El Desarrollo De La Insulina Durante Sus Primeros Cincuenta Años De Historia

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El Desarrollo De La Insulina Durante Sus Primeros Cincuenta Años De Historia Tesis doctoral “EL DESARROLLO DE LA INSULINA DURANTE SUS PRIMEROS CINCUENTA AÑOS DE HISTORIA. UNA REVISIÓN SISTEMÁTICA” D. Carlos Pérez Gutiérrez Programa de Doctorado en Investigación Aplicada a las Ciencias Sanitarias por la Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, la Universidad de León y la Universidade de Tras-Os-Montes e Alto Douro (Portugal) Directores: Dra. María José García Iglesias Dr. Juan Carlos Álvarez Torices León, 2018 2 La insulina fue uno de los primeros “fármaco maravilla” del siglo XX que transformó una situación letal en un problema crónico Feudtner, 2003 3 4 “La felicidad del cuerpo se fundamenta en la salud, la del entendimiento en el saber” Tales de Mileto, siglo VI a.C. De un viernes de tertulia salió la idea de esta tesis, junto con el empecinamiento y el cariño de Juan Carlos Álvarez Torices, María José García Iglesias, María José Díez Liébana, Julen Susperregui Lesaca y Maripaz González Fernández, mi irremplazable esposa. Todos ellos, amigos de verdad, quienes me propusieron y animaron a iniciar esta pequeña aventura. Quiero agradecer especialmente a mis directores de tesis, Juan Carlos y María José, por tener la paciencia y el empeño que ha permitido concluir este trabajo y hacer buena la frase de Francisco de Quevedo “No es sabio el que sabe dónde está el tesoro, sino el que trabaja y lo saca”. A mi familia, que lo es todo para mí, por lo que deseo que esta tesis sea un pequeño legado para mis hijos Diego y Paula. A mi perro Crispín, incansable compañero en las horas de trabajo. 5 6 ÍNDICE GENERAL 1. Resumen…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 19 2. Abstract……………………………………………………………………………......…………… 23 3. Introducción……………………………………………………………………………………….. 27 3.1. La diabetes y su importancia..................................................... 29 3.2. Diabetes y sociedad................................................................... 30 3.3. Historia de la diabetes............................................................... 32 3.3.1. Antiguo Egipto............................................................... 32 3.3.2. La medicina Greco-Romana........................................... 33 3.3.3. India............................................................................... 35 3.3.3. Bizancio.......................................................................... 35 3.3.4. China.............................................................................. 36 3.3.5. Medicina árabe.............................................................. 36 3.3.6. Edad Media en Europa................................................... 37 3.3.7. Desde la Edad Moderna hasta 1889.............................. 37 3.4. La insulina.................................................................................. 39 4. Objetivos................................................................................................. 43 5. Material y métodos................................................................................. 47 6. Resultados y discusión............................................................................ 63 6.1. Selección de artículos................................................................ 65 6.2. Los primeros pasos hacia la insulina......................................... 66 6.3. Las insulinas............................................................................... 71 6.3.1. Insulina regular o amorfa............................................... 71 7 6.3.2. Insulina cristalina o soluble............................................ 83 6.3.3. Insulina oral y otras vías no inyectables........................ 89 6.3.4. Insulina con lecitina y otros lípidos................................ 91 6.3.5. Insulina unida a grandes cantidades de proteínas......... 92 6.3.6. Insulina vehiculada en una solución de goma arábiga.. 92 6.3.7. Insulina unida a metales (cobalto, níquel y hierro)....... 92 6.3.8. Insulina unida a aceite de arachis (cacahuete).............. 93 6.3.9. Insulina unida a aceite de ricina.................................... 93 6.3.10. Insulina añadida a Lypinsel®........................................ 93 6.3.11. Fármacos para disminuir la cantidad de insulina necesaria: el Piramidón®.......................................................... 94 6.3.12. Insulina asociada a vasoconstrictores.......................... 94 6.3.13. Insulina cristalina zinc.................................................. 94 6.3.14. Unión de insulina a caseosan, Novoprotin® y suero.... 96 6.3.15. La “Durant Insulin®”..................................................... 96 6.3.16. Insulina iodada............................................................. 96 6.3.17. La insulina gelatina al 1 % y la insulina zinc gelatina... 