King Island Fire Management Area

Bushfire Risk Management Plan

2020

Document Control

Document History

Version Date Author Section

1.0 12/2019 C Heyworth Bushfire Risk Unit

Agency Endorsements

Agency Name & Title Signature Date

Document Endorsement

Endorsed by Fire Management Area Committee

Nicholas Cooper Chair, King Island FMAC Date: 20 December 2019

Accepted by State Fire Management Council

Ian Sauer Chair, SFMC Date: 7 May 2020

Page 2 of 37 King Island Bushfire Risk Management Plan Contents Glossary ...... 5 Acronyms ...... 7 Executive Summary ...... 8 1. Introduction ...... 9 1.1 Background ...... 9 1.2 Purpose of this Plan ...... 10 2. Establishing the Context ...... 11 2.1 Description of the King Island Fire Management Area ...... 11 2.2 Fire Environment ...... 11 2.3 Climate and Bushfire Season ...... 13 2.4 Population and Community ...... 14 2.5 Community Engagement ...... 14 3. Identifying the Risks ...... 16 3.1 Bushfire and Impact Scenarios ...... 16 3.2 State-wide Controls ...... 16 3.3 FMA Controls ...... 16 4. Analysing and Evaluating Bushfire Risk ...... 17 4.1 Analysing Bushfire Risks ...... 17 4.2 Evaluating Bushfire Risks ...... 17 5. Bushfire Risk Treatment ...... 19 5.1 Implementing Treatments ...... 19 5.2 Strategic Fire Infrastructure ...... 19 5.3 Fuel Reduction Burning ...... 20 6. Monitoring and Review ...... 20 6.1 Review ...... 20 6.2 Monitoring and Reporting ...... 20 References ...... 21 Appendices ...... 22 Appendix 1: Treatment Plan ...... 22 Appendix 2: Current Implementation Plans ...... 31

Page 3 of 37 King Island Bushfire Risk Management Plan

Maps ...... 32 Map 1: King Island Fire Management Area Location ...... 32 Map 2: Tenure Summary Map for King Island Fire Management Area ...... 33 Map 3: Assets and Values from the Treatment Plan for King Island Fire Management Area ...... 34 Map 4: Strategic Fire Infrastructure for King Island Fire Management Area ...... 35 Map 5: Fuel Treatability for King Island Fire Management Area ...... 36 Map 6: Vegetation for King Island Fire Management Area ...... 37

Page 4 of 37 King Island Bushfire Risk Management Plan Glossary

Glossary Asset A term used to describe anything valued by the community that may be adversely impacted by bushfire. This may include houses, infrastructure, agriculture, production forests, industry, and environmental and heritage sites. Asset Zone (AZ) The geographic location of asset(s) and values of importance requiring bushfire exclusion. Asset Protection Zone An area adjacent to or near Asset Zones, the primary management purpose of which (APZ) is to protect human life, property and highly valued assets and values. Treatment can include intensive fuel reduction, manipulation of fuel moisture or response plans. Bushfire Unplanned vegetation fire. A generic term which includes grass fires, forest fires and scrub fires both with and without a suppression objective. Bushfire Hazard The potential or expected behaviour of a bushfire burning under a particular set of conditions, i.e. the type, arrangement and quantity of fuel, the fuel moisture content, wind speed, topography, relative humidity, temperature and atmospheric stability. Bushfire Risk A systematic process to coordinate, direct and control activities relating to bushfire Management risk with the aim of limiting the adverse effects of bushfire on the community. Community Bushfire A bushfire plan for community members that provides local, community-specific Protection Plan information to assist with bushfire preparation and survival. The focus of the Bushfire Protection Pflan is on bushfire safety options, and the intent of the plan is to support the development of personal Bushfire Survival Plans. Community Bushfire An Emergency Management Plan for emergency managers and responders. The Response Plan Bushfire Response Plan aims to better protect communities and their assets during bushfire emergencies, through the identification of protection priorities and operational information. Consequence Impact(s) of an event on the five key areas: environment, economy, people, social setting and public administration. Control A measure that modifies risk. This may be an existing process, policy, device, practice or other action that acts to minimise negative risk or enhance positive opportunities. Fire Management Classification system for the areas to be managed. The zoning system indicates the Zoning primary purposes for fire management for an area of land. Fuel Break A natural or manmade change in fuel characteristics which affects fire behaviour so that fires burning into them can be more readily controlled. Hazard Management The area between a building and the bushfire-prone vegetation that provides access Area to a fire front for firefighting, which is maintained in a minimal fuel condition and in which there are no other hazards present that will significantly contribute to the spread of a bushfire. Human Settlement Term given for the dataset used to define where people live and work. The dataset Area was developed for the purpose of risk modelling and was created using a combination of building locations, cadastral information and ABS data. Includes seasonally populated areas and industrial areas. Land Management An area that is managed to meet the objectives of the relevant land manager such Zone (LMZ) as: Traditional Owner practices, biodiversity conservation, production forestry,

Page 5 of 37 King Island Bushfire Risk Management Plan Glossary

farming or recreation. Management can include planned burning, experimental treatments, fire exclusion or no planned action. Likelihood Chance of something happening. It is used as a general description of probability and may be expressed qualitatively or quantitatively. Risk Register A document usually presented in a tabular form which lists concisely the following information for each risk: the risk statement, source, hazard, impact area, prevention/preparedness controls, recovery/response controls, level of existing controls, likelihood level, risk level, confidence level and treatment strategy. Risk Treatment Process of selection and implementation of controls to modify risk. The term ‘risk treatment’ is sometimes used for the controls themselves. Strategic Fire An area located close to or some distance away from assets (e.g. the urban–rural Management Zone interface), the primary management purpose of which is to provide a mosaic of (SFMZ) areas of reduced fuel in strategic locations to reduce the speed and intensity of bushfires, potential for spot-fire development, and size of bushfires. Treatment is by fuel reduction burning and other bushfire protection measures such as fire trails, water points, detection measures and response plans. Treatable Vegetation Types of vegetation which are suitable for fuel reduction burning, for example, dry eucalypt forest, scrub, heathland and button grass. Treatment Plan A document related to the risk register presented in a tabular form which lists concisely the following information for each risk: the agreed strategies to manage the risk (i.e. treatments), the responsible organisations, proposed completion date and comments.

