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DRAFT Environmental Profile Burma Prepared by the Arid Lands Information Center Office of Arid Lands Studies University of Arizo

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DRAFT Environmental Profile Burma Prepared by the Arid Lands Information Center Office of Arid Lands Studies University of Arizo Draft Environmental Profile of Burma Item Type text; Book; Report Authors Varady, Robert G.; University of Arizona. Arid Lands Information Center. Download date 01/10/2021 03:36:10 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/213929 DRAFT Environmental Profile of Burma prepared by the Arid Lands Information Center Office of Arid Lands Studies University of Arizona 845 North Park Avenue Tucson, AZ 85719 National Park Service Contract No. CX- 0001 -0 -0003 with U.S. Man and the Biosphere Secretariat Department of State Washington, D.C. June 1982 Robert G. Varady, Compiler- DRAFT Environmental Profile of Burma prepared by the Arid Lands Information Center Office of Arid Lands Studies University of Arizona 845 North Park Avenue Tucson, AZ 85719 National Park Service Contract No. CX- 0001 -0 -0003 with U.S. Man and the Biosphere Secretariat Department of State Washington, D.C. June 1982 Robert G. Varady, Compiler- THE UNITED STATES N ATJO MAN ANO THE BIOSPI -I ERE Department of State, IO /UCS WASOIINdTON. Q C 20320 An Introductory Note on Draft Environmental Profiles: The attached draft environmental report has been prepared under a contract between the U.S. Agency for International Development (AID), Office of Forestry, Environment, and Natural Resources (ST /FNR) and the U.S. Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Program.It is a preliminary review of information available in the United States on the status of the environment and the natural resources of the identified country and is one of a series of similar studies now underway on countries which receive U.S. bilateral assistance. This report is the first step in a process to develop better information for the AID Mission, for host country officials, and others on the environmental situation in specific countries and begins to identify the most critical areas of concern. A more comprehensive study may be undertaken in each country by Regional Bureaus and /or AID Missions. These would involve local scientists in a more detailed examination of the actual situations as well as a better definition of issues, problems and priorities. Such "Phase II" studies would provide substance for the Agency's Country Development Strategy Statements as well as justifications for program initiatives in the areas of environment and natural resources. Comments on the attached draft report would be welcomed by USM AB and ST /FNR and should be addressed to either: James Corson Molly Kux MAE Project Coordinator Office of Forestry, Environment, and IO /UCS /MAB OR Natural Resources SA -5 Rm 410 U.S. AID Department of State Washington, D.C. 20523 Washington, D.C. 20520 A COMMITTEE OFTI -IE UNITED STATES NATIONAL-COMMISSION WO FR UNESCO Commission Established by Aat of Congress July30. 1040 BAY OF BENGAL Table of Contents List of Illustrations List of Tables Summary 1.0 Introduction 1 2.0 General Description 2 2.1Geography and Climate 2 2.1.1Boundaries and Administrative Divisions 2.1.2 Geographic Features 2.1.3 Climate 2.1.3.1 Rainfall 2.1.3.2 Temperature 2.1.3.3 Humidity, Pressure, and Wind 2.2 Population 19 2.2.1 Historical and Cultural Background 2.2.2 Ethnicity and Language 2.2.3 Population Size, Growth, and Distribution 2.2.4 Health and Nutrition 2.3 Land Use 32 2.3.1Land Tenure 2.3.2 Agricultural Practices 2.3.3 Crops 2.3.4 Forests 2.3.5. Rangeland and Livestock 3.0 Environmental Resources and Policy 49 3.1 Geology, Soils, and Mineral and Energy Resources 49 3.1.1 Geologic Formations 3.1.2 Soils 3.1.3 Mineral Resources 3.1.4 Energy Resources 3.1.4.1 Petroleum 3.1.4.2. Coal 3.1.4.3Natural Gas 3.1.4.4 Hydroelectric and Thermal Energy 3.1.4.5Nuclear Energy 3.1.5 Administration, Policy, and Planning 3.2Water Resources 73 3.2.1 Surface Water 3.2.2 Groundwater 3.2.3 Irrigation 3.2.4 Industrial and Domestic Use, and Water Quality 3.3 Vegetation 82 3.3.1 Natural Forests 3.3.1.1 "Standard" Classification of Forest Types 3.3.1.2 "Modern" Classification of Forest Types 3.3.1.3 Forest Exploitation 3.3.1.4Administration, Policy, and Planning 3.3.2 Plantations 3.3.3 Vegetation, Floral, and Grassland Communities 3.4 Fauna and Conservation Measures 95 3.4.1 Mammalian Fauna: Resources, Uses,and Status 3.4.2 Avifauna 3.4.3 Other Terrestrial Fauna 3.4.4 Aquatic Fauna and Fisheries 3.4.5 Reserves and Protected Areas 3.4.6 Legislation, Administration, and Planning 4.0 Environmental Problems 113 4.1 Environmental Problems in Rural Areas 113 4.1.1 Natural Disasters 4.1.1.1 Cyclones 4.1 1.2 Floods 4.1.1.3 Drought 4.1.1.4 Earthquakes 4.1.1.5 Volcanoes 4.1.2 Deforestation, Erosion, and Misuse of Land 4.1.3 Pesticide, Herbicide, and Fertilizer Use 4.2 Environmental