJJMGMIRX£GSQTEVIH£XS SXLIV£MRXIVGLERKIW£[LIVI£PIJX¦XYVR£QSZIQIRXW£EVI£LIEZ]£ERHSV£[LIVI£XLIVI£EVI£SXLIV£WMKREP M^IH£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£RIEVF]££8LI£749-£GER£FI£E£TSSV£GLSMGI£[LIVI£JVSRXEKI£VSEHW£EVI£TVIWIRX

 ReidMonoChapt5.qxd 6/23/04 9:30 AM Page 85

5.3.5 Lessons Learned

8LI£HIWMKR£ERH£GSRWXVYGXMSR£GSWXW£JSV£E£PEVKIV£749-£FVMHKI£WXVYGXYVI£¦£MRGPYHMRK£IMXLIV PSRK£FVMHKI£WTERW£MR£XLI£¨YRHIVTEWW©£HIWMKR£SV£XLI£[MHIV£QSVI£GSQTPMGEXIH£FYXXIVJP]£WLETI HIWMKR£MR£XLI£©SZIVTEWW©£HIWMKR£¦£LEW£FIIR£E£LMRHVERGI£XS£QSVI£[MHIWTVIEH£YWI££,S[IZIV VIGIRX£MQTVSZIQIRXW£MR£GSRWXVYGXMSR£XIGLRMUYIW£LEZI£FIKYR£XS£VIHYGI£XLI£GSWX£KET£FIX[IIR 749-£ERH£GSRZIRXMSREP£FVMHKI£WXVYGXYVIW££8LI£YWI£SJ£TSWXXIRWMSR£GSRGVIXI£FS\£HIWMKR£LEW QEHI£JEFVMGEXMRK£XLI£YRYWYEP£FVMHKI£JSVQ£PIWW£I\TIRWMZI£ERH£XLI£YWI£SJ£JMRMXI£IPIQIRX£EREP] WMW£GER£ZIVMJ]£WXVYGXYVI£WXVIRKXL£ERH£VIHYGI£GSWXW£SJ£TVIZMSYWP]£SZIVHIWMKRIH£WXVYGXYVEP£IPI QIRXW£

'SWX£SJ£WXIIP£LEW£EPWS£TVSHYGIH£E£VIKMSREP£749-£HIWMKR£QEXIVMEPW£GSRWMHIVEXMSR£QSVI WXIIP£WXVYGXYVIW£EVI£WIIR£SR£XLI£IEWXIVR£97£GSEWX£ GPSWIV£XS£[LIVI£XLI£WXIIP£MW£TVSHYGIH £ERH QSVI£GSRGVIXI£WXVYGXYVIW£EVI£FIMRK£HIWMKRIH£ERH£FYMPX£MR£XLI£[IWXIVR£97££%W£HIWMKR£ERH£GSR WXVYGXMSR£GSWXW£MQTVSZI£[MXL£QSVI£WXVYGXYVIW£FYMPX£XLI£749-£[MPP£PMOIP]£FIGSQI£IZIR£QSVI EXXVEGXMZI£JSV£EVXIVMEP£VSEH[E]£ETTPMGEXMSR

5.4 ROUNDABOUT INTERCHANGES

5.4.1 Description of Operations

8LIVI£EVI£X[S£HMJJIVIRX£X]TIW£SJ£KVEHIWITEVEXIH£6SYRHEFSYX£MRXIVGLERKIW££ £XLI£(SYFPI 6SYRHEFSYX£MRXIVGLERKI£[LMGL£MW£FEWMGEPP]£E£ZEVMEXMSR£SJ£XLI£XVEHMXMSREP£(MEQSRH£MRXIVGLERKI ERH£ £XLI£7MRKPI£6SYRHEFSYX£MRXIVGLERKI£[LMGL£KVEHIWITEVEXIW£SRI£QENSV£XLVSYKL£QSZI QIRX£FIPS[£E£VSYRHEFSYX£SV£XVEJJMG£GMVGPI£XLEX£LERHPIW£EPP£SXLIV£GVSWW£WXVIIX£ERH£XYVRMRK£QSZI QIRXW

8LI£(MEQSRH£MRXIVGLERKI£MW£F]£JEV£XLI£QSWX£GSQQSR£JVII[E]£SV£EVXIVMEP£MRXIVGLERKI HIWMKR£TVSZMHMRK£WYJJMGMIRX£GETEGMX]£MR£PS[£XS£QIHMYQ£XVEJJMG£ZSPYQI£WGIREVMSW££%W£XVEJJMG£ZSP YQIW£VMWI£(MEQSRH£MRXIVGLERKIW£GER£I\TIVMIRGI£HIPE]£ERH£UYIYMRK£SR£VEQTW£ERH£SR£XLI FVMHKI£WXVYGXYVI££2EVVS[£FVMHKIW£QYWX£SJXIR£FI£[MHIRIH£XS£EGGSQQSHEXI£WMRKPI£SV£HYEP£PIJX XYVR£FE]W£SR£XLI£GVSWW£WXVIIX££8LI£(SYFPI£6SYRHEFSYX£MRXIVGLERKI£YWIW£6SYRHEFSYXW£MRWXIEH SJ£WMKREP£SV£WXSTGSRXVSP£EX£(MEQSRH£MRXIVGLERKI£VEQT£XIVQMREPW££-RXIRHIH£FIRIJMXW£MRGPYHI VIHYGIH£HIPE]£JSV£VEQT£XVEJJMG£E£REVVS[IV£FVMHKI£[MHXL£ERH£XLI£IPMQMREXMSR£SJ£WMKREP£GSSVHMRE XMSR£ERH£TVSKVIWWMSR£MWWYIW£FIX[IIR£XLI£X[S£VEQT£XIVQMREPW££7XYHMIW£SJ£(SYFPI£6SYRHEFSYX STIVEXMSRW£WLS[£UYIYMRK£MW£X]TMGEPP]£RSX£TVIWIRX£SR£XLI£FVMHKI£FIX[IIR£XLI£6SYRHEFSYXW FIGEYWI£XLI£QSZIQIRXW£IRXIVMRK£IMXLIV£6SYRHEFSYX£JVSQ£XLI£FVMHKI£EVI£ZMVXYEPP]£YRSTTSWIH SRP]£]MIPHMRK£XS£9XYVRW £

8LI£6SYRHEFSYXW£MR£XLI£(SYFPI£6SYRHEFSYX£HIWMKR£GER£LEZI£X[S£HMJJIVIRX£WLETIW£IMXLIV GMVGYPEV£SV£¨VEMRHVST©££8LI£YWI£SJ£XVYI£GMVGYPEV£MWPERHW£MW£HIWMVEFPI£[LIR£9XYVRW£SV£EGGIWW£XS SXLIV£ETTVSEGL£PIKW£EVI£XS£FI£TIVQMXXIH££6EMRHVSTWLETIH£GIRXVEP£MWPERHW£IPMQMREXI£HMVIGX£9 XYVR£QSZIQIRXW£ 9XYVRW£GER£FI£QEHI£F]£GMVGYPEXMRK£EVSYRH£FSXL£6SYRHEFSYXW £FYX£VIHYGI ]MIPHMRK£GSRJPMGXW£JSV£ZILMGPIW£IRXIVMRK£XLI£6SYRHEFSYX£JVSQ£XLI£VEQTW£XLYW£MQTVSZMRK£XLI GETEGMX]£SJ£XLI£6SYRHEFSYXW£ERH£VIHYGMRK£VEQT£HIPE]W£ERH£UYIYMRK££8LI£JMVWX£QSHIVR (SYFPI£6SYRHEFSYX£MRXIVGLERKIW£MR£XLI£97£[IVI£FYMPX£MR£'SPSVEHS£ERH£1EV]PERH£MR£XLI£QMH W

 ReidMonoChapt5.qxd 6/23/04 9:30 AM Page 86

Exhibit 50: Double Roundabout Interchange, Maryland

Aerial by AirPhotoUSA, 2003. %£WIGSRH£JSVQ£SJ£6SYRHEFSYX£MRXIVGLERKI£MW£XLI£7MRKPI£6SYRHEFSYX£MRXIVGLERKI£[LMGL YWIW£E£PEVKIV£6SYRHEFSYX£GIRXIVIH£SZIV£XLI£XLVSYKLVSEH[E]££8YVRMRK£XVEJJMG£JVSQ£XLI£JVII JPS[£VSEH[E]£MW£GSQFMRIH£[MXLMR£XLI£6SYRHEFSYX£[MXL£GVSWW£WXVIIX£XLVSYKL£ERH£XYVRMRK£QSZI QIRXW£EW£[IPP£EW£ER]£JVSRXEKI£XVEJJMG£EGGIWWMRK£XLI£TEVGIPW£EX£XLI£MRXIVGLERKI££8LI£GIRXVEP 6SYRHEFSYX£YWIW£QYPXMTPI£IRXV]£TSMRXW£XLEX£GER£FI£IMXLIV£QIVKI£SV£]MIPHGSRXVSPPIH£HITIRHMRK SR£ZSPYQIW£RYQFIV£SJ£PERIW£ERHSV£GIRXVEP£VSEH[E]£VEHMYW££7IZIVEP£I\EQTPIW£SJ£XLI£7MRKPI 6SYRHEFSYX£MRXIVGLERKI£GER£FI£JSYRH£MR£XLI£REXMSR«W£GETMXEP

Exhibit 51: Single Roundabout Interchange

Aerial and ground view of Thomas Circle, Washington, DC.

 ReidMonoChapt5.qxd 6/23/04 9:30 AM Page 87

5.4.2 Design and Operational Considerations

8LI£7MRKPI£6SYRHEFSYX£MRXIVGLERKI£VIUYMVIW£GYVZIH£FVMHKI£WXVYGXYVIW£EW£TEVX£SJ£XLI£GMVGY PEXSV]£VSEH[E]£[LMGL£GER£EHH£XS£XLI£TVSNIGX£I\TIRWI££8LI£KVEHI£SR£XLI£JVIIJPS[£WXVIIX£QYWX FI£WLSVX£ERH£WXIIT£MR£ER£YVFERM^IH£KVMH£WIXXMRK£ WYGL£EW£XLI£('£I\EQTPIW £XS£HIWGIRH£YRHIV RIEXL£XLI£6SYRHEFSYX£ERH£EWGIRH£FIJSVI£XLI£RI\X£WMKREPM^IH£MRXIVWIGXMSR££8VYGOW£QE]£FI VIWXVMGXIH£JVSQ£YWMRK£XLI£FIPS[KVEHI£VSEH[E]£XS£QMRMQM^I£XLI£FVMHKI£LIMKLX£VIUYMVIQIRXW£ERH XLYW£WSJXIR£XLI£KVEHMIRX££-R£EHHMXMSR£XS£VIHYGMRK£MRXIVWIGXMSR£HIPE]£ERH£UYIYMRK£XLI£7MRKPI 6SYRHEFSYX£MRXIVGLERKI£GER£LERHPI£QSVI£XLER£JSYV£MRXIVWIGXMRK£VSEH[E]W£ERH£WIVZI£EW£E JVSRXEKI£VSEH£JSV£EHNEGIRX£MRXIVGLERKI£TEVGIPW

5.4.3 Studies and Research

7XYHMIW£LEZI£WLS[R£XLI£GETEGMX]£SJ£XLI£7MRKPI£6SYRHEFSYX£XS£FI£KVIEXIV£XLER£XLI£GETEGM X]£SJ£XLI£(SYFPI£6SYRHEFSYX£HIWMKR£FIGEYWI£MX£LEW£E£PEVKIV£MRWGVMFIH£HMEQIXIV££,S[IZIV£XLI (SYFPI£6SYRHEFSYX£MRXIVGLERKI£MR£WSQI£MRWXERGIW£QE]£FI£EFPI£XS£LERHPI£QSVI£ZILMGPIW FIGEYWI£WSQI£XVEJJMG£QSZIQIRXW£IRXIV£SRP]£SRI£GMVGPI££'ETEGMXMIW£LEZI£FIIR£IWXMQEXIH£XS£FI FIX[IIR££ERH££ZTL£JSV£(SYFPI£6SYRHEFSYX£MRXIVGLERKIW£ERH££XS££ZTL£JSV 7MRKPI£6SYRHEFSYX£MRXIVGLERKIW

Exhibit 52: Roundabout Interchange Delay and Capacity 80

60

40

20 Control Delay (sec/veh)

0 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000

Total Entering Flow (vph)

Diamond Single Double Source: Public Roads, November/December 2002. ;LIR£XS£'SRWMHIV %£(SYFPI£6SYRHEFSYX£MRXIVGLERKI£QE]£FI£ETTVSTVMEXI£[LIVI£XLIVI£MW£E£LMKL£TVSTSVXMSR£SJ PIJX£XYVRW£XS£ERHSV£JVSQ£XLI£VEQTW£SJ£E£(MEQSRH£MRXIVGLERKI£HYVMRK£TIEO£TIVMSHW£ERHSV [LIVI£XLIVI£MW£PMQMXIH£UYIYI£WXSVEKI£WTEGI£SR£XLI£FVMHKI££8LI£(SYFPI£6SYRHEFSYX£HIWMKR LEW£EPWS£FIIR£YWIH£MR£SXLIV£GSYRXVMIW£EW£E£XIQTSVEV]£QIEWYVI£XS£TSWXTSRI£XLI£RIIH£XS£[MHIR XLI£FVMHKI£WXVYGXYVI£SJ£E£WXERHEVH£(MEQSRH£MRXIVGLERKI£JSV£I\EQTPI£[LIVI£STIVEXMSRW£EX£E (MEQSRH£MRXIVGLERKI£EVI£JEMPMRK£HYI£XS£PEGO£SJ£WXSVEKI£VSSQ£SR£XLI£FVMHKI£FYX£XLI£FVMHKI£MW WXMPP£WXVYGXYVEPP]£EHIUYEXI

 ReidMonoChapt5.qxd 6/23/04 9:30 AM Page 88

8LI£7MRKPI£6SYRHEFSYX£HIWMKR£MW£TEVXMGYPEVP]£WYMXEFPI£MR£FYMPXYT£YVFER£EVIEW£[MXL£QSHIV EXI£GETEGMX]£VIUYMVIQIRXW££7MRKPI£6SYRHEFSYX£MRXIVGLERKIW£WLSYPH£VIGIMZI£WXVSRKIWX£GSRWMH IVEXMSR£[LIVI£XLIVI£MW£ER£MRXIVWIGXMSR£SJ£JMZI£SV£QSVI£VSEH[E]W£ERHSV£[LIVI£VMKLXSJ[E]£MW ZIV]£VIWXVMGXIH£

5.4.4 Lessons Learned

8LI£JMVWX£(SYFPI£6SYRHEFSYX£MRXIVGLERKIW£I\TIVMIRGIH£RSXEFPI£WYGGIWWIW£MR£MQTVSZMRK XVEJJMG£STIVEXMSRW£ERH£WEJIX]££8LI£:EMP£'SPSVEHS£MRXIVGLERKI£VITPEGIH£E£GSRZIRXMSREP (MEQSRH£MRXIVGLERKI£XLEX£LEH£XS£FI£GSRXVSPPIH£F]£TSPMGI£SJJMGIVW£HYVMRK£TIEO£WOM£WIEWSR£[MXL E£(SYFPI£6SYRHEFSYX£MRXIVGLERKI£XLEX£GER£LERHPI£TIEO£STIVEXMSREP£TIVMSHW£  

5.5 MICHIGAN URBAN DIAMOND INTERCHANGE

5.5.1 Evolution of Design

8LI£1MGLMKER£(ITEVXQIRX£SJ£8VERWTSVXEXMSR£ 1(38 £HIZIPSTIH£XLI£ETXP]£REQIH£1MGLMKER 9VFER£(MEQSRH£-RXIVGLERKI£ 19(- £EW£ER£I\XIRWMSR£SJ£XLI£1IHMER£98YVR£MRHMVIGX£PIJX£XYVR WXVEXIK]£ETTPMIH£XS£QER]£SJ£MXW£EVXIVMEP£GSVVMHSVW£ WII£7IGXMSR£ ££1(38£LEW£ETTPMIH£XLI 19(-£HIWMKR£EX£WIZIVEP£JVII[E]£MRXIVGLERKIW£[LIVI£VMKLXSJ[E]£[EW£PMQMXIH£ERH£[LIVI£E£TEV EPPIP£SRI[E]£JVSRXEKI£VSEH£I\MWXIH££8LIVI£MW£RS£ORS[R£ETTPMGEXMSR£SJ£E£19(-£EX£XLI£MRXIVWIG XMSR£SJ£X[S£EVXIVMEP£VSEH[E]W£££

5.5.2 Description of Operations

8LI£19(-£YWIW£HMVIGXMSREP£GVSWWSZIVW£FI]SRH£XLI£QEMR£MRXIVWIGXMSR£XS£LERHPI£EPP£PIJXXYVR QSZIQIRXW££8LI£EVXIVMEP£XYVR£QSZIQIRXW£EVI£HMZIVXIH£SRXS£WITEVEXI£JVSRXEKI£VSEHW£SR£IMXLIV WMHI£SJ£XLI£KVEHIWITEVEXIH£XLVSYKLPERIW££3JJ£VEQTW£EVI£HMVIGXIH£SRXS£XLIWI£SRI[E] JVSRXEKI£VSEHW£ VEQT£QSZIQIRXW£EVI£X]TMGEPP]£KMZIR£TVMSVMX]£SZIV£XLVSYKLQSZIQIRXW£SR£XLI JVSRXEKI£VSEH £ETTVS\MQEXIP]££XS££JIIX£TVMSV£XS£XLI£QEMR£MRXIVWIGXMSR££%X£XLI£QEMR£MRXIV WIGXMSR£VMKLX£XYVRW£GER£FI£QEHI£ERH£PIJX£XYVRW£TVSGIIH£XS£XLI£HMVIGXMSREP£GVSWWSZIV£FI]SRH XLI£QEMR£MRXIVWIGXMSR£ERH£QEOI£E£9XYVR£ERH£XLIR£E£VMKLX£XYVR£SRXS£XLI£GVSWW£WXVIIX££0IJX£XYVRW JVSQ£XLI£GVSWW£WXVIIX£EVI£QEHI£F]£XYVRMRK£VMKLX£EX£XLI£QEMR£MRXIVWIGXMSR£ERH£YWMRK£XLI£WEQI HMVIGXMSREP£GVSWWSZIVW££)RXV]£VEQTW£SRXS£XLI£TVMSVMX]£VSEH[E]£EVI£TVSZMHIH£NYWX£FI]SRH£XLI GVSWWSZIVW££&SXL£SJ£XLI£QEMR£MRXIVWIGXMSR£WMKREPW£EVI£X[STLEWI£ERH£XLI£GVSWWSZIV£WMKREPW£ MJ RIIHIH £GER£FI£TVSKVIWWIH£TIVJIGXP]£[MXL£XLI£QEMR£MRXIVWIGXMSR£WMKREPW

%£TVSTIVP]£HIWMKRIH£WMKREPM^EXMSR£WXVEXIK]£ GSRWMHIVMRK£SJJWIXW£ERH£G]GPI£PIRKXLW£JEZSV EFPI£XS£XLI£HMWXERGI£FIX[IIR£XLI£QEMR£MRXIVWIGXMSR£ERH£XLI£GVSWWSZIVW £[MPP£EPPS[£PIJX£XYVRW£JVSQ XLI£EVXIVMEP£XS£VIGIMZI£E£KVIIR£MRHMGEXMSR£EX£FSXL£XLI£QEMR£MRXIVWIGXMSR£ERH£XLI£WIGSRH GVSWWSZIV££8LYW£XLIWI£ZILMGPIW£[MPP£RSX£LEZI£XS£WXST£EW£JVIUYIRXP]£ERH£PIJX£XYVR£XVEZIP£XMQI£ERH HIPE]£MW£JYVXLIV£VIHYGIH

 ReidMonoChapt5.qxd 6/23/04 9:30 AM Page 89

Exhibit 53: Michigan Urban Diamond Interchange

Aerial by AirPhotoUSA, 2003. . 5.5.3 Design and Operational Considerations

8LI£19(-£MW£JEMVP]£TIHIWXVMER£JVMIRHP]£EW£TIHIWXVMERW£GVSWWMRK£XLI£EVXIVMEP£LEZI£E£X[S WXEKI£GVSWWMRK£SJ£X[S£SRI[E]£WXVIIXW£YRHIV£WMKREP£GSRXVSP££8LI£X[STLEWI£WMKREP£TVSZMHIW£JSV KVIEXIV£TIHIWXVMER£¨[EPO©£XMQIW££4IHIWXVMERW£EPSRK£XLI£EVXIVMEP£GVSWW£SRP]£XLI£QEMR£MRXIVWIG XMSR££8LI£19(-£EPWS£TVSZMHIW£JSV£TSWMXMZI£EGGIWW£QEREKIQIRX£ERH£EGGIWW£XS£EHNEGIRX£FYWM RIWW£HIZIPSTQIRX£EPSRK£XLI£TEVEPPIP£SRI[E]£JVSRXEKI£VSEHW££8LI£VMKLXSJ[E]£RIIHIH£EX£XLI MRXIVWIGXMSR£MW£REVVS[IV£XLER£XLEX£RIIHIH£JSV£XLI£XVEHMXMSREP£(MEQSRH£MRXIVGLERKI£ERH£FYWM RIWWIW£GER£LEZI£EGGIWW£EPSRK£XLI£JVSRXEKI£VSEHW£[MXL£HMVIGX£VMKLXMR£VMKLXSYX£EGGIWW£ERH£PIJX XYVR£EGGIWW£YWMRK£XLI£HMVIGXMSREP£GVSWWSZIVW£

%£ZEVMEXMSR£SR£XLI£19(-£HIWMKR£EPPS[W£HMVIGX£PIJX£XYVRW£JVSQ£XLI£EVXIVMEP£EX£XLI£QEMR£MRXIV WIGXMSR£XS£VIHYGI£XLI£XVEZIP£HMWXERGI£ERH£XMQI£JSV£EVXIVMEP£PIJXW££8LMW£WXVEXIK]£VIUYMVIW£GSRWMHIV EXMSR£SJ£XLI£WXSVEKI£GETEGMX]£SR£XLI£FVMHKIW£XS£IRWYVI£XLEX£XLI£MRXIVWIGXMSR£HSIW£RSX£PSGO£YT YRHIV£LMKLIV£XYVRMRK£ZSPYQIW££%HHMXMSREP£WXSVEKI£GETEGMX]£SR£XLI£QEMR£MRXIVWIGXMSR£FVMHKI QE]£VIUYMVI£E£[MHIV£WXVYGXYVI£ERH£MRGYV£EHHMXMSREP£GSWXW

%£GVMXMGMWQ£SJ£XLI£19(-£HIWMKR£MW£XLEX£PIJXXYVRMRK£ZILMGPIW£EVI£TIREPM^IH£[MXL£EHHMXMSREP XVEZIP£XMQI£ERH£HMWXERGI£GSQTEVIH£XS£XLI£QSVI£GSRZIRXMSREP£MRXIVGLERKI£JSVQW££%PWS£XLI 19(-£VIUYMVIW£X[S£EHHMXMSREP£WXVYGXYVIW£JSV£XLI£GVSWWSZIVW£GSQTEVIH£XS£XLI£XVEHMXMSREP (MEQSRH£MRXIVGLERKI£[LMGL£MRGVIEWIW£HIWMKR£GSWXW££,S[IZIV£XLI£GVSWWSZIV£WXVYGXYVIW£IPMQM REXI£XLI£RIIH£JSV£XYVR£PERIW£SR£XLI£QEMR£WXVYGXYVI£ERH£XLI£EVIE£SJ£FVMHKI£HIGOMRK£QE]£FI GSQTEVEFPI£XLYW£TEVXMEPP]£SJJWIXXMRK£XLIWI£GSWXW£

