S-0875-0007-07-00001

Expanded Number S-0875-0007-07-00001

Title Items-in-Peace-keeping operations - United Nations Operations in the Congo - U.S. Congressional Record - Senator Dodd re: Congo crisis

Date Created 14/07/1961

Record Type Archival Item

Container S-0875-0007: Peace-Keeping Operations Files of the Secretary-General: U Thant: United Nations Operations in the Congo

Print Name ofwm Person Submit mmmImage =w=Signature of Person Submit

I EndofReport 11United Nations -ARMS DatasetUNARMSDB I End of Report Ilunited Nations-ARMS DatasetUNARMSDB .1.

* 15512COb IGRE SSIONAL RECORD - SENATE Vum Theseeents of yesterday, considered nee which is loaded, however, with that we will have th e complet s'ýr-r, "inte.nligt of the previous delay on the ýblank, cartridg 'es. of the Senator in ooar efforts ti.g.; * ,nomin~ation, make it evident that there Iam notý naive enough to believe that nomination confirmed. is no intention of completing action on it will be an easy matter to obtain rec- Mr. DODD. Indetud, -the SentL, this nomination on next Wednesday. ognition: for my motion in the full com- have my support. Indleed, in view of the months of stalling mittee and to have it brought to a vote. with which this nomination has been The same stalling tactics which have been used in the subcommittee can be THE CONGO0 CRISIS AND T15E _NEED confronted,, Iý do not consider it out of FOR CONCILIATION order to questioni whether there is any used in the full committee. At the same intention,, to report this nomination at time,- I expect the cooperation of many Mr. DODD. Mr. President, in the con- any time. I have been hopefully looking members of the full committee and a duct of foreign policy, it sonse'i. mni for some evidence that, after a reason- determined effort to bring this matter to happens that policies which have tscsi able period of inquiry, action would a head must be tried. conceived with care and soul sg be forthcoming. But nothing has If it becomes obvious* that the full and the best of intenneons, deamons,:- su happened to justify the slightest opti- committee will not be allowed to dispose their futility at the point of irmplemens.-, mism on this score. of the matter, then the only recourse tion. When this happens, our polier cal '4 1 indicated earlier that I would move we will have will%be to move in the Sen- pursue one of two courses. to discharge the tuboommittee if it did .ate that the. Committee on the judiciary It can persist along the course v'heý, not proceed with action on this nomina- be disch~arg-ed from further considera- futility has been demonstrated; or, zý tion by August 1. 'Thereafter, a hear- tion of the nomination., can seek a new approach, while rnk' ing was scheduled on August 1. This While, as a member of the committee explaining the alteration of cCU;L( >. hearing, was canceled because of ob- I would take this step with extreme re- the American people. The AmerncL-q jection to a unamimous consent request luctance, I refuse to stand by helplessly people do not expect infallibility. T~hey that the subcommittee be allowed to and permit this nomination to die. I are, I am sure, wise. enoug.,h -. u~nd e;- sit on August 1 while the Senate was .believe in orderly procedure, but I do not stand that, in 'the comple:' . e of in session. .At the time the request was consider the dilatory proceedings on foreign policy, flexibility ar-~ made it was assumed that the Senate this nomination to date an example of of course are sometimeos eua would meet early on August 1, as it had orderly procedure. There is ample prece- Mr. President, I believe ',.--t 1:iiime 4 been doing generally during the fili- dent for a motion to discharge a com- has come for such an altera,'ý-'&r a eoursri mittee from further consideration of a in the conduct of our Cong'o ;y.2 * buster on the space satellite communi- 2 *cations bill. As it turned out, the Senate nomination and such a motion is ex ý believe that, unless we face . did. not convene until noon on August .pressly provided for in the rules of the fact frankly, we courtdi

15i 14 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE Aviug.3 . were approximately 1,000 white tech- Ralph Bunche, U.N. representative in the source of security, the army remains nicians in the city, most of them asso- Congo during the first 2 months, an- the chief source of insecurity in the cia ted with I-indlu's great river part nounced on August 4, after speaking to country. There are Possibly several. facilities. After the massacre, I was Tshombe, that the entry of U.N. troops thousand soldiers in the army who may told, only 50 of these white technicians into Katanga had been suspended. be considered reasonably disciplined. remained. In the free world, the Katanga seces- The rest of the 25,000 men, wvhile re- Such is the terrible price of the sion met with a mixed reaction. The ceiving their pay, are terrorizinig the violence fanned by Lumumba and the general desire was to see the Congo both populace and defying every eliorýt to agents of Moscow. free and united. But with the rest of the bring them under control. To my mind, THEI CONGO GETS ITS INDEPENDENCE Congo in the grip of violence and anar- there has probably never been a more The Congo got its independence on chy, with the Lumumbaists running ber- preposterous situation. Oa the one June 30, 1900. On July 6, 1960, as if at serk, wvith Communist influence at the hand, the Amierican taxpayer is bein-, a given signal, soldiers throughout the danger point, there were many people called upon to subsidize an army of band- who felt that there was much to be said. its and mutineers whose GI's get paid at Congo mutinied against their white offi- the cers, and berserk demonstrators ram- for the Katanga secession; and there fantastic rate of more than 8180 per paged thro'ugh the residential areas of were many more, I know, who felt that month, compared with $85 per month for Congolese cities in a national orgy of judgment on the action should be sus- the American GI. On the other hand, murder, mayhem, rape, and pillaging. pended until we knew where the rest of the American taxpayer is being called Even medical doctors and missionaries, the Congo was heading. upon to pay the lion's share of the bill who had lived on the friendliest of terms During the months of July and August, for a U.N. army whose Prime function, Soviet and Czechoslovak and other Com- in the Congo north of Katanga has been with native communities in the bush, to found themselves attacked by savage munist bloc technicians poured into the defend the Congolese people against Congo by the hundreds. At the height, their own army. It is high time that an bands of drunken natives. end Instead of attempting to there were some 600 of these experts in was called to this nonsense. restrain his L6opoldville, attached to the Communist When Ambassador Clare H. Timber- countrymnen and restore order, Patrice lake arrived in the Lumumba, as Prime Minister, fanned embassies. Western intelligence agen- Congo in early July cies were also able to trace the influx of 1960, it was immediately apparent to him the flames and incited his people with that the restoration of demnago~gic appeals to black racism. He fantastic sums of Communist money. discipline in the Communist arms and trucks and planes Congolese Army took precedence over placed himself completely behind the everything else, and mutiny of the soldiers and rewarded began to arrive, most of them through he made repeated Stanleyville. representations to this effect. A disci- them by promoting each man at least plined army would contribute one rank and by establishing- the highest It seemed as though nothing could save to social the Congo. J and political stability. An undisciplined rate of pay in the world for the Con- army golese Army, a rate of pay, in fact, that We have been told repeatedly over the was bound to make an already past year that the U.N. saved the Congo chaotic situation every more chaotic. is more than twice that of the American The U.N. might have 0I. from communism. The U.N. did no such brought the sit- thing. The Congo was saved by the cour- uation under control when it first came The reaction to the July events was into the Congo a mass flight of Belgian ageous action of two men, President had it acted resolutely technicians, Tshombe of Katanga, and Colonel Mo- and immediately to disarm the muti- administrators, and medical men. For neers, disband the worst more than a week, Sabenia Airlines di- butu. As Colonel Mobutu-now General units, and re- Mobutu-told me personally when I was store order in the others. But the U.N. verted its entire fleet to the Congo to could not make up its mind remove the terrified refugees. in the Congo last November, the U.N., that it had under Rajeshwar Dayal, did everything the authority to take such action; and, To protect Belgian lives and property, in its power to undercut his position and under the regime of Rajeshwar Dayal, the Belgian Govýernment sent several to impede his operations against Lu- who became U.N. director for the Congo units of paratroops back to the Congo. mumba and the Lumumnbaists. Indeed, on August 20, 1960, the U.N. seemed to It was at this point that Lumumba ap- Dayal, until the very end of his term, be far more interested in supporting pealed to the U.N., requesting the urgent refused to recognize the legality of the Lumumba and undermining Mobuts dispatch of U.N. military assistance to new government. These are facts. than it was in restoring discipline in the protect the Congo against Belgian mili- Recognizing Tahombe as an arch- Congo Army. tary intervention. Meeting on the enemy, Lumumba attempted to invade The