Page 6 of 37 King Island Bushfire Risk Management Plan Acronyms

Acronyms BRMP Bushfire Risk Management Plan BRU Bushfire Risk Unit DPIPWE Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment FFDI Forest Fire Danger Index FMA Fire Management Area FMAC Fire Management Area Committee LGA Local Government Area PWS Parks and Wildlife Service SFMC State Fire Management Council STT Sustainable Timber TFS Tasmania Fire Service

Maps contained in this document may include data provided by DPIPWE (Land Tasmania), Parks and Wildlife Service (Fire Management Section) and Tasmania Fire Service. These map products have been produced by the Tasmania Fire Service. While all efforts have been taken to ensure their accuracy, there may be errors and/or omissions in the data presented. Users of these products are advised to independently verify data for accuracy and completeness before use.

Page 7 of 37 King Island Bushfire Risk Management Plan Executive Summary

Executive Summary

This Bushfire Risk Management Plan (BRMP) identifies priorities for the treatment of bushfire risk in the King Island Fire Management Area (FMA). It was developed by the Fire Management Area Committee (FMAC) as required under sections 18 and 20 of the Fire Service Act 1979. This plan aims to coordinate and influence the treatment of bushfire risk in the FMA.

The plan is strategic level and does not include all details of bushfire risk treatments, but does identify which organisations or individuals are responsible for implementing them. The King Island FMAC will prepare a written report at least yearly for the State Fire Management Council (SFMC) on the progress of implementation.

The treatment plan (Appendix 1) lists the actions determined by the FMAC required to treat bushfire risk in the FMA.

This FMA covers the whole of King Island, an area of 110,975 hectares located at the western entrance of the , midway between and mainland Tasmania. Approximately 17% of the Island is public land, managed by Parks and Wildlife Service (PWS) and Sustainable Timber Tasmania (STT). 1,585 people (ABS 2016) occupy the remaining 83% (private/freehold land), serviced by the sole local government authority on the Island, King Island Council.

When considering bushfire as a threat for the community of King Island, the greatest threat comes from human ignition. Of the bushfires recorded on the Island, human ignition has been a common cause. Since European settlement in the mid to late 1800’s, fire has been utilised for clearing of vegetation for establishing a successful agricultural industry on the island. As such, it has been estimated that approximately 70% of the land mass has been modified for agricultural purposes, and resulted in the elimination of most rainforest and wet forest plant and animal communities of the Island.

Significant impact from bushfire has historically been encountered in the natural landscape with limited impact identified on community assets. The more significant bushfires recently recorded in 2001 and 2007, burnt extensive tracts of the Island’s remaining native vegetation. The 2001 bushfire approximately 6,000 hectares and the 2007 bushfire approximately 12,500 hectares of native forest, peat (organic soils), pasture, shelter belts and RAMSAR listed wetlands, from Penny’s Lagoon in the north to Eldorado Creek in the south, an estimated 70% of the islands native vegetation impacted.

The organic soils (otherwise referred to as ‘Peat’) underlying the pastures on King Island contribute significantly to the high productivity of the island and are likely to be at least hundreds if not thousands of years old. Peat or organic leaf matter in soils has both a high economic and environmental value but can also be an issue for extinguishment following bushfires. Where swamps have been drained for agricultural purposes or dry out during drought years, peat if exposed to fire can be burnt away and totally and permanently destroyed. Bushfire poses a risk to peat deposits on King Island.

Bushfire continues to be a major ongoing threat to both the quality and scope of King Island’s biodiversity. Bushfire is considered to be a major threat to threatened species on King Island.

The remoteness of King Island from mainland Tasmania means that assistance from “off island” in the form of extra resources and crews that may be required to control a large scale bushfire on the island can be logistically challenging. Early recognition of the likely need for assistance together with an early request for additional resources from off island represents the best opportunity for fast and effective response to large bushfires on the island. In response to issues faced by the community on King Island during the 2007

Page 8 of 37 King Island Bushfire Risk Management Plan Introduction bushfires, a trigger point has been identified for requesting assistance for bushfire suppression from ‘off island’ resources.

Computer modelling has identified the following areas of highest bushfire risk: • regions surrounding the human settlement areas of Currie in the central west of the island, Naracoopa in the central east and Grassy in the south east; • in the far north eastern corner of the island (Lavinia State Reserve); • in the far south eastern part of the island Colliers Swamp region.

Areas of Strategic Importance within the King Island Fire Management Area

Reducing fuel loads in strategic locations has the potential to modify fire behaviour and reduce impacts from bushfires. Areas of potential strategic importance for bushfire risk mitigation within the King Island FMA were identified and are shown below. These areas were identified through a process that utilised and combined local knowledge and computer modelling. FMAC members with specific fire expertise and knowledge across the area contributed to the identification of both the communities at risk and the broader strategic areas for potential mitigation activities.

The following areas were identified as having potential strategic importance for the King Island FMA:

Treatment area/Asset Risk Responsible Agency Currie Human Settlement Residential houses from highly flammable vegetation King Island Council, Area the community PWS and TFS

Grassy Human Settlement Residential houses from highly flammable vegetation King Island Council, Area the community PWS and TFS Critical Port Infrastructure in close proximity to flammable vegetation Naracoopa Human Residential houses from highly flammable vegetation King Island Council, Settlement Area the community PWS and TFS

Colliers Swamp Threatened Ecosystems and associated individual PWS plant and animal species Nook Swamp and Lavinia Threatened Ecosystems and associated individual PWS wetlands plant and animal species

Pegarah Plantation Threatened Ecosystems and associated individual STT plant and animal species Economic loss from potential harvest material Critical Communication, Loss of communication, power and water supply to Hydro Tasmania, power, water and the King Island community Telstra, King Island transport infrastructure Council, TasWater and TAS Ports Existing Strategic fire King Island community and natural values King Island Council, trails. PWS, STT and TFS

Table 1: Areas of Strategic Importance Introduction

Background It is a requirement of Section 20 of the Fire Service Act 1979 that the Fire Management Area Committee (FMAC) prepare a fire protection plan for its Fire Management Area (FMA). This Bushfire Risk Management

Page 9 of 37 King Island Bushfire Risk Management Plan Introduction

Plan (BRMP) fulfils that requirement. The BRMP is submitted to and approved by the State Fire Management Council (SFMC).

The Fire Service Act 1979 requires that the fire protection plan is consistent with the State fire protection plan and the State vegetation fire management policy.