5.5.4 Studies and Research

%£WMQYPEXMSR£QSHIP£EREP]WMW£GSQTEVMRK£19(-£STIVEXMSRW£XS£E£GSRZIRXMSREP£(MEQSRH£MRXIV GLERKI£WLS[IH£XLEX£XLI£19(-£HIWMKR£SYXTIVJSVQIH£XLI£(MEQSRH£MRXIVGLERKI£EX£EPP£XYVRMRK

 ReidMonoChapt5.qxd 6/23/04 9:30 AM Page 90

QSZIQIRX£ZSPYQI£WGIREVMSW£  ££%X£PS[IV£MRXIVWIGXMSR£WEXYVEXMSR£PIZIPW£XLI£GETEGMX]£ERH STIVEXMSRW£FIRIJMXW£[IVI£WQEPP£FYX£EW£ZSPYQIW£MRGVIEWIH£XLI£FIRIJMXW£FIGEQI£WMKRMJMGERXP] KVIEXIV£YT£XS£E££TIVGIRX£VIHYGXMSR£MR£HIPE]£ERH£XVEZIP£XMQI£GSQTEVIH£XS£XLI£GSRZIRXMSREP (MEQSRH£MRXIVGLERKI££8LI£WXYH]£EPWS£RSXIH£XLEX£XLI£19(-£HIWMKR£HSIW£RSX£RIGIWWEVMP] ¨HYQT©£XVEJJMG£EX£HS[RWXVIEQ£RSHIW£GEYWMRK£EHHMXMSREP£HIPE]W

;LIR£XS£'SRWMHIV 8LI£19(-£GER£FI£E£KSSH£WXVEXIK]£[LIVI£JVSRXEKI£VSEHW£EVI£TVIWIRX£SR£XLI£EVXIVMEP££8LI 19(-£LEW£XLI£KVIEXIWX£XMQIWEZMRK£FIRIJMXW£SR£EVXIVMEPW£XLEX£LEZI£LMKL£XLVSYKLQSZIQIRXW£ERH QSHIVEXI£SV£PS[£ZSPYQIW£SJ£PIJXXYVRW£ERH£GVSWW£WXVIIX£QSZIQIRXW

5.6 OTHER ARTERIAL INTERCHANGE DESIGNS

8LIVI£EVI£WIZIVEP£MRXIVGLERKIW£SJ£QSVI£GSQQSR£SV£GSRZIRXMSREP£HIWMKR£XLEX£EVI£ETTPMIH XS£EVXIVMEP£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£[LIVI£SRI£SV£QSVI£ZEVMEXMSRW£QE]£FI£QSVI£ETTVSTVMEXI£EX£RSRJVII[E] ETTPMGEXMSRW£ERHSV£QE]£JMX£MRXS£ER£YVFER£SV£WYFYVFER£GSRXI\X£QSVI£ETTVSTVMEXIP]££(VMZIVW£SR EVXIVMEPW£EVI£QSVI£E[EVI£SJ£XLI£WYVVSYRHMRK£IRZMVSRQIRX£ERH£LE^EVHW£XLER£HVMZIVW£SR£JVII[E]W ERH£EVI£X]TMGEPP]£XVEZIPMRK£MR£ER£IRZMVSRQIRX£[MXL£PS[IV£HIWMKR£ERH£STIVEXMRK£WTIIHW 8LIVIJSVI£MX£MW£YRRIGIWWEV]£XS£TVSZMHI£JVII[E]PMOI£MRXIVGLERKI£QSZIQIRXW£HIWMKRIH£JSV£LMKL IV£WTIIHW£ERH£GSRHMXMSRW££1SXSVMWX£I\TIGXEXMSRW£SR£WYVJEGI£WXVIIX£W]WXIQW£MRGPYHI£TVSTIV WMKRMRK£ERH£QEVOMRK£KYMHERGI£XS£WEJIP]£REZMKEXI£ER£MRXIVWIGXMSR£SV£MRXIVGLERKI£

Exhibit 54: Integrated Arterial Interchange

This interchange of two arterials incorporates several design forms, including a Partial Cloverleaf (western legs) and Single Loops (eastern legs). The eastern ramps include development access inside the interchange. The northeast loop shares access with roadways within shopping center.

 ReidMonoChapt5.qxd 6/23/04 9:31 AM Page 91

5.6.1 Contraflow Left Interchange

8LI£'SRXVEJPS[£0IJX£ '*0 £MRXIVGLERKI£GSRGITX£[EW£JMVWX£MQTPIQIRXIH£MR£XLI£W£EX£XLI MRXIVWIGXMSR£SJ£68££[MXL£97££MR£7YRVMWI£*PSVMHE££8LI£HIWMKR£VITPEGIH£E£8MKLX£(MEQSRH MRXIVGLERKI£XLEX£[EW£JEMPMRK£HYI£XS£XLI£RYQFIV£SJ£WMKREP£TLEWIW££%£REVVS[£SZIVTEWW£ERH£FYWM RIWW£HIZIPSTQIRX£XMKLX£XS£XLI£EVXIVMEP£VMKLXSJ[E]£TVSLMFMXIH£XLI£TSWWMFMPMX]£SJ£EHHMRK£EHI UYEXI£STTSWMRK£PIJXXYVR£FE]W£EX£XLI£MRXIVGLERKI£ETTVSEGLIW££8LIVIJSVI£XLI£GSRXVEJPS[£PERIW [LMGL£EVI£FYMPX£[MXLMR£XLI£MRXIVWIGXMSR£[IVI£MRXVSHYGIH££3VMKMREPP]£XLI£HIWMKR£[EW£XS£FI£ER MRXIVMQ£WSPYXMSR£YRXMP£JYRHW£[IVI£QEHI£EZEMPEFPI£XS£VIGSRWXVYGX£XLI£MRXIVGLERKI££,S[IZIV£XLI HIWMKR£[SVOIH£[IPP£JSV£RIEVP]££]IEVW£YRXMP£XLI£FVMHKI£[EW£VIFYMPX£MR£XLI£W££8SHE]£XLIVI EVI£EX£PIEWX£X[S£SXLIV£ORS[R£'*0£MRXIVGLERKIW£WXMPP£MR£STIVEXMSR£MR£*PSVMHE£SRI£SJ£[LMGL£[EW SVMKMREPP]£GSRWXVYGXIH£EW£E£'*0

8LI£'*0£HIWMKR£MW£E£ZEVMEXMSR£SR£XLI£(MEQSRH£MRXIVGLERKI£ERH£MW£FIWX£YWIH£EW£ER£EPXIV REXMZI£XS£E£8MKLX£(MEQSRH£MRXIVGLERKI£ WII£7IGXMSR£ ££%PP£QSZIQIRXW£MR£E£'*0£MRXIV GLERKI£EVI£XLI£WEQI£EW£XLSWI£SJ£E£X]TMGEP£(MEQSRH£MRXIVGLERKI£GSRJMKYVEXMSR£I\GITX£JSV£PIJX XYVRW£JVSQ£XLI£GVSWW£WXVIIX££'VSWW£WXVIIX£PIJX£XYVRW£QSZI£SZIV£MRXS£PIJX£XYVR£WXSVEKI£PERIW£ WITE VEXIH£JVSQ£XLI£GVSWW£WXVIIX£XLVSYKL£PERIW£F]£VEMWIH£QIHMER £ETTVS\MQEXIP]££JIIX£TVMSV£XS£XLI JMVWX£VEQT£MRXIVWIGXMSR££8LI£*PSVMHE£(ITEVXQIRX£SJ£8VERWTSVXEXMSR£VIGSQQIRHW£XLEX£XLI£GSR XVEJPS[£PERI£I\XIRH£EX£PIEWX££JIIX£TVMSV£XS£XLI£JMVWX£VEQT£MRXIVWIGXMSR£FYX£EGXYEP£HIWMKR WLSYPH£GSRWMHIV£I\TIGXIH£UYIYI£PIRKXLW££*VSQ£XLMW£PIJXXYVR£WXSVEKI£PERI£ZILMGPIW£QSZI£TEWX XLI£JMVWX£WMKREP£ERH£MRXS£GSRXVEJPS[£PERIW£[MXLMR£XLI£MRXIVGLERKI£FIJSVI£QEOMRK£XLI£XYVR£SRXS£XLI VEQT££8LIWI£WTIGMEP£PERIW£VYR£MR£XLI£STTSWMXI£HMVIGXMSR£JVSQ£XLI£EHNEGIRX£XLVSYKLPERIW£ERH SZIVPET£[MXLMR£XLI£MRXIVGLERKI

Exhibit 55: Contraflow Left Interchange Concept

8LI£'*0£HIWMKR£VIHYGIW£XLI£RYQFIV£SJ£WMKREP£TLEWIW£GSQTEVIH£XS£E£8MKLX£(MEQSRH MRXIVGLERKI£JVSQ£JSYV£XS£XLVII£F]£EPPS[MRK£XLI£X[S£STTSWMRK£PIJXXYVR£QSZIQIRXW£XS£FI£QEHI HYVMRK£XLI£WEQI£WMKREP£TLEWI££8LI£WEQI£VIUYMVIQIRXW£JSV£EHHMXMSREP£MRXIVWIGXMSR£GPIEVERGI XMQI£I\MWX£MR£XLI£'*0£HIWMKR£EW£[MXL£FSXL£749-£ERH£8MKLX£(MEQSRH£MRXIVGLERKI£HIWMKRW££8LI KVIEXIWX£HIWMKR£FIRIJMX£SJ£XLI£'*0£MW£XLI£VIHYGXMSR£MR£XLI£RIIH£JSV£PIJXXYVR£WXSVEKI£EW£QSWX£PIJX XYVRW£HS£RSX£LEZI£XS£FI£WXSVIH£MR£XLI£EVIE£FIX[IIR£XLI£X[S£MRXIVGLERKI£WMKREPW££

 ReidMonoChapt5.qxd 6/23/04 9:31 AM Page 92

Exhibit 56: Contraflow Left Interchange in Coconut Creek, Florida

Photos: (left) Interchange at State Toll Route 869 and Lyons Road in Coconut Creek, FL.; Courtesy of Craig Miller, used by permission. Aerial by AirPhotoUSA, 2003. 8S£ HEXI£EPP£ORS[R£'SRXVEJPS[£0IJX£-RXIVGLERKIW£EVI£HIWMKRIH£[LIVI£XLI£EVXIVMEP£SV£JVII[E] GVSWWIW£SZIV£XLI£GVSWW£WXVIIX£FYX£WMQMPEV£VIHYGXMSRW£XS£XLI£FVMHKI£[MHXL£GER£FI£I\TIGXIH£MJ£XLI GVSWW£WXVIIX£MW£XLI£IPIZEXIH£VSEH[E]

8LIVI£EVI£RS£ORS[R£WXYHMIW£GSQTEVMRK£XLI£STIVEXMSRW£SJ£XLI£'*0£XS£(MEQSRH£SV£SXLIV MRXIVGLERKIW££,S[IZIV£WXYHMIW£SJ£XLI£I\MWXMRK£MRJMIPH£I\EQTPIW£TVSZMHI£WSQI£KYMHERGI£XS STIVEXMSREP£I\TIGXEXMSRW£ERH£HIWMKR£GVMXIVME££-R£XLI£HIZIPSTQIRX£SJ£XLI£68££MRXIVGLERKI HIWMKR£XLIVI£[IVI£GSRGIVRW£XLEX£HVMZIVW£QMKLX£FI£GSRJYWIH£F]£HIWMKR£KISQIXVMGW£ERH£IRXIV XLI£[VSRK£[E]£MRXS£XLI£GSRXVEJPS[£PERIW££7TIGMEP£EXXIRXMSR£[EW£TEMH£XS£WMKRMRK£ERH£QEVOMRK£JSV XLI£TVSNIGX££-R££]IEVW£SJ£STIVEXMSRW£XLIVI£[EW£RIZIV£ER£EGGMHIRX£GEYWIH£F]£E£QSXSVMWX IRXIVMRK£XLI£[VSRK£[E]£MRXS£XLI£GSRXVEJPS[£PERIW££%GGMHIRX£VEXIW£[IVI£VIHYGIH£GSQTEVIH£XS XLI£8MKLX£(MEQSRH£GSRHMXMSRW£F]£VIHYGMRK£WXSTERHKS£XVEJJMG£SR£XLI£GVSWW£WXVIIX£ERH£VIHYGMRK VEQT£UYIYIW

8LI£'*0£MRXIVGLERKI£LEW£XLI£KVIEXIWX£TSXIRXMEP£JSV£ETTPMGEXMSR£EW£E£VITPEGIQIRX£SJ£SV EPXIVREXMZI£XS£E£(MEQSRH£MRXIVGLERKI£TEVXMGYPEVP]£[LIVI£XLIVI£MW£XMKLX£VEQT£WTEGMRK£ERHSV [LIVI£PIJXXYVR£HIQERH£I\GIIHW£WXSVEKI£GETEGMX]£FIX[IIR£XLI£VEQTW££8LI£HIWMKR£QE]£EPWS FI£EXXVEGXMZI£[LIVI£VMKLXSJ[E]£MW£PMQMXIH£EPSRK£XLI£GVSWW£WXVIIX£ERH£EHHMXMSREP£PIJXXYVR£WXSVEKI MW£HIWMVIH££8LI£'*0£MRXIVGLERKI£HIWMKR£QE]£RSX£FI£EW£STIVEXMSREPP]£IJJIGXMZI£[LIVI£XLI£PIJX XYVR£ZSPYQIW£EVI£WMKRMJMGERXP]£MQFEPERGIH££

5.6.2 Single Loop Interchange

8LI£7MRKPI£0SST£MRXIVGLERKI£ EPWS£GEPPIH£E£¦'YXSJJ¦£MRXIVGLERKI £YWIW£E£VSEH[E]£MR£E£WMR KPI£MRXIVWIGXMSR£UYEHVERX£XS£LERHPI£QSWX£MRXIVEGXMSRW£FIX[IIR£XLI£EVXIVMEP£ERH£XLI£GVSWW£WXVIIX

 ReidMonoChapt5.qxd 6/23/04 9:31 AM Page 93

;LMPI£X]TMGEPP]£YWIH£MR£VYVEP£PSGEXMSRW£XLI£WMRKPI£PSST£HIWMKR£GER£FI£IRLERGIH£[MXL£QYPXMTPI XYVRMRK£PERIW£ERH£GSSVHMREXIH£WMKREP£TLEWMRK£XS£STIVEXI£[IPP£MR£QSVI£YVFERM^IH£PSGEXMSRW££8LI HIWMKR£EPWS£MRGPYHIW£VEQTW£JSV£VMKLX£XYVRW£MR£X[S£SXLIV£MRXIVWIGXMSR£UYEHVERXW£MRGVIEWMRK£XLI VMKLXSJ[E]£ERH£TVSTIVX]£MQTEGXW£SJ£XLI£HIWMKR£EW£[IPP£EW£MRXVSHYGMRK£QIVKI£PERIW£SR£XLI GVSWW£WXVIIX£ERH£EVXIVMEP£XLEX£QE]£GEYWI£GSRJPMGXW£[MXL£YTWXVIEQ£HVMZI[E]W££

Exhibit 57: Single Loop Interchange

8LI£WMRKPI£PSST£VSEH[E]£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£[MXL£XLI£EVXIVMEP£ERH£GVSWW£WXVIIX£VSEH[E]£EVI£GSR XVSPPIH£F]£E£XLVIITLEWI£WMKREP££8LI£PSST£VSEH[E]£GER£FI£TPEGIH£MR£ER]£MRXIVWIGXMSR£UYEHVERX ERH£XLYW£MW£JPI\MFPI£[MXL£VIWTIGX£XS£PERH£EZEMPEFMPMX]££8LI£VSEH[E]£QE]£EPWS£TVSZMHI£EGGIWW£XS XLI£MRXIVMSV£SJ£XLI£UYEHVERX££8LI£EVXIVMEP£GER£GVSWW£IMXLIV£SZIV£SV£YRHIV£XLI£GVSWW£WXVIIX£ERH XLI£FVMHKI£MW£X]TMGEPP]£REVVS[£EW£XYVRMRK£PERIW£SR£XLI£FVMHKI£EVI£RSX£VIUYMVIH££7MKRMRK£MW£ER MQTSVXERX£HIWMKR£GSRWMHIVEXMSR£EW£IEGL£HMVIGXMSREP£XYVRMRK£QSZIQIRX£TEXXIVR£MW£HMJJIVIRX££8LI WMRKPI£PSST£MRXIVGLERKI£MW£KIRIVEPP]£RSX£EW£GSWXP]£EW£E£(MEQSRH£JSVQ£SJ£MRXIVGLERKI£ERH£MW QSVI£IEWMP]£GSSVHMREXIH£[MXL£SXLIV£WMKREPW£SR£XLI£EVXIVMEP£  

-R£E£VIGIRX£WMQYPEXMSR£WXYH]£SJ£WIZIVEP£KVEHIWITEVEXIH£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£XLI£7MRKPI£0SST£[EW JSYRH£XS£LEZI£GSQTIXMXMZI£STIVEXMSRW£[MXL£(MEQSRH£ERH£4EVGPS£MRXIVGLERKIW£EX£PS[£XS£QIHMYQ PIJX£XYVR£ZSPYQIW£  £££

%HZERXEKIW£SJ£XLI£7MRKPI£0SST£MRGPYHI£QMRMQM^IH£VMKLXSJ[E]£VIUYMVIQIRXW£GSQTEVIH£XS XLI£4EVGPS£MRXIVGLERKI£ VIUYMVMRK£WMKRMJMGERX£VMKLXSJ[E]£MR£SRP]£SRI£MRXIVWIGXMSR£UYEHVERX  EHETXEFMPMX]£XS£JYXYVI£EVXIVMEP£SV£GVSWW£WXVIIX£[MHIRMRK£ERH£WMQTPIV£TIHIWXVMER£GVSWWMRKW (MWEHZERXEKIW£MRGPYHI£KVIEXIV£PIJX£XYVR£WXSVEKI£VIUYMVIQIRXW£HMJJMGYPX]£MR£TVSZMHMRK£EGGIWW£XS TEVGIPW£[MXLMR£XLI£PSST£VSEH[E]£ERH£KVIEXIV£TSXIRXMEP£JSV£QSXSVMWX£GSRJYWMSR

 ReidMonoChapt5.qxd 6/23/04 9:31 AM Page 94

5.6.3 Compressed Diamond Interchange

8LI£'SQTVIWWIH£(MEQSRH£ EPWS£GEPPIH£E£8MKLX£(MEQSRH £MW£E£GSQQSR£MRXIVGLERKI£HIWMKR MR£LIEZMP]£HIZIPSTIH£YVFER£EVIEW£FIGEYWI£SJ£MXW£QMRMQEP£VMKLXSJ[E]£VIUYMVIQIRXW££-R£XLI 'SQTVIWWIH£(MEQSRH£HIWMKR£XLI£GVSWW£WXVIIX£GVSWWIW£SZIV£XLI£TVMSVMX]£VSEH[E]£[MXL£VEQTW XMKLX£XS£XLI£VSEH[E]£IHKI£SJXIR£MRGPYHMRK£VIXEMRMRK£[EPPW£MR£REVVS[£VMKLXWSJ[E]££%WWYQMRK XLI£YWI£SJ£VIXEMRMRK£[EPPW£XS£TYPP£XLI£VEQT£XIVQMREP£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£EW£GPSWI£EW£TSWWMFPI£ XS£VITVI WIRX£FIWXGEWI£XVEJJMG£STIVEXMSRW £SZIV£E£WM\PERI£FEVVMIVWITEVEXIH£TVMSVMX]£VSEH[E]£XLI£HMW XERGI£FIX[IIR£WMKREPW£QE]£FI£EW£XMKLX£EW££XS££JIIX££8LI£VEQT£XIVQMRM£SR£XLI£GVSWW WXVIIX£EVI£WMKREPGSRXVSPPIH££(YI£XS£XLI£GPSWI£MRXIVWIGXMSR£WTEGMRK£XLIVI£MW£E£PEGO£SJ£PIJXXYVR WXSVEKI£WTEGI£FIX[IIR£XLI£WMKREPW£ERH£MX£MW£HMJJMGYPX£XS£TVSKVIWW£XVEJJMG£XLVSYKL£FSXL£WMKREPW£SR XLI£GVSWW£WXVIIX £XLIVIJSVI£XLI£'SQTVIWWIH£(MEQSRH£YWIW£E£JSYVTLEWI£SZIVPET£WMKREP£XLEX GSSVHMREXIW£FSXL£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£EW£SRI£GSRXVSP

Exhibit 58: Compressed Diamond Interchange

-R£E£WXYH]£GSQTEVMRK£XLI£'SQTVIWWIH£(MEQSRH£[MXL£749-£ERH£GSRZIRXMSREP£(MEQSRH MRXIVGLERKIW£XLI£'SQTVIWWIH£(MEQSRH£TIVJSVQIH£FIXXIV£[LIVI£XYVRMRK£ZSPYQIW£[IVI£KVIEXP] MQFEPERGIH£SV£[LIVI£XLI]£[IVI£QYGL£LIEZMIV£XLER£XLVSYKLXVEJJMG£ZSPYQIW£ERH£EPWS£[LIVI EVXIVMEP£JVSRXEKI£VSEHW£[IVI£MRZSPZIH£  ££%£WIGSRH£WXYH]£YWIH£8VERW]X£*£XS£IZEPYEXI£STIVE XMSRW£IJJMGMIRGMIW£GSQTEVIH£XS£E£749-££8LI£WXYH]£JSYRH£XLEX£XLI£WMKREPW£[MXLMR£XLI 'SQTVIWWIH£(MEQSRH£[IVI£SJXIR£STXMQM^IH£EX£E£WLSVXIV£G]GPI£PIRKXL£[LMGL£GER£PIEH£XS HIGVIEWIH£HIPE]W£ERH£WLSVXIV£UYIYIW£  ££%HZERXEKIW£SJ£XLI£'SQTVIWWIH£(MEQSRH£MRGPYHI QMRMQEP£VMKLXSJ[E]£VIUYMVIQIRXW£EHETXEFMPMX]£XS£JVSRXEKI£VSEH£GSRRIGXMSRW£ERH£JYXYVI£[MHIR MRK£ERH£RSVQEP£HVMZIV£I\TIGXEXMSRW££(MWEHZERXEKIW£MRGPYHI£VIHYGIH£UYIYI£WXSVEKI£WTEGI WMKREP£TLEWMRK£MRIJJMGMIRGMIW£ERH£HMJJMGYPX]£MR£TVSKVIWWMRK£XLVSYKL£XVEJJMG£SR£XLI£EVXIVMEP£