Problems in Urban Areas 122 4.2.1Water Contamination and Infectious Disease 4.2.2 Industrial Pollution 4.3 Environmental Management Problems 125 4.3.1 Communications 4.3.2 Training Facilities 4.3.3 Policy, Legislation, Enforcement, and Administration Literature Cited 131 Appendix I. Demographic and Economic Characteristics 145 Appendix II. Mineral Deposits 151 Appendix III. Fertilizer and Pesticide Use 163 Appendix IV. Environmental Legislation 171 Appendix V. Foreign Assistance Projects 175 Appendix Vi. Vegetative Community Surveys 181 AppendixVII. Faunal Reserves 201 Appendix VIII. Acronyms used in this Report 209 Appendix IX. Selected Bibliography 211 List of Illustrations 1. Administrative Divisions 5 2. Geological Formations 7 3. Topography 7 4. Physical Regions 8 5. Climatic Zones 12 6. Isohyets and Average Annual Rainfall 14 7. Mean Temperatures in January and July and Temperature Profiles of Selected Locations 17 8. Migrations and Ethnic Groups 23 9. Cumulative Population Distribution by Age 26 10. Population Density 29 11. Land Use and Economic Activity 33 12. Lower Burma Paddyland Development Project 42 13. Forest Types 46 14. Geotectonic and Geomorphologic Belts 50 15. Major Fault System 50 16. Sedimentary and Metamorphic Rocks 52 17. Broad Soil Regions 53 18. Soil Types 54 19. Mineral Deposits 58 20. Tin and Tungsten Deposits 60 21. Location of Mines 62 22. Early Oilfields 67 23. Discharge of the Irrawaddy and Rainfall in the Surrounding Area 76 24. Holdridge's Scheme for Natural Life Zones 86 25. Shifting Cultivation on the Shan Plateau, 1954 to 1972 118 iii List of Tables 1. Areas and Headquarters of Major Administrative Units 6 2. Average Monthly Precipitation and Percentage Precipitation during Monsoon Season at Selected Locales 15 3. Mean Relative Humidity at Selected Locations 18 4. Population of Ethnic Communities 24 5. Population of Major Urban Centers, 1973 27 6. Regional Population Distribution and Density 28 7. Water Treatment and Disposal Facilities, 1975 31 8. Land Use, 1961 to 1977 34 9. Irrigated Area, 1941 to 1977 36 10. Land Distribution, 1967 -68 and 1978 37 11. Area of Rice Cultivation in Lower Burma, 1930 to 1940 39 12. Area of Rice Cultivation in Independent Burma 41 13. Rice Production, 1962 to 1980 41 14. Rice Exports, 1939 to 1980 41 15. Area and Production of Crops 1978 44 16. Livestock Population, 1947 to 1978 47 17. Livestock Products, 1958 to 1978 47 18. Mineral Production 59 19. Energy Consumption 1960 to 1979 65 20. Oil Production, 1962 to 1980 68 21. Coal Production, 1973 to 1976 69 22. Natural Gas Production 1962 to 1976 70 23. Public Administration of Mining and Petroleum Exploration 72 24. River System Characteristics - 74 25. Industrial Water Demand, 1970 to 1980 80 26. Consumption of Drinking Water in Burma and Neighboring Nations, 1970 81 27. Forested Areas in Southeast Asia, 1977 82 28. Areas of Major Forest Types 85 29. Champion's Classification of Burmese Forest Types 88 30. Teak Production, 1965 to 1977 89 31. Non -teak Timber Production, 1965 to 1975 90 32. Organization and Staffing of the Department of Forestry, 1978 92 33. Banana and Other Fruit Production, 1961 to 1979 94 34. Grasses 96 35. Threatened Mammals 100 36. Orders and Families of Birds 102 37. Threatened Birds 104 38. Threatened Reptiles 105 39. Fishing Tonnage, 1968 to 1977, and Projections 108 40. Game and Wildlife Reserves 111 41. River Flooding 114 v Summary A tropical nation with 33 million inhabitants, Burma has faced a number of problems stemming from its climate and surroundings, and aggravated by its political and administrative system. Traditionally an agricultural country whose economy has relied upon extensive rice cultivation and timber exploitation, Burma nevertheless possesses mineral and energy resources which remain largely untapped. Althoughthegovernmentrecognizes the advantages of developing further the region's natural resources, it has been hampered by lack of capital, poor infrastructure, internal disorder, and administrative inefficiency. The major environmental problems affecting Burma, therefore, are not generally the results of large development schemes, but rather of natural, cultural, and political phenomena. In decreasing order of importance, Burma's major environmental concerns include: Natural disasters. Burma lies in a climatic zone which is frequently subjected to cyclones and river flooding. The former occur periodically, but unpredictably.They can cause extensive damage to property, soils, and crops, and take a heavy toll on human and animal life. Flooding, sometimes caused by cyclones, butmoreoftenbyexcessiveprecipitation inmountainous watersheds, is a regular feature of Burma's extensive riverine plains. Each year two million hectares. of land are severely flooded and another 3.25 million hectares moderately inundated. These floods reduce agricultural production, cause erosion and sediment loading, and help spread infectious disease.
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