Under the terms of reference for the King Island FMAC, the purposes of the committee are: • Provide a forum for communication and collaboration between key stakeholders in the FMA • Enable a holistic and consistent approach, incorporating local knowledge, to identify strategic priorities to reduce bushfire risk • Coordinate efforts and facilitate resource sharing to implement the strategic risk reduction priorities • Link the local community and the SFMC through ‘ground-truthing’ the bushfire risk assessment and mitigation strategies • Through their advisory function, provide input into decisions and outcomes beyond the FMA.

Purpose of this Plan

The management of Bushfire-related Risk is a collective responsibility of the whole community, with contributions made by numerous individuals, landowners and organisations.

An overriding aim of this BRMP is to document a coordinated approach to the identification and treatment of bushfire risk in the King island FMA. Specific objectives include: • Guide and coordinate bushfire risk management on all land within the FMA • Provide a reference point for the prioritisation and justification of bushfire treatment actions, as well as supporting evidence for funding requests • Facilitate the integration of bushfire risk management into the business processes of councils, organisations and land managers • Facilitate cooperation and the coordination of treatment actions between stakeholders • Clearly and concisely communicate bushfire risk to stakeholders and the community • Provide a basis for monitoring and reporting of implementation of bushfire risk treatments in the FMA

This BRMP is a strategic-level document that does not provide detail on treatment actions. Individual organisations and landowners, or collaborative groups, may have developed plans and processes for implementation of bushfire risk treatment; these can be considered to be linked to the strategic priorities identified here. This is an interim version of the BRMP – future versions will be based on a more comprehensive risk assessment.

Page 10 of 37 King Island Bushfire Risk Management Plan Establishing the Context Establishing the Context

Description of the King Island Fire Management Area

King Island is one of the 334 islands that make up the state of Tasmania. The island is 64km long by 27km wide and lies at the western entrance to the Bass Strait, midway between the state of Victoria and mainland Tasmania at 144⁰ longitude and 40⁰ latitude. The island is generally quite flat, with the highest point being 168m above sea level at Gentle Annie in the south east of the Island. Refer to Map 1 for further locality details. This Bushfire Risk Management Plan (BRMP) encompasses the whole of King Island with an area of 110,975 ha or 1,095 square kilometres. Approximately 83% of which is considered private land, almost 15% is PWS responsibility and a little over 1% is managed by STT (refer to Table 1 for details). The King Island Council is the sole local government authority within the FMA. Refer to Map 2 for further FMA tenure details.

Land Manager/Agency % Land managed within FMA DPIPWE (includes Parks and Wildlife Service and Crown 14.8 Land Services) Private Property 83.9 Sustainable Timber Tasmania 1.1

Other 0.2

Table 2: Overview of land management/tenure within the King Island FMA

Fire Environment

Land use within King Island has been predominantly for purposes of agriculture since European settlement, with an estimated 70% of native vegetation being removed or modified for agricultural purposes.

Remaining native vegetation on the island consists of 28 vegetation communities, with 7 listed as threatened under the Nature Conservation Act 2002, (36A Spray zone Coastal complex ; 6 E. brookeriana wet forest; 18 E. globulus King Island forest; 18 E. ovata forest and woodland, 30 M. ericifolia swamp complex, 35 Seabird rockery complex; and Wetlands complex). Areas with these vegetation communities persisting are considered to have high ecological significance, such as the Lavinia State Reserve.

Many of the vegetation communities within the FMA are considered to be highly flammable with under 30% of the total land area regarded as ‘treatable’ vegetation, (suitable for fuel reduction planned burning practices). Although vegetation communities are identified as treatable, current status and structure of these communities (low surface or near surface fuels and very high to extreme elevated or canopy fuels are making it increasingly difficult to complete planned burns within prescription). Map 6 provides further details for Vegetation communities identified within FMA.

Page 11 of 37 King Island Bushfire Risk Management Plan Establishing the Context

Broad Vegetation Group (TasVeg 3, 2013) Veg Flammability % of FMA

Agricultural, urban and exotic vegetation Medium 65.3 Scrub, heathland and coastal complexes High – Very High 26.7 Non eucalypt forest and woodland High 2.8 Wet eucalypt forest and woodland Medium 2.3 Dry eucalypt forest and woodland Medium - High 1.2 Other Natural Environments N/A 0.7 Native Grassland High 0.7 Saltmarsh and Wetland Low 0.3

Table 3: Vegetation Communities and Flammability (Source from LIST Map)

Further detailed descriptions on vegetation communities and associated threatened plant species residing on the Island, can be sourced from visiting the DPIPWE website at www.dpipwe.tas.gov.au/tasveg.

A recognised issue for King Island is the potential for shelter belts on the island (narrow rows or belts of trees and shrubs used to provide shelter to stock from wind and also corridors for native fauna) to act as ‘wicks’ and rapidly carry fire into adjoining densely vegetated areas. Shelter belts are highly valued by livestock producers and environmental groups on King Island. Those that run into adjoining densely vegetated areas require breaks within them.

Early European explorers utilised fire to clear paths through dense scrub, and settlers soon realised the potential of fire as a tool for clearing vast tracts of land for agriculture (Brown 1887). Frequent and intense fires over the Island’s European history have eliminated most rainforest and wet forest associated flora and fauna from areas of the Island (Barnes et al. 2002).

The most recent and significant bushfires experienced on the island, occurred in 2001 and 2007, burning extensive tracts of the Island’s remaining native vegetation, in particular Lavinia State Reserve. The 2001 bushfire (Lavinia State Reserve) covered an area of approximately 6,000 hectares. In 2007 the Sea Elephant Road bushfire covered an area of approximately 12,500 hectares. Melaleuca ericifolia swamp forests have been especially affected, with important habitat for a number of threatened flora and fauna species being compromised (RMCD 2007), while a significant proportion of peat within Nook Swamp and on the plains to the west has been lost (RMCD 2007, Corbett & Corbett 2010).

The Sea Elephant Road bushfire was ignited on 18 February 2007 and continued to burn for three weeks. The fire burnt approximately 12,500 ha from the Sea Elephant Estuary through to Pennys Lagoon in the north of the Island. It is estimated that 70% of the island’s native vegetation was burnt during the fire, including areas of internationally recognised Ramsar wetlands and orange bellied parrot feeding grounds within Lavinia State Reserve and significant tracts of remnant vegetation and pasture on private property including shelter belts.