 ReidMonoChapt6.qxd 6/23/04 9:32 AM Page 95

6.0 UNCONVENTIONAL DESIGN IMPLEMENTATION

 ReidMonoChapt6.qxd 6/23/04 9:32 AM Page 96

 ReidMonoChapt6.qxd 6/23/04 9:32 AM Page 97

6.0 UNCONVENTIONAL DESIGN IMPLEMENTATION

¨)ZIV]SRI£MW£E£FMX£EJVEMH£SJ£XV]MRK£WSQIXLMRK£RI[© ¦£,IVQER£/MQQIP£TVIWMHIRX£SJ£E 2I[TSVX£&IEGL£XVERWTSVXEXMSR£IRKMRIIVMRK£JMVQ£SR£GMXMIW«£VIWTSRWIW£XS£MQTPIQIRXMRK£XLI£'*- HIWMKR

-J£YRGSRZIRXMSREP£HIWMKRW£GER£WYFWXERXMEPP]£VIHYGI£MRXIVWIGXMSR£ERH£EVXIVMEP£HIPE]£ERH£GSR KIWXMSR£ERH£TSXIRXMEPP]£WEZI£SV£TSWXTSRI£I\TIRWMZI£MRXIVGLERKI£GSRWXVYGXMSR£XLIR£[L]£EVI XLI]£RSX£QSVI£GSQQSRTPEGI£SR£XLI£97£LMKL[E]£W]WXIQ#££;L]£EVI£QER]£SJ£XLI£HIWMKRW£PMQMXIH XS£VIKMSREP£YWI£SRP]#££;L]£HS£IRKMRIIVW£TSPMXMGMERW£ERH£XLI£HVMZMRK£TYFPMG£RIIH£XS£FI£IRGSYV EKIH£XS£WXYH]£XLIMV£FIRIJMXW#

8LMW£GLETXIV£I\TPSVIW£XLI£QER]£ERW[IVW£XS£XLIWI£UYIWXMSRW£MRGPYHMRK£VIKMSREP£XVEHMXMSRW QMWTIVGITXMSR£SJ£GSWXW£ERH£FIRIJMXW£ERH£PEGO£SJ£E[EVIRIWW££8LI£GLETXIV£GSRXMRYIW£F]£HMW GYWWMRK£WTIGMJMG£FIRIJMXW£ERH£MQTEGXW£HIWGVMFMRK£EREP]WMW£XSSPW£JSV£HIQSRWXVEXMRK£XVEJJMG MQTEGXW£ERH£GSRGPYHIW£[MXL£E£HMWGYWWMSR£SJ£MQTPIQIRXEXMSR£MWWYIW£MRGPYHMRK£WMKREKI£QEVO MRKW£ERH£TYFPMG£MRJSVQEXMSR£GEQTEMKRW

6.1 BEYOND REGIONAL USE

6.1.1 Niche Markets

1ER]£SJ£XLI£YRGSRZIRXMSREP£MRXIVWIGXMSR£HIWMKRW£LEZI£XLIMV£S[R£RMGLI£QEVOIXW£XLEX£QEOI GSRWMHIVEXMSR£E£KVIEXIV£TSWWMFMPMX]£EX£XLI£TPERRMRK£PIZIP££1YGL£SJ£XLMW£MW£HYI£XS£XMQILSRSVIH XVEHMXMSRW£SJ£GSRWXVYGXMSR£XLEX£TVIJIV£XLI£ORS[R£XS£XLI£RI[£ERH£VIWTIGX£HVMZIV£JEQMPMEVMX]£[MXL TEWX£TVEGXMGIW£%PWS£FIGEYWI£XLIVI£EVI£WS£QER]£JSVQW£SJ£YRGSRZIRXMSREP£HIWMKR£MX£QE]£WMQTP] FI£XLI£GEWI£XLEX£GIVXEMR£HIWMKRW£[MPP£SRP]£FI£JSYRH£MR£VIKMSREP£SV£MWSPEXIH£PSGEXMSRW£ERH£XLIVI JSVI£[MPP£EP[E]W£ETTIEV£YRGSRZIRXMSREP£XS£XLI£ZMWMXMRK£HVMZIV£TSTYPEXMSR££*YVXLIV£XLIVI£EVI WSQI£EVXIVMEP£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£[LIVI£RS£YRGSRZIRXMSREP£EPXIVREXMZI£[MPP£[SVO£ERH£SJ£GSYVWI£XLIVI EVI£RYQIVSYW£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£[LIVI£GSRHMXMSRW£EVI£WYGL£XLEX£YRGSRZIRXMSREP£HIWMKRW£EVI£RSX [EVVERXIH

2IEVP]£IZIV]£WXYH]£GSQTEVMRK£XLI£STIVEXMSREP£IJJMGMIRG]£SJ£YRGSRZIRXMSREP£MRXIVWIGXMSR HIWMKR£STIVEXMSRW£XS£IMXLIV£GSRZIRXMSREP£SV£SXLIV£YRGSRZIRXMSREP£MRXIVWIGXMSR£HIWMKRW£LEW£GSR GPYHIH£XLEX£[LMPI£XLI£WXYHMIH£YRGSRZIRXMSREP£HIWMKR£QE]£GSQTEVI£JEZSVEFP]£MR£XVEZIP£IJJMGMIR G]£HIPE]£ERHSV£WEJIX]£YRHIV£GIVXEMR£ZSPYQI£SV£KISQIXV]£WGIREVMSW£XLIVI£MW£RS£WMRKPI£YRGSR ZIRXMSREP£HIWMKR£XLEX£MW£WYTIVMSV£MR£EPP£GMVGYQWXERGIW£

6.1.2 Project Beneficiaries

4IVLETW£ERSXLIV£VIEWSR£XLEX£YRGSRZIRXMSREP£MRXIVWIGXMSR£HIWMKRW£EVI£RSX£QSVI£TVIZEPIRX£MW XLI£PEGO£SJ£YRHIVWXERHMRK£SJ£MRXIRHIH£FIRIJMXW££;LMPI£QSXSVMWXW£EVI£UYMGO£XS£VIGSKRM^I£XYVRMRK VIWXVMGXMSRW£GMVGYMXSYW£VSYXMRK£ERH£ER]£TIVGIMZIH£PSWW£SJ£HMVIGX£EGGIWW£FIRIJMXW£MR£XVEZIP£XMQI ZILMGYPEV£WEJIX]£GSRWXVYGXMSR£MQTEGXW£ERH£TIHIWXVMER£WEJIX]£QE]£KS£YRRSXMGIH££*SV£YRGSRZIR XMSREP£HIWMKRW£ERH£TVMRGMTPIW£XS£IJJIGXMZIP]£FI£MRXVSHYGIH£XS£LMKL[E]£EKIRGMIW£ERH£XLI£XVEZIP MRK£TYFPMG£MX£MW£MQTSVXERX£XS£GSQQYRMGEXI£ER£YRHIVWXERHMRK£SJ£XLI£VERKI£ERH£HITXL£SJ£FIRIJMXW XLEX£YRGSRZIRXMSREP£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£GER£EGLMIZI££9RGSRZIRXMSREP£MRXIVWIGXMSR£HIWMKRW£ETTPMIH£XS EVXIVMEP£XVERWTSVXEXMSR£W]WXIQW£LEZI£WLS[R£XLI£JSPPS[MRK£FIRIJMXW£XS£WTIGMJMG£XVERWTSVXEXMSR£YWIV KVSYTW

 ReidMonoChapt6.qxd 6/23/04 9:32 AM Page 98

ˆ 1SXSVMWXW£VIHYGIH£XVEJJMG£EGGMHIRXW£XVEZIP£HIPE]W£ERH£VIGYVVMRK£GSRKIWXMSR ˆ 0ERH£3[RIVW£MRGVIEWIH£IGSRSQMG£TSXIRXMEP£JSV£HIZIPSTQIRX£SJ£PERH£EPSRK£ER£IJJMGMIRX XVERWTSVXEXMSR£GSVVMHSV £MRGVIEWIH£QEVOIX£EVIE£XLEX£GER£FI£VIEGLIH£IJJMGMIRXP] ˆ (IZIPSTIVW£ERH£,MKL[E]£%KIRG]£7XEJJ£EFMPMX]£XS£IWXEFPMWL£EGGIWW£HIWMKR£GVMXIVME£ERH£TVI HIXIVQMRI£EGGIWW£PSGEXMSRW£XLYW£VIHYGMRK£XLI£LMKL£GSWX£SJ£MQTEGX£EWWIWWQIRX£ERH VIHIWMKR£JSV£RI[£EGGIWW£TSMRXW ˆ 8E\TE]IVW£ERH£)PIGXIH£3JJMGMEPW£TVSPSRKIH£JYRGXMSREP£PMJI£SJ£I\MWXMRK£VSEHW£EX£EGGITXEFPI GSRKIWXMSR£PIZIPW £GETMXEP£MRZIWXQIRXW£JSGYWIH£SR£STIVEXMSRW£RSX£I\TIRWMZI£[MHIRMRKW ˆ 4IHIWXVMERW£ERH£&MG]GPMWXW£MQTVSZIH£MRXIVWIGXMSR£WEJIX]£ERH£PSRKIVQSVI£JVIUYIRX£GVSWW MRK£XMQIW£

%£GPIEVIV£YRHIVWXERHMRK£SJ£XLI£FIRIJMXW£SJ£QER]£SJ£XLI£YRGSRZIRXMSREP£HIWMKRW£TVIWIRXIH WLSYPH£PIEH£XS£QSVI£[MHIWTVIEH£ERH£EGGITXIH£YWI£

6.1.3 Building Sustainable Highways

%£JYVXLIV£JEGXSV£XLEX£WLSYPH£IRGSYVEKI£XLI£YWI£SJ£YRGSRZIRXMSREP£HIWMKRW£MR£XLI£GSQMRK HIGEHIW£MW£XLI£KVS[MRK£VIGSKRMXMSR£SJ£XLI£MQTSVXERGI£SJ£WYWXEMREFMPMX]££%W£WXEXIW£EVI£JSGYWMRK QSVI£ERH£QSVI£SR£QEMRXEMRMRK£I\MWXMRK£JEGMPMXMIW£ZIVWYW£FYMPHMRK£RI[£PERIW£ERH£GSVVMHSVW£VSEH [E]£HIWMKRW£EVI£YRHIV£MRGVIEWMRK£WGVYXMR]£JSV£XLIMV£EFMPMX]£XS£QEREKI£ERH£WYWXEMR£XVEJJMG£SZIV XLI£PSRK£XIVQ££-R£EHHMXMSR£GSQQYRMXMIW£EVI£FIKMRRMRK£XS£VIGSKRM^I£XLI£WMKRMJMGERGI£ERH£ZEPYI SJ£TVIWIVZMRK£MRZIWXQIRX£F]£QEMRXEMRMRK£E£VSEH[E]«W£TEVXMGYPEV£JYRGXMSR££1ER]£YRGSRZIRXMSREP HIWMKRW£TEVXMGYPEVP]£XLSWI£XLEX£LIPT£QEREKI£XLI£EVXIVMEP£GSVVMHSV£TVSQSXI£STIVEXMSRW£ERH£QER EKIQIRX£GSRWMWXIRX£[MXL£EVXIVMEP£VSEH[E]£JYRGXMSR

;LIR£E£GSQQIVGMEP£EVXIVMEP£GSVVMHSV£GSQFMRIW£LMKL£XVEJJMG£ZSPYQIW£[MXL£MRIJJMGMIRX£MRXIVWIG XMSR£GSRXVSP£ERH£XSSJVIUYIRX£GSRJPMGX£TSMRXW£XLI£VSEH[E]£UYEPMX]£HIGPMRIW£EW£HSIW£XLI£EHIUYE G]£SJ£WIVZMGI£XS£EFYXXMRK£TVSTIVXMIW££3R£XLI£SXLIV£LERH£[MHIRMRK£ER£SZIVFYVHIRIH£GSQQIV GMEP£EVXIVMEP£SV£YTKVEHMRK£MX£XS£E£JVII[E]£[LMPI£YRHSYFXIHP]£MRGVIEWMRK£ZILMGYPEV£XLVSYKLTYX QE]£HS£WS£EX£TSXIRXMEPP]£LMKL£GSWXW£XS£WYVVSYRHMRK£FYWMRIWWIW£VIWMHIRXMEP£EVIEW£XLI£IRZMVSR QIRX£ERH£PSGEP£GMVGYPEXMSR£RSX£XS£QIRXMSR£LMKL[E]£EKIRGMIW«£FYHKIXW££(IWMKR£STIVEXMSR£ERH QEREKIQIRX£GSRWMWXIRX£[MXL£VSEH[E]£JYRGXMSR£ EVXIVMEP£GSPPIGXSV£PSGEP£WXVIIX£IXG £TVSXIGX MRZIWXQIRXW£MR£I\MWXMRK£VSEHW£EW£[IPP£EW£MRZIWXQIRXW£MR£WYVVSYRHMRK£PERH£YWIW££4VSXIGXMRK£XLI VSEH[E]£GETEGMX]£SJ£I\MWXMRK£JEGMPMXMIW£GER£EPWS£VIHYGI£XLI£RIIH£JSV£EHHMXMSREP£RI[£LMKL[E] GSVVMHSVW£SV£F]TEWW£JEGMPMXMIW£XLEX£GER£LEZI£WYFWXERXMEP£IGSRSQMG£WSGMEP£ERH£SXLIV£IRZMVSRQIR XEP£MQTEGXW£  

7MRGI£XLI£IRLERGIQIRX£TVSKVEQ£[EW£MRGSVTSVEXIH£MRXS£XLI£-RXIVQSHEP£7YVJEGI 8VERWTSVXEXMSR£)JJMGMIRG]£%GX£ -78)% £SJ££XLI£TVEGXMGI£SJ£MQTVSZMRK£GSQQYRMXMIW£ERH£XLI IRZMVSRQIRX£EW£TEVX£SJ£LMKL[E]£TVSNIGXW£LEW£FIGSQI£QEMRWXVIEQ££%%7,83«W£HIWGVMTXMSR£SJ IRZMVSRQIRXEP£WXI[EVHWLMT£IRGSYVEKIW£HIWMKR£GVMXIVME£KIEVIH£XS£WIVZMRK£XVEJJMG£RIIHW£JSV££XS £]IEVW£MR£XLI£JYXYVI£¦£XLMROMRK£MR£XIVQW£SJ£HIGEHIW£VEXLIV£XLER£]IEVW£IRWYVMRK£XLEX£XVERW TSVXEXMSR£TVSNIGXW£FIRIJMX£E£GSQQYRMX]«W£JYXYVI£KIRIVEXMSRW££4VSNIGXW£WLSYPH£FI£TPERRIH HIWMKRIH£STIVEXIH£ERH£QEMRXEMRIH£WS£XLEX£XLIVI£MW£ER£SZIVEPP£RIX£TSWMXMZI£FIRIJMX£XS£XLI£IRZM VSRQIRX£ERH£GSQQYRMX]££-R£TEVXMGYPEV£LMKL[E]£TVSNIGXW£WLSYPH£FI£HIWMKRIH£XS£WYTTSVX£I\MWX MRK£PERH£YWI£TSPMGMIW£EW£[IPP£EW£TSPMGMIW£XLEX£GSRXVSP£XLI£EGGIWW£ERH£QEREKIQIRX£SJ£XVEJJMG JPS[W£  ££££

 ReidMonoChapt6.qxd 6/23/04 9:32 AM Page 99

6.2 AWARENESS AND ACCEPTANCE

1ENSV£GLERKIW£XS£I\MWXMRK£XVERWTSVXEXMSR£JEGMPMXMIW£EVI£SJXIR£GSRXVSZIVWMEP£ERH£TVSTSWMRK YRGSRZIRXMSREP£HIWMKRW£GER£HVE[£EHHMXMSREP£SFNIGXMSRW£JVSQ£FYWMRIWW£S[RIVW£ERH£XLI£QSXSVMWX TYFPMG£EW£[IPP£EW£GVIEXI£EHHIH£ER\MIX]£SR£XLI£TEVX£SJ£SJXIR£GEYXMSYW£EKIRG]£SJJMGMEPW££8LMW WIGXMSR£I\TPSVIW£XLI£EXXMXYHIW£SJ£LMKL[E]£EKIRGMIW£XLI£HVMZMRK£TYFPMG£ERH£PERHS[RIVW£VIKEVH MRK£MQTPIQIRXEXMSR£SJ£YRGSRZIRXMSREP£MRXIVWIGXMSR£HIWMKR£ERH£EVXIVMEP£EGGIWW£QEREKIQIRX 3JXIR£MRMXMEP£JIEVW£EVI£YR[EVVERXIH£F]£IZIRXYEP£SYXGSQIW£EW£MW£WLS[R£MR£E£RYQFIV£SJ£WXYHMIW HMWGYWWIH£FIPS[

6.2.1 Highway Agencies

;LIR£WYVZI]IH£SR£LS[£WXEXI£LMKL[E]£EKIRGMIW£X]TMGEPP]£VIEGX£XS£YRGSRZIRXMSREP£HIWMKR£SV HIWMKR£MRRSZEXMSR£VIWTSRWIW£JVSQ£SJJMGMEPW£[IVI£EPP£SZIV£XLI£WTIGXVYQ£MRGPYHMRK£GSQQIRXW WYGL£EW ˆ 1EREKIQIRX£MW£PSSOMRK£JSV£TVSEGXMZI£MHIEW£[LIVI£TSWWMFPI£JSV£EPP£JYXYVI£TVSNIGXW ˆ;I£MRZIWXMKEXI£XLIQ£ YRGSRZIRXMSREP£SV£MRRSZEXMZI£HIWMKR£GSRGITXW £EW£XLI]£GSQI£EPSRK ˆ +IRIVEPP]£PMOI£XS£WXMGO£XS£GSRZIRXMSREP£TVSZIR£GSRGITXW£EW£HIWMKR£MRRSZEXMSR£MRZSPZIW£GIV XEMR£VMWOW

8LI£WYVZI]£EPWS£EWOIH£LMKL[E]£EKIRGMIW£JSV£VIEWSRW£XLI]£[SYPH£SV£[SYPH£RSX£GSRWMHIV YRGSRZIRXMSREP£EXKVEHI£ERH£KVEHIWITEVEXIH£HIWMKRW££%£GSQTPIXI£WYQQEV]£SJ£WYVZI] VIWTSRWIW£ERH£VEROMRK£SJ£EPXIVREXMZIW£MW£MRGPYHIH£MR£XLI£%TTIRHM\

Exhibit 59: Reasons Agencies May Consider Unconventional Designs 8SXEP£7GSVI£MW£GYQYPEXMZI£SJ£WYVZI]£VEXMRKW£SJ££XS££[MXL£E£RYQFIV££VIWTSRWI£VIGIMZMRK£ £TSMRXW£RYQFIV££JSYV£TSMRXW£ERH£WS£JSVXL

%££6IEWSRW£XS£GSRWMHIV£YRGSRZIRXMSREP£EXKVEHI£MRXIVWIGXMSR£HIWMKR -WWYI 6EXIH£§£'SRGIVR 8SXEP£7GSVI 7EJIX]   'SRKIWXMSRGETEGMX]   0IJXXYVR£ZSPYQIW   4VSKVIWWMSR   4IHIWXVMERW   3XLIV  

&£6IEWSRW£XS£GSRWMHIV£YRGSRZIRXMSREP£KVEHIWITEVEXIH£MRXIVWIGXMSR£HIWMKR -WWYI 6EXIH£§£6IEWSR 8SXEP£7GSVI 'SRKIWXMSRGETEGMX]   7EJIX]   %PMKRQIRX   6SYXI£TVMSVMX]   2IZIV£GSRWMHIV  

 2SXI£XLEX£XLIWI£GSQQIRXW£[IVI£SFXEMRIH£JVSQ£MRHMZMHYEP£EKIRG]£WXEJJ£ERH£HS£RSX£RIGIWWEVMP]£VIJPIGX£XLI TSPMGMIW£ERH£TVEGXMGI£SJ£XLI£IRXMVI£EKIRG]

 ReidMonoChapt6.qxd 6/23/04 9:32 AM Page 100

6.2.2 Public Acceptance

*SV£YRGSRZIRXMSREP£MRXIVWIGXMSR£HIWMKRW£XS£FI£WIVMSYWP]£GSRWMHIVIH£JSV£MQTPIQIRXEXMSR LMKL[E]£EKIRGMIW£QYWX£JMVWX£FI£GSRZMRGIH£XLEX£LMKL[E]£YWIVW£[MPP£YRHIVWXERH£ERH£EGGITX£XLI MHIE£XLEX£PMQMXMRK£HMVIGX£EGGIWW£EX£XLIMV£XVMT£XIVQMRM£[MPP£VIWYPX£MR£VIHYGIH£XVEZIP£XMQI£ERH MQTVSZIH£WEJIX]£JSV£XLIMV£XVMT£SZIVEPP££%KIRGMIW£QYWX£EPWS£FI£GSRZMRGIH£XLEX£HVMZIV£IVVSV£SV£HMW VIKEVH£[MPP£RSX£FI£E£WIVMSYW£TVSFPIQ££9RGSRZIRXMSREP£EVXIVMEP£MRXIVWIGXMSR£HIWMKRW£F]£HIJMRMXMSR VIVSYXI£GIVXEMR£XYVRMRK£QSZIQIRXW£ERH£LEZI£XLI£TSXIRXMEP£XS£GEYWI£QSVI£HVMZIV£GSRJYWMSR£XLER GSRZIRXMSREP£MRXIVWIGXMSR£HIWMKRW£[MXL£HMVIGX£EGGIWW££7IZIVEP£SJ£XLI£SPHIV£YRGSRZIRXMSREP£MRXIV WIGXMSR£HIWMKRW£LEZI£WLS[R£XLEX£EKIRGMIW£GER£IJJIGXMZIP]£QMXMKEXI£GSRJYWMSR£MRLIVIRX£MR VIWXVMGXMRK£HMVIGX£EGGIWW££,MKL[E]£EKIRGMIW£LEZI£XLVSYKLSYX£XLI£]IEVW£HIZIPSTIH£PSKMGEP£ERH YRHIVWXERHEFPI£WMKRMRK£ERH£QEVOMRK£XS£KYMHI£HVMZIVW£XLVSYKL£YRGSRZIRXMSREP£GSRJMKYVEXMSRW IZIR£MR£GSQQYRMXMIW£[MXL£PEVKI£EQSYRXW£SJ£XSYVMWX£XVEJJMG£

3RI£SJ£XLI£MWWYIW£HIWMKRIVW£GMXI£QSWX£SJXIR£EW£E£VIEWSR£JSV£RSX£YWMRK£YRGSRZIRXMSREP HIWMKR£GSRGITXW£MW£XLI£GSRGIVR£XLEX£QSXSVMWXW£[MPP£RSX£ORS[£LS[£XS£TVSTIVP]£SV£WEJIP]£REZMKEXI XLI£YRMUYI£HIWMKRW£TEVXMGYPEVP]£[LIR£XLI]£EVI£RI[£  ££-R£XLI£WYVZI]£SJ£WXEXI£LMKL[E]£EKIR GMIW£GSRHYGXIH£JSV£XLMW£VIWIEVGL£HVMZIV£I\TIGXEXMSR£[EW£VEXIH£EW£XLI£LMKLIWX£JEGXSV£MR£VINIGXMRK YRGSRZIRXMSREP£HIWMKR£