result was that nothing was done. night of July 13 and 14, the Security Katanga in the month of August. He Today, no one has a solution for this Council -adopted a Tunisian resolution suffered a disastrous and humiliating de- situation. Among the people with whom calling upon Belgium to withdraw its feat, which weakened his hold on the I spoke, there was agreement that the troops from the Congo and authorizing government and facilitated his over- mutineers are beyond retraining; it was the Secretary General to provide such throw. I also agreed that the 5,000 or 6,090 U.N. military assistance as might be neces- In mid-September, 1960, Colonel troops thinly scattered through the vast sary until the Congolese security forces Mobutu overthrew the government of area of the Congo outside Katanga, can- were in a position to fully meet their Lumumba, ordered the Communist em- not possibly undertake to disarm these tasks. The first troops of the U.N. force bassies and technicians out of the Congo, soldiers turned bandits. arrived in the Congo 2 clays later. And and set up the so-called College of High In any country which has only recently this was the beginning of the U.N. Congo Commissioners, consisting of young uni- emerged from the jungle, the mainte- army which today numbers some 15,000 versity graduates, to administer the nance of order is the beginning of every- men, country on an interim basis. thing. In the absence of order and Meanwhile, on July 11, President But the damage wrought by Lumumba effective government, the once-rich Bel- Tshombe had proclaimed Katanga an before he was overthrown was so great gian Congo has become an economic independent country, after moving reso- that, even given the most favorable de- wasteland. The production of staple lutely to put down a mutiny among the velopments, it will take years and con- crops like cotton and rice has fallen to troops stationed in Elisabethyille and to 'ceivably decades for the Congo to re- one-third and one-fourth of preinde- restore public order in the Province. In cover. The fabric of social order in a pendence level. In the city of Leopold- explaining; his action, Presidenit Tshombe primitive country like the Congo. once it yulle almost half the labor force is out'of pointed to the disorders that were ramp- is shattered, Is about as difficult to put work. Government revenues arc not be- ant throughout the northern Congo. together again at; Humpty Dumpty's ing collected. Even with the massive "I am seceding from chaos," he said. fragile shell. subsidies from the U.N., from Belgium, The United Nations did not recognize When I was in the Congo last Novem- and from the United States, the Congo IKatanrga's ýseeession. On the other hand, ber, I was told that the Congolese Na- Government stands on the brink of in- Secretary General Dagr Hammarskjold tional Army had remained in a state solvency and breakdown. refused Lumumba's demand for U.N. in- of chronic mutiny and banditry ever For much of this mess in the Congo, tervention and took the stand that the since the uprising of July 6, 1960. The Patrice Lumumba and his racist and U.N. force could not become a party to condition of the army has not improved Muscovite cohorts are to blame. But internal conflicts in the Congo. Dr. in recent months. Instead of being a frankness demands that at least a par- 19 62? CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 1551545 tion of the blame be assessed against the lieve that the 2-page document was It is to be noted that in making this ineptness of a U.N. policy that has made couched in such vague and general statement, Nehru was, in effect, threat- the forced submission of Katanga its language that it could have been in- ening blackmail; he was saying that if prime objective rather than the restora- terpreted in a dozen different ways, for Dayal were not retained, the Indian tion of order in the rest of the Congo. better or for worse. forces serving the U.N. might be re- THE QUESTION OF CONGOLESE UNITY For my own part, I feel that the called. Since India appeared to be the We have talked about unity in the Tananarive Agreement bad unique only major source of Afro-Asian troops Conigo. But the word "unity" can have possibilities precisely because it was for the Congo operation, the recall of many meanings. achieved voluntarily, and on the basis these troops would have had a crippling When the Kremlin talks of unity, it of Congolese initiative. I believe that effect on the entire military operation in means unity under Soviet control. had we taken the Tananarive Agreement the Congo. When Nehru and Krishna Menon as a starting point, and had we used our THE coQUILTIATvILLE CONIFERENCE speak of unity, they mean unity that influence in a friendly way, to urge On April 24, shortly after tightening up where Prime Min- corresponds with their neutralist phi- we felt it needed ister Nehru made the statements I have losophy and serves their own interests. tightening up, Tananarive might have led to a viable quoted-and I ask that this sequence be Left to themselves, the people of the and enduring arrange- carefully noted-the Congolese political Congo would have a concept of unity mient. leaders convened at Coquilhatville, for that corresponds neither to the Soviet Tananarive was bitterly attacked by the purpose of pursuing the discussions concept nor to the Indian. the Afro-Asian extremists and by the initiated at Tananal'ive in March. As for ourselves, I hope that when we Communists. They attacked with par- speak of unity, we mean the kind of ticular virulence Tananarive's proposal What had happened in the interim unity that is freely to bypass period, I,' of course, do not know. But acceptable to the or ignore the Lumiimbaist- it is clear that peoples of the Congo, with no foreign dominated Parliament. But I have rea- President Kasavubu, For- intervention or a minimum of such inter- son to believe that there were in our eign Minister Bomboko, and the other vention, Ldopoldville conferees had, for some rea- limited to friendly assistance Department of StLate those who looked son, decided and advice. upon Tananarive with an open mind, that the loose confederation What has to which they had agreed at Tananarive happened since the first who felt that we should accept it as a was no part of last year can be understood only point of departure, rather than reject it longer adequate. In addition, in the light of the they had decided in favor of reconvening conflict between these out of hand. In this connection, I should the Lumumbaist-dominated differing concepts of Congolese unity. like to quote a passage from the New Parliament, Left to themselves, or given a decent which the Tananarive agreement had York Herald Tribune of April 6, 1960: proposed to bypass. President Tshombe minimum of encouragement and assist- Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru feels ance, I earnestly believe that the Con- was imprisoned for 6 weeks, until he that the United States and other Western accepted the terms of a new agreement, golese leaders could have achieved an Powers have accepted too willingly the de- agreement on reunification that would cisions of the Congolese leaders at the calling for a more centralized form of have been acceptable to all sides. Indeed Malagasay conference, which, in the Indian government and for the reconvening of I believe that the Congolese leaders were view, are invalid unless they are ratified by Parliament, several times on the verge of achieving a meeting of the Congolese Assembly. And On May 13, President Kasavubu an- from Delhi a meeting of that assembly looks nounced that Parliament would be recon- such unity when their efforts were scut- as far off as ever. tled by the Afro-Asian extremists in the vened ini July. Nehru's basic demand United Nations, who wished to see unity This was a period of bustling and had now been met. on their terms only. mysterious activity on the question of On May 25, Rajeshwar Dayal's resig- The overthrow of Lumumba encour- the Congo. The Congolese Government nation as U.N. Congo representative was aged the Congolese leaders, in Katanga had publicly and repeatedly demanded announced by the U.N. and Kasai, as well as in LMopoldville, to the recall of Dayal as chief United Na- THE EECALL OF TIMBSEELAKCE think again in terms of national unity. tions representative. On April 4, 1961, In the June 5, 1961, issue, for example, Ne~vsweek's They were further encouraged to think the New York Times re- "Periscopb7F'rpotin~g on the re-si&inhatfon of unity because of the threat posed by ported: of Dayal, stated that Dayal's chief critics, Antoine Gizenga's rival government, Last Tuesday, Mario Cardoso, Congolese United States Ambassador Timberlake which had been established in Stanley- representative at the United Nations, charged and British Ambassador Ian Scott, would ville in mid-November with Soviet bloc that a solution of the Congo problem had been prevented by what he termed the re- be recalled xvithin several weeks, as a support, and because of their grave dis- sequel to Nehru's acceptance of Dayal's satisfaction with United Nations policy fusal of Mr. Dayal to consult with officials of President Kasavubu's regime. resignation./ under Dayal. I What It was no secret, either, that the rela- happened then? In early June,ý THE TANANARIVE CONFERENCE without any tions between Ambassador explonation, other than the Timberlake questionable On March 6, 1961, on the prime initia- and Rajeshwar Dayal had been embit- explanation that he needed tive of President Tshombe, a conference da rest, Ambassador Timberlake was re- of Congolese tered from the beginning. Ambassador leaders convened at