Historical records indicate principal causes of ignition are predominantly man-made fires.

When considering the vegetation type, structure and flammability of the King Island FMA, fires are largely ‘wind driven’. That is, fires will run with high intensity with the wind, and back very slowly with medium to low intensity, if not self-extinguish when not influenced by wind. This creates difficulty for burn practitioner’s planning fuel reduction burns, and successfully completing within prescription. This also presents little opportunity for managed pasture to sustain a significant bushfire.

Page 12 of 37 King Island Bushfire Risk Management Plan Establishing the Context

Peat or organic leaf matter in soils, has both a high economic (supports the nutrient rich agricultural pastures) and environmental value but can also be an issue for suppression during and post bushfires. Where swamps have been drained for agricultural purposes or become dry during drought years, the peat if more readily exposed to fire and may be permanently destroyed. A summary of the FMA values, concerns and priorities can be drawn from the focus on the protection of: • Health and educational facilities including supporting infrastructure, such as childcare facilities, District School, District Hospital; • Economic and commercial infrastructure supporting employment on the island, including the KI dairy, KI airport, port infrastructure, Pegarah plantation and agriculture; • Important natural and cultural values, such as the Lavinia State Reserve or Colliers Swamp Conservation Area and the associated threatened plant and animal species; Agricultural “Shelter Belts’, which are considered to be a vital component for successful agriculture on the Island or Pegarah plantation which has been recognised as possessing endemic rare and threatened species; and • Critical communication facilities and supporting infrastructure.

Climate and Bushfire Season

The climate of the King Island FMA can be classified as temperate.

The King Island FMA possesses one Bureau of Meteorology (BOM) weather observation station from which weather data are collected on a regular basis. It is located at King Island Airport, on the western side of the island (Latitude: -39.88, Longitude: 143.88, Height: 37.0 m), about 5 kilometres north of Currie township.

King Island has a mild maritime and frost free climate with temperatures ranging from 7.6°C in the coldest month of July to 21.3°C in the warmest month of February. The island recorded its hottest day with a maximum of 37.8°C on 4 January 2013.The lowest recorded temperature on the island is 7.9°C in 2005.

The prevailing winds for the area are westerly although wind direction in summer is variable with no dominant direction. Spring is the windiest season with winds from the northwest increasing in the afternoons.

February is generally the hottest, driest month on the Island with a mean maximum temperature of 21.3°C.

King Island has an average annual rainfall of 860mm. Rainfall is winter dominant due to the influence of passing cold frontal systems on the area. Figure 1 below illustrates Annual Rainfall for Tasmania.

Average Annual rainfall 861.5mm

Wettest months July and August (July rainfall 116.3mm)

Driest Months January and February (Feb rainfall 30.6mm)

Windiest Months August and September

Months of least wind March ,April and May

Cloudiest Month May (Mean number of 16.9 cloudy days in the month)

Table 4: Summary of Climate Statistics

Page 13 of 37 King Island Bushfire Risk Management Plan Establishing the Context

The bushfire season for King Island is traditionally from November to March, though fires can and do occur outside this peak season. The bushfire threat for the King Island FMA increases in late December with January and February generally being the driest and hottest months when bushfires are more difficult to control.

Autumn is considered to be the preferred and recommended season for planned burning within King Island, to minimise the risk of organic soils smouldering and reigniting.

Thunderstorms are also more frequent within the FMA in summer, with a low occurrence of dry lightning strikes.

Climate is changing in Tasmania and it is evident from bushfire climate indicators (Fox-Hughes et al. 2015) that we can expect destructive bushfires to become more frequent.

Population and Community

A summary of King Island FMA community profile is as follows: • King Island has an estimated residential population of 1585 people (ABS 2016) • Approximately 23% of the population are aged 24 or less, with over 50 % of the population aged between 25 years to 64 years of age, and 22 % of the population aged 65 years or over. • Situated on the west coast of Kind Island, the Township of Currie is the Islands largest town and administrative centre. • Agriculture and fishing are the main industries and employers on the island. • King Island has a strong reputation for its dairy and meat products and has a commercial fishing fleet for lobster (crayfish) and abalone. • Public administration and retail trade are the next most significant sources of employment. Other industries providing employment include mining, kelp harvesting and tourism.

A temporary increase in population may be experienced intermittently, due to transient construction workers supporting new commercial/infrastructure projects; along with tourists. This may have potential implications during in an emergency situation.

Community Engagement

Broader community engagement has focused on the Bushfire Risk Unit (BRU) and Parks and Wildlife Service (PWS) regularly attending the King Island Show to discuss bushfire risk in a broader sense and individual landowner engagement to investigate potential fuel reduction activities.

Longer-term specific community engagement for the King Island FMA has concentrated on preparedness through the Bushfire Ready Neighbourhood program in the following areas: • Loorana • Naracoopa • Nugara • Bold Head • Grassy • Currie

Page 14 of 37 King Island Bushfire Risk Management Plan Establishing the Context

More Recent engagement activities include Bushfire Ready Information sessions - providing context around previous and upcoming bushfire seasons, how TFS responds, situational awareness (FDR and Alerts and Warnings), Community Protection Planning, Bushfire survival planning, preparing individual landowner properties, and introducing communities to the Disaster Reliance Education Tasmania resources in mid- December 2019 at: • Currie; • Naracoopa; and • Grassy The FMAC identifies the importance of ongoing collaboration and engagement with DPIPWE and associated specialists and specialist groups along with key stakeholders within the community.

Page 15 of 37 King Island Bushfire Risk Management Plan Identifying the Risks

Identifying the Risks

Bushfire and Impact Scenarios

To set the scene for this plan, the bushfire scenarios under consideration are very large events, typically 10,000 to 20,000 hectares, occurring when fuel dryness and weather conditions combine to create one or more days of very significant fire weather. Some important examples for the King Island FMA include: • A fire breaks out from an unsupervised camp fire, located in the dunes of Disappointment Bay, on a day of FFDI 37, and ignites adjacent remnant vegetation (consisting of rare and threatened plant and animal species). Weather conditions for the day will be strong northerly wind stream. • A fire breaks out from a person cutting firewood through accidental fuel ignition while refuelling chainsaw, on a day of FFDI 35, and ignites adjacent natural plantation. (Consisting of rare and threatened plant and animal species and valuable natural and cultivated planation timbers). Weather conditions for the day will be strong Westerly wind stream.