Exhibit 60: Reasons Agencies May Reject Unconventional Designs 8SXEP£7GSVI£MW£GYQYPEXMZI£SJ£WYVZI]£VEXMRKW£SJ££XS££[MXL£E£RYQFIV££VIWTSRWI£VIGIMZMRK£ £TSMRXW£RYQFIV££JSYV£TSMRXW£ERH£WS£JSVXL -WWYI 6EXIH£§£'SRGIVR 8SXEP£7GSVI (VMZIV£I\TIGXEXMSRWEJIX]   'SWX   63;£VIUYMVIQIRXW   %GGIWW£MQTEGXW   (VMZIV£HMWVIKEVH  

6.2.3 Developers and Land Owners

&IGEYWI£YRGSRZIRXMSREP£MRXIVWIGXMSR£HIWMKRW£X]TMGEPP]£VIVSYXI£SV£VIWXVMGX£HVMZI[E]£EGGIWW EPSRK£ER£EVXIVMEP£SV£RIEV£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£EHNEGIRX£FYWMRIWW£S[RIVW£[LS£MR£TEVX£VIP]£SR£HMVIGX EGGIWW£XS£EXXVEGX£GYWXSQIVW£EVI£SJXIR£ZIV]£GSRGIVRIH£EFSYX£XLI£MQTPIQIRXEXMSR£SJ£XLIWI HIWMKRW££7IZIVEP£NSYVREPIH£WXYHMIW£LEZI£I\EQMRIH£XLI£MQTEGX£SJ£MRHMVIGX£EGGIWW£XS£HVMZI[E]W ERH£EHNEGIRX£VSEHWMHI£TEVGIPW££7XYHMIW£MR£/ERWEW£8I\EW£*PSVMHE£ERH£-S[E£TVSZMHI£WXVSRK ERIGHSXEP£IZMHIRGI£XLEX£GLERKIW£MR£EGGIWW£SV£XVEJJMG£STIVEXMSRW£I\GITX£YRHIV£I\XVIQI£GEWIW SJ£GMVGYMXSYW£STIVEXMSRW£HMH£RSX£RIKEXMZIP]£MQTEGX£XLI£LMKLIWX£ERH£FIWX£YWIW£EHNEGIRX£XS£XLI EPXIVIH£VSEH[E]££%££WXYH]£SJ£XLI£IGSRSQMG£MQTEGXW£SJ£PIJXXYVR£VIWXVMGXMSRW£MR£8I\EW£  MRGPYHIH£XLI£JSPPS[MRK£JMRHMRKW£ ˆ 3ZIV££TIVGIRX£SJ£FYWMRIWW£S[RIVW£VITSVXIH£XLEX£VIKYPEV£GYWXSQIVW£[IVI£EW£PMOIP]£SV QSVI£PMOIP]£XS£GSRXMRYI£XLIMV£TEXVSREKI£EJXIV£XLI£MRWXEPPEXMSR£SJ£QIHMER£GSRXVSP£XLEX£GEYWIH EX£PIEWX£WSQI£VIWXVMGXMSR£SR£SV£IPMQMREXMSR£SJ£HMVIGX£EGGIWW££

 ReidMonoChapt6.qxd 6/23/04 9:32 AM Page 101

ˆ 7TIGMEPX]£VIXEMP£ERH£JEWXJSSH£VIWXEYVERX£X]TIW£SJ£FYWMRIWWIW£[IVI£QYGL£QSVI£PMOIP]£XS WLS[£ER£MRGVIEWI£MR£GYWXSQIVW£EJXIV£E£LMKL[E]£MQTVSZIQIRX£TVSNIGX£XLEX£MRGPYHIH£QIHMER GSRXVSP£[LMPI£KEWSPMRI£ERH£EYXSWIVZMGI£WXEXMSRW£[IVI£PMOIP]£XS£WLS[£E£HIGVIEWI£MR£GYW XSQIVW£ERH£WEPIW ˆ 2IKEXMZI£TIVGITXMSR£SJ£XLI£FYWMRIWW£S[RIVW£TVMSV£XS£PSWW£SJ£WSQI£HMVIGX£EGGIWW£QSZI QIRXW£ HYI£XS£XLI£MRWXEPPEXMSR£SJ£E£QIHMER £[EW£JEV£QSVI£TIWWMQMWXMG£XLER£XLI£JMREP£TVSNIGX SYXGSQIW£

%££WXEXI[MHI£WXYH]£SJ£EGGIWWQEREKIH£GSVVMHSVW£MR£-S[E£VITSVXIH£XLEX£   ˆ 3ZIV££TIVGIRX£SJ£FYWMRIWW£TEXVSRW£WYVZI]IH£LEH£JEZSVEFPI£STMRMSRW£SJ£VSEH[E] MQTVSZIQIRXW£XLEX£MRZSPZIH£VIWXVMGXMSR£MR£EGGIWW£GMXMRK£WEJIV£ERH£QSVI£IJJMGMIRX£STIVE XMSRW£ERH£MQTVSZIH£XVEZIP£XS£VIXEMP£ERH£FYWMRIWW£IWXEFPMWLQIRXW ˆ%ZIVEKI£JEMPYVI£VEXIW£SJ£FYWMRIWWIW£EPSRK£EGGIWWQEREKIH£GSVVMHSVW£[IVI£FIPS[£XLI£-S[E WXEXI[MHI£EZIVEKI ˆ £TIVGIRX£SJ£FYWMRIWW£S[RIVW£EPSRK£EGGIWWQEREKIH£GSVVMHSVW£VITSVXIH£WEPIW£EX£SV EFSZI£XLI£PIZIPW£TVMSV£XS£XLI£VSEH[E]£MQTVSZIQIRX£TVSNIGXW

8LI£QSWX£I\XIRWMZI£VIWIEVGL£MRXS£MQTEGXW£SJ£QIHMER£ERH£EGGIWW£QEREKIQIRX£EPSRK£EVXI VMEP£GSVVMHSVW£MW£GSPPIGXIH£MR£2EXMSREP£'SSTIVEXMZI£,MKL[E]£6IWIEVGL£4YFPMGEXMSR£££8LI VITSVX£GSRGPYHIH£XLI£JSPPS[MRK£VIKEVHMRK£IGSRSQMG£MQTEGXW£XS£FYWMRIWWIW£PSGEXIH£EPSRK£EVXI VMEPW££ ˆ ;LIVI£HMVIGX£PIJX£XYVRW£EVI£TVSLMFMXIH£WSQI£QSXSVMWXW£[MPP£GLERKI£XLIMV£HVMZMRK£SV£WLSTTMRK TEXXIVRW£XS£GSRXMRYI£TEXVSRM^MRK£WTIGMJMG£IWXEFPMWLQIRXW££ ˆ 7SQI£VITIXMXMZI£TEWWF]£XVEJJMG£[MPP£YWI£[IPPHIWMKRIH£SV£GSRZIRMIRXP]£PSGEXIH£9XYVR£JEGMPM XMIW£ ˆ -QTEGXW£[MPP£EPWS£FI£VIHYGIH£EX£PSGEXMSRW£[LIVI£HMVIGX£PIJXXYVR£EGGIWW£MW£EZEMPEFPI£ ˆ -R£WSQI£GEWIW£VIXEMP£WEPIW£QE]£MRGVIEWI£EW£SZIVEPP£QSFMPMX]£MQTVSZIW£  ££ ˆ 8LI£PMOIPMLSSH£SJ£PIJX£XYVRW£HIGVIEWIW£EW£XLI£STTSWMRK£ZSPYQIW£MRGVIEWI£ERH£XLIVIJSVI£XLI MRXVSHYGXMSR£SJ£QIHMERW£[MPP£LEZI£VIPEXMZIP]£RS£MQTEGX£HYVMRK£TIEO£TIVMSHW£  

1EVOIX£EVIE£EREP]WIW£LEZI£HIQSRWXVEXIH£XLEX£SZIVP]£GSRKIWXIH£EVXIVMEPW£GER£VIHYGI£FYWM RIWW£QEVOIX£EVIEW£ERH£VIHYGI£XLI£IGSRSQMG£ZMEFMPMX]£SJ£XLI£GSVVMHSV£  ££6IWIEVGL£XS£HEXI LEW£RSX£MHIRXMJMIH£XLI£PSRKXIVQ£IGSRSQMG£FIRIJMXW£XS£YRGSRZIRXMSREP£HIWMKR£QEREKIQIRX£FYX XLIVI£EVI£QER]£ERIGHSXEP£I\EQTPIW£SJ£IGSRSQMGEPP]£XLVMZMRK£GSVVMHSVW£[MXL£YRGSRZIRXMSREP EVXIVMEP£MRXIVWIGXMSR£HIWMKRW£MRGPYHMRK£97££FIX[IIR£8VIRXSR£ERH£2I[£&VYRW[MGO£2I[£.IVWI] .YKLERHPIW £ERH£97££MR£WSYXLIEWXIVR£1MGLMKER£ 1IHMER£98YVRW 

9RGSRZIRXMSREP£MRXIVWIGXMSR£HIWMKR£GER£EPWS£FVMRK£WMKRMJMGERX£TSPMXMGEP£ERH£MRWXMXYXMSREP MWWYIW£XS£XLI£WYVJEGI££*SV£I\EQTPI£QER]£MR£XLI£FYWMRIWW£WIGXSV£FIPMIZI£XLEX£ER]XLMRK£PIWW XLER£HMVIGX£EGGIWW£[MPP£LYVX£XLIMV£FYWMRIWW££7SQI£YWIVW£UYIWXMSR£XLI£PSKMG£SJ£JSVGMRK£E£QSVI GMVGYMXSYW£IRXV]£XS£SV£I\MX£JVSQ£PERH£YWIW£[MXL£VIWXVMGXIH£EGGIWW££'SRWMHIVEFPI£TSPMXMGEP£TVIW WYVI£MW£SJXIR£I\IVXIH£XS£VIHYGI£XLI£EQSYRX£SJ£EGGIWW£GSRXVSP£FIGEYWI£SJ£JIEVW£XLEX£HIZIPSTIVW QMKLX£FI£¨XYVRIH£SJJ©£ERH£HIGMHI£XS£FYMPH£IPWI[LIVI£SV£XLEX£ZSXIVW£[MPP£SFNIGX£XS£TIVGIMZIH

 ReidMonoChapt6.qxd 6/23/04 9:32 AM Page 102

MRGSRZIRMIRGI£ERH£VMWO££8S£KEMR£JYVXLIV£EGGITXERGI£HIZIPSTIVW£FYWMRIWW£S[RIVW£ERH£XLI TYFPMG£MR£KIRIVEP£QYWX£WII£EGGIWW£QEREKIQIRX£EW£ER£EPP]£VEXLIV£XLER£EW£E£XLVIEX

6.3 BENEFITS AND IMPACTS

8VEJJMG£ZSPYQIW£HIZIPSTQIRX£EGGIWW£WEJIX]£GSRGIVRW£TIHIWXVMERFMG]GPI£GVSWWMRKW£ERH VMKLXSJ[E]£GSRWMHIVEXMSRW£[MPP£EPP£KYMHI£HIGMWMSRW£SR£[LIXLIV£ER£YRGSRZIRXMSREP£MRXIVWIGXMSR HIWMKR£WLSYPH£FI£MQTPIQIRXIH££7SQI£SJ£XLIWI£MWWYIW£EVI£PSGEPM^IH£FYX£SXLIVW£EVI£GSQQSR£XS EPP£PSGEXMSRW£ERH£EVI£HMWGYWWIH£MR£XLMW£WIGXMSR£MRGPYHMRK£WEJIX]£GETEGMX]£TIHIWXVMER£QSZI QIRXW£EMV£UYEPMX]£IGSRSQMG£ERH£GSQQYRMX]£MQTEGXW£ERH£TVSNIGX£GSWXW££££

6.3.1 Intersection Safety

;LMPI£QYGL£SJ£XLI£WEJIX]£MRJSVQEXMSR£EZEMPEFPI£SR£YRGSRZIRXMSREP£MRXIVWIGXMSR£HIWMKRW£MW TSWMXMZI£XLIVI£EVI£WXMPP£KETW£MR£XLI£HEXE

8LI£SPHIV£1IHMER£98YVR£.YKLERHPI£ERH£6SYRHEFSYX£HIWMKRW£LEZI£PSRKIV£XVEGO£VIGSVHW XLEX£X]TMGEPP]£WLS[£JI[IV£GSPPMWMSRW£XLER£GSQTEVEFPI£GSRZIRXMSREP£EVXIVMEPW£FYX£RS£I\TPMGMX£GSR XVSPPIH£WEJIX]£I\TIVMQIRXW£LEZI£FIIR£TIVJSVQIH£XS£ZEPMHEXI£XLIWI£XVIRHW££;MXLSYX£GSRXVSPPIH I\TIVMQIRXW£MX£MW£TEVXMGYPEVP]£HMJJMGYPX£XS£WITEVEXI£XLI£IJJIGXW£SJ£XLI£WQEPPIV£RYQFIV£SJ£GSRJPMGX TSMRXW£JVSQ£XLI£IJJIGXW£SJ£FIXXIV£EGGIWW£GSRXVSP£[LMGL£MW£RSX£I\GPYWMZI£XS£XLI£YRGSRZIRXMSREP EPXIVREXMZI

*SV£YRGSRZIRXMSREP£MRXIVWIGXMSR£HIWMKRW£[LIVI£WYJJMGMIRX£EGGMHIRX£WXYH]£HEXE£MWR«X£EZEMP EFPI£ JSV£RI[£HIWMKRW£JSV£I\EQTPI £E£VIHYGXMSR£MR£EGGMHIRX£VEXIW£GER£FI£VIEWSREFP]£I\TIGXIH FEWIH£SR£E£HIWMKR«W£VIHYGXMSR£MR£GSRJPMGX£TSMRXW££9RGSRZIRXMSREP£MRXIVWIGXMSR£HIWMKRW£[LIVI XLI£RYQFIV£SJ£YRTVSXIGXIH£GSRJPMGXMRK£QSZIQIRXW£LEW£FIIR£VIHYGIH£EVI£XLISVIXMGEPP]£WEJIV XLER£GSRZIRXMSREP£HIWMKRW£FYX£MR£QER]£GEWIW£GSRZMRGMRK£GSPPMWMSR£HEXE£HS£RSX£I\MWX :EPMHEXIH£EGGMHIRX£VEXI£JEGXSVW£SV£EGGMHIRX£QSHIPW£WLSYPH£FI£HIZIPSTIH£XS£LIPT£EKIRGMIW WXYH]£E£KVIEXIV£ZEVMIX]£SJ£YRGSRZIRXMSREP£HIWMKRW££

6.3.2 Intersection Capacity

1ER]£SJ£XLI£YRGSRZIRXMSREP£HIWMKRW£TVIWIRXIH£LEZI£FIIR£WLS[R£XLVSYKL£JMIPH£HEXE£ERHSV XVEJJMG£WMQYPEXMSR£QSHIPMRK£XS£FI£WYTIVMSV£MR£FSXL£GETEGMX]£ERH£IJJMGMIRG]£EX£QENSV£MRXIVWIGXMSRW -R£E£WXYH]£SJ£WIZIR£EXKVEHI£YRGSRZIRXMSREP£WSPYXMSRW£MR£IEGL£ZSPYQI£WGIREVMS£EX£PIEWX£SRI ERH£MR£QER]£GEWIW£WIZIVEP £YRGSRZIRXMSREP£HIWMKRW£LEH£WMKRMJMGERXP]£FIXXIV£MRXIVWIGXMSR£STIV EXMSRW£GSQTEVIH£XS£XLI£GSRZIRXMSREP£MRXIVWIGXMSR£HIWMKR£  

;LMPI£E£RYQFIV£SJ£PSGEP£JEGXSVW£MRGPYHMRK£VMKLXSJ[E]£GSRWMHIVEXMSRW£EVI£EP[E]W£MRZSPZIH MR£WIPIGXMRK£ER£MRXIVGLERKI£HIWMKR£YRGSRZIRXMSREP£HIWMKRW£GER£TVSZMHI£WYTIVMSV£STIVEXMSRW£MR QSWX£GEWIW

 ReidMonoChapt6.qxd 6/23/04 9:32 AM Page 103

6.3.3 Pedestrian Impacts

4IHIWXVMER£WEJIX]£MW£ER£MQTSVXERX£HIWMKR£GVMXIVMSR£JSV£XLI£IRKMRIIV£XS£GSRWMHIV££8LI£WMQTPM JMIH£WMKREP£STIVEXMSRW£SJ£QSWX£YRGSRZIRXMSREP£HIWMKRW£FIRIJMX£XLI£WEJIX]£SJ£TIHIWXVMER£GVSWW MRKW£F]£HIGVIEWMRK£[EMX£XMQIW£XLIVIF]£VIHYGMRK£XLI£PMOIPMLSSH£SJ£TIHIWXVMERW£GVSWWMRK£EKEMRWX XLIMV£WMKREP£,S[IZIV£QER]£HIWMKRW£JSVGI£TIHIWXVMERW£XS£QEOI£X[SWXEKI£GVSWWMRKW£SV£XS£GVSWW JVIIJPS[£QSZIQIRXW££3RI£WXYH]£EXXIQTXIH£XS£VERO£XLI£VIPEXMZI£WEJIX]£SJ£TIHIWXVMER£GVSWWMRKW JSV£JSYV£GSRZIRXMSREP£ERH£WM\£YRGSRZIRXMSREP£HIWMKRW£  ££%W£WLS[R£MR£)\LMFMX££XLI£1IHMER 98YVR£ERH£&S[XMI£HIWMKRW£LEZI£XLI£TSXIRXMEP£XS£QEOI£TIHIWXVMER£GVSWWMRKW£IEWMIV£XLER£QER] GSRZIRXMSREP£HIWMKRW£[LMPI£SXLIV£YRGSRZIRXMSREP£HIWMKRW£LEZI£XLI£TSXIRXMEP£XS£QEOI£TIHIWXVM ER£XVEZIP£QSVI£HMJJMGYPX

Exhibit 61: Pedestrian Crossing Efficiency

Pedestrian Movements

Number of Roadways Crossed Number of Free-Flow Crossings Right Movement, Free- Flowing (1), Controlled (0)

Design Major (1) Minor (1) Major (2) Minor (2) Major (1) Minor (1) Major (2) Minor (2) Major (1) Minor (1) Major (2) Minor (2) Total Rank

Conventional (c) 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 1

Bowtie 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 1

Median U-Turn* 2 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 3

Conventional (b) 2 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 3

Conventional (a) 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 8 5

Conventional (d) 2 1 2 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 10 6

Superstreet* 2 1 2 1 2 0 2 0 1 0 1 0 12 7

Jughandle* 3 2 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 16 8

Roundabout* 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 20 9

Continuous Flow* 3 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 22 10

7SYVGI£+YMHERGI£SR£XLI£7EJI£-QTPIQIRXEXMSR£SJ£9RGSRZIRXMSREP£%VXIVMEP£(IWMKRW£2'79£6EPIMKL£2' 2SXIW££!£EWWYQMRK£QIHMERW £7XYH]£I\EQMRIH£XLI£TEXL£SJ£TIHIWXVMERW£GVSWWMRK£FSXL£XLI£EVXIVMEP£ERH£XLI GVSWW£WXVIIX£EX£ER£MRXIVWIGXMSR £  £ERH£  £VIJIV£XS£XLI£JMVWX£ERH£WIGSRH£WXEKIW£SJ£GVSWWMRK£ER£MRHMZMHYEP VSEH[E]£ETTVSEGL£8LI£WXYH]£I\EQMRIH£JSYV£ZEVMEXMSRW£SJ£XLI£GSRZIRXMSREP£MRXIVWIGXMSR£HIWMKR£ E £RS QIHMER£ £JVII£VMKLX£XYVR£ F £QIHMER£ERH£RS£JVII£VMKLXXYVR£ G £RS£QIHMER£ £RS£JVII£VMKLX£XYVR£ H £QIHMER ERH£JVII£VMKLXXYVR£%R£I\XVE£TSMRX£[EW£EHHIH£XS£XLI£XSXEP£JSV£ER]£JVIIJPS[MRK£VMKLXXYVR£QSZIQIRXW

6.3.4 Air Quality

;LMPI£WMKRMJMGERX£VIHYGXMSRW£LEZI£FIIR£QEHI£MR£QSXSV£ZILMGPI£IQMWWMSRW£WMRGI£XLI£'PIER %MV£%GX£SJ££XLIVI£VIQEMRW£E£WXVSRK£VIPEXMSRWLMT£FIX[IIR£XVEJJMG£GSRKIWXMSR£ERH£EMV£UYEPMX] MR£YVFER£EVIEW££:ILMGPIW£QSZMRK£WQSSXLP]£HS[R£XLI£LMKL[E]£FYVR£JYIP£QSVI£IJJMGMIRXP]£ERH XLYW£KIRIVEXI£PIWW£EMV£TSPPYXMSR£TIV£QMPI£XVEZIPIH££-HPMRK£ZILMGPIW£ERH£WXSTERHKS£XVEJJMG£GSRHM XMSRW£KVIEXP]£MRGVIEWI£JYIP£GSRWYQTXMSR£ERH£XLIVIJSVI£IQMWWMSRW£SJ£QSWX£X]TIW£SJ£ZILMGYPEV£TSP PYXERXW£

)JJMGMIRX£XVEZIP£SR£EVXIVMEPW£GER£LEZI£EMV£UYEPMX]£FIRIJMXW£EW£FSXL£QE\MQYQ£JYIP£IJJMGMIRG] ERH£QMRMQYQ£GEVFSR£QSRS\MHI£ERH£ZSPEXMPI£SVKERMG£GSQTSYRH£IQMWWMSRW£SGGYV£FIX[IIR£

 ReidMonoChapt6.qxd 6/23/04 9:32 AM Page 104

ERH££QMPIW£TIV£LSYV££)JJMGMIRX£ERH£TVSKVIWWMZI£XVEZIP£VIHYGIW£XLI£GSRXMRYEP£ZILMGPI£EGGIPIVE XMSR£ERH£HIGIPIVEXMSR£MRZSPZIH£MR£WXSTERHKS£XVEJJMG£[LIVI£JYIP£IJJMGMIRG]£ERH£TSPPYXERX£IQMW WMSRW£VEXIW£EVI£KIRIVEPP]£EX£XLIMV£[SVWX££

6.3.5 Economic and Community Impacts

1SWX£ RSX£EPP £YRGSRZIRXMSREP£HIWMKRW£VIUYMVI£KVIEXIV£VMKLXSJ[E]£[MHXL£EPSRK£XLI£EVXIVMEP SV£EX£PIEWX£EX£XLI£MRXIVWIGXMSR£GSQTEVIH£XS£GSRZIRXMSREP£MRXIVWIGXMSR£SV£MRXIVGLERKI£HIWMKRW 2SXEFPI£I\GITXMSRW£MRGPYHI£XLI£&S[XMI£ERH£8MKLX£(MEQSRH£MRXIVGLERKIW££,S[IZIV£QER]£SJ XLI£HIWMKRW£GER£LEZI£QYGL£QSVI£ETTIEPMRK£EIWXLIXMGW£MR£XLI£QIHMER£VEXLIV£XLER£PIJXXYVR£PERI TEZIQIRX££%HHMXMSREPP]£[LIVI£YRGSRZIRXMSREP£HIWMKRW£IPMQMREXI£XLI£RIIH£JSV£KVEHIWITEVE XMSR£IGSRSQMG£ERH£GSQQYRMX]£MQTEGXW£GER£FI£VIHYGIH