Tan- Timberlake is a man who believes pro- called, His recall, in my opinion, marked anarive, the capital of Madagascar, or foundly in the United Nations, and he the turning point in our Congo policy. Malagasay, as it is now known. Only was one of the first to urge that the It marked a victory for those officials and Gizenga, among the top-ranking leaders U.N. be brought into the Congo. But advisers in the Department of State who was absent. The conference terminated he felt that the U.N., in many respects, attach transcendent importance in the in an agreement-the so-called Ta- had failed to perform its essential func- conduct of our foreign policy to the task nanarive Agreement-proposing a loose confederation tions, and that Dayal had perverted the of pleasing Nehru. Since Nehru believes of states, under the presi- intent of the U.N.'s intervention in sup- in coalition governments with pro-Com- dency of Mr. Kasavubu. There was to porting Luinumba and undercutting be a council of states composed of Presi- munist elements in Laos, the Congo, and dent Mobutu. other points, these advisers apparently Kasavubu and the heads of the The public record indicates that Prime member states; and there was to be an also believe in the viability of such gov- Minister Nehru and his foreign policy ernments. executive coordinating body, appointed adviser, Krishna by the member governments, to carry Menon, bitterly resisted The recall of Timberlake raises many the demiands that Dayal be recalled. In questions. out; the council's decisions. The agree- dealing ment was signed by Kasavubu, Tshombe, with this matter, the New York Here was an outstanding State De- Kalonji, and Times said in the article of April 4, 1961, other leaders. from which I have already quoted: partment officer, with a record of more I know there are some who say that than 30 years of service in mAny the Tananarive Agreement, Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru warned had it been today that activities to oust Rajeshwar countries, an Ambassador who was implemented, would have paved the way Dayal, the Indian who heads the United worshipped by his staff and who com- to the Balkanization of the Congo, with Nations mission In the Congo, could have manded the admiration and affection of secessionist States springing up all over "some effect on the maintenance of our every American correspondent in the the place. But there are others who be- forces there." Congo, an Ambassador who had not 15516G CONGRE SSIONAL RECORD - SENATE August 30 *hesitated to stand up to the U.N. repre- I have thus far not heard any other ex- tered around the personalities of Adoula sentative when he felt that this repre- planation of the Timberlake recall and Tshombe. sentative was violating the intent of the which makes, sense. The U.N. representatives, whose posi- U.N. or failing to carry out this intent. As my final observation on the Timber- tion and philosophy require that they After spending 11 months in the Congo, lake matter, I find it disturbing that this attempt to satisfy all sides--the Commu- ho has mastered the incredible intrica- senior and respected officer, upon his nist bloc, the Afro-Asians, and the cies of its politics, and had reached the recall from the Congo, was assigned to West-favored the creation of an across- point of maximum utility. And yet, f or an obscure position as State Department the-board coalition containing pro-Com- seine mysterious reason it was decided representative to the Air University at munist elements, neutralists, moderates, to recall this Amibassador without any Maxwell Air Force Base, Montgomery, conservatives, and some pro-Western explanation-and to recall him so hur- Ala. elements. In short, they favored an riedly that no replacement was available Perhaps it was all a matter of coin- Adoula-Gizenga coalition, and in this to take over at the point of his recall. cidence. Perhaps it was also a mnatter sense their policy ran parallel to that of *Amnbassador Gullion, who replaced Am- of coincidence that Mr. Jeromec Lavallec, Nehru and the Afro-Asian extremists. bassador Timberlake, did not arrive in the U.N. adviser to the Office of Central The position of the State Department the Congo until early September, 3 African Affairs, who had originally been was somewhat more complicated. An months after Timberlake's departure. assigned the task of maintaining friendly Adoula-Gizenga coalition was accept- Ambassador Timberlake's unceremoni- relations with the Katanga representa- able to it, although I knowv there were ous recall was all thle mere perplexing tive in this country, was transferred to members of the Department who had because it coincided with one of the the Commerce Department. grave reservations about the viability of most critical periods in the history of Perhaps it is also a matter of coin- such a coalition. On the other hand, a the Congo. At the Coquilhatville Con- cidence that within the past few days, government with Gizenga in the No. 1 ference it had been decided that the Mr. Lewis H-off acker, the American Con- position was completely unacceptable; Congolese Parliament would be recon- sul in Eli4sabcthville, has been transf erred if it appeared that the only choice was vened at the University of LouvanAX.:. to another post. Mr. 1loll acker had per- between a Gizenga government and an L6epoldville toward the end of Ju:ý' urmed the incredible diplomatic feat of Adoula-Ts9homhe coalition, then despite this Parliament, \with its heavily La- maintaining a friendly relationship with the sensitivities of the Nehru bloc, the mumbaist majority, was to be entrusted Tshombe, while faithfully representing a preference of everyone in the Depart- the task of electing the future govern- State Department policy which Tshombe ment was clearly for the latter variant. ment of the Congo. felt opposed him at every point. Indeed, THE STIIUELENS MISSION There wvas a serious danger that the at the present time, Hoffacker is prob- Conference might result in At this point, we come to another part Louvanium ably the only member of the Ameri- of the untold story of the Congo. the election of a government headed by can Foreign. Service who commands Gizenga or some other pro-Communist. Tshombe's personal respect and for The fact is that, for several day;s' time, It was obviously in our interests to use when there appeared to be a serious pos- whom he has feelings of friendship. sibility that Gizenga would em~erge the our influence-with propriety, but never- I am constrained to ask whether this theless with energy-to help assure the victor at the Louvanium Conference, the is the reason why this outstanding con- State Department seemed to be veering election of a middle-of-the-road govern- sular officer, after less than 10 months ment. Our interest at least demanded in the direction of an Adoula-Tshombe in Elisabethville, has been transferred government. It made strenuous efforts that during the critical weeks preceding to another post. the Leuvanium Conference, we have on to persuade President Tshombe to send the spot a senior political officer of ras CONFLICTING OBJECTIVES AT LOUVANIUM~ his Parliamentarians to Louvanium and superior ability, possessing an intimate I am not revealing any secrets when I it even asked Mr. Miehel Struelens, di- knowledge of the Congo situation. But say that during the period preceding the rector of the Katanga Information Serv- the fact is that during this entire critical Louvanium Conference, and even during ice in New York, to leave for the Congo period our Embassy remained without the Conference itself, there was consid- on several hours' notice in an effort to an Ambassador. erable jockeying for influence by the effect an agreement with President The State Department is a complex U.N., by ourselves, by the Afro-Asians, Tshombe. organization, and I do not pretend to and by Soviet agents. Indeed, anyone The State Department has on several knoxv who in the Department was re- who has knowledge of such things would occasions denied that Mr. Struelens went sponsible for Ambassador Timberlake's take it for granted that the interested on a mission for it. These denials are recall. But from the sequence of events, nations and agencies did not sit on the evidence of how seriously the responsible it would almost appear that whoever was sidelines, in a condition of complete heads of the Department can sometimes responsible was so determined to get neutrality and passivity, waiting to see be misled by faulty information from Ambassador Timberlake out of the coun- what kind of government the Congolese their subordinates. I should like to tell try before the Louvanium Conference, Parliament would elect. the story of the Struelens mission briefly that they were untroubled over the pros- As I see it, the positions of the inter- because I consider the Struelens mission Pect of leaving the Embassy without an ested parties in the period preceding the to be another turning point in the evolu- Ambassador. Louvanium. Conference were approxi- tion of our Congo policy..v I want to repeat to the Senators that mately as follows: On July 28, 1961, Mr. Struelens vis-V the recall of Ambassador Timberlake The Soviets were aiming for a Mos- ited the Department of State in the com- raises a most serious question. As I cow-oriented government under Gizenga pany of Jean-Marie Pwetto, Vice Presi- have pointed out, Newsweek's "Peni- as Prime Minister, as their first choice. dent of the Katanga Parliament, Mr. scope,"~ several weeks in advance of Am- As a second choice, they were willing to Henri Kambolo, President of the Kona- bassador Timberlake's recall, forecast consider a coalition in which the pro- kat