97 6.3.18. La hexametilentetramina insulina............................... 97 6.3.19. Insulina protamina....................................................... 97 6.3.20. El tanato de insulina al 0,2 % o ácido insulínico-tánico- zinc........................................................................................... 102 6.3.21. La protamina-zinc-insulina, insulina zinc protamina o PZI/IPZ/IZP............................................................................... 103 6.3.21.1. PZI turbia................................................... 103 6.3.21.2. PZI clara..................................................... 111 6.3.22. Insulina precipitada en aluminio................................. 111 8 6.3.23. Insulinas con sustancias lipoideas............................... 112 6.3.24. Insulina con aminoquinurida (Surfen®)....................... 112 6.3.25. Derivados azoicos de la insulina.................................. 113 6.3.26. La arginina insulina...................................................... 113 6.3.27. Insulina con pectina: Decurvon®................................. 114 6.3.28. Insulina con adrenalina y extractos del lóbulo posterior de la pituitaria.......................................................... 114 6.3.29. La insulina hexamina.................................................... 115 6.3.30. La histona zinc insulina................................................ 115 6.3.31. La insulina globina zinc................................................ 116 6.3.32. Insulina precipitada con cloroformo............................ 119 6.3.33. Subtosan-insulina o polivinil-insulina.......................... 120 6.3.34. Insulina NP50 o MPZ.................................................... 120 6.3.35. Insulina NPH50, insulina porcina isofánica protamina neutra Hagedorn o insulina NPH............................................. 121 6.3.36. Iso-insulina y Di-insulina.............................................. 126 6.3.37. Mezclas comerciales.................................................... 127 6.3.38. Insulinas Lente............................................................. 128 6.3.39. Insulina U-500.............................................................. 140 6.3.40. La nueva insulina rápida: Actrapid............................... 143 6.3.41. Insulina sintética.......................................................... 144 6.3.42. Insulinas ultrapurificadas............................................. 146 6.3.43. Insulina sulfatada......................................................... 151 6.3.44. Pautas de insulinoterapia............................................ 152 6.3.45. El inicio de la insulina humana..................................... 155 9 6.3.46. El problema de la estandarización de las concentraciones de insulina en los viales................................ 159 6.4. La insulina para su empleo en veterinaria................................. 161 6.5. El empleo de la insulina para indicaciones diferentes de la diabetes............................................................................................ 164 6.5.1. Endocrinología y metabolismo...................................... 164 6.5.2. Reumatología................................................................. 165 6.5.3. Psiquiatría y neurología................................................. 165 6.5.4. Enfermedades infecciosas............................................. 168 6.5.5. Cirugía............................................................................ 168 6.5.6. Cardiología..................................................................... 169 6.5.7. Aparato digestivo........................................................... 169 6.5.8. Dermatología................................................................. 170 6.5.9. Ginecología.................................................................... 170 7. Conclusiones........................................................................................... 173 8. Futuras líneas de investigación............................................................... 179 9. Bibliografía.............................................................................................. 183 10. Anexo. Glosario..................................................................................... 217 10 ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS Figura 1.- Parte del Papiro de Ebers………………………………………………….. 33 Figura 2.- Los “padres” de la medicina occidental: Hipócrates, Celso y Galeno………………………………………………………………….…………… 35 Figura 3.- Estructura de la proinsulina………………………………………………. 40 Figura 4.- La misma niña, portadora de una diabetes, antes y después del tratamiento con insulina……………………………………………… 41 Figura 5.- Flujo de elección de artículos…………………………………………….. 66 Figura 6.- Oskar Minkowsky, Josef Von Mering, Georg Ludwig
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