8LI£KVEHI£WITEVEXMSR£XLEX£EGGSQTERMIW£GSRZIVWMSR£SJ£EVXIVMEPW£XS£JVII[E]W£LEW£WIZIVEP HVE[FEGOW£XLEX£GER£FI£IWTIGMEPP]£TVSFPIQEXMG£MR£HIZIPSTIH£YVFER£ERH£WYFYVFER£GSVVMHSVW 6MKLXSJ[E]£ERH£GSRWXVYGXMSR£GSWXW£EWWSGMEXIH£[MXL£XLI£WXVYGXYVI£EVI£WMKRMJMGERXP]£LMKLIV£ERH QER]£GSQQYRMXMIW£STTSWI£XLI£TL]WMGEP£WITEVEXMSR£ERH£YRETTIEPMRK£EIWXLIXMGW£EWWSGMEXIH [MXL£MRXIVGLERKI£HIWMKR£%HHMXMSREPP]£KVEHI£WITEVEXMSR£EPSRK£GSQQIVGMEP£GSVVMHSVW£GER£EPXIV XLI£ZMWMFMPMX]£SJ£WMKRW£ERH£FYMPHMRKW£VIHYGMRK£XLI£EFMPMX]£SJ£WSQI£FYWMRIWWIW£XS£EXXVEGX£GYW XSQIVW

6.3.6 Cost Impacts

%WMHI£JVSQ£VMKLXSJ[E]£GSWXW£[LMGL£ZEV]£F]£PSGEXMSR£TIVLETW£XLI£KVIEXIWX£HMWXMRKYMWLMRK GSWX£JEGXSV£EQSRK£YRGSRZIRXMSREP£HIWMKRW£MW£XLI£YWI£SJ£SZIVLIEH£WMKRW££;LMPI£RS£ORS[R YRGSRZIRXMSREP£HIWMKR£I\TPMGMXP]£VIUYMVIW£SZIVLIEH£WMKRW£WIZIVEP£HIWMKRW£QE]£FIRIJMX£KVIEXP] F]£XLIMV£YWI£TEVXMGYPEVP]£SRIW£MR£[LMGL£QSZIQIRXW£EVI£GSRXVEV]£XS£XLI£PSKMGEP£QSZIQIRXW£EX£E GSRZIRXMSREP£MRXIVWIGXMSR£HIWMKR£SV£[LIVI£QSZIQIRXW£QYWX£FI£QEHI£MR£EHZERGI£SJ£XLI£MRXIV WIGXMSR££

2IEVP]£EPP£SJ£XLI£EXKVEHI£YRGSRZIRXMSREP£MRXIVWIGXMSR£HIWMKRW£VIUYMVI£EHHMXMSREP£WMKREP LIEHW£ERHSV£EHHMXMSREP£TSPI£TPEGIQIRXW£[LMGL£GER£EPWS£VEMWI£XLI£GSWXW£SJ£XLI£HIWMKRW %HHMXMSREP£TEZIQIRX£QEVOMRKW£EVI£RIIHIH£JSV£QSWX£SJ£XLI£YRGSRZIRXMSREP£HIWMKRW£EW£[IPP£FYX EX£GSWXW£MRWMKRMJMGERX£VIPEXMZI£XS£SZIVEPP£GSRWXVYGXMSR£GSWXW£

6.4 ANALYSIS TOOLS

8LI£YWI£SJ£XVEJJMG£EREP]WMW£ERH£WMQYPEXMSR£XSSPW£LEW£FIIR£I\XVIQIP]£MQTSVXERX£ERH£IJJIGXMZI MR£WLS[MRK£XLI£STIVEXMSREP£FIRIJMXW£SJ£QER]£SJ£XLI£YRGSRZIRXMSREP£MRXIVWIGXMSR£HIWMKRW££-X£MW WXERHEVH£TVEGXMGI£XSHE]£XS£YWI£QMGVSWMQYPEXMSR£XS£IZEPYEXI£HIWMKR£EPXIVREXMZIW£MR£TVSNIGX£TPER RMRK££8LI£FIRIJMXW£SJ£XLI£[MHIP]£YWIH£WMQYPEXMSR£QSHIPW£EVI£X[SJSPH£ £XLI]£GER£TVSZMHI£ZIV] HIXEMPIH£XVEJJMG£STIVEXMSREP£VIWYPXW£[MXLMR£E£RIX[SVO£[LIVI£TVIZMSYW£KIRIVEXMSRW£SJ£WXEXMG£QSH IPW£GSYPH£RSX£ERH£ £XLI]£TVSZMHI£ZMWYEP£ERMQEXMSR£SJ£XLI£XVEJJMG£RIX[SVO£VIWYPXW£TVSZMHMRK GVIHMFMPMX]£MR£XLI£STIVEXMSREP£VIWYPXW£XS£FSXL£XIGLRMGEP£ERH£KIRIVEP£EYHMIRGIW££)\MWXMRK£JMIPH GSRHMXMSRW£GER£FI£GEPMFVEXIH£[MXLMR£QSWX£QSHIPW£ERH£TSXIRXMEP£WSPYXMSRW£GER£FI£UYMGOP]£XIWXIH

 ReidMonoChapt6.qxd 6/23/04 9:32 AM Page 105

ERH£EHZERGIH£SV£IPMQMREXIH£[MXLSYX£[EWXMRK£XMQI£SV£QSRI]£SR£HIWMKR£ERHSV£JMIPH£I\TIVMQIRXE XMSR£)\LMFMX£ TVSZMHIW£E£FVMIJ£HIWGVMTXMSR£SJ£WSQI£SJ£XLI£QSWX£TSTYPEV£EREP]WMW£XSSPW£YWIH£F] WXEXI£ERH£PSGEP£LMKL[E]£EKIRGMIW£JSV£EREP]WMW£SJ£EVXIVMEPW£

Exhibit 62: Traffic Analysis Software Description

8VEJJMG£1SHIP 1SHIP£(IWGVMTXMSR '367-1£ 3RI£SJ£XLI£QSWX£[MHIP]£YWIH£XVEJJMG£QMGVSWMQYPEXMSR£QSHIPW£ERH£FIWX£YXMPM^IH£MR£XLI WMQYPEXMSR EREP]WMW£SJ£GSQTPI\£MRXIVWIGXMSR£SV£EVXIVMEP£STIVEXMSRW£'367-1£TVSZMHIW£VIEPMWXMG GEVJSPPS[MRK£ERH£PERIGLERKMRK£HIWMVIW£XLI£EFMPMX]£XS£QSHIP£GSQTPI\£WMKREP£W]W XIQW£ERMQEXMSR£HMWTPE]W£JSV£ZEPMHEXMSR£ERH£TVIWIRXEXMSR£ERH£E£RYQFIV£SJ£ZILMGPI ERH£W]WXIQ£TIVJSVQERGI£QIEWYVIW£SJ£IJJIGXMZIRIWW 7]RGLVS£ YVFER£ ;MHIP]£YWIH£WMKREPXMQMRK£WSJX[EVI£XLEX£GER£QSHIP£X[S[E]£WXST£EPP[E]£WXST£ERH WXVIIX£EREP]WMW£ £ VSYRHEFSYX£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£YWMRK£,'1££QIXLSHW£3YXTYX£QIEWYVIW£SJ£IJJIGXMZI WMKREP£STXMQM^EXMSR RIWW£MRGPYHI£ZILMGPI£HIPE]£ERH£PIZIP£SJ£WIVZMGI£UYIYI£PIRKXL£WXSTW£ERH£JYIP£YWEKI 7]RGLVS£GER£STXMQM^I£WTPMXW£G]GPI£PIRKXLW£TLEWI£SVHIVW£ERH£SJJWIXW£ERH£GER I\TSVX£MRXS£IEW]£XS£YWI£XI\X£JMPIW£JSV£WLEVMRK£HEXE£MRGPYHMRK£7MQ8VEJJMG£XLI£WMQYPE XMSR£ERMQEXMSR£QSHIP£HIZIPSTIH£JSV£7]RGLVS£RIX[SVOW 8VERW]X£*£ WMKREP %£XVEJJMG£WMKREP£XMQMRK£STXMQM^EXMSR£WSJX[EVI£TEGOEKI£JSV£XVEJJMG£RIX[SVOW£EVXIVMEPW£SV STXMQM^EXMSR WMRKPI£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£SJ£WMQTPI£SV£GSQTPI\£GSRHMXMSRW££-X£LEW£FVSEH£GETEFMPMXMIW MRGPYHMRK£TLEWI£PIRKXL£STXMQM^EXMSR£TLEWMRK£WTPMXW£ERH£SJJWIXW£WIUYIRGMRK£XVEJJMG EGXYEXIH£GSRXVSP£WMQYPEXMSR£SJ£TPEXSSR£HMWTIVWMSR£UYIYI£WTMPPFEGO£ERH£WTMPPSZIV ERH£JPI\MFMPMX]£MR£QSHIPMRK£YRYWYEP£PERI£GSRJMKYVEXMSRW£ERH£XMQMRK£TPERW£ 7-(6%£ 7-(6%£MW£ER£%YWXVEPMER£WSJX[EVI£TEGOEKI£FEWIH£SR£KET£EGGITXERGI£EPKSVMXLQW£XLEX MRXIVWIGXMSR£ERH£ GER£IJJIGXMZIP]£QSHIP£QSWX£MRXIVWIGXMSR£KISQIXVMIW£7-(6%£MW£TEVXMGYPEVP]£ORS[R£JSV RIX[SVO£EREP]WMW MXW£EFMPMX]£XS£EREP]^I£VSYRHEFSYX£STIVEXMSRW£LEZMRK£FIIR£WLS[R£XS£EGGYVEXIP]£TVI HMGX£HIPE]W£ERH£GETEGMX]£JSV£%YWXVEPMER£ERH£97£VSYRHEFSYX£HIWMKRW ,'1£7SJX[EVI£ ,'7££WSJX[EVI£MW£FEWIH£SR£TVSGIHYVIW£HIJMRIH£MR£XLI££,MKL[E]£'ETEGMX] MRXIVWIGXMSR£ £ 1ERYEP£ ,'1 £ERH£MW£[MHIP]£YWIH£JSV£STIVEXMSREP£HIWMKR£ERH£TPERRMRK£EREP]WMW£-X RIX[SVO£EREP]WMW MW£GSRWMHIVIH£EW£XLI£WXERHEVH£XVEJJMG£EREP]WMW£XSSP£JSV£QER]£TYFPMG£EKIRGMIW£EW£MX£MW FEWIH£SR£XLI£EGGITXIH£TVEGXMGIW£SJ£XLI£,'1££1SHYPIW£MRGPYHI£FEWMG£JVII[E] WIGXMSRW£[IEZMRK£EVIEW£VEQTW£ERH£VEQT£NYRGXMSRW£YVFER£EVXIVMEP£WXVIIXW£QYPXM PERI£LMKL[E]W£WMKREP£ERH£YRWMKREPM^IH£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£ERH£XVERWMX£-X£TVSZMHIW£E£YWIV JVMIRHP]£KVETLMG£IRXV]£STXMSR£JSV£PERI£GSRJMKYVEXMSR£ERH£ZSPYQI£HEXE£ERH£KIRIVEXIW MRXIVEGXMZI£JSVQEXXIH£VITSVXW£XLEX£TVSHYGI£JSVQW£PMOI£XLI£,'1£[SVOWLIIXW :-77-1£ YVFER %£WXSGLEWXMG£QMGVSWGSTMG£WMQYPEXMSR£QSHIP£GETEFPI£SJ£WMQYPEXMRK£XVEJJMG£STIVEXMSRW WXVIIXW£XVERWMX£ MR£YVFER£EVIEW£[MXL£WTIGMEP£IQTLEWMW£SR£TYFPMG£XVERWTSVXEXMSR£ERHSV£QYPXMQSHEP RIX[SVOW XVERWTSVXEXMSR£8LI£GEV£JSPPS[MRK£PSKMG£SJ£:-77-1£MW£FEWIH£SR£E£TW]GLSTL]WMGEP HVMZIV£FILEZMSV£QSHIP£GETEFPI£SJ£WMQYPEXMRK£YT£XS£XIR£XMQIW£TIV£WIGSRH££:-77-1£MW EPWS£GETEFPI£SJ£QSHIPMRK£MR£(£ERMQEXMSR£EPPS[MRK£XLI£YWIV£XS£GYWXSQM^I£MRHMZMHYEP ZILMGPI£X]TIW£[MXL£E£(£KVETLMG£KIRIVEXSV

8LI£YWI£SJ£XVEJJMG£WMQYPEXMSRW£TPE]IH£E£QENSV£VSPI£MR£XLI£1EV]PERH£7XEXI£,MKL[E] W£EGGIT XERGI£SJ£XLI£JMVWX£'SRXMRYSYW£*PS[£-RXIVWIGXMSR£HIWMKR££%REP]WIW£YWMRK£2)87-1£ERH£7]RGLVS GSRGYVVIH£XLEX£XLI£HIWMKR£[SYPH£TVSZMHI£XVEZIP£XMQIWEZMRKW£ERH£E£(£QSHIP£SJ£XLI£MRXIVWIG XMSR£LIPTIH£MPPYWXVEXI£XLI£HIWMKR£GSRGITX££-R£1MGLMKER£XLI£'367-1£QSHIP£TVSZIH£MRZEPYEFPI£MR ER£EREP]WMW£GSQTEVMRK£E£1IHMER£98YVR£HIWMKR£XS£E£GSRZIRXMSREP£MRXIVWIGXMSR£HIWMKR£EW£STIV EXMSREP£VIWYPXW£MRGPYHIH£ER£EGGYVEXI£VITVIWIRXEXMSR£SJ£PIJXXYVR£QSZIQIRX£ERH£XSXEP£RIX[SVO HIPE]W£JSV£GSQTEVMWSR££(IWTMXI£XLI£EHHMXMSREP£PIJXXYVR£TEXL£XLI£QSHIP£MHIRXMJMIH£MQTVSZIH£WMK REP£STIVEXMSRW£ERH£E£RIX£XVEZIP£XMQI£FIRIJMX£GSQTEVIH£XS£XLI£GSRZIRXMSREP£HIWMKR£JSV£QSWX£ZSP YQI£WGIREVMSW£

 ReidMonoChapt6.qxd 6/23/04 9:32 AM Page 106

Exhibit 63: CORSIM, Synchro and VISSIM Simulation Graphics

)\EQTPIW£SJ£7]RGLVS7MQ8VEJJMG£ PIJX £'367-1£ GIRXIV £ERH£:-77-1£ VMKLX £WMQYPEXMSR£KVETLMG£GETEFMPMXMIW

8LI£WYVZI]£SJ£WXEXI£LMKL[E]£EKIRGMIW£GSRHYGXIH£EW£TEVX£SJ£XLMW£VIWIEVGL£IJJSVX£MRGPYHIH UYIWXMSRW£SR£[LMGL£WSJX[EVI£EREP]WMW£XSSPW£[IVI£FIMRK£YWIH£F]£XLI£LMKL[E]£EKIRGMIW£MR£IZEPY EXMRK£EVXIVMEP£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£SV£RIX[SVOW££8LI£EKIRGMIW£[IVI£EWOIH£XS£VERO£WIZIVEP£WSJX[EVI TEGOEKIW£SR£LS[£SJXIR£XLI]£EVI£YWIH£JVSQ££FIMRK£XLI£QSWX£GSQQSRP]£YWIH£XS££FIMRK£XLI PIEWX£JVIUYIRXP]£YWIH£ SV£RSX£EX£EPP ££)\LMFMX£ WYQQEVM^IW£WYVZI]£VIWYPXW

Exhibit 64: Traffic Software Tools Used for Arterials Analysis %KIRGMIW£6EXIH£ 7SJX[EVI §£9WIH 2IZIV£9WIH 8SXEP£7GSVI ,'7    7]RGLVS    '367-1    8VERW]X£*    4EWWIV£ --£SV£---    7-(6%    :-77-1    3XLIV   

£8SXEP£7GSVI£MW£GYQYPEXMZI£SJ£WYVZI]£VEXMRKW£SJ££XS££[MXL£E£RYQFIV££VIWTSRWI£ VIGIMZMRK££TSMRXW£RYQFIV££JSYV£TSMRXW£ERH£WS£JSVXL %£WMQMPEV£WYVZI]£SJ£VERHSQP]£WIPIGXIH£QIQFIVW£SJ£XLI£-RWXMXYXI£SJ£8VERWTSVXEXMSR£)RKMRIIVW [EW£GSRHYGXIH£MR££XS£HIXIVQMRI£XLI£QSWX£TVIZEPIRX£XVEJJMG£IRKMRIIVMRK£WSJX[EVI£FIMRK YWIH££6IWTSRHIRXW£XS£XLMW£WYVZI]£EZIVEKIH£RIEVP]££]IEVW£SJ£I\TIVMIRGI£ERH£MRGPYHIH IQTPS]IIW£SJ£PSGEP£KSZIVRQIRX£ £TIVGIRX £TVMZEXI£IRKMRIIVMRK£GSQTERMIW£ £TIVGIRX £ERH WXEXI£HITEVXQIRXW£SJ£XVERWTSVXEXMSR£ £TIVGIRX £)\LMFMX£ WYQQEVM^IW£XLI£WYVZI]£VIWYPXW

 ReidMonoChapt6.qxd 6/23/04 9:32 AM Page 107

Exhibit 65: Traffic Software Packages Used By Traffic Engineers (1995-2000) 4EGOEKI©£9WIH %TTPMGEXMSRW ,'7  'ETEGMX]£%REP]WMW 7]RGLVS  'ETEGMX]£%REP]WMW £7MKREP£8MQMRK£3TXMQM^EXMSR 7MQ8VEJJMG  7MQYPEXMSR 8VERW]X£*  7MKREP£8MQMRK£3TXMQM^EXMSR '367-1  7MQYPEXMSR 4EWWIV  7MKREP£8MQMRK£3TXMQM^EXMSR 8)%4%'  'ETEGMX]£%REP]WMW 4EWWIV  7MKREP£8MQMRK£3TXMQM^EXMSR 86%**-<  'ETEGMX]£%REP]WMW ,'7£'MRIQE  'ETEGMX]£%REP]WMW£7MQYPEXMSR 73%4  7MKREP£8MQMRK£3TXMQM^EXMSR 4EWWIV  7MKREP£8MQMRK£3TXMQM^EXMSR '36*03  7MQYPEXMSR -RXIKVEXMSR  7MQYPEXMSR 4%6%1-'7  7MQYPEXMSR 8774£(VEJX  7MKREP£8MQMRK£3TXMQM^EXMSR :-77-1  7MQYPEXMSR

7SYVGI££-RWXMXYXI£SJ£8VERWTSVXEXMSR£)RKMRIIVW££9WIV£7YVZI]£

6.5 IMPLEMENTATION ISSUES

3RGI£ER£YRGSRZIRXMSREP£HIWMKR£LEW£QEHI£MX£FI]SRH£XLI£TPERRMRK£ERH£XIWXMRK£WXEKIW XLIVI£EVI£EHHMXMSREP£WTIGMEP£GSRWMHIVEXMSRW£HYVMRK£XLI£HIWMKR£ERH£STIVEXMSRW£TLEWIW

6.5.1 Designing for Drivers

:MWYEPM^MRK£3TIVEXMSRW£ERH£-QTEGXW %£RI[£MRXIVWIGXMSR£HIWMKR£SV£STIVEXMSRW£TPER£QE]£RSX£FI£HMJJMGYPX£XS£YRHIVWXERH£PSSOMRK£EX MX£SR£XLI£HVE[MRK£XEFPI£EW£E£TPER£ZMI[£FYX£XLI£VIEP£XIWX£XS£YRHIVWXERHMRK£MW£JVSQ£E£HVMZIV W£TIV WTIGXMZI£EX£XLI£KVSYRH£PIZIP££)RKMRIIVW£WLSYPH£XEOI£EPP£RIGIWWEV]£WXITW£MR£ZMWYEPM^MRK£XLI£HVM ZIV W£TEXL£XLVSYKL£XLI£MRXIVWIGXMSR£MRGPYHMRK£VIEGXMSR£XS£WMKREP£ERH£WMKR£TPEGIQIRXW£ERH£SXLIV TIVMTLIV]£ZMWMSR£IRGVSEGLQIRXW££8SHE] W£XIGLRSPSK]£GER£QEOI£XLMW£IEWMIV£[MXL£(£WMQYPEXMSR XSSPW£EZEMPEFPI£XS£ZMI[£XLI£MRXIVWIGXMSR£STIVEXMSRW£7MQMPEV£XIGLRSPSKMIW£GER£EPWS£FI£YWIH£XS WLS[£XLI£ZMWYEP£MQTEGXW£XS£VMKLXSJ[E]£ERH£EHNEGIRX£TVSTIVXMIW££8LIWI£XSSPW£ERH£IJJSVXW£GER FI£I\TIRWMZI£FYX£QSVI£XLER£QEOI£YT£XLIMV£GSWX£MR£I\TPEMRMRK£XLI£ZMWYEP£MQTEGXW£XS£QSXSVMWXW ERH£TVSTIVX]£S[RIVW£EPSRK£XLI£GSVVMHSV£ £

 ReidMonoChapt6.qxd 6/23/04 9:32 AM Page 108

(VMZIV£)\TIGXEXMSR (VMZIV£I\TIGXEXMSRW£EVI£SJXIR£GMXIH£EW£VIEWSRW£XS£VINIGX£YRGSRZIRXMSREP£HIWMKR££8S£KEMR£E FIXXIV£YRHIVWXERHMRK£SJ£QSXSVMWX£FILEZMSV£VIPEXIH£XS£HIWMKR£KISQIXVMGW£HVMZIV£I\TIGXERG] MWWYIW£GER£FI£HMZMHIH£MRXS£X[S£GEXIKSVMIW ˆ %H£LSG£I\TIVMIRGIW£EVI£WLSVX£XIVQ£FEWIH£SR£WMXIWTIGMJMG£IRGSYRXIVW£[LMPI£HVMZMRK££%H LSG£I\TIVMIRGIW£GER£FI£MQTVSZIH£F]£QEVOIXMRK£XLI£HIWMKR£FIJSVI£MX£STIRW£FYX£QSVI MQTSVXERXP]£[MXL£EXXIRXMSR£XS£HIWMKR£HIXEMPW£MRGPYHMRK£WMKRMRK£QEVOMRK£ERH£HIWMKR£IPI QIRXW£XLEX£FIEV£E£GPSWI£VIWIQFPERGI£XS£GSRZIRXMSREP£HIWMKR£ERH£TVEGXMGI££8LMW£QE] MRGPYHI£E£GSRWMWXIRX£WMKREP£GSRXVSP£YWI£ERH£TPEGIQIRX£EPSRK£XLI£EVXIVMEP£VIQSZEP£SJ£ER] RSRIWWIRXMEP£WMKR£¦GPYXXIV¦£RIEV£XLI£MRXIVWIGXMSR£ERH£E£GSRWMWXIRG]£MR£TEZIQIRX£IHKI XLVSYKL£XLI£MRXIVWIGXMSR£ VIQSZEP£SJ£WYFXPI£PERI£WLMJXW£SV£VIZIVWI£GYVZIW£MR£XLI£HIWMKR ££££ ˆ 4VMSV£I\TIGXERGMIW£EVI£PSRK£XIVQ£FEWIH£SR£I\TIVMIRGI£ERH£PIEVRIH£EGXMSR££(VMZIVW£GER QSVI£WEJIP]£REZMKEXI£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£XLEX£XLI]£ORS[£SV£XLEX£LEZI£FIGSQI£WXERHEVH£XLVSYKL GSRWMWXIRX£HIWMKR£GVMXIVME££9RGSRZIRXMSREP£HIWMKRW£WLSYPH£WXVMZI£XS[EVH£GSRWMWXIRG]£MR HIWMKR£EW£XLI]£EVI£JYVXLIV£TVSTEKEXIH£XS£QSZI£QSVI£HVMZIVW £I\TIVMIRGIW£JVSQ£EH£LSG£XS TVMSV