State-wide Controls

The following controls are currently in place across Tasmania to help manage bushfire-related risk: • Legislative controls – including Fire Service Act 1979 (e.g. Fire permit period, Total Fire Ban days, campfires), National Parks and Reserves Management Act 2002 (e.g. fires and campfires), abatement notices. • TFS public education (e.g. Bushfire Ready Neighbourhoods, media campaigns). • TFS planning – community protection planning (e.g. Community Response Plans). • Inter-agency Fuel Reduction Program – funding and coordination of fuel reduction burning. • SFMC programs (e.g. Red Hot Tips training program for fuel reduction burning on private land). • FMAC – performance monitoring and reporting on this BRMP. • Tasmania Police and TFS – State-wide arson prevention programs. • Land subdivision and building standards (Bushfire-Prone Areas Code, Building Code of ). • Private lands managed for nature conservation with a conservation covenant registered on the land title are permitted to have planned burns undertaken with authorisation from the Minister. • Suppression response preparedness – e.g. TFS local volunteer brigades, STT and PWS crews, aircraft, pre-positioning of firefighting resources. • Weather forecasting (Bureau of Meteorology) and fire behaviour prediction (TFS, STT, PWS). • Park and Wildlife Planning initiatives, such as the development of Fire Action Plans or the King Island Reserves Emergency Response Plan.

FMA Controls

Summary of existing control measures for bushfire within FMA include but are not limited to: • 4 TFS Brigades • 1 PWS response crew on Island, with 12 PWS response crews available during bushfire season (seasonal and permanent) on an availability roster to respond anywhere within Tasmania. • Community Protection Planning initiatives through the development of Community Bushfire Protection Plans and Community Bushfire Response Plans • Situational awareness during high FDR days, through alerts and warnings to the community.

Page 16 of 37 King Island Bushfire Risk Management Plan Analysing and Evaluating Bushfire Risk

• Community Engagement programs including, BRN Engagement initiatives, the delivery of Disaster Resilience Education Tasmania education resources. • PWS Management Plans • Fuel Reduction Program throughout key target areas within the FMA – delivered by TFS, PWS and STT and local Council. • Ongoing maintenance of scheduled works program, completed by Hydro Tasmania, for the treatment of flammable vegetation within electrical distribution network.

For further detail of control methods, refer to Appendix 1: Treatment Plan. Analysing and Evaluating Bushfire Risk

Analysing Bushfire Risks

The analysis of bushfire risk for this plan considers the following: • Consequences – what values and assets are at risk given the bushfire scenario under consideration • Existing controls – how effective the existing controls are at reducing the risk and how much they are used • Likelihood – how the likelihood of the consequence occurring is quantified, based on weather, topography, fuels and ignition potential • Confidence level – how certain we are about the evidence and data used

Evaluating Bushfire Risks

FMAC has identified an importance to develop individual fire response plans, in addition to other mitigation strategies for highly threatened ecosystems or natural values at risk from bushfire (refer to Treatment Plan for details), where planned burning practices may prove difficult or in some cases not suitable, such as: • Colliers Swamp Conservation Area • Pegarah Plantation, and • Nook Swamp & Lavinia Wetlands within Lavinia State Reserve

Members of the King Island community have been identified to require further engagement initiatives in order to promote preparedness and an overall behaviour change to fire within the landscape.

Critical infrastructure and supporting network facilities for communication, power and water, have been identified for priority actioning to review separation distances from highly flammable vegetation.

FMBZ’s and SFT for the towns of Currie and Grassy, require priority actioning for review and implementation where required, in order to provide further protection and aid in suppression efforts.

Further details of the key risks identified within the FMAC can be sources from Appendix 1: Treatment Plan.

Page 17 of 37 King Island Bushfire Risk Management Plan Analysing and Evaluating Bushfire Risk

High Priority Assets/Value Identified Risk Treatment Options Business district for the Island; King Establishment and enhancement of SFT Currie Island District School; King Island and FMBZ; Community engagement or Hospital; and Residential houses Planned burning Establishment and enhancement of SFT Main water source for the island Grassy and FMBZ Residential houses Community engagement Establishment of SFT or FMBZ Naracoopa Residential houses Community engagement Colliers Swamp Species loss – flora and fauna Establishment and enhancement of SFT Nook Swamp and Lavinia wetlands Species loss – flora and fauna Establishment and enhancement of SFT Species loss – flora and fauna Pegarah Plantation Establishment and enhancement of SFT Economic loss Loss of communication to Establishment and enhancement of FMBZ Critical Communication, power and community water Infrastructure

Suppression efforts for protection of Enhancement of SFT and FMBZ Existing SFT the island Acquisition of machinery

Table 5: Summary of high priority Assets/Values within KI FMA

Page 18 of 37 King Island Bushfire Risk Management Plan Bushfire Risk Treatment Bushfire Risk Treatment

Implementing Treatments

This Bushfire Risk Management Plan (BRMP) does not guarantee a source of funding for treatment actions, nor does it provide a process for seeking funding. The organisations and individuals that are responsible for delivering the bushfire risk controls are responsible for developing further plans for implementation, as well as arranging resources and funding.

The BRMP is, however, intended to provide evidence and justification for where funding and resources are most appropriate to be committed by stakeholders to mitigate bushfire risk.

Many treatments identified in this plan will require environmental and cultural impact assessment. These assessments are the responsibility of the individual organisations and are not covered by this BRMP.

From the inception of the Fuel Reduction Program within the FMA, the successful implementation of tactical fire mitigation strategies have been limited or in some cases halted due to various factors outside the practitioner’s control, such as: • Lack of funding for maintenance or establishment of Strategic Fire Trails or Fuel Management Buffer Zones located on private and public lands, in particular for local council and private landholders. • Limitations on fire mitigation strategies within vegetation communities not suitable for planned burning practices. • Community perception and understanding of ‘treatable’ and ‘untreatable’ vegetation, and awareness of vegetation that may or may not be suitable for planned burning within prescriptions. • Lack of funding for enhanced protection of critical assets and supporting infrastructure. Many utility assets require enhanced separation distances from flammable vegetation to reduce potential bushfire risk. • Unwillingness of members of the community to participate in the fuel reduction program, or take part in the suite of engagement initiatives provided by the TFS. • Lack of capacity of some of the community to adhere to abatement notices issued by local Council. • Shifting climatic conditions, which are shortening windows for planned burning. • Condition and placement of SFT and FMBZ. Locations of some SFT or FMBZ are in areas considered too wet to successfully complete suppression efforts or mechanically maintain. • Lack of resourcing on the island to complete maintenance of SFT and FMBZ’s. • Difficulty in resourcing of planned burning activities. Key land management agencies regularly compete for human and mechanical resources for planned burn activities.