Party, and Mr. Thomas Tshombe, that he would be recalled as a sequel to Soviet and neutralist elements were brother of the President. the recall of Dayal. In short, it appears "properly" represented. Mr. Strucelns had enjoyed a friendly to have been a horse swap. Nehru and the Afro-Asian extremists and cooperative relationship with the I cannot state with certainty that the were aiming for an Adoula-Gizenga co- Department since he arrived here in Newsweek account was accurate. But alition-and they might even have been October 1960. He and his party were I can state with certainty that it is be- willing to go along with a Gizenga-Adoula received by Mr. Vance, director of the lieved to be accurate by many American coalition, that is, a coalition with Central African desk, and Mr. Jerome correspondents who have followed the Gizenga in the No. 1 spot, had such a Lavallee, United Nations adviser to the Congo situation closely. Indeed, one of thing come into being. To Krishna Office of Central African Affairs. Mr. the mosit universally resýpected political Menon, I am certain, the emergence of Vance and Mr. Lavallee stated that they editors in this country told me that he such a government would have been a had just received news indicating that Would stake his personal reputation on cause for delight. The one variant all the Lumumbaists enjoyed a dangerous the fact that Timberlake was horse the Afro-Asian extremists would have degree of influence in the Parliament and swapped for Dayal. I can also state with found completely unacceptable was a they were seriously concerned over the certainty that, despite many inquiries, moderate pro-Western coalition cen- possibility that Gizenga would be elected 19 62 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 15547 Prime Minister. They stated that it Mr. Struelens agreed to go, and he left Struelens was then driven in the Em- was extremely important to have the that afternoon by Air France. He paid bassy ear to U.N. headquarters, where Katangaf Parliamentarians go to L~o- for the roundtrip ticket out of the funds he met with Mr. Linner. He told Mr. poidville in order to prevent a Gisenga of the Katanga Information Service. Linner that President Tshombe wished mnajority. Stopping at Brazzaville, capital of the to meet with Prime Minister Adoula in this connection it is interesting to former French Congo, Mr. Struelens had promptly in an effort to settle their dif- na.ie that the New York Times, on July a meeting with Mr. Wilton W. Blaneke, ferences, but that the meeting would 27- that is, the day before Mr. Struelens' the American Ambassador, and with Mr. have to be set up in some other place conference with the State Department- Robert Eisenberg, deputy director of the than L6opoldville. He said that Presi- carried a dispatch from its Congo corre- Office of Central African Affairs, who dent Tshombe could not agree to Ldo- spondent, Henry Tanner, which stated happened to be in Brazzaville at the time poldville because of his imprisonment by that, in the election of officers of the because he was returning from a confer- the Ldopoldville authorities at the time Chamber of Deputies: ence in Lagos. That afternoon, Mr. of the Coquilhatville Conference. The followers of Antoine Gisenga, bead of Struelens left Brazzaville in the company To this, Mr. Linner replied that the tile Soviet-backed Congo regime in Stanley- of Mr. Eisenberg and flew directly to meeting would have to take place in yulle, won an limpressive victory yester- Elisabethville, the capital of Katanga. L6opoldville, and he confirmed this with day. * **Tile exteint of the victory by the I want to point out that at the time a telephone call to Prime Minister Gizenga forces came as a surprise to Congo- Mr. Eisenberg and Mr. Struelens ar- Adoula in Mr. Struelens' presence. lese political observers here. It caused spec- rived in Elisabethville, Tshombe had his When Mr. Struelens returned to the ulation that Mr. Gizenga might have a better States, he was thanked by the chance than was commonly expected to be- Parliamentarians already assembled and United comec Premier of a national coalition gov- ready to leave for L~opoldville as soon State Department for the job be bad ermient. as a decision was made, done. According to Mr. Struelens, how- Mr. Struelens met several times with ever, the State Department officials now Mr. Vance suggested that Struelens, President Tshombe and arranged for took the stand that Tshombe would have together with his three Katangan visi- several meetings between President to bow to the accomplished fact of the tors, try to work out the text of an agree- Tshombe and Mr. Eisenberg, who was Adoula-Gizenga government, and that ment between the Department of State accompanied by William C. Canup, if he did not bow, force would have to and President Tshombe that would make American consul in Elisabethville. be used against him. possible the immediate dispatch of Ka- Each time I saw President Tshoinbe in It would appear that the State De- tanga Parliamentarians to L~opoldville. advance- partment performed this drastic about- Mr. Struelens dictated the text of the turn because it felt that it no longer suggested agreement to Mr. Lavallee in Said Mr. Struelens- needed Tshombe to offset the threat of a French. In essence, it covered the fol- I asked him to drop any other matter. I Gizenga takeover in Ldopoldville. An lowing points: told him that be had to see these gentle- Adoula-Gizenga coalition was accept- First. Tshombe would send the Ka- men first, and be did this. able to us. It was highly acceptable to tanga Parliamentarians to the Louvan- Finally, on August 3, President Nehru and the Afro-Asians. It was ium Conference forthwith, Tshombe accepted the proposed agree- highly acceptable to Moscow. Everyone Second. The Department of State ment without reservation, was happy. would undertake to assure United Na- But that afternoon the radio brought Since I am primarily concerned today tions protection for the Katanga dele- the news that the Louvanium Confer- with what happened in the Congo, I do gation. enee had elected a Government with not wish to go into the lamentable story Third. With the participation of Ka- Cyrille Adoula as Prime Minister and of how the State Department, after thus tanga in the Louvanium Conference as- Antoine Gizenga as Vice Premier, using Mr. Struelens, 2 months later re- sured, the United States would not take President Tshombe had since charged yoked his visa, and of the pointless and a stand prejudicial to Katanga in the that this coalition wvas a product of a \unjust vendetta it conducted against further political discussions that were desperate effort by the U.N. to head off him. This is a separate story and it will, bound to ensue. the prospect of an Adoula-Tshombe I believe, be told to the American people Fourth. The State Department would coalition. I believe there is something in due course, I hope very soon. issue a statement commending President to this charge, since the U.N. Secretariat THE CONSEQUENCES OF LOUvANreMl Tshombe for his decision to participate could not help but be sensitive to the fact There is still a tendency in official cir- in the Louvaniumn Conference. that an Adoula-Tshombe coalition would cles to defend the Louvanium Confer- The text of the agreement was sent have been bitterly opposed not only by ence as a great triumph for American upstairs to a higher office, where it re- the Communist nations, but by Nehru policy. It was no such thing. On the ceived approval. Whereupon, using Mr. and Sukarno and other Afro-Asian contrary, if it was a triumph for any- Lavallee's telephone, and with Mr. La- leaders. I believe it is a matter of one, it was a triumph for Nehru and vallee standing beside him and checking record, too, that Mr. Linner has ac- Krishna Menon and the anti-Western the text as he read it, Mr. Struelens dic- cepted personal credit for persuading 'neutralists. And the Communist pre-ss tated the proposed agreement to his sec- Gizenga to enter into a coalition with for the period indicates that the Coin- retary in New York for innnediate trans- Adoula in the No. 2 slot. munists at least regarded it as a step in mission to President Tshombe via telex. At the moment that the formation of the right direction. The State Department representatives the Adoula-Gizenga coalition was an- We must accept the situation that had a call put through to Dr. Ralph nounced, both Mr. Struelens and Mr. exists today as a starting point for any Bunche of the United Nations; and be- Eisenberg believed that the agreement future efforts. The Louvanian Confer- fore Mr. Struelens' departure that after- with Tshombe still could and should be ence cannot be completely undone, and noon they were able to assure him that acted on. It was agreed that Mr, I do not propose that we attempt the the U.N. would guarantee the safety of Struelens, despite the personal danger impossible task of turning the political the Katanga Parliamentarians in Ldo- to himself, should leave immediately for clock back to the situation that existed poldville.I L6opoldville for the purpose of discuss- prior to Louvanium. But I think It is On the morning of July 31, Mr. ing the situation with Mr. Linner. Mr. important to be honest with ourselves in Strue- Eisenberg gave Mr. Struelens a letter evaluating its consequences. lens received a call from Mr. Lavallee. to Ambassador Blaneke; Ambassador It was not a triumph for the free Mr. Lavallee told him that the State De- Blanch~e, when Mr. Struelens arrived in world when Adoula and Gizenga traveled partment had not yet received a reply to Brazzaville, put through a telephone call together to the Belgrade