%KIRGMIW£EPWS£LEZI£JSYRH£XLEX£HVMZIV£I\TIGXERG]£MW£FIWX£QIX£MJ£YRGSRZIRXMSREP£EPXIVREXMZIW EVI£YWIH£EX£WIZIVEP£RIEVF]£PSGEXMSRW£SV£SR£E£[LSPI£WIGXMSR£SJ£XLI£EVXIVMEP££

6.5.2 Signing and Marking

-X£MW£RSX£RIGIWWEV]£XS£VIMRZIRX£WMKREKI£TPERW£JSV£IEGL£RI[£PSGEXMSR£EPXLSYKL£IEGL£WXEXI SV£PSGEP£NYVMWHMGXMSR£QE]£LEZI£HMJJIVMRK£EHZERGI£WMKRMRK£VIUYMVIQIRXW££1ER]£SJ£XLI£YRGSRZIR XMSREP£HIWMKRW£XLEX£LEZI£FIIR£MR£TPEGI£ERHSV£YXMPM^IH£JSV£E£RYQFIV£SJ£]IEVW£F]£E£TEVXMGYPEV EKIRG]£EPVIEH]£LEZI£GSRWMWXIRX£SV£MRWXMXYXMSREP£WMKRMRK£TPERW£EZEMPEFPI£ WSQI£WXEXIW£LEZI£WMKR MRK£ERH£QEVOMRK£VSEH[E]£HIWMKR£WXERHEVHW£SV£WYTTPIQIRXW£XS£XLI£*IHIVEP£,MKL[E] %HQMRMWXVEXMSR W£1ERYEP£SJ£9RMJSVQ£8VEJJMG£'SRXVSP£(IZMGIW £XLEX£ETTIEV£XS£FI£IJJIGXMZI£[LMGL GER£WIVZI£EX£PIEWX£EW£E£WXEVXMRK£TSMRX£MJ£RSX£ER£IRH£TSMRX£MR£TVITEVMRK£WMKRMRK£ERH£QEVOMRK TPERW

6.5.3 Enforcement

9RGSRZIRXMSREP£HIWMKRW£HS£RSX£VIUYMVI£ER]£JSVQEP£IRJSVGIQIRX£SRGI£XLI£HIWMKR£MW£MR TPEGI££1SWX£SJ£XLI£HIWMKRW£EVI£WIPJIRJSVGMRK £XLEX£MW£MX£MW£XLI£HVMZIVW £S[R£WIRWI£SJ£WIPJTVIWIV ZEXMSR£ERH£LMW£SV£LIV£HIWMVI£XS£EZSMH£XLI£[VEXL£SJ£SXLIV£HVMZIVW£ LSROMRK£SJ£LSVRW £XLEX£WIVZIW EW£XLI£HIXIVVIRX£XS£TIVJSVQMRK£MPPIKEP£YRWEJI£SV£MRIJJMGMIRX£QSZIQIRXW££,S[IZIV£WXEXMSRIH IRJSVGIQIRX£GER£FI£ER£EMHI£ERH£HIXIVVIRX£HYVMRK£XLI£MRMXMEP£JI[£[IIOW£EJXIV£E£HIWMKR£KSIW£MRXS STIVEXMSR£XS£EWWMWX£MR£HMWGSYVEKMRK£MPPIKEP£MRXIVWIGXMSR£QSZIQIRXW££8LI£PIZIP£SJ£IRJSVGIQIRX IJJSVX£GER£FI£FEWIH£SR£XLI£RYQFIV£SJ£¦MPPSKMGEP¦£QSZIQIRXW£XLEX£XLI£YRGSRZIRXMSREP£HIWMKR VIUYMVIW£ WSQI£HIWMKRW£LEZI£RSRI £ERH£GER£FI£KVEHYEPP]£VIHYGIH£EW£HVMZIVW£KIX£YWIH£XS£RI[ XYVRMRK£TEXXIVRW

 ReidMonoChapt6.qxd 6/23/04 9:32 AM Page 109

6.5.4 Public Information Campaigns

-R£EHHMXMSR£XS£FIMRK£IWWIRXMEP£MR£XLI£TPERRMRK£WXEKIW£MRJSVQMRK£XLI£TYFPMG£MW£EPWS£ER£MQTSV XERX£EWTIGX£SJ£MQTPIQIRXMRK£YRGSRZIRXMSREP£HIWMKRW££1ER]£SJ£XLI£YRGSRZIRXMSREP£HIWMKRW£TVI WIRXIH£MR£XLMW£QSRSKVETL£LEZI£FIIR£MRXVSHYGIH£WEJIP]£ERH£IJJIGXMZIP]£XLVSYKL£TVSEGXMZI£IHY GEXMSR£GEQTEMKRW£ERH£F]£YWMRK£IJJIGXMZI£WMKRMRK£ERH£QEVOMRK£HIWMKRW££,S[IZIV£E£GSWXP] QEVOIXMRK£GEQTEMKR£QE]£RSX£EP[E]W£FI£RIGIWWEV]£HITIRHMRK£SR£XLI£WIKQIRX£SJ£XLI£TYFPMG£XS FI£VIEGLIH££%R£I\XIRWMZI£ERHSV£GSWXP]£GEQTEMKR£QE]£RSX£FI£IJJIGXMZI£MR£ER£EVIE£[MXL£E£PEVKI SYXSJWXEXI£XSYVMWX£TSTYPEXMSR££%PWS£I\XIRWMZI£QEVOIXMRK£QE]£RSX£FI£RIGIWWEV]£JSV£E£HIWMKR [LIVI£QSWX£QSXSVMWXW£GSYPH£REZMKEXI£MX£KMZIR£TVSTIV£WMKRMRK£ERH£QEVOMRK

1IXLSHW£SJ£IHYGEXMRK£XLI£TYFPMG£SR£RI[£HIWMKRW£MRGPYHI£MRJSVQEXMSREP£TEGOIXW£ERH FVSGLYVIW£TVIWW£VIPIEWIW£ERH£HVMZIV£IHYGEXMSREP£TVSKVEQW££4YFPMG£MRJSVQEXMSR£FVSGLYVIW£GER FI£HMWXVMFYXIH£XS£QSXSVMWXW£XLVSYKL£HVMZIV£IHYGEXMSR£XIEGLIVW£WXYHIRX£GSYRGMPW£WEJIX]£TVSKVEQ TEVXMGMTERXW£LMKL[E]£HITEVXQIRX£TYFPMG£MRJSVQEXMSR£SJJMGIVW£XVEZIPIV£GIRXIVW£HVMZIV£PMGIRWI VIRI[EP£WXEXMSRW£XVYGOMRK£EWWSGMEXMSRW£ERH£GMZMG£KVSYTW££7XEXI£LMKL[E]£TVIWW£VIPIEWIW£ZIV] SJXIR£PIEH£XS£RI[WTETIV£WXSVMIW££2I[WTETIVW£ERH£SXLIV£QIHME£SYXPIXW£[MPP£X]TMGEPP]£VYR GSPYQRW£SV£EVXMGPIW£EFSYX£RI[£XVEJJMG£TEXXIVRW£HIWMKRW£SV£TEXXIVR£YTHEXIW£SJXIR£FEWIH£SR£XLIMV TIVGIMZIH£MQTSVXERGI£XS£XLI£HVMZMRK£TYFPMG

Summary

*SV£YRGSRZIRXMSREP£MRXIVWIGXMSR£HIWMKRW£XS£IJJIGXMZIP]£FI£MRXVSHYGIH£XS£LMKL[E]£EKIRGMIW ERH£XLI£XVEZIPMRK£TYFPMG£MX£MW£MQTSVXERX£XS£GSQQYRMGEXI£XLI£VERKI£ERH£HITXL£SJ£FIRIJMXW£XLEX YRGSRZIRXMSREP£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£GER£EGLMIZI£JSV£QSXSVMWXW£TIHIWXVMERW£PERH£S[RIVW£HIZIPSTIVW LMKL[E]£EKIRGMIW£XE\TE]IVW£ERH£IPIGXIH£SJJMGMEPW££4PERRMRK£ERH£STIVEXMSRW£WXYHMIW£WLSYPH GSRWMHIV£TVSNIGX£MQTEGXW£XS£WEJIX]£GETEGMX]£TIHIWXVMER£QSZIQIRXW£EMV£UYEPMX]£XLI£GSQQYRMX] ERH£IRZMVSRQIRXEP£ERH£TVSNIGX£GSWXW££8LI£YWI£SJ£XVEJJMG£WMQYPEXMSR£XSSPW£LEW£FIIR£I\XVIQIP] IJJIGXMZI£MR£EREP]^MRK£ERH£MPPYWXVEXMRK£STIVEXMSREP£FIRIJMXW£SJ£YRGSRZIRXMSREP£MRXIVWIGXMSR HIWMKRW£ERH£TVSZMHMRK£VIWYPX£GVIHMFMPMX]£XS£FSXL£XIGLRMGEP£ERH£KIRIVEP£EYHMIRGIW

,MKL[E]£EKIRGMIW£ERH£TVSTIVX]£S[RIVW£QYWX£FI£GSRZMRGIH£XLEX£LMKL[E]£YWIVW£[MPP£YRHIV WXERH£ERH£EGGITX£GLERKIW£XS£MRXIVWIGXMSR£REZMKEXMSR£ERH£EGGIWW£[MXLSYX£GSQTVSQMWI£SJ£WEJIX] ERH£IGSRSQMG£HIZIPSTQIRX£MRXIVIWXW££)WXEFPMWLIH£YRGSRZIRXMSREP£MRXIVWIGXMSR£HIWMKRW£LEZI WLS[R£XLEX£EKIRGMIW£GER£IJJIGXMZIP]£QMXMKEXI£GSRJYWMSR£WIIQMRKP]£MRLIVIRX£MR£REZMKEXMRK YRGSRZIRXMSREP£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£[MXL£TVSTIV£MRXIVWIGXMSR£KISQIXVMG£WMKRMRK£ERH£QEVOMRK£HIWMKR ERH£TYFPMG£E[EVIRIWW£GEQTEMKRW££1EVOIXMRK£WXYHMIW£ERH£WYVZI]W£SJXIR£WLS[£XLEX£MRMXMEP£JIEVW EVI£YR[EVVERXIH£F]£IZIRXYEP£SYXGSQIW

 ReidMonoChapt6.qxd 6/23/04 9:32 AM Page 110

 ReidMonoChapt6.qxd 6/23/04 9:32 AM Page 111

APPENDICES

 ReidMonoChapt6.qxd 6/23/04 9:32 AM Page 112

 ReidMonoChapt6.qxd 6/23/04 9:32 AM Page 113

GLOSSARY OF TERMS

%GGIWW£1EREKIQIRX £8LI£W]WXIQEXMG£GSRXVSP£SJ£XLI£PSGEXMSR£WTEGMRK£HIWMKR£ERH£STIVEXMSRW SJ£HVMZI[E]W£QIHMER£STIRMRKW£WXVIIX£GSRRIGXMSRW£ERH£MRXIVGLERKIW£EPSRK£E£VSEH[E]£GSVVM HSV£[MXL£XLI£EMQ£SJ£MQTVSZMRK£ZILMGYPEV£JPS[£ERH£VIHYGMRK£ERH£WITEVEXMRK£GSRJPMGX£TSMRXW

%GXYEXIH£7MKREPW £8VEJJMG£WMKREPW£XLEX£YWI£HIXIGXSVW£IQFIHHIH£MR£XLI£TEZIQIRX£SV£QSYRXIH SR£SZIVLIEH£TSPIW£XLEX£HIXIGX£ZILMGPIW£ERHSV£UYIYI£PIRKXLW£ERH£QEOI£EHNYWXQIRXW£XS£XLI SVHIV£ERHSV£HYVEXMSR£SJ£QSZIQIRXW£TIVQMXXIH£

%VXIVMEP £%£QENSV£VSEH[E]£MRXIRHIH£XS£WIVZI£TVMQEVMP]£XLVSYKL£XVEJJMG£KIRIVEPP]£SJ£VIKMSREP MQTSVXERGI£ERH£MRXIRHIH£XS£WIVZI£QSHIVEXI£XS£LMKL£ZSPYQIW£SJ£XVEJJMG£XVEZIPMRK£PSRKIV£HMW XERGIW£EX£LMKLIV£WTIIHW£%VXIVMEPW£KIRIVEPP]£EPPS[£EX£PIEWX£WSQI£HMVIGX£EGGIWW£EX£QENSV£GVSWW WXVIIX£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£

&M(MVIGXMSREP£'VSWWSZIVW £4VSZMWMSRW£[MXLMR£E£[MHI£QIHMER£XLEX£TIVQMX£PIJX£ERHSV£9XYVRW JVSQ£XLI£HMZMHIH£VSEH[E]£ERH£GVSWW£WXVIIX£MR£FSXL£HMVIGXMSRW£XLYW£MRXVSHYGMRK£XLI£TSXIRXMEP£JSV XYVRMRK£QSZIQIRX£GSRJPMGXW

'LERRIPM^EXMSR £8LI£WITEVEXMSR£SV£VIKYPEXMSR£SJ£GSRJPMGXMRK£XVEJJMG£QSZIQIRXW£MRXS£HIJMRIH TEXLW£SJ£XVEZIP£F]£XVEJJMG£MWPERHW£SV£TEZIQIRX£QEVOMRKW£[MXL£XLI£EMQ£SJ£JEGMPMXEXMRK£WEJI£ERH SVHIVP]£XVEJJMG£QSZIQIRXW£JSV£FSXL£ZILMGPIW£ERH£TIHIWXVMERW

'PIEVERGI£4LEWI £%R£EPPSXQIRX£SJ£XMQI£[MXLMR£E£XVEJJMG£WMKREP£G]GPI£[LIVI£EPP£QSZIQIRXW£WLS[ IMXLIV£E£]IPPS[£SV£VIH£WMKREP£EW£XLI£TVMSVMX]£QSZIQIRXW£EVI£XVERWMXMSRIH£JVSQ£SRI£ETTVSEGL£ SV XYRMRK£QSZIQIRX £XS£E£GSRJPMGXMRK£ETTVSEGL£

'SRJPMGX£4SMRX £%£PSGEXMSR£[MXLMR£ER£MRXIVWIGXMSR£SV£EPSRK£E£VSEH[E]£[LIVI£ZILMGPI£QSZIQIRX TEXLW£GSRJPMGX£[MXL£SXLIV£STTSWMRK£ZILMGPI£SV£TIHIWXVMER£QSZIQIRX£TEXLW£GVIEXMRK£XLI£TSXIR XMEP£JSV£GVEWLIW

'SRZIRXMSREP£-RXIVWIGXMSR £-RXIVWIGXMSR£SJ£X[S£VSEH[E]W£XLEX£TVSZMHIW£HMVIGX£XYVRMRK£QSZI QIRX£MR£EPP£HMVIGXMSRW£JSV£EPP£ETTVSEGLIW£YRHIV£WMKREP£GSRXVSP

']GPI£0IRKXL £8LI£EQSYRX£SJ£XMQI£ YWYEPP]£QIEWYVIH£MR£WIGSRHW £MX£XEOIW£XS£KS£XLVSYKL£EPP TLEWIW£SJ£E£XVEJJMG£WMKREP£ERH£VIXYVR£XS£XLI£FIKMRRMRK£TLEWI££8]TMGEP£G]GPI£PIRKXLW£ZEV]£JVSQ £WIGSRHW£ WLSVX£ERH£WMQTPI£TLEWIW £XS££WIGSRHW£ERH£KVIEXIV£ PSRK£ERH£QYPXMTPI£TLEWIW 

(MVIGXMSREP£ 0IJX£8YVR £'VSWWSZIVW £)\GPYWMZI£SRI[E]£PERI£HIWMKRIH£MRXS£E£[MHI£VSEH[E] QIHMER£JSV£PIJX£ERH£9XYVRW£8LI£SRI[E]£QSZIQIRX£IPMQMREXIW£GSRJPMGXW£[MXL£STTSWMRK£PIJX£ERH 9XYVRMRK£ZILMGPIW£TVIWIRX£[MXL£FMHMVIGXMSREP£QIHMER£STIRMRKW

(VMZIV£)\TIGXEXMSR £(IWMKR£KISQIXVMGW£WMKREPW£SV£WMKREKI£XLEX£EVI£ERXMGMTEXIH£F]£XLI£EZIV EKI£HVMZIV£YRHIV£RSVQEP£GMVGYQWXERGIW££(IZMEXMSR£JVSQ£X]TMGEP£QSZIQIRX£TEXLW£XLVSYKL£ER MRXIVWIGXMSR£QE]£KMZI£VMWI£XS£HVMZIV£GSRJYWMSR£ERHSV£IVVSV£TEVXMGYPEVP]£MJ£XLI£KISQIXV]£MW£YRMUYI ERHSV£WMKREKI£ERH£TEZIQIRX£QEVOMRK£MW£YRGPIEV££

*VII£*PS[ £%R£YRSTTSWIH£QSZIQIRX£XLEX£GER£FI£QEHI£JVIIP]£X]TMGEPP]£VIJIVVMRK£XS£E£VMKLX XYVR£PERI£XLEX£HSIW£RSX£LEZI£XS£WXST£EX£XLI£MRXIVWIGXMSR

 ReidMonoChapt6.qxd 6/23/04 9:32 AM Page 114

*VII[E] £%£QENSV£VSEH[E]£WYGL£EW£ER£MRXIVWXEXI£MRXIRHIH£XS£WIVZI£PSRKHMWXERGI£XLVSYKL XVEJJMG£EX£LMKL£WTIIHW££*VII[E]W£EVI£HMWXMRKYMWLIH£JVSQ£SXLIV£VSEH£X]TIW£F]£XLIMV£JVIIJPS[ QSZIQIRXW£ERH£PMQMXIH£EGGIWW££*VII[E]W£HS£RSX£EPPS[£HVMZI[E]£EGGIWW£SV£WXST£SV£WMKREP GSRXVSPPIH£EGGIWW£JVSQ£GVSWWWXVIIXW££%PP£EGGIWW£MW£JVSQ£VEQTW£EX£KVEHIWITEVEXIH£MRXIVWIG XMSRW

-RWGVMFIH£(MEQIXIV £*SV£E£VSYRHEFSYX£XLI£KVIEXIWX£HMWXERGI£EGVSWW£XLI£MRXIVMSV£ YWYEPP] VEMWIH £EVIE£EVSYRH£[LMGL£XVEJJMG£GMVGYPEXIW££-RWGVMFIH£HMEQIXIV£MW£QIEWYVIH£JVSQ£XLI£MRRIV PIJX £IHKI£SJ£VSEH[E]£TEZIQIRX

.IVWI]£&EVVMIV £-RXIVPSGOMRK£GSRGVIXI£FEVVMIVW£XLEX£EVI£SJXIR£YWIH£XS£JSVQ£E£[EPP£VIWXVMGXMRK EGGIWW£EGVSWW£E£QIHMER££-X£MW£YWIH£I\XIRWMZIP]£MR£XLI£.YKLERHPI£HIWMKR£TSTYPEV£MR£2I[ .IVWI]£XLYW£GSMRIH£¦NIVWI]¦£FEVVMIV

0IZIP£SJ£7IVZMGI £%£QIEWYVI£SJ£HVMZIV£I\TIGXEXMSR£GSQJSVX£ERH£EZIVEKI£HIPE]W£I\TIVMIRGIH EX£WMKREPM^IH£ERH£YRWMKREPM^IH£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£8LMW£QIEWYVIQIRX£SJ£WIVZMGI£MW£EWWSGMEXIH£[MXL£E PIXXIVKVEHI£WGEPI£SJ£%£XS£*£[MXL£%£VITVIWIRXMRK£ZMVXYEPP]£RS£MRXIVWIGXMSR£HIPE]£ERH£*£VITVIWIRX MRK£WIZIVI£GSRKIWXMSR£ [MXL£PSRK£UYIYIW£ERH£WXSTERHKS£GSRHMXMSRW ££0IZIP£SJ£WIVZMGI£GER EPWS£FI£YWIH£XS£HIJMRI£WIVZMGI£PIZIPW£EPSRK£VSEH[E]W

0SGOMRK£0IJX£8YVRW £0SGOMRK£PIJX£XYVRW£SGGYV£EX£QIHMER£PSGEXMSRW£SV£SR£X[S[E]£PIJXXYVR£PERIW [LIVI£PIJXXYVR£QSZIQIRXW£JVSQ£STTSWMRK£HMVIGXMSRW£WLEVI£XLI£WEQI£TEZIQIRX£WTEGI£ERH GEYWI£GSRJPMGX£MR£QSZIQIRX£LMIVEVGL]£ERHSV£UYIYMRK£SR£XLI£EVXIVMEP£SV£GVSWW£WXVIIX

1SFMPMX] £8LI£EFMPMX]£XS£QSZI£[MXLMR£E£VSEH[E]£RIX[SVO££6SEH[E]W£[MXL£I\GIWWMZI£GSRKIWXMSR ERH£JI[£EPXIVREXMZI£VSYXIW£ERHSV£RS£XVERWMX£EPXIVREXMZIW£EVI£WEMH£XS£LEZI£TSSV£XVERWTSVXEXMSR QSFMPMX]£ERH£E£VSEH[E]£[MXL£LMKLIV£WTIIH£PMQMXW£ERH£PMQMXIH£GSRKIWXMSR£MW£WEMH£XS£LEZI£KSSH ZILMGYPEV£QSFMPMX]£

1YPXMTLEWI£7MKREP £%£XVEJJMG£WMKREP£GSRXVSPPMRK£E£WMRKPI£MRXIVWIGXMSR£XLEX£LEW£QSVI£XLER£XLI QMRMQYQ£X[S£TLEWIW£X]TMGEPP]£MRGPYHMRK£PIJXXYVR£QSZIQIRXW£YRHIV£E£WITEVEXI£QSZIQIRX TLEWI

3ZIVWEXYVEXIH £'SRHMXMSRW£EX£MRXIVWIGXMSRW£[LIVI£XLI£ZILMGPI£EVVMZEP£HIQERH£MW£KVIEXIV£XLER XLI£EFMPMX]£SJ£XLI£MRXIVWIGXMSR£XS£TVSGIWW£EVVMZMRK£ZILMGPIW£VIWYPXMRK£MR£UYIYIW£ETTVSEGLMRK£XLI MRXIVWIGXMSR£XLEX£KVS[£YRXMP£HIQERH£MW£VIHYGIH