Strategic Fire Infrastructure

Strategic fire infrastructure includes access roads, fire trails, tracks and water sources. Map 4 indicates the strategic fire infrastructure that has been identified for this plan.

Page 19 of 37 King Island Bushfire Risk Management Plan Monitoring and Review

Fuel Reduction Burning

Individual burn units are not identified in this BRMP but will need to be identified by further planning from the organisations responsible for carrying out the fuel reduction burning.

There are many kinds of vegetation for which it is not appropriate or practical to conduct fuel reduction burning (SFMC 2019); these vegetation communities are described as ‘untreatable’ and indicated on Map 5. The broad vegetation communities within the FMA can be seen on Map 6.

The Fuel Reduction Program that is funded, coordinated and implemented by the Tasmania Fire Service, Parks and Wildlife Service and Sustainable Timber Tasmania is undertaken on behalf of and with the agreement of individual landowners or organisations (e.g. councils). The priorities of the Fuel Reduction Program are guided by the priorities identified in the treatment plans across all FMAs. Monitoring and Review

Review

This Bushfire Risk Management Plan (BRMP), including appendices and maps, will be subject to a comprehensive review in 2020. The revised BRMP will be based on a new risk assessment that may include revised input methods. The review process will include examination of: • Changes to the FMA, organisational responsibilities or legislation • Changes to the bushfire risk in the area • Major bushfire events • Shortcomings in data that can be improved • Change of usage of the area • New or changed asset values within the FMA.

Additional and changed data and values (both community and natural) identified by the review process will be supplied to the Bushfire Risk Unit (TFS) for inclusion in ongoing risk modelling being carried out at the state level.

Monitoring and Reporting

Progress towards completion of the treatments proposed will be monitored and reviewed at least every 12 months by the FMAC; this will be documented in the Implementation Status Report which should address as a minimum: • progress on implementation of treatments listed in the treatment plan, including • planning outcomes including mitigation plans, community protection plans, community response plans • implementation progress of community programs • completed fuel reduction burns • development and maintenance of Asset Protection Zones (APZ) • development and maintenance of strategic fire infrastructure.

At a state-wide level, the SFMC will examine the impacts of the strategic burning program on risk management as part of the strategic fuel management program.

Page 20 of 37 King Island Bushfire Risk Management Plan References

References King Island FMAC (Tasmania Fire Service, Parks and Wildlife Service, Sustainable Timber Tasmania, King Island Council, Hydro Tasmania, Tasmania Farmers and Graziers Association, and TasWater) King Island FMA Fire Protection Plan 2019.

King Island FMAC (Tasmania Fire Service, Parks and Wildlife Service, Sustainable Timber Tasmania, King Island Council, King Island Natural Resource management Group Inc.) King Island Wildfire Management Plan, February 2009.

Fox-Hughes, P., Harris, R.M.B., Lee, G., Jabour, J., Grose, M.R., Remenyi, T.A. and Bindoff, N.L. (2015). Climate Futures for Tasmania future fire danger: the summary and the technical report, Antarctic Climate & Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre, Hobart, Tasmania. Retrieved from http://acecrc.org.au/wp- content/uploads/2015/12/Report_CFT_Future-Fire-Technical-Report_2015_web.pdf.

Page 21 of 37 King Island Bushfire Risk Management Plan Appendices Appendices

Appendix 1: Treatment Plan

Map Ref Asset Name & Priority Treatment Treatment Treatment type & detail Responsible Completion Comment No. Location Number Category Organisation Date Proposed 58 Grassy Med 1 Fuel Reduction Continue existing KI Council Ongoing Protection of residential community and Mechanical maintenance schedule supporting critical infrastructure. for current buffer zones Vegetation communities surrounding and weed control within Grassy are determined to be highly council reserve land flammable vegetation that is largely around settlement area. unsuitable for planned burning practices.

58 Grassy Med 2 Preparedness Engagement initiatives KI Council, 2020 BRN involvement recommended for with strategic with support community preparedness and behaviour landholders. from TFS and change. KI Council, TFS and PWS, PWS in partnership with the community, to identify fire mitigation strategies for the township and articulate community preparedness.

58 Grassy Med 3 Fuel Reduction Investigate KI Council, 2020 Vegetation surrounding Grassy is improvements to with support unsuitable for planned burning practices. FMBZ's/FRB units from TFS and PWS where applicable 58 Grassy - Grassy Med 4 Fuel Reduction Review maintenance of TasWater in 2020 The Grassy Dam pump station and Dam Water TasWater supporting consultation supporting infrastructure is considered Pump Station infrastructure. with FMAC critical infrastructure for King Island water FMAC delegate to and adjoining utilities. engage and consult with landholder. relevant stakeholders to develop viable solutions

Page 22 of 37 King Island Bushfire Risk Management Plan Appendices

Map Ref Asset Name & Priority Treatment Treatment Treatment type & detail Responsible Completion Comment No. Location Number Category Organisation Date Proposed for adequate separation The King Island community would be and protection from negatively impacted in the instance these potential bushfire facilities were damaged by bushfire. threat.

58 Grassy - Gentle Med 5 Fuel Reduction Review maintenance of TasWater and 2020 The Gentle Annie facility is considered Annie communication and Telstra in critical infrastructure for King Island Communication TasWater facility - consultation communications and water utilities. Tower and Gentle Annie. with FMAC The King Island community would be Water Reservoir, and adjoining negatively impacted in the instance these including FMAC delegate to landholder. facilities were damaged by bushfire. Lymwood engage and consult with exchange. relevant stakeholders to Highly flammable vegetation persists in develop viable solutions close proximity (<10m) to water reservoir for adequate separation (2524 Grassy Road) and exchange and protection from facilities located 2259 Grassy Road. potential bushfire Maintenance of these assets and threat. separation distances of flammable vegetation requires review.

67 Colliers Swamp Med 6 Fuel Reduction Continue maintenance PWS Ongoing Planned burning practices are currently - Mechanical of fire trails south west not recommended for the Colliers Swamp of Colliers Swamp. region due to ecological and social values of this area. Fire trails designed to aid in rapid response initiatives.

67 Colliers Swamp Med 7 Fuel Reduction Review trail network PWS in 2020 PWS staff to investigate the potential for - Mechanical and improve where consultation enhancement of trail network through required. with TFS widening of existing trails or development of new fire trails.

Page 23 of 37 King Island Bushfire Risk Management Plan Appendices

Map Ref Asset Name & Priority Treatment Treatment Treatment type & detail Responsible Completion Comment No. Location Number Category Organisation Date Proposed 67 Colliers Swamp High 8 Preparedness Protection of fire PWS with Ongoing High ecological value for endemic plant sensitive ecological support from and animal species. High social and values within Colliers TFS economic value for community. Swamp Local brigades to assume role of first responders until PWS arrive on scene. 67 Colliers Swamp High 9 Preparedness Investigate the potential PWS with 2020 High ecological value for endemic plant for developing a support from and animal species. High social and response plan for TFS economic value for community. Colliers Swamp. 57 Currie Med 10 Fuel Reduction Continue existing KI Council Ongoing Currie is the administrative centre of King maintenance schedule Island. and weed control within Vegetation communities surrounding council reserve land Currie are determined to be moderately around settlement area. flammable.

57 Currie High 11 Preparedness Engagement initiatives KI Council, 2020 BRN involvement recommended for with strategic with support community preparedness and behaviour landholders. from TFS and change. KI Council, TFS and PWS, PWS in partnership with the community, to identify fire mitigation strategies for the township and articulate community preparedness.

Page 24 of 37 King Island Bushfire Risk Management Plan Appendices

Map Ref Asset Name & Priority Treatment Treatment Treatment type & detail Responsible Completion Comment No. Location Number Category Organisation Date Proposed 57 Currie Med 12 Fuel Reduction Investigate additional TFS in 2020 KI Council in partnership with TFS to FMBZ's/ FRB units consultation investigate additional FMBZ’s or FRB's with KI which may provide protection for Currie. Council Note: Limited opportunity for fuel reduction burning within prescription.

57 Currie - KI Power Med 13 Fuel Reduction Continue existing Hydro Ongoing The King Island Power Station is Station (Nugara) maintenance schedule Tasmania considered critical infrastructure for the Island.

The facility is regularly and well maintained, along with possessing an Incident Response Plan, onsite fire hydrants and fire control equipment.

60 Currie - KI Dairy Med 14 Fuel Reduction Continue existing KI Dairy Ongoing The King Island Dairy facility located north maintenance schedule of Currie at Loorana, is a major employer on the island and contributor to the Island's economy.

The facility is regularly and well maintained and possesses onsite fire hydrants and fire control equipment. 57 Currie - Tower Med 15 Fuel Reduction Continue existing KI Council in Ongoing FMAC recommendation to maintain Hill maintenance schedule. collaboration integrity and use of Tower Hill water communication KI Council and TasWater with TasWater tanks to provide additional water source facility and to define ongoing use should power outage occur. Water Reservoir for water reservoir located on Tower Hill. FMAC delegate to engage and consult with relevant stakeholders to develop viable solutions for adequate separation and protection from potential bushfire threat.

Page 25 of 37 King Island Bushfire Risk Management Plan Appendices

Map Ref Asset Name & Priority Treatment Treatment Treatment type & detail Responsible Completion Comment No. Location Number Category Organisation Date Proposed 7 Naracoopa Med 16 Fuel Reduction Continue existing KI Council Ongoing Vegetation communities surrounding maintenance schedule Naracoopa are determined to be highly within council reserve flammable vegetation that is largely land around settlement unsuitable for planned burning practices. area. 61 Naracoopa High 17 Preparedness Investigate options for KI Council, 2020 FMAC recommendation to transfer one future fire suppression. with support (1) of the water tanks from Tower Hill to Provide additional from TFS Naracoopa to provide additional firefighting capability for firefighting capability for the settlement the settlement area. area. 61 Naracoopa Med 18 Community Investigate Community TFS & KI 2020 TFS in partnership with Naracoopa Behaviour Engagement Initiatives progress association to identify fire change mitigation strategies for the township and articulate community preparedness. BRN involvement recommended.

61 Naracoopa Med 19 Fuel Reduction Investigate new FMBZ's TFS 2021 TFS to investigate potential mitigation FRB units strategies for the township in partnership with other stakeholders.

61 Naracoopa - Med 20 Fuel Reduction Continue existing STT Ongoing Pegarah plantation contains stands of Pegarah maintenance schedule plantation pine, eucalypt plantation and Plantation natural forest.

There is a potential for fire to escape from Perenna Landfill site, resulting in economic loss to STT. 68 Naracoopa - High 21 Preparedness Investigate the potential STT & TFS 2020 Planned burning practices are currently Pegarah preparation of Fire not recommended by STT for the Pegarah Plantation Response plan. Plantation. This is largely due to rare, ecological values STT in partnership with threatened and critically endangered TFS to develop fire plant and animal species, which may be

Page 26 of 37 King Island Bushfire Risk Management Plan Appendices

Map Ref Asset Name & Priority Treatment Treatment Treatment type & detail Responsible Completion Comment No. Location Number Category Organisation Date Proposed management plan for sensitive to fire identified within the site. Pegarah Plantation. Fire trails designed to aid in rapid response initiatives. 63 Counsel Hill - High 22 Fuel Reduction Increase maintenance of Telstra, PWS 2021 The Counsel Hill facility (Grid Reference: - critical critical communication and KI Council 39°45'54.8" 144°3'43.2") is considered communication facilities - FMAC in critical infrastructure for King Island and facilities delegate to engage and consultation North West Tasmania communications. consult with relevant with FMAC stakeholders to develop The King Island community would be viable solutions for negatively impacted in the instance this adequate separation facility was damaged by bushfire. Highly and protection from flammable vegetation persists in close potential bushfire proximity (<10m) to communication threat. towers. Maintenance of these assets and separation distances of flammable vegetation requires review. 59 Lavinia State High 23 Fuel Reduction Continue maintenance PWS/TFS Ongoing Protection of fire sensitive ecological Reserve schedule for fire trails – values within Pennys Lagoon, Lavinia FMAC to provide wetlands and Nook Swamp, through application to BRU for ongoing maintenance and opportunistic Risk Assessments for enhancement of existing trail network trail maintenance work identified within the 2009 King Island or trail development. Bushfire Plan. Local brigades to assume role of first responders until PWS arrive on scene. 59 Lavinia State High 24 Fuel Reduction Investigate PWS 2021 PWS staff to investigate the potential for Reserve improvement to fire trail enhancement of trail network through network or other widening of existing trails or development mitigation activities. of new fire trails. Wherever possible strengthen the fire trail network by reducing the adjacent fuel load through strategic planned burning.

Page 27 of 37 King Island Bushfire Risk Management Plan Appendices

Map Ref Asset Name & Priority Treatment Treatment Treatment type & detail Responsible Completion Comment No. Location Number Category Organisation Date Proposed 59 Lavinia State High 25 Preparedness Investigate the potential PWS/TFS 2020 High ecological value for fire sensitive Reserve for preparation of a endemic plant communities and animal response plan for the species. High social and economic value Nook Swamps and for community. Lavinia Wetlands.

59 Lavinia State High 26 Preparedness Protection of fire PWS/TFS Ongoing Consider pre-deployment of fire crews to Reserve sensitive ecological King Island when Extreme Fire Danger values through rapid days are forecast. response. Pennys Lagoon identified as priority location.

This will require approval from TFS and PWS. FMAC to seek confirmation and approval process.

Local brigades to assume role of first responders until PWS arrive on scene. 59 Lavinia State High 27 Fuel Reduction PWS in investigate trail PWS in 2020 PWS staff to investigate and prioritise Reserve – Mechanical improvements for: consultation access tracks for improvement. 1. Counsel Hill to Salt with TFS Where applicable application provided to Water Creek; BRU for trail expansion. 2. Trail 26 to Reekara Rd; 3. Trail 29 &32 to be widened

Page 28 of 37 King Island Bushfire Risk Management Plan Appendices

Map Ref Asset Name & Priority Treatment Treatment Treatment type & detail Responsible Completion Comment No. Location Number Category Organisation Date Proposed N/A King Island Med 28 Fuel Reduction Compliance and KI Council 2020 Increased fuel loads resultant from Abatement Notification unmanaged vegetation on private and public lands. KI Council to continue abatement notices where applicable to reduce fuel loads. The change in land use practices in the Peri urban landscape, which previously may have been used for agricultural purposes (lower fuel loads), have been identified to have an increasing effect on the rate at which available fuels will re- accumulate in the landscape.

The increase in available fuels, inadvertently increases potential bushfire risk to the community. BRN involvement recommended for community preparedness and behaviour change.

N/A King Island Med 29 Preparedness Installation of KI Council in 2020 Installation of additional water hydrants strategically located consultation required along the new water pipeline water hydrants. with TasWater from Grassy to Currie. KI Council to consult with TasWater to determine options for additional water hydrants to be located along the Grassy Rd, closer to higher ignition potential areas.

Page 29 of 37 King Island Bushfire Risk Management Plan Appendices

Map Ref Asset Name & Priority Treatment Treatment Treatment type & detail Responsible Completion Comment No. Location Number Category Organisation Date Proposed N/A King Island Med 30 Preparedness Review and update the PWS 2022 The FMP provides the basis for the Reserves 2001 King Island establishment and maintenance of fire Reserves and Crown trails and fire breaks in all of the Reserves Land FMP and Crown Land on King Island, it will also outline what other mitigation activities can be considered allowable in the Reserved Estate.

N/A King Island High 31 Fuel Reduction Resource Machinery for PWS 2020 For the purposes of maintenance and Strategic Fire fire trail works - PWS to enhancements of fire trail network for the Trail investigate/review grant Island. Maintenance opportunities for the and acquisition of a tractor Enhancement and slasher N/A King Island High 32 Fuel Reduction Critical infrastructure for Hydro Ongoing The King Island community would be Critical the King Island Tasmania, negatively impacted in the instance these Infrastructure – Community to be TasWater, facilities were damaged by bushfire. Communication, protected: Telstra, KI Maintenance of these assets and Water, Power Council, TAS separation distances of flammable and Transport Stakeholders to identify Ports or other vegetation requires review. network. critical assets & develop key viable solutions for stakeholders adequate protection from potential bushfire threat.

Page 30 of 37 King Island Bushfire Risk Management Plan Appendices Appendix 2: Current Implementation Plans

Plan owner Plan title Year Treatment numbers TFS Community Bushfire Response Plan Curie 2019 57 TFS Community Bushfire Response Plan Grassy 2019 58 TFS Community Bushfire Protection Plan Curie 2019 57 TFS Community Bushfire Protection Plan Grassy 2019 58 TFS Community Bushfire Protection Plan Naracoopa 2019 7 KI Council King Island Recovery Manual 2019 N/A PWS King Island Emergency Response Plan 2017 N/A KI Council King Island Municipal Emergency Management Plan 2016 N/A KI FMAC King Island Wildfire Management Plan 2009 N/A PWS Fire Management Plan for King Island Reserves and Crown 2002 N/A Land

Explanation of plans:

Community Bushfire Response Plan: The purpose of a Bushfire Response Plan is for emergency managers to better protect communities and their assets during bushfire emergencies.

Community Bushfire Protection Plan: The purpose of a Community Bushfire Protection Plan is for community members to be provided with local information to assist with bushfire preparation and survival.

Community Bushfire Mitigation Plan: The purpose of a TFS Bushfire Mitigation Plan is to provide guidance regarding bushfire fuel management; to increase community bushfire safety and provide protection to important community assets.

Page 31 of 37 King Island Bushfire Risk Management Plan Maps Maps Map 1: King Island Fire Management Area Location

Page 32 of 37 King Island Bushfire Risk Management Plan Maps

Map 2: Tenure Summary Map for King Island Fire Management Area

Page 33 of 37 King Island Bushfire Risk Management Plan Maps

Map 3: Assets and Values from the Treatment Plan for King Island Fire Management Area

Page 34 of 37 King Island Bushfire Risk Management Plan Maps

Map 4: Strategic Fire Infrastructure for King Island Fire Management Area

(Source: King Island Wildfire Management Plan, 2009.)

Page 35 of 37 King Island Bushfire Risk Management Plan Maps Map 5: Fuel Treatability for King Island Fire Management Area

Page 36 of 37 King Island Bushfire Risk Management Plan Maps

Map 6: Vegetation for King Island Fire Management Area

Page 37 of 37 King Island Bushfire Risk Management Plan