Conference and the telex of July 28. and that time was to the American Embassy in L6opold- voted for all of the malicious anti- rounning out. He asked Mr. Struelens yulle; and a few hours later, Mr. Strue- Western resolutions adopted by the con- liether he could leave that afternoon lens was met at the L6opoldville end ference. )r the Congo in an effort to persuade of the Congo ferryj by two members of It was not a triumph for Western pol- *esident Tahombe to accept the agree- the Embassy staff who got him past the icy when Prime Minister Adoula, in def- ,.nt and to dispatch his Parliamentar- river guards by pretending that he was erence to the desires of his government, ,&ns to the Louvanium Conference. an American consular officer. invited the Soviet bloc to reopen their CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE August .3 Embassies in the Cong-o-the very Em- eration Decapitation," the majority of Congo, hut Dr. Linner had entrusted, or bassies, I wish to r int out, that had rl- the non-Katangese military personnel relinquished, to him great authority in the d most succeeded in converting the Congo were apprehended and deported. political field, in which he had shown enor- C 1 year previously. I think it of interest, in this connec- mous ability. He was mainly responsible for b into a Soviet satellite the successful meeting of the Congolese par- It was not a victory for the free world tion, that this action violated the terms liament, for the Adoula-Gizeaga rapproche- P. when, just before the September action of the plan for the replacement of Eu- ment, and for the emergence of a well- in Katanga, the Adoula government ap- ropean personnel in the Katanga gen- balanced Central Government. t] pointed Egide Boehiely-Davidsun, one of darmerie drawn up by the Norwegian Mr. Khiai-i gave us our instructions in the a the most notorious pro-Comimunists in chief of U.N. intelligence, Col. Bjorn drawing room of Los Rochee, My residence f] the Congo, as Administrator for Ka- Egge, only several months prior to "Op- in Elfisabethville. Those present at the m..in d at this point, that eration Decapitation." The E me~eting at which the instructions \scre tanga. Let me state gge plan, given Included, as well as General Raja and while there are some politicians in the as it became known, was reported to have myself, and Mr. Khiari and Mr. Fabry, Cot. Pi Congo about whose political views doubt had the approval of Secretary General Jonas Waern, the Swedish officer command- exists, I have yet to meet a single per- I-ammarskjold, Foreign Minister Spaak, Ing South Itatanga; Col. Bjora Egge, the ti son who wvill challenge the statement and the Department of State. I want to Norwegian Intelligence officer; and my dep- T that Boehely-Davidson Is one of the quote from the text of this plan: uty, Michel Tombelaine. The Instructions most confirmed and dangerous leftists The time phasing of the removal of per- were as follows: to t:.ke w over the post office, the Had the September mili- sonnel must be considered carefully in order radio studio and the 0 in the Congo. transmitter: to to secure full control over troops In the pe- raid the Suret6 and Ministry tary action succeeded in overthrowing of Information offices; to arrest any Elro- H the government of President Tshombe, riod of transition. A decrease in discipline pearn official a] could lead to unrest and disorder in Katanga found there, and seize their files; and had Bochely-Davidson, backed by and ti- and wvould be contrary to the spirit of the to arrest Godefroid Munongo, the Min- ister of the Interior; U.N. bayonets, been installed in power resolution of February 21, 1961. Jean -Baptiste Kitwe. as Administrator for Katanga, the great Vice President and Minister of Finance, and U. mineral wvealth of Katanga might today But apparently after the Louvanium. Evariste IKimba, so-called Foreign Minister. be a Soviet asset. Conference, somehow, somewhere, it was Tahombe also was to be arrested, If abso- Si' Nor was it a, victory for the free world decided that the European officers and lutely necessary. Mr. Fabry, who was then NCO's had to be removed legal adviser to the ONUC at Ltopoldviile, when the Louvaniuin Conference, in its from the Na- and who was to die,, in the crash at Ndola, attempts to satisfy everyone, established tangese aimed forces forthwith, and not produced from his briefcase mandats at a cabinet of 44 members, of whom the in stages, even at the risk of creating the d'amener-roughly equivalent to warrants or great majority had neither competence kind of indiscipline against which Colo- for arrest-for Tshombe, Munongo, and the nor integrity nor the most elementalry nel Egge had warned. others. These warrants bore the seal of the st. experience. No one has spoken more elo- On the early morning of September 13, Central Government. quently about this situation than Prime the U.N. forces in Elisabethville moved When I went to Ldopoldville, 'several weeks to after the close Minister Adoula, when he addressed Par- to seize the post office, the radio station, of hostilities, I found to my K: bewilderment that neither General Mac- liament on June 14, on the subject of the and a number of other key points. That Keown nor Mr. Linner knew of the instruc- cc corruption and inefficiency of his gov- morning, Dr. Conor Cruise O'Brien, the tions I had received. In New York I found ernment. The New York Times quoted head of the U.N. mission there, went on that neither Dr. Bunche nor General isi Prime Minister Adoula as saying: the air and announced to the world that Itikhye-the military adviser-knew about That If the government was corrupt, un- the Katanga secession had ended. Ac- them either. Dr. Bunche believes that Mr. be wieldy and incompetent, it was the fault of cording to the New York Times, Dr. Ilammarskjold did not know about them at be the Parliament that had forced the govern- Conor Cruise O'Brien told the press: all. esi ment on him. The U.N. motive in complying with the In his first article, Dr. O'Brien re- "Every one of you wvanted to became a request was to avoid the alternative-inva- counted certain details indicating a ma- minister," he said. "To satisfy these ambi- sion of nothern Katanga by Central Gov- jor alienation between himself and Mr. he tions vwe have been forced to constitute a ernment troops and a prolonged civil war. government of dishonest and incapable per- Hammarskjold over the September ac- H. eons, chosen by you or by every political Commenting on the situation editori- tion. Dr. O'Brien spoke of "the thun- we party." ally, the New York Times said on Sep- derous cloud of disapproval which I knew flil tember 16: was over me in Mr. Hammarskj old's ac To Prime Minister Adoula's credit, he mind." And when has taken energetic measures to reduce Ini Korea, the United Nations went to war Dr. O'Brien proposed to check outright aggression. In Itatanga it that he accompany Hammarskjold to and reorganize his cabinet, even though Ndoia in doing so he has risked the survival of sceks to avert civil war by removing a po- for the meeting with President Co. tential belligerent, and not the one threat- Tshombe, "the answer came back, polite th: his government. ening to attack. and cool. The Secretary General pro- THE sn'mzasBRs ACTION bi] The bloody fighting which erupted posed to deal with this matter outside ics Now we come to another untold por- lasted for more than a week and resulted the framework of the ONUC. There was NF tion of the Congo story-the true story in many hundreds of casualties. no need, therefore, for the representative min of the September military action. It has When I first rose in the Senate to criti- in Elizabethville Po join the flight to in been told in Europe. But, for some cise the U.N.'s action in Katanga, it was Ndola." strange reason, it has not yet been told not yet clear whether the action had What emerges from all of this is that jut in this country. been taken with the approval of the Se- the military action of the U.N. in Na- The United Nations and the Depart- curity Council and the Department of tanga in September 1961 was the product ment of State at the time defended the State. But on September 15, the State of neither principle nor necessity; it was do military action against the Government Department issued a statement support- the product rather, of incredible reck- vil of Katanga in September as a matter ing and justifying the U.N. action. lessness, or irresponsibility, or worse. Ph of principle, necessity, and conformity H-ow the September action camne about, It is my understanding that Mr. en with the U.N. resolution of February 21, Khiari has denied that he gave Conor to( 1961, which called for the removal of however, has been described with amaz- ing frankness by Dr. Conor Cruise Cruise O'Brien any such instructions as pa. mercenaries and foreign advisers from he described in his article. But whether conclusive O'Brien, at the time chief U.N. repre- Katanga. But there is now sentative' in Katanga, in two articles one believes O'Brien on this point or acl evidence that the September action was Ichiari does not alter the Situation one Ne not ordered by U.N. headquarters and written for the London Sunday Observer in December 1961, subsequent to his sep- iota. The hard fact still remains that was, in fact, repudiated by Dag Ham- the September action was not ordered marskjold. aration from the U.N. I would like to ha. quote several paragraphs from Dr. by Dag Hammnrskj old or Ralph Bunche * e: The so-called September action was O'Brien's account: or General Rikhye or any one else at we Preceded on the early morning of August top level in the U.N.; that this sweeping" inz 28 by a surprise action directed against 'On September 10, Mr. Mahmoud Khiarl. and Mr. Vladimir Fabry arrived In Ellsabethvllle attempt to overthrow the government. the 500 white offlicers and NCO's then with instructions for General Baja, com- of Katanga and impose a U.N.