4IVQMWWMZI£0IJX£8YVRW £%X£ER£MRXIVWIGXMSR£PIJXXYVR£QSZIQIRXW£XLEX£EVI£RSX£TVSXIGXIH£F]£ER I\GPYWMZI£KVIIREVVS[£WMKREP£TLEWI£VIUYMVMRK£QSXSVMWXW£XS£[EMX£JSV£ER£EHIUYEXI£KET£MR£STTSW MRK£XVEJJMG£XS£GSQTPIXI£E£PIJXXYVR£QSZIQIRX£

4VSKVIWWMSR £8LI£QSZIQIRX£SJ£XVEJJMG£EPSRK£E£VSEH[E]£MR£TPEXSSRW£VIKYPEXIH£F]£XVEJJMG£WMK REPW££7MKREP£W]WXIQW£XLEX£EVI£XMQIH£XS£EPPS[£TPEXSSRW£SJ£XVEJJMG£XS£TEWW£XLVSYKL£WIZIVEP£MRXIV WIGXMSRW£[MXLSYX£WXSTTMRK£GER£FI£WEMH£XS£TVSZMHI£¦KSSH£TVSKVIWWMSR¦

7TMPPFEGO £:ILMGPI£UYIYIW£XLEX£I\XIRH£FI]SRH£XLI£PIRKXL£SJ£ER£MRXIVWIGXMSR£ETTVSEGL£XYVRMRK FE]£SV£UYIYIW£XLEX£I\XIRH£FEGO£JVSQ£SRI£MRXIVWIGXMSR£XLVSYKL£XLI£TVIZMSYW£MRXIVWIGXMSR£SJXIR GEYWMRK£STIVEXMSREP£TVSFPIQW£EX£XLI£MRXIVWIGXMSR

7XEVX£9T£0SWX£8MQI £%£QIEWYVI£SJ£MRXIVWIGXMSR£MRIJJMGMIRG]£XLI£XMQI£JVSQ£XLI£WXEVX£SJ£E£KVIIR TLEWI£XS£[LIR£STXMQEP£XVEZIP£WTIIH£XLVSYKL£XLI£MRXIVWIGXMSR£MW£EGLMIZIH£X]TMGEPP]£EJXIV£XLI£JMVWX JSYV£XS£JMZI£ZILMGPIW£XLEX£VIUYMVI£WXEVXYT£VIEGXMSR£ERH£PEVKIV£EGGIPIVEXMSR£LIEH[E]£XMQIW£

 ReidMonoChapt6.qxd 6/23/04 9:32 AM Page 115

7YWXEMREFPI£,MKL[E]W £6SEH[E]W£XLEX£LEZI£FIIR£TPERRIH£ERH£HIWMKRIH£XS£TVSQSXI£XLI£TVS XIGXMSR£ERH£IRLERGIQIRX£SJ£IRZMVSRQIRXEP£ERH£GSQQYRMX]£RIIHW£XS£IRWYVI£XLEX£XVERWTSVXEXMSR TVSNIGXW£FIRIJMX£GSQQYRMXMIW£MR£XLI£RIEVXIVQ£EW£[IPP£EW£JSV£KIRIVEXMSRW£XS£GSQI

8[S4LEWI£7MKREPW £8LI£WMQTPIWX£JSVQ£SJ£XVEJJMG£WMKREP£GSRXVSP£XLEX£EPXIVREXIW£VMKLXSJ[E] FIX[IIR£X[S£MRXIVWIGXMRK£VSEH[E]W£[MXL£RS£EHHMXMSREP£WMKREP£TLEWIW£TVSXIGXMRK£XYVRMRK£XVEJJMG

9RGSRZIRXMSREP£-RXIVWIGXMSR £%£HITEVXYVI£JVSQ£E£¦GSRZIRXMSREP¦£MRXIVWIGXMSR£XLEX£EPPS[W HMVIGX£XYVRMRK£QSZIQIRXW£MR£EPP£HMVIGXMSRW£9RGSRZIRXMSREP£MRXIVWIGXMSR£HIWMKRW£LEZI£SRI£SV QSVI£PIJXXYVR£QSZIQIRXW£XLEX£EVI£QEHI£MRHMVIGXP]£MRZSPZMRK£E£PSRKIV£SV£QSVI£GMVGYMXSYW£XYVRMRK TEXL

;EVVERXW £%£WIX£SJ£GVMXIVME£F]£[LMGL£EHIUYEXI£KVSYRHW£EVI£KMZIR£XS£VIGSQQIRH£WEJIX]£SV KISQIXVMG£MQTVSZIQIRXW£XS£VSEH[E]W£SV£WMKREPW£X]TMGEPP]£FEWIH£SR£TVIWIX£WXERHEVHW£SV£JSV QYPEW

 ReidMonoChapt6.qxd 6/23/04 9:32 AM Page 116

 ReidMonoChapt6.qxd 6/23/04 9:32 AM Page 117

Abbreviations

%%7,83 £%QIVMGER£%WWSGMEXMSR£SJ£7XEXI£,MKL[E]£ERH£8VERWTSVXEXMSR£3JJMGMEPW %(8 £%ZIVEKI£(EMP]£8VEJJMG &68 £&YW£6ETMH£8VERWMX '*- £'SRXMRYSYW£*PS[£-RXIVWIGXMSR '*0 £'SRXVEJPS[£0IJX£-RXIVGLERKI '83 £'IRXIV£8YVR£3ZIVTEWW )4% £)RZMVSRQIRXEP£4VSXIGXMSR£%KIRG] *,;% £*IHIVEP£,MKL[E]£%HQMRMWXVEXMSR ,'1 £,MKL[E]£'ETEGMX]£1ERYEP ,3: £,MKL£3GGYTERG]£:ILMGPI -8) £-RWXMXYXI£SJ£8VERWTSVXEXMSR£)RKMRIIVW -87 £-RXIPPMKIRX£8VERWTSVXEXMSR£7]WXIQW 037 £0IZIP£SJ£7IVZMGI 1(38 £1MGLMKER£(ITEVXQIRX£SJ£8VERWTSVXEXMSR 19(- £1MGLMKER£9VFER£(MEQSRH£-RXIVGLERKI 2'(38 £2SVXL£'EVSPMRE£(ITEVXQIRX£SJ£8VERWTSVXEXMSR 2.(38 £2I[£.IVWI]£(ITEVXQIRX£SJ£8VERWTSVXEXMSR 4EVGPS £4EVXMEP£'PSZIVPIEJ 749-££7MRKPI£4SMRX£9VFER£-RXIVGLERKI 88- £8I\EW£8VERWTSVXEXMSR£-RWXMXYXI :18 £:ILMGPI£1MPIW£8VEZIPIH ZTH £ZILMGPIW£TIV£HE] ZTL £ZILMGPIW£TIV£LSYV£ ZTLTP £ZILMGPIW£TIV£LSYV£TIV£PERI

 ReidMonoChapt6.qxd 6/23/04 9:32 AM Page 118

 ReidMonoChapt6.qxd 6/23/04 9:32 AM Page 119

REFERENCES

 97£(ITEVXQIRX£SJ£8VERWTSVXEXMSR£&YVIEY£SJ£8VERWTSVXEXMSR£7XEXMWXMGW£2EXMSREP 8VERWTSVXEXMSR£7XEXMWXMGW££ ;EWLMRKXSR£('£MR£TVIWW   %QIVMGER£%WWSGMEXMSR£SJ£7XEXI£,MKL[E]£ERH£8VERWTSVXEXMSR£3JJMGMEPW£%£4SPMG]£SR +ISQIXVMG£(IWMKR£SJ£,MKL[E]W£ERH£7XVIIXW£%%7,83£;EWLMRKXSR£('£  1EGLIQILP£6&£ERH£;:£;EVH£¦6IKMSREP£%VXIVMEP£ 7YTIV£7XVIIX £'SRGITXW¦ 8VERWTSVXEXMSR£6IWIEVGL£6IGSVH££86&£2EXMSREP£6IWIEVGL£'SYRGMP£;EWLMRKXSR£(' £T  ,MKL[E]£'ETEGMX]£1ERYEP£'LETXIV££¦7MKREPM^IH£-RXIVWIGXMSRW¦£8VERWTSVXEXMSR£6IWIEVGL &SEVH£2EXMSREP£6IWIEVGL£'SYRGMP£;EWLMRKXSR£('£  :£,]QER£¦6IH£0MKLX£&PYIW¦£6EPIMKL£2I[W£ERH£3FWIVZIV£%YKYWX£  6IWYPXW£SJ£%VXIVMEP£1EREKIQIRX£7YVZI]£[[[RE[KMXWGSQJL[EEVXQKXCWYVZI]LXQP  ,YQQIV£.)£¦9RGSRZIRXMSREP£0IJX£8YVR£%PXIVREXMZIW£JSV£9VFER£ERH£7YFYVFER£%VXIVMEPW 4EVX£3RI¦£-8)£.SYVREP£:SP££2S££7ITXIQFIV£  /VEQIV£64£¦2I[£'SQFMREXMSRW£SJ£3PH£8IGLRMUYIW£XS£6INYZIREXI£.EQQIH£7YFYVFER %VXIVMEPW¦£-8)£;EWLMRKXSR£('£  1MGLMKER£,MKL[E]£3TIVEXMSRW£7XYH]£1MGLMKER£(ITEVXQIRX£SJ£8VERWTSVXEXMSR£  ¦(MVIGXMSREP£'VSWWSZIVW££1MGLMKER W£4VIJIVVIH£0IJX£8YVR£7XVEXIK]¦£1MGLMKER£(ITEVXQIRX£SJ 8VERWTSVXEXMSR£+ISQIXVMG£(IWMKR£9RMX£(IGIQFIV£  &SSRI£.0£ERH£.)£,YQQIV£9RGSRZIRXMSREP£(IWMKR£ERH£3TIVEXMSR£7XVEXIKMIW£JSV£3ZIV 7EXYVEXIH£7YFYVFER£%VXIVMEPW£*MREP£6ITSVX£2SVXL£'EVSPMRE£(ITEVXQIRX£SJ£8VERWTSVXEXMSR 6EPIMKL£.YRI££  (SVSXL]£4;£80£1EPIGO£ERH£7)£2SPJ£¦3TIVEXMSREP£%WTIGXW£SJ£1MGLMKER£(IWMKR£JSV (MZMHIH£,MKL[E]W¦£8VERWTSVXEXMSR£6IWIEVGL£6IGSVH££86&£2EXMSREP£6IWIEVGL 'SYRGMP£;EWLMRKXSR£('££T  8LSQTWSR£8£ERH£,YQQIV£.)£¦%£4VIPMQMREV]£7XYH]£MR£XLI£)JJMGMIRG]£SJ£1IHMER£98YVR ERH£.YKLERHPI£%VXIVMEP£0IJX£8YVR£%PXIVREXMZIW¦£TVIWIRXIH£EX£XLI£RH£%RRYEP£1IIXMRK£SJ XLI£86&£;EWLMRKXSR£('£.ERYEV]£  ,YQQIV£.)£ERH£.0£&SSRI£¦8LI£8VEZIP£)JJMGMIRG]£SJ£9RGSRZIRXMSREP£%VXIVMEP -RXIVWIGXMSR£(IWMKRW¦£8VERWTSVXEXMSR£6IWIEVGL£6IGSVH££86&£2EXMSREP£6IWIEVGL 'SYRGMP£;EWLMRKXSR£('£££  6IMH£.(£ERH£.)£,YQQIV£¦8VEZIP£8MQI£'SQTEVMWSRW£&IX[IIR£7IZIR£9RGSRZIRXMSREP %VXIVMEP£-RXIVWIGXMSR£(IWMKRW¦£8VERWTSVXEXMSR£6IWIEVGL£6IGSVH££86&£2EXMSREP 6IWIEVGL£'SYRGMP£;EWLMRKXSR£('££T£  6IMH£.(£ERH£.)£,YQQIV£¦%REP]^MRK£7]WXIQ£8VEZIP£8MQI£MR£%VXIVMEP£'SVVMHSVW£[MXL 9RGSRZIRXMSREP£(IWMKRW£9WMRK£1MGVSWGSTMG£7MQYPEXMSR¦£8VERWTSVXEXMSR£6IWIEVGL£6IGSVH £86&£2EXMSREP£6IWIEVGL£'SYRGMP£;EWLMRKXSR£('££T££  -RXIVZMI[£[MXL£1MGLMKER£(ITEVXQIRX£SJ£8VERWTSVXEXMSR£WXEJJ£%YKYWX££  -RXIVZMI[£[MXL£2I[£.IVWI]£(ITEVXQIRX£SJ£8VERWTSVXEXMSR£WXEJJ£%YKYWX££  ,YQQIV£.)£ERH£.(£6IMH£¦%GGIWW£1EREKIQIRX£ERH£9RGSRZIRXMSREP£%VXIVMEP£(IWMKRW ,S[£;IPP£(S£:EVMSYW£(IWMKRW£%GGSQQSHEXI£(VMZI[E]W#¦£TVIWIRXIH£EX£XLI£XL£%RRYEP %GGIWW£1EREKIQIRX£'SRJIVIRGI£86&£.YRI£  97££'EXIKSVMGEP£)\GPYWMSR£7XYH]£2'(38£(MZMWMSR£SJ£,MKL[E]W£*IFVYEV]£

 ReidMonoChapt6.qxd 6/23/04 9:32 AM Page 120

 0I[MW£6(£¦97££'SVVMHSV£7XYH]¦£6EPIMKL£2SVXL£'EVSPMRE£&%%/£)RKMRIIVW£1EVGL£  -RXIVZMI[£[MXL£)HMWSR£.SLRWSR£'MX]£SJ£6EPIMKL£%TVMP££  +SPHFPEXX£6£*£1MIV£ERH£.£*VIMHQER£¦'SRXMRYSYW£*PS[£-RXIVWIGXMSRW¦£-8)£.SYVREP :SPYQI££2YQFIV££.YP]££T£  /MQQIPP£,£¦6IZMI[£SJ£XLI£)RLERGIH£%X+VEHI£-RXIVWIGXMSR¦£;IWXIVR£(MWXVMGX£-8) 4YFPMGEXMSR£.ERYEV]*IFVYEV]£  *VERGMW£&£*VERGSMW£%[EVH£%TTPMGEXMSR£JSV£XLI£'SRXMRYSYW£*PS[£-RXIVWIGXMSR£(IWMKR£EW£WYF QMXXIH£F]£XLI£1EV]PERH£7XEXI£,MKL[E]£%HQMRMWXVEXMSR  &IVOS[MX^£'1£*£1MIV£')£;EPXIV£ERH£'£&VEKHSR£¦'SRXMRYSYW£*PS[£-RXIVWIGXMSRW£%R -RXIPPMKIRX£7SPYXMSR¦£'SQTIRHMYQ£SJ£8IGLRMGEP£4ETIVW£JSV£XLI£XL£-8)£%RRYEP£1IIXMRK ;EWLMRKXSR£('£-RWXMXYXI£SJ£8VERWTSVXEXMSR£)RKMRIIVW£££  ¦-RXIVWIGXMSR£4PER£-W£8YVR£JSV£&IXXIV£)RKMRIIV£-RWMWXW¦£)VMG£&EMPI]£7XEJJ£;VMXIV£0SW£%RKIPIW 8MQIW£(IGIQFIV££  4LSRI£MRXIVZMI[£[MXL£*VERGMWGS£1MIV£3GXSFIV££  -RXIVZMI[£[MXL£*(38£(MZMWMSR£)RKMRIIV£%YKYWX££  8SHH£/£¦%£,MWXSV]£SJ£6SYRHEFSYXW£MR£&VMXEMR¦£8VERWTSVXEXMSR£5YEVXIVP]£:SP££2S£ .ERYEV]££TT£  6SYRHEFSYXW£%R£-RJSVQEXMSREP£+YMHI£6ITSVX£*,;%6(£*IHIVEP£,MKL[E] %HQMRMWXVEXMSR£;EWLMRKXSR£('£  1EV]PERH£7XEXI£,MKL[E]£3TMRMSR£7YVZI]£  .EGUIQEVX£+£¦7]RXLIWMW£SJ£4VEGXMGI££1SHIVR£6SYRHEFSYX£4VEGXMGI£MR£XLI£9RMXIH 7XEXIW¦£2EXMSREP£'SSTIVEXMZI£,MKL[E]£6IWIEVGL£4VSKVEQ£;EWLMRKXSR£('£  'SQTMPEXMSR£SJ£(38£WYVZI]£VIWTSRWIW£ERH£MRXIVZMI[W  ,EOOIVX£7£ERH£=£&IR=EOSZ£¦7MRKPI0IZIP£-RXIVGLERKI£SV£7TPMXXMRK£E£7MKREPM^IH -RXIVWIGXMSR¦£8VEJJMG£)RKMRIIVMRK£ERH£'SRXVSP£%YKYWX7ITXIQFIV£  &EVIH£.+£ERH£)-£/EMWIV£¦&IRIJMXW£SJ£7TPMX£-RXIVWIGXMSRW¦£8VERWTSVXEXMSR£6IWIEVGL 6IGSVH££86&£2EXMSREP£6IWIEVGL£'SYRGMP£;EWLMRKXSR£('£ £ 4SPYW£%£ERH£6£'SLIR£¦3TIVEXMSREP£-QTEGX£SJ£7TPMX£-RXIVWIGXMSRW¦£8VERWTSVXEXMSR 6IWIEVGL£6IGSVH££86&£2EXMSREP£6IWIEVGL£'SYRGMP£;EWLMRKXSR£('££TT£   6IMH£.(£¦9WMRK£5YEHVERX£6SEH[E]W£8S£-QTVSZI£%VXIVMEP£-RXIVWIGXMSR£3TIVEXMSRW¦£-8) .SYVREP£:SPYQI££2YQFIV££.YRI££TT£  ,YQQIV£.)£¦3TIVEXMSREP£)JJIGXW£SJ£2I[£ (SYFPI;MHI £-RXIVWIGXMSR£(IWMKR£SR£7YFYVFER %VXIVMEPW¦£TVIWIRXIH£EX£XL£%RRYEP£86&£1IIXMRK£;EWLMRKXSR£('£.ERYEV]£  ,YQQIV£.)£¦8LI£(SYFPI;MHI£(IWMKR£%R£-RI\TIRWMZI£;E]£8S£-RGVIEWI£XLI£'ETEGMX]£SJ 7MKREPM^IH£-RXIVWIGXMSRW£SR£*SYV0ERI£,MKL[E]W¦£TVIWIRXIH£EX£XLI£RH£9VFER£7XVIIX 7]QTSWMYQ£7TSRWSVIH£F]£-8)£ERH£86&£%RELIMQ£'EPMJSVRME£.YP]££  0IMWGL£.SIP£4£¦+VEHI£7ITEVEXIH£-RXIVWIGXMSRW£¦8VERWTSVXEXMSR£6IWIEVGL£6IGSVH£ 86&£2EXMSREP£6IWIEVGL£'SYRGMP£;EWLMRKXSR£('£  +EVFIV£2.£ERH£1(£*SRXEMRI£¦+YMHIPMRIW£JSV£4VIPMQMREV]£7IPIGXMSR£SJ£XLI£3TXMQYQ -RXIVGLERKI£8]TI£JSV£E£7TIGMJMG£0SGEXMSR¦£:MVKMRME£8VERWTSVXEXMSR£6IWIEVGL£'SYRGMP 'LEVPSXXIWZMPPI£:MVKMRME£

 ReidMonoChapt6.qxd 6/23/04 9:32 AM Page 121

 '£1MPPIV£ERH£:EVKEW£.)£¦8LI£)GLIPSR£-RXIVGLERKI¦£-8)£.SYVREP£SR£XLI£;IF£2SZIQFIV   4LSRI£MRXIVZMI[£[MXL£'VEMK£1MPPIV£1MPPIV£'SRWYPXMRK£-RG  'PE]XSR£6£¦'IRXIV£8YVR£3ZIVTEWW£;IFWMXI¦£[[[GIRXIVXYVRGSQ£%GGIWWIH£*IFVYEV]   6IMH£.(£.)£,YQQIV£ERH£16£(EZMW£¦%£'SQTEVMWSR£&IX[IIR£+VEHI7ITEVEXIH %VXIVMEP£-RXIVWIGXMSR£(IWMKRW¦£TVIWIRXIH£EX£XLI£WX£%RRYEP£86&£1IIXMRK£;EWLMRKXSR ('£.ERYEV]£  *S[PIV£&'£¦%R£3TIVEXMSREP£'SQTEVMWSR£SJ£XLI£7MRKPI4SMRX£9VFER£ERH£8MKLX£(MEQSRH -RXIVGLERKIW¦£-8)£.SYVREP£%TVMP£  ¦7MRKPI£4SMRX£9VFER£-RXIVGLERKI£(IWMKR£ERH£3TIVEXMSRW£%REP]WMW¦£2EXMSREP£'SSTIVEXMZI ,MKL[E]£6IWIEVGL£4VSKVEQ£ 2',64 £6ITSVX££8VERWTSVXEXMSR£6IWIEVGL£&SEVH ;EWLMRKXSR£('£(IGIQFIV£  &EVIH£.+£ERH£/EMWIV£)-£¦'SQTEVMWSR£SJ£(MEQSRH£-RXIVGLERKI£ERH£6SYRHEFSYX -RXIVGLERKIW¦£'SRJIVIRGI£4VSGIIHMRKW£JVSQ£XLI£RH£-RXIVREXMSREP£7]QTSWMYQ£SR ,MKL[E]£+ISQIXVMG£(IWMKR£86&£.YRI£  0IMWGL£.4£8£9VFERMO£---£ERH£.4£3\PI]£¦%£'SQTEVMWSR£SJ£8[S£(MEQSRH£-RXIVGLERKI *SVQW£MR£9VFER£%VIEW¦£-8)£.SYVREP£1E]£  ;MPPMEQW£/1£ERH£.6£*SVIWXIV£2',64£7]RXLIWMW£SJ£,MKL[E]£4VEGXMGI££0ERH (IZIPSTQIRX£6IKYPEXMSRW£8LEX£4VSQSXI£%GGIWW£1EREKIQIRX£86&£2EXMSREP£6IWIEVGL 'SYRGMP£;EWLMRKXSR£('£  ,EP£/EWWSJJ£;SVPH£,MKL[E]W£1EKE^MRI EVXMGPI£  +YMHERGI£SR£XLI£7EJI£-QTPIQIRXEXMSR£SJ£9RGSRZIRXMSREP£%VXIVMEP£(IWMKRW£ 78'£TETIV   )MWIPI£;£ERH£;£*VE[PI]£%£1IXLSHSPSK]£JSV£(IXIVQMRMRK£)GSRSQMG£-QTEGXW£SJ£6EMWIH 1IHMERW£(EXE£%REP]WMW£SR£%HHMXMSREP£'EWI£7XYHMIW£6IWIEVGL£6ITSVX££8I\EW 8VERWTSVXEXMSR£-RWXMXYXI£'SPPIKI£7XEXMSR£3GXSFIV£  -S[E£%GGIWW£1EREKIQIRX£6IWIEVGL£ERH£%[EVIRIWW£4VSNIGX£)\IGYXMZI£7YQQEV]£-S[E 7XEXI£9RMZIVWMX]£%QIW£££  +PYGO£.£ERH£,£0IZMRWSR£3ZIVZMI[£SJ£2',64£4VSNIGX££-QTEGXW£SJ£%GGIWW 1EREKIQIRX£8IGLRMUYIW£4VSG£XL£2EXMSREP£'SRJIVIRGI£SR£%GGIWW£1EREKIQIRX 4SVXPERH£3VIKSR£  7XSZIV£:+£ERH£*.£/SITOI£8VERWTSVXEXMSR£ERH£0ERH£(IZIPSTQIRX£-RWXMXYXI£SJ 8VERWTSVXEXMSR£)RKMRIIVW£;EWLMRKXSR£('£ £ 8LSQTWSR£'£ERH£.)£,YQQIV£¦+YMHERGI£SR£XLI£7EJI£-QTPIQIRXEXMSR£SJ£9RGSRZIRXMSREP (IWMKRW¦

 ReidMonoChapt6.qxd 6/23/04 9:32 AM Page 122

 ReidMonoChapt6.qxd 6/23/04 9:32 AM Page 123

Survey and Results

 ReidMonoChapt6.qxd 6/23/04 9:32 AM Page 124

INNOVATIVE INTERSECTION AND GRADE-SEPARATION DESIGNS Please include your agency’s experience with the following intersection and interchange designs, and include information on any other innovative intersection design that your agency has experience with. Keep in mind that interchange designs must be applicable to surface roadway applications and not freeway-type facilities.

------

AT GRADE INTERSECTION DESIGNS 1. Median U-Turn: Removes all left-turn movements at the main intersection using one-way crossovers in the median. Left turning vehicles pass through the intersection twice, once as a through movement, and once as a right turn. Widely used Used at First use Considered No design Example in-field intersection: on principal few isolated currently in in planning or planning arterial intersection design or study but application system locations construction rejected to date (Streets)




(City) Comments on use, acceptance, effectiveness, safety, operational issues, etc:

2. Superstreet: Similar to the median u-turn, but features a break in cross street traffic that allows independent signals on the arterial. Signals in both directions on the arterial can be progressed perfectly, at differing cycle lengths and collector spacing. Widely used Used at First use Considered No design Example in-field intersection: on principal few isolated currently in in planning or planning arterial intersection design or study but application system locations construction rejected to date (Streets)




(City) Comments on use, acceptance, effectiveness, safety, operational issues, etc:

3. Split Intersection: Separates the collector into one-way pairs, with signals at both intersections with the arterial. Signals have three phases that operate similar to a diamond interchange ramp intersection. Widely used Used at First use Considered No design Example in-field intersection: on principal few isolated currently in in planning or planning arterial intersection design or study but application system locations construction rejected to date (Streets)




(City) Comments on use, acceptance, effectiveness, safety, operational issues, etc:

 ReidMonoChapt6.qxd 6/23/04 9:32 AM Page 125

4. Jughandle: Uses right-diverging ramps to accommodate all turns from the arterial. Arterial lefts turn onto the cross street at the ramp termini that can be stop or yield controlled. Design may include loops to remove left turns from collector to arterial. Widely used Used at First use Considered No design Example in-field intersection: on principal few isolated currently in in planning or planning arterial intersection design or study but application system locations construction rejected to date (Streets)




(City) Comments on use, acceptance, effectiveness, safety, operational issues, etc:

5. Two-Lane Roundabouts/Traffic Circles: Use large circular roadway (a least 2 lanes) to handle all through and turning movements. Can be both yield controlled (roundabout) or free-flow merge control (traffic circles with larger diameter). Widely used Used at First use Considered No design Example in-field intersection: on principal few isolated currently in in planning or planning arterial intersection design or study but application system locations construction rejected to date (Streets)




(City) Comments on use, acceptance, effectiveness, safety, operational issues, etc:

6. Quadrant Roadway: Removes left-turn movements from the main intersection using an additional roadway in one intersection quadrant with T-intersections at both ends. Each directional left-turn pattern is different. Widely used Used at First use Considered No design Example in-field intersection: on principal few isolated currently in in planning or planning arterial intersection design or study but application system locations construction rejected to date (Streets)




(City) Comments on use, acceptance, effectiveness, safety, operational issues, etc:

7. Continuous Flow Intersection: Features a short roadway segment to the left and upstream of the main intersection to handle left turning traffic, resulting in a two-phase signal with simultaneous through and protected left turns at the main intersection. Widely used Used at First use Considered No design Example in-field intersection: on principal few isolated currently in in planning or planning arterial intersection design or study but application system locations construction rejected to date (Streets)




(City) Comments on use, acceptance, effectiveness, safety, operational issues, etc:

 ReidMonoChapt6.qxd 6/23/04 9:32 AM Page 126

8. Offset T-Intersections: Splits cross street movements using arterial roadway. Through traffic jogs onto arterial for short distance, and each cross street intersection operates as a three-phase signal. Widely used Used at First use Considered No design Example in-field intersection: on principal few isolated currently in in planning or planning arterial intersection design or study but application system locations construction rejected to date (Streets)




(City) Comments on use, acceptance, effectiveness, safety, operational issues, etc:

9. Continuous Green T: Used only at T-intersections, one direction of arterial travel does not have to stop at the cross street. Left turns from the cross street onto the arterial merges from the left onto the free-flowing arterial lanes. Widely used Used at First use Considered No design Example in-field intersection: on principal few isolated currently in in planning or planning arterial intersection design or study but application system locations construction rejected to date (Streets)




(City) Comments on use, acceptance, effectiveness, safety, operational issues, etc:

10. Bowtie: Uses roundabouts on the collector to accommodate left turns, negating the need for a wide median on the arterial. Left turns are prohibited at the main intersection resulting in a simple two-phase signal. Widely used Used at First use Considered No design Example in-field intersection: on principal few isolated currently in in planning or planning arterial intersection design or study but application system locations construction rejected to date (Streets)




(City) Comments on use, acceptance, effectiveness, safety, operational issues, etc:

11. Paired Intersections: Prohibits left-turns from the arterial to the cross street then from the cross street to the arterial at alternating intersections, resulting in three-phase signals at all intersections. Intersections are linked with frontage roads (collectors) to serve all movements. Widely used Used at First use Considered No design Example in-field intersection: on principal few isolated currently in in planning or planning arterial intersection design or study but application system locations construction rejected to date (Streets)




(City) Comments on use, acceptance, effectiveness, safety, operational issues, etc:

 ReidMonoChapt6.qxd 6/23/04 9:32 AM Page 127

GRADE-SEPARATED INTERSECTION DESIGNS 12. Partial Cloverleaf: Includes two loop ramps to accommodate left-turn movements from the arterial. Loops can be in different quadrants, which effects bridge width and/or turn bay requirements on cross street. Widely used Used at First use Considered No design Example in-field intersection: on principal few isolated currently in in planning or planning arterial intersection design or study but application system locations construction rejected to date (Streets)




(City) Comments on use, acceptance, effectiveness, safety, operational issues, etc:

13. Compressed Diamond: Ramps to cross street above are tight to the arterial, often requiring retaining walls. The ramp intersections at the cross street are closely spaced often including four coordinated progressive phases. Widely used Used at First use Considered No design Example in-field intersection: on principal few isolated currently in in planning or planning arterial intersection design or study but application system locations construction rejected to date (Streets)




(City) Comments on use, acceptance, effectiveness, safety, operational issues, etc:

14. Single Loop Interchange: Uses a roadway in a single intersection quadrant to handle turns between arterial and cross street. More typical in rural locations, the single loop design can be enhanced with multiple turning lanes & coordinated signals. Widely used Used at First use Considered No design Example in-field intersection: on principal few isolated currently in in planning or planning arterial intersection design or study but application system locations construction rejected to date (Streets)




(City) Comments on use, acceptance, effectiveness, safety, operational issues, etc:

15. Rotary Interchange: Arterial is grade-separated under the cross street, built as a large roundabout. Ramp and cross street intersections can be signal or yield controlled, depending on the circle diameter and cross street traffic volumes. Widely used Used at First use Considered No design Example in-field intersection: on principal few isolated currently in in planning or planning arterial intersection design or study but application system locations construction rejected to date (Streets)




(City) Comments on use, acceptance, effectiveness, safety, operational issues, etc:

 ReidMonoChapt6.qxd 6/23/04 9:32 AM Page 128

g

16. Raindrop Interchange: Cross street grade-separated over arterial uses roundabouts at each ramp intersection to handle all left-turn movements to/from ramps to the arterial. Widely used Used at First use Considered No design Example in-field intersection: on principal few isolated currently in in planning or planning arterial intersection design or study but application system locations construction rejected to date (Streets)




(City) Comments on use, acceptance, effectiveness, safety, operational issues, etc:

17. Echelon Interchange: Elevates one-half of each intersection approach to elevate on structure while the other halves intersect at-grade. All intersection approaches become one-way streets and can be controlled by 2-phase signals. Widely used Used at First use Considered No design Example in-field intersection: on principal few isolated currently in in planning or planning arterial intersection design or study but application system locations construction rejected to date (Streets)




(City) Comments on use, acceptance, effectiveness, safety, operational issues, etc:

18. Center Turn Overpass: Raises all left-turning traffic approaches in the median on structures to a level grade-separated from the intersection of through and right-turn movements. Each level is governed by two-phase signals. Widely used Used at First use Considered No design Example in-field intersection: on principal few isolated currently in in planning or planning arterial intersection design or study but application system locations construction rejected to date (Streets)




(City) Comments on use, acceptance, effectiveness, safety, operational issues, etc:

19. Single Point Urban Diamond: Creates a single intersection of arterial left turns and cross-street through and left turns over (or under) the free-flowing arterial. The signal is typically 3-phase, with left-turn movements turning inside each other. Widely used Used at First use Considered No design Example in-field intersection: on principal few isolated currently in in planning or planning arterial intersection design or study but application system locations construction rejected to date (Streets)




(City) Comments on use, acceptance, effectiveness, safety, operational issues, etc:

 ReidMonoChapt6.qxd 6/23/04 9:32 AM Page 129

OTHER ARTERIAL INTERSECTION DESIGNS Please indicate other innovative intersection designs not listed in the previous section that your agency uses at high-volume arterial intersections. An at-grade intersection design considered innovative removes at least one left-turn phase by diverting left turning vehicles in some fashion. A grade-separated intersection design considered innovative includes any interchange design (excepting the standard diamond interchange) that can be applied to arterial (non-freeway) roadways.

Name & Description:

Widely used Used at First use Example intersection: on principal few isolated currently in arterial intersection design or system locations construction Streets:

City:

Comments on use, acceptance, effectiveness, safety, operational issues, etc:

Sketch of Intersection

Name & Description:

Widely used Used at First use Example intersection: on principal few isolated currently in arterial intersection design or system locations construction Streets:

City:

Comments on use, acceptance, effectiveness, safety, operational issues, etc:

Sketch of Intersection

Name & Description:

Widely used Used at First use Example intersection: on principal few isolated currently in arterial intersection design or system locations construction Streets:

City:

Comments on use, acceptance, effectiveness, safety, operational issues, etc:

Sketch of Intersection

 ReidMonoChapt6.qxd 6/23/04 9:32 AM Page 130

Traffic Operations, Policy and Funding:

Please answer these questions to the best of your ability or leave blank if unclear. The name and position of the respondent will remain confidential, but all responses given may be included in written material including comparison to other agencies’ responses. ------

Yes, unless 1. Does your agency permit left turns on red onto a one-way cross street? prohibited Only if by sign signed Never

Yes, unless 2. Does your agency permit U-turns at signalized intersections along divided median roadways? prohibited Only if by sign signed Never

3. Does your agency have an established maximum cycle length for principal arterials? Is there Preferred preferred common cycle length? Does your agency have a minimum green split (percent of total Maximum common Minimum cycle) requirement for regional arterials (if no for any response, write “none”)? cycle length cycle green split

______sec ______sec ______sec

4. Does your agency have an established policy for selecting right-of-way No, varies depending on widths for arterial corridors at the planning level? Yes, minimum width Common width corridor

______ft ______ft

5. In your opinion, is your agency proactive towards design innovation? List reasons why or why not.

Yes No Sometimes

Other 6. Rank in order (#1 being most important) the reasons why Would Reduce Improve Improve your agency would consider an innovative intersection never left turn Reduce Improve pedestrian arterial design solution. consider impacts congestion safety crossings progression ______
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

7. Rank in order (#1 being most important) the reasons why your Other Driver Additional Negative agency might recommend against innovative intersection expectation ROW Increased Impact to Driver design. (safety) requirement cost access disregard ______( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

8. Rank in order (#1 being most important) the reasons why your Would Other agency would consider grade separation of two surface (non- never Volumes / Improve Route Terrain/ freeway) roadways, if at all. consider capacity safety importance alignment ______
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

9. Rank in order (#1 being most often) the traffic analysis Other tools your agency uses to evaluate intersections and Synchro / Transyt Passer arterials (place an “N” beneath the tools never used). CORSIM SimTraffic VISIM 7F Sidra HCS (II or III) ______( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

 ReidMonoChapt6.qxd 6/23/04 9:32 AM Page 131

10. Does your agency have a set methodology to determine when left-turn phasing is warranted? If so, please briefly describe methodology and/or attach standards.

11. What are your agency’s primary & secondary sources of capital project and/or spot intersection improvement funding (e.g., TIP, general fund, CMAQ, sales tax, etc.)?

Optional: Please provide a short list of reference materials, design standards, reports, articles or websites that your agency has found useful in designing high-volume intersections. In the included return envelope, please include any agency reports, studies, plans and/or aerial photos pertaining to innovative intersection designs.

Agency Contacts: As noted in the cover letter, I intend to follow-up by phone contact and possible field visit with those agencies that have extensive experience with specific or unique innovative intersection designs. Please provide this survey’s respondent name and title, the most appropriate person for a phone interview about specific innovative designs, and a field engineer who may be willing to meet in the field to conduct an on-site survey.

Survey respondent agency: ______

Survey respondent name: ______

Survey respondent title: ______

Telephone interview contact (if different from respondent): ______

Contact telephone number: ______

Field engineer contact: ______

Contact telephone number: ______

 ReidMonoChapt6.qxd 6/23/04 9:32 AM Page 132

Survey Results Summary

In Design / Considered & LT Phasing State Designs Used Construction Rejected LTOR U-Turn Cycle ROW Innovative Policy Standards Funding Resources AK Parclo, SPUI Roundabout Yes Yes None varies None FHWA Interchange AR Parclo, No Yes None No Guidelines from STP funds NCHRP Compressed Traffic Control Synthesis 225 Diamond Handbook CA Multi-Lane No Yes 120 max; 120' No - old city, ROW Priority lost in Measure M, gas Roundabout; 100 sec common difficult California Traffic tax, TEA-21, OTS, Paired pref Manual left turn TSI area fund Intersection signal warrants. CT Jughandle, Yes None No None 1) STPA; 2) State Roundabout, Bonds Offset-T, Single Loop FL Median-U Turn; Yes Yes 120 pref 80' min No - low Traffic Control Primary - Gen Split Intersection; acceptance for Handbook (section Transp Fund (gas Jughandle; change 4C-1); Volume tax, user fees), Quadrant Warrant - left turn x FHWA State Funds; Roadway; Paired opposing thrust > Spot - District Intersection; 100,000; Sight safety/operation Continuous distance met; Crash funds, CMAQ, Local Green-T; Parclo; - > 4 left turn agency funds Compressed crashed within 1 yr. Diamond; Single Loop; SPUI HI Jughandle; Yes Yes None Varies Generally like to Peak left turning State Highway Roundabout stick to vols > 300 vph Funds; Federal Aid conventional, Finds (STIP) proven concepts. Innovative ones involve certain risks. IA Yes Yes 120 max Slow to try None TIP, Transportation innovative designs; Safety Improvement more comfort with Program, Urban standard design. State Transportation Engineering Program IL Quadrant Median U-Turn; Yes Yes None Varies Moderate, if not None Federal (STP, IM, Roadway; Parclo; Multi-Lane proven nationally NHS, HES); State Compressed Roundabout; difficult. Funds Diamond; Single Continuous Green- Loop; SPUI T; Roundabout Interchange KA Continuous Green Multi-Lane Yes Yes None Varies Crashes, Volumes, Federal and State T; Compressed Roundabout lefts Safety Funds Diamond; SPUI

ME Split Intersection; Multi-Lane Continuous No No 120 max 200' new; No, consider 1) BTIP; 2) Federal Jughandle; Multi- Roundabout Green-T; SPUI 66-100' volumes & crashes CMAQ Lane existing Roundabout; Single Loop NE Jughandle Yes No None No No - lack of law Gas tax only HCM enforcement, few high-volume locations, confuses elderly population. NH Parclo, Multi-Lane No Yes 120 pref Varies No - Department AASHTO Primary - Federal FHWA: Compressed Roundabout, will use only proven procedure Highway Aid, State Roundabouts: Diamond; Rotary, Bowtie, design techniques. Turnpike Revenue; An SPUI Roundabout Secondary - State Informational Interchange Gas Tax revenue Guide; NCHRP reports; TRB reports

 ReidMonoChapt6.qxd 6/23/04 9:32 AM Page 133

6IEWSRW£XS£'SRWMHIV 6IEWSRW£XS 6IEWSRW£XS£'SRWMHIV 8VEJJMG£%REP]WMW£7SJX[EVI£9WIH 9RGSRZIRXMSREP 6IGSQQIRH£%KEMRWX %VXIVMEP£+VEHI XS£)ZEPYEXI£-RXIVWIGXMSR -RXIVWIGXMSR 9RGSRZIRXMSREP£(IWMKR 7ITEVEXMSR 3TIVEXMSRW nment Left turns Congestion Safety Pedestrians Progression Other Expectation ROW reqd Cost Access Disregard Never Con Capacity Safety Route Alig CORSIM Synchro VISSIM Transyt 7F Sidra HCS Passer III 21 124 3 1234 1 2

42135 14523 3142 2 4513

53142 42135 32416153 42

31245 32154 214341 3 25

34125 31425 123441N2563

52143 13452 1234 2 1

2314 14325 123432N5N14

42153 32154 2341 N N

42153 14352 213423N6415

42135 32145 234131 42

14253 14253 321421 3

23154 12435 214332NNN1N

 ReidMonoChapt6.qxd 6/23/04 9:32 AM Page 134

Survey Results Summary (cont.)

In Design / Considered & LT Phasing State Designs Used Construction Rejected LTOR U-Turn Cycle ROW Innovative Policy Standards Funding Resources NJ Jughandle; SPUI No Yes Pref 120 std 15' Community Delay study FHWA; State Multi-Lane median relations program transportation trust Roundabout; involves fund Offset-T; stockholders in Continuous Green planning and T; Bowtie (partial); design. Some Parclo innovative concepts have emerged for consideration.

NM Median U-Turn; Yes 120 pref Varies Yes R/W, LOS & 1) Safety; 2) TIP Jughandle; Paired mainline Intersection; progression Continuous Green considered T; SPUI

NV Multi-Lane Bowtie; CTO No Yes 140-160 Varies Investigate ideas as Dual turn pockets Roundabout; CTG max; 90- they come along. for protected 120 pref phasing; number of lanes thru traffic must cross; opposing volumes; safety. NY Jughandle; Multi- Roundabout Yes Yes None Developing a NYSDOT HDM TIP NYSDOT HDM Lane Interchange number of multilane chapter 11, page chapters 5 & 11 Roundabout; CFI; roundabouts and 139 available at: Offset-T; Parclo; are open to new www.dot.state. Compressed ideas to solve ny.us/cmb/cons Diamond; Rotary; transportation ult/hdmfiles/hd SPUI; Trumpet; problems. m.html Elevated Circle; Scissor

PA Jughandle Multi-Lane No No None No None TI, CMAQ Roundabout; SPUI RI Yes No None TIP, Federal Funds

TX Multi-Lane Yes Yes None Varies From a structural None; each CMAQ; STP Metro TxDOT Roundabout; standpoint, our intersection looked Mobility; STP Urban Roadway Continuous Green agency is inno- at independently Mobility Design Manual, T vative. For high- considering number TMUCD, volume inter- of lanes, speed, AASHTO changes, we ADT, left turns, use the standard geometry. cross interchange w/signals. WA Multi-Lane Roundabout Yes Yes None No - see Always willing to Attached sec Gas tax, motor www.wsdot. Roundabout; Interchange; std. think "outside the 850.06 vehicle and license wa.gov Offset-T; "False box." fees Continuous Green Roundabout" T; SPUI; Parclo, Compressed Diamond

WY Compressed Roundabout Sometimes 1. Cross product of Gas tax; general Diamond Interchange lefts x opposing fund; mineral thrust < 100,000; 2. severance Left turn delay exceeds 20 to 30 seconds.

 ReidMonoChapt6.qxd 6/23/04 9:32 AM Page 135

6IEWSRW£XS£'SRWMHIV 6IEWSRW£XS 6IEWSRW£XS£'SRWMHIV 8VEJJMG£%REP]WMW£7SJX[EVI£9WIH 9RGSRZIRXMSREP 6IGSQQIRH£%KEMRWX %VXIVMEP£+VEHI XS£)ZEPYEXI£-RXIVWIGXMSR -RXIVWIGXMSR 9RGSRZIRXMSREP£(IWMKR 7ITEVEXMSR 3TIVEXMSRW Left turns Congestion Safety Pedestrians Progression Other Expectation ROW reqd Cost Access Disregard Never Con Capacity Safety Route Alignment CORSIM Synchro VISSIM Transyt 7F Sidra HCS Passer III 52134 14352 124342N5613

213 4 43125 142354 2 13

42153 12345 123431NN42N

42135 35241 12 3425 1

s

211214123

12 51N3N24

34125 12435 213432N5N41

41253 321451 425 31

12 12 2 31

 ReidMonoChapt6.qxd 6/23/04 9:32 AM Page 136

 ReidMonoCopyrightInsideCV.qxd 6/23/04 9:22 AM Page 1

7IGSRH£4VMRXMRK£ 'ST]VMKLX£Œ££4EVWSRW£&VMRGOIVLSJJ£-RG

%PP£VMKLXW£VIWIVZIH££2S£TEVX£SJ£XLMW£[SVO£QE]£FI£VITVSHYGIH£SV£YWIH£MR£ER]£JSVQ£SV£F]£ER]£QIERW£¦ KVETLMG£IPIGXVSRMG£SV£QIGLERMGEP£MRGPYHMRK£TLSXSGST]MRK£VIGSVHMRK£XETMRK£SV£MRJSVQEXMSR£WXSV EKI£SV£VIXVMIZEP£W]WXIQW£¦£[MXLSYX£TIVQMWWMSR£SJ£XLI£TYFPMWLIV

4YFPMGEXMSR£QEHI£EZEMPEFPI£XLVSYKL£-RWXMXYXI£SJ£8VERWTSVXEXMSR£)RKMRIIVW£ -8) £FSSOWXSVI£EX [[[MXISVKFSSOWXSVI

4YFPMWLIH£F] 4EVWSRW£&VMRGOIVLSJJ 3RI£4IRR£4PE^E 2I[£=SVO£2I[£=SVO£

+VETLMGW£(EXEFEWI££5 ReidMonoCopyrightInsideCV.qxd 6/23/04 9:22 AM Page 2

9RGSRZIRXMSREP£ %VXIVMEP£-RXIVWIGXMSR (IWMKR£1EREKIQIRX ERH£3TIVEXMSRW£ 7XVEXIKMIW

.SREXLER£6IMH£4) 4VSJIWWMSREP£%WWSGMEXI£ *MREPMWX£;MPPMEQ£&EVGPE]£4EVWSRW£*IPPS[WLMT£4VSKVEQ 4EVWSRW£&VMRGOIVLSJJ .YP]£