-sponsored ral openly serving with the Katangese mander of 'U.N. Forces in Katanga, and for directorate was renounced by Ham- swl armed forces. As a result of this opera- myself. Mr. Ithiari, a Tunisian, was nomni- marskjold immediately on his arrival ;f1 of tion, which was officially knovwn as "Op- nally head of U.N. civilian operations in the the Congo; and that Dag Hammarskjold no 19 62' CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 15549 lost his life in attempting to repair the I shall mention only a few of these nesses, and personal roots there. But at damage wrought by Conor Cruise errors and weaknesses, all of which can the point where Conor Cruise O'Brien or O'Brien, and his deputy, Michel Tom- be documented. Miehel Tombelaine decided that a Euro- ,belaine, and conceivably by Mabmoud First. There was the fact that the pean was a mercenary or political ad- Xhiari. And the fact must also be faced U.N., despite the urgings of Ambassador viser, his fate was sealed. that, in defending the September action, Timberlake, did not take the necessary IThere was no hearing of any kind be- the State Department was indulging in measures immediately after the general fore these cruel deportations took place. a misguided effort to protect the U.N. mutiny of July 6, 19 60, to reestablish dis- And there was no habeas corpus. There from what might have been a highly cipline in the Congolese Army. was no right of appeal to a reviewing damaging disclosure. Second. There was its failure to pre- body. And finally, because the U.N. Is I would ask my colleagues, further, to vent civil war, when the forces of Patrice the U.N., and because there is no legal ponder the significance of the fact that, Lumumba invaded the provinces of Kasai precedent for a suit for redress against of the two men primarily responsible for and Katanga in August 1960. These in- it, there was absolutely no way in which the September action, one man, Miehel vasions resulted in the massacre of many its victims could seek redress for the Tombelaine, was known to our intelli- thousands of tribesmen. grave personal and material harm they gence community as a pro-Communist; Third. There was the refusal of the had suffered at the U.N.'s hands. while the other man, Dr. Conor Cruise U.N. to recognise the legitimacy of the I have been deeply disturbed to see an O'Brien, has recently been entrusted by Kasavubu-Mobutu government and its organization that is supposed to he Kwame Nkrumah, the most Stalinoid of failure to prevent the establishment of founded on respect for the rights of man all the so-called neutralist leaders, with the rival government of Antoine Gizenga conducting itself in a manner which so the task of shaping the minds of Gha- in Stanleyville. gravely violates the rights of the indi- naian students as vice chancellor of the Fourth. There was its failure, or at vidual. And I have even been more dis- University of Ghana. least partial failure, to prevent the in- turbed to see this phase of U.N. policy The September action inflamed pas- flux of Communist bloc arms to Stanley- in the Congo either applauded or ignored sions on every side and probably made ville via the United Arab Republic. by people who would spare no effort to the December action inevitable. Fifth. There was the flagrant inter- assure that an accused person in this Among the peoples of Katanga, the vention of the U.N. forces to prevent the country is accorded the full protection action produced a sense of unity founded expulsion of the Ghanaian Embassy of the law or to assist an individual on common action against alien forces. when the government of President Kasa- seeking redress against the state. Having fought this action to a stand- vubu. unearthed evidence that this Em- I say that if we close our eyes to such still, and having achieved an agreement bassy was supporting the restoration of transgressipnis against the rights of man, which was widely interpreted as a vic- Patrice Lumumba. I would point out we are not assisting the U.N.; we are tory over the U.N., the government of here that the U.N. forces were in the paving the way to its ultimate destruc- Katanga. was probably less disposed to Congo only by the invitation of the gov- tion. I note here that the Belgian compromise than it had been previously. ern-ment and that, in moving to expel branch of the International League for And the voices of the outright secession- the Ghanaian Embassy, the Congo Gov- the Rights of Man, an organization ists became louder. ernment was exercising its sovereign which enjoys consultative status with The U.N. forces in Katanga, having right. the U.N., has taken up the cases of a been humiliated in the first round of Sixth. Forgetting about the origins of number of Belgian civilians who claim battle, itched for a second go, to re- their presence in the Congo, the U.N. in that they were wrongfully expelled from * establish their prestige and authority. March of 1961 rejected the pleas of Presi- the Congo, and is exploring the entire The L~opoldvifle government and the dent Kasavubu and President Tshombe question of the right of redress against Nehru-Nkrumah faction in the U.N., and other leaders that the projected dis- the United Nations. having seen the U.N. forces depart from patch of Indian troops to the Congo be In summarizing these failures of the Hanunarskj old's assurance that they called off because of the traditional hos- would not be used U.N. in the Congo I do not mean to im- ot settle internal con- tility of the African peoples for the ply that the U.N. has no role in the Congo flicts, began to clamor for more military Indians. * action against Katanga. or that its entire record in the Congo is Seventh. There was the incredible a negative one. The U.N. has a place / THE PAILflSES OF THE U.N. IN THE CONGO blunder of the September action in Ka- in the Congo, and, despite its short- In the Congo, more than one American tanga, which indicates, at the very least, comings, it has done much good in help- commenator has made the observation the need for serious improvements in the ing to maintain order and social services that the United States was footing the mechanism and structure of command in the northern Congo. But how well its bill for the operation but that U.N. pol- within the U.N. presence there serves the Congolese peo- icy, in effect, was being determined by Eighth. There was the artificial es- ples and the larger cause of freedom de- Nehru. To be more precise, it was be- tablishment of the Baluba refugee camp pends on the policy it pursues; and the ing determined by Nehru's guiding genius in Elizabethville by Dr. Conor Cruise policy it pursues in turn, depends on how in the field of foreign affairs, Mr. O'Brien and his deputy, Miehel Tom- vigor'ously we defend our principles and Krishna Menon, who has, in my opinion, belaine in the month of August 1961, fight for our point of view and rally justly come to be regarded as the person- just before the September action. Mis- political support within the U.N. ification of cryptocommunism. sionaries, newspapermen, and other peo- If I have found so much to criticize In Certainly Nehru has enjoyed tremen- ple in Katanga with whom I discussed the U.N.'s policy in the Congo, it is be- dous leverage in the Congo situation by the problem, all told me that the camp cause, for all practical purposes, this virtue of the fact that India has sup- made no sense at all, and that O'Brien policy has been the policy of Nehru and plied the bulk of the troops for the op- and Tombelaine had panicked the Balu- Krishna Menon, and because eration. And it can we have be taken for granted, bas into seeking refuge in the camp so accepted this policy and made it our too, that Rajeshwar Dayal, in the ap- that they could use the Gituation as a parently own. arbitrary manner in which he club over President Tshombe's head. it THE DECEMBER ACTION directed U.N. policy in the Congo, was is a tribute to Mr. Gardiner, the present atjiwg under instructions from the U.N. representative in the Congo, that The U.N. has charged that the Katanga Sgovernment. he has taken energetic measures to liqui- government was responsible for the The Nehru-Krishna Menon influence date the O'Brien-Tombelaine refugee fighting that occurred in December of has beeni the source of the many weak- camp. 1961; and the Katanga government has nesses of U.N. policy in the Congo. If Ninth. There was the terrifying prece- charged that the U.N. was responsible. we are to make the U.N. a more effective dent which the U.N. established in ar- According to the U.N. version, their instrument than it is today, I believe we resting and deporting European civilians forces went into action only af ter the must discuss these weaknesses frankly in the Congo without due process or ap- Katanga gendarmerie had severely rather than denying their existence or peal of any kind. Many of those who beaten two senior U.N. officials, abducted sweeping them under the rug, as some were thus summarily deported had lived and killed several U.N. soldiers, and of those who hold that the U.N. can do in Katanga most of their lives; they had erected a roadblock on the road to the no wrong would have us do. their homes, their families, their busi- airport. The U.N. said that it considered CVIII-979 15550 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD -SENATE August J, 191 N T the roadblock, which was erected on De- of atrocities against individual residents, U.N. units in Katanga to the point wherenu comber 1, an intolerable interference with both white and Congolese. they no longer can be regarded as anlma it~s freedom of movement. On Decem- The charge has been made that the army of occupation.Ama her 4, the U.N. succeeded in clearing the stories of U.N. atrocities which appeared 1 liey' roadblock after a brief but bloody battle in the American and European press were The Decembe actonresulNtedih pla2 wit theatanga gendarmerie unit sta- a product of Tshombe propagadIoKinaArent fDcei 2 are tioned there. This was the signal for an not see why anyone should be at all Sur- whichwas hAiledmeat thDeetmberasa 1a wor that lasted until December 19, prised that atrocities did occur, given the dhicato of hiedaUN'the me and vn the: all-out war dictioU..'sactonandOf ofth urMal when the U.N. units succeeded in taking tenseness of the situation, the bitterness entire Policy in the Congo.Ts over'the heart of Elisabetliville. on both sides, and the primitive nature of Under the terms of this agreement, s The Katanga government has charged the Ohurkas, Ethiopians, and other units ~.par tha,aspreedtaedserin heU,. atin wththeU.. ores n atng. resident Tshombe accepted the ap~ph- has thattheU.N.actonas pemeitatd srvig wih te U.. frce in ataga.cation of the so-called loi fondamentallean and that it was the intended product of The fact that such atrocities did take ofMy16;rcgiearsdn nd: the Security Council resolution of No- place was confirmed by Smith Hemp- Kasavubu as chief of state; recognized C vember 24.' There is no question but stone, liberal correspondent of the New the indivisible unity of the Republic of as that the November 24 resolution was York Post, Chicago Daily News; by the the Congo; recognized th aumt of interpreted by the world press as a green entire European medical corps in Elisa- the Central Government over all pa'rts of olll( light for all-out military action against bethville in a joint statement; and by the Republic; and agreed to place tile con Katanga; and, in the light of this, the Lord Russell, of Liverpool, one of Brit- Katanga gendarmerie under the author- A government and people of Katanga can air's most distinguished jurists, who ity of the President of the Republic. in t hardly be blamed if they placed the same served on the International War Crimes Speaking about the Kitona Agreement bt construction on the U.N. resolution. Tribunal at Nuremberg, and who con- at the time, I stated that it could serve disc I want to point out in this connection ducted a detailed on-the-spot investi- as a starting Point for an agree:menlt dier that the Security Council resolution of gation into the charges of U.N. atrocities, that would have validity and durability Tsh November 24 had originally been opposed The December fighting, like the Sep- because it was based on the voluntary by Ambassador Stevenson because it was tember action, resulted in the total iso- assent of both sides, On the other had pani directed exclusively against Katanga and lation of the United States from itR andta fti gemni-sn said -nothing about the problem of Western -allies on the question of the Posed by military action wvere inter- Tsh Gisenga and Stanleyville or of secession- Congo. On December 14, for example, preted as a document of unconditionalA ism elsewhere in the Congo. Ambassa- the Baltimore Sun carried a dispatch surneiAtwreitrrtda dor Stevenson, indeed, endeavored to headed "United States and NATO Dis- sCarthgndrifian peae" intendreed to lead prir aImend the resolution so that it would agree on Congo Policy." This dispatch stepbyrtepnia Pethe, itotaldestrutio ofad reec be directed equally against all secession- -said: ths h a indudrdrs heihas ist activity in the Congo. But when this The United States appears to be isolated the consequences would be disastrous, den amendment was vetoed by the Soviets, from all 14 NATO Allies tonight in its sup- I said that such an unconditional sur- thal Ambassador Stevenson, after asking for port for U.N. military action in Katanga. \render could only be enforced if wve were a rces, t etrneth ScurtyCou~ t When Britain formally appealed to the- prepared to keep a U.N. airmy of ocl coan oil and voted for the original Afro-Asiai United Nations for an immediate cease- pation in Katanga for a period of dc.c' co resolution which he had previously de- fire in Katanga on December 13, the ades. Since this is clearly imipos.s:ilv,le scribedi 'as unsatisfactory. According to Department of State supported the U.N. we had no alternative, as I saw it, but to nen pressý accounts, he explained his actions In the position that the Katanga, action take Kitona as a starting point, and, two with the words that he could not send could not be terminated until the U.N. using all our powers of suasion with citii Bomboko home emptyhanded. had achieved its military objectivies. both sides, strive for a formula for the hat, This, incidentally, is a prime example Those responsible for advising the ad- unification of the Congo that reflected at Elis of what I meant when I spoke of submit- ministration oni Congo policy were ap- genuine mutuality of interests.r *ting passively to the will of the Afro- parently so convinced of the rightness What was called for, in short, was a of t Asian bloc in the U.N. rather than fight- of their course that our virtually total supreme effort at conciliation, by the nev, ing militantly for our own position. isolation from the opinions of our allies United States, by the other Western app In L~opoldville on the night of Sun- did not cause them to pause or recon-. Powers, and by the United Nations.A day, November 26, Mr. Sture Linner, the sider. Nor did our Congo policy advisers THE FAILURE OF DIPLOMACY sp * chef .N.representative, assured me appear to be disturbed by the mocon- /It is an elementary rule of dip~lomacyvii ctgrclythat the U.N. was not plan- gruity of a situation in which Moscow, as well as of human relations, that pen fling another military action against New Delhi, and Washington were joined where there are two sides to be concili- whi Katanga. If this was so, then the U.N. in applause of a U.N. action, which was ated, those who are attempting to conl - so t erred seriously in not giving this assur- opposed by London, Paris, and Brussels. ciliate must display tact and restraint to ance publicly; because a public declara- In my opinion, in the protracted argu- and, above all, friendship to both sides. oo tion was the one thing that might have Menit as to who was responsible for the There is a tendency now to dan`.h I allayed the tension and anxiety of the December action, we lost sight of funda- Tshombe and the Katanga governumeint thai peope ofKataga.mentals and concerned ourselves with because the 7 months that have elapsedGe The December fighting did not pro- the effects rather than with causes. The since Kitona have produccd no final con duce as many casualties as the military fighting of last December erupted in part agreement for the ireunification of Ka-~ me( action of September. But there was because of Provocative actions by both tanga with the Congo. I am prepared put far more destruction in terms of physi- sides, in part because of the Security. to concede that at certain points in the to cal damage to private property, to hos- Council resolution of November 21. But negotiations, Tshombe has shown him- trip pitals and other public institutions, and the single most important contributing self stubborn; and it is clear to every- COEl to industrial and business establish- factor was the presence in Katanga of a one who has followed events in the Cor ments. The damage in. Elisabethville U.N. army of 8,000 men. This force was Congo that, in the absence of an apiev- Sec was particularly heavy. For weeks after doing nothing to maintain public order. ment, the situation has deteriorated , t the fighting was over the city remained It was obviously -in Katanga for pur- seriously. But I believe that if th~'1- tha without electricity or water. According poses of political pressure. And it was critical situation has refused to r~e-pond the to newspaper accounts, an odor of death regarded by the people of Katanga as an to our ministrations, it is because there tra, and putrefaction hung over the city like alien invading or occupation force, has been a total failure of diplomacy In for *a Pall. Such a situation is bound to produce our relations with Tshombe, which h.- in: On-the-spot observers agreed that the tensions and incidents. Attempting to> vitiated the efforts made to bring the hr use of mortars as primary weapons by assess the blame for each individual two sides together. Indeed, I beliievth the U.N. forces resulted in much indis- incident would be a task as meaningless that the story of our relations wvith st criminate killing and damage. It was as it is impossible. The one sure way President Tshombe since the September also agreed that the U.N. forces had in to avoid incidents and to avoid further military action of last year might very' ma: several cases shelled and strafed clearly bloodshed would be to eliminate the well be captioned "How To Lose Friends on marked hospitals and had been guilty source of the'tensions; to reduce the and Antagonize People." trei 17960` CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 15551 The State Department has said on touchable until he signs the desired yulle for his first round of discussions numerous occasions that it bears no agreement. with Prime Minister Adoula in March malice toward Tshombe and that it be- Surely no effort at conciliation in all of this year, one of Adoula's spokesmen lieves that he has an important role to history has ever been conducted in quite told the press: play in a unified Congo. These words this manner. are If Tshombe is prepared to accept the 101 all to the good. But despite these The aloofness of the State Depart- fondarnentale, there Is nothing to discuss.. words, during the period in question ment to Tshombe by itself would be bad If he Is not prepared to accept It, there Is there has not been a single concrete enough. But the situation has been nothing to discuss. manifestation of friendliness toward further aggravated by repeated threats I should like to Tshombe by higher officials in the De- of U.N. military action against Katanga, say a few words on the partment of State. Instead, Tshombe by subject of the loi fondamentale, because abusive statements issued by U.N. it has done so much has been the target of abuse and threats press officers, and by U Thant's historic to bedevil the nego- and ridicule, and of actions he could contribution tiations and to poison relations. to diplomacy in the Congo The loi fondamentale only interpret as unfriendly. when he recently described the Katanga. was drafted by Our relations with Tshombe over the the Belgian Government as a provisional leaders as "clowns." constitution past year seemed to be governed by an Given for the Congo, to remain this background, who can in effect only until the Congolese unwritten rule that no ranking American blame Tshombe and the other leaders Parlia- official xvas to visit him or have personal of Katanga ment had had an opportunity to adopt for feeling embittered? Who a constitution of its own. contact with him. can blame them if their attitude has stif- In this interim Ambassador Timberlake, when he was period it provided for a highly central- fened and if they have shown themselves ized form of government. in the Congo, visited Tshombe in Elisa- less tractable in the recent negotiations? bethville, and spent 2 whole days in I'say However, I know of no one who today in all frankness that I have con- believes in the possibility discussions with him. The discussions sidered several of President Tshombe's of a highly were sometimes sharp in tone, but remarks centralized government, at least in the about the State Department and eai'ly stages, for a sprawling, Tshombe and Timberlake parted com- U.S. capitalism most regrettable. But heterogene- pany on the friendliest terms. who can blame ous, loosely knit country such as the Tshombe if he has some- Congo. In such a country, Ralph Bunche, as first U.N. repre- times lost his temper and said rash at least for sentative in the Congo, also visited some time to come, a loose federation of things? I would point out that Prime member states or Tshombe in Elisabethville. Minister Adoula has said provinces is the only rash things conceivable basis for the maintenance Ambassador Guflion, however, whose with far less provocation or no provoca- prime task in the Congo is to effect a of unity. Centralization is something tion at all. I would point out that Prime the reconciliation of Tshomr-be with Adoula, Minister Congo will have to grow into. Adoula voted for a lot of rash This, essentially, was the position has to this day never visited Elisabeth- anti-Western statements at the Belgrade ville. His personal relations with Presi- taken by the U.N. Congo Conciliation Conference, and that he made the wild Commission dent Tshombe are indeed so embittered charge that Western in its report of March 21, imperialists were 1961, which specifically rejected the that I fear he lacks the personal lev- somehow responsible for the death of loi erage essential to a serious effort at Hammnarskjold. fondamentale as unsuitable for the I cannot accept a Congo. And I believe conciliation. standard of judgment which forgives the wisdom of this Assistant Secretary of State 0. Men- position is recognized by the State De- Adoula all his rash statements and rash partment, by our allies, nen Williams, during the course of his actions, but holds Tshombe fully ac- and by a great two trips to th4o Congo, majority of the political leaders in the visited minor countable, in perpetuity, for every in- Congo. cities, such as Stanleyville and Coquil- temperate statement he has made in hatville-but he studiously avoided moments of stress, and with considerable It is true that, from the outset of nego- Blisabethville. provocation. tiations, L~opoldville has talked about a Dr. Sture Madam new constitution based on a large meas- Linner, the previous chief President (Mrs. NEUBEROEg in ure of the U.N. operation in the Congo, also the chair), we are dealing with human of state or regional autonomy. If never visited they truly intended to go through with Elisabethville after his beings, not with robots, and not with such appointment. clowns. I think that all of those who a constitution, then the insistence on the loi fondamentale made absolutely And when President Tshombe, on three have had contact with Tshombe will no sense. separate agree that he is a man of The only point to this in- occasions applied for a visa to rare intelli- sistence, as I see it, was visit the United States, he was on each gence and considerable personal warmth. the apparent occasion refused. Hie is, in short, a man who responds determination of some of the Leopold- When he asked to be yulle leaders to force Tshombe permitted to come to the United States affirmatively to friendship when it is to "eat while Prime offered. But by the crow." Minister Adoula was here, same token, he is Beyond the pointless so that he might discuss with him, this, also a man who responds negatively to insistence on the too, was refused. hostility or aloofness or abuse. loi fondamentale, the attitude of Prime Tshombe Minister Adoula and of the L~opoldville I want to point out to my colleagues has publicly charged that authorities that Dag Hammarskjold, when Ambassador Gullion came to escort during the first round of ne- as Secretary gotiations left much to be desired. Prime General of the United Nations, did not him from Ndola to Kitona, Gullion at one point Minister Adoula pointedly and insult- consider himself too big to be willing to replied to his remionstrations ingly absented meet Tsbombe in wi'th the warning: "Beggars himself from L6opoldville Ndola, in an effort to can't be on the day when Tshombe arrived. put an end to the tragric September ac- choosers." I have also heard from an allied After several weeks of negotiations, he tion in Katanga. He undertook this source that when an allied diplo- announced trip, indeed, despite mat pleaded with Gullion to "go easy on that he was taking off for the opposition of an indefinite rest, leaving Tshombe to some of his subordinates, such as Dr. Tshombe," Gullion replied with the very twiddle his Conor Cruise O'Brien, same words: "Beggars can't be choosers." thumbs at U.N. headquarters. who spoke of the And when President Tahombe sought to Secretary General's action as a "journey Whether or not Ambassador Gulihon return to Canossa." I actually employed these words, to Elisabethville, in accordance would point out, too, I be- with the guarantee that had been that the present UL.M representative in lieve that they aptly describe our atti- given the tude toward him by the United Nations and the cen- Congo, Mr. Robert Gardiner, has Tahombe for a Period of tral government, the traveled to Ehisabethville several times at least several months after the Kitona central government for discussions with agreement. units, on higher orders, refused to permit Tahombe, and has, his plane to take off until, after more in fact, succeeded in establishing with THE "LOX rONDASSENTALE" him a personal than 12 hours' delay, the U.N. cleared friendship that is one of During the first few months, the the runway with a show of force. the few positive elements in the present Adoula government, apparently speak- situation. I have received the impression that in ing with our encouragement, insisted on the second round of negotiations which But the State Department has re- nothing less than an absolute adherence terminated mained rigid on June 21, Prime Minister and unbending, apparently to the loi fonidamentale, aS prescribed Adoula and his colleagues were more on the theory that Tshombe should be by the first clause of the Kitona agree- treated moderate and less insistent on the so- as some kind of political uin- ment. When Tshombe came to L~opold- called loi fondamentale. I have also 1962 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 15I All of this, however, was a long time give them an ironclad assurance of our If Adoula goes to Belgrade with Gizen- ago. There is no question in the mind determination to restore economic order ga and votes for all the anti-Western of anyone wvho has spent time in Ka- in the Congo and of our willingness to resolutions, if he accepts Gizenga as Vice tanga that Tshombe's influence and underwrite the Congolese currency and Premier, appoints Obenyc Minister of prestige have grown enormously over to take whatever measures may be neces- the Interior, and appoints the notorious the intervening 2 years. It was never sary to prevent its collapse. leftist Bochely-Davidson Administrator true, as some of the critics pretended, I also believe that the Katangese lead- for Katanga, these things are ignored that all of the Balubas, who constitute ers have an argument with much validity or are accepted as matters of necessity. more than 40 percent of Kataniga's popu- xvhen they say that it will not serve the But if the Tshombe deputies vote once lation, were aati-Tshombe. Even at the Congolese peoples if they, today, dissolve or twice alongside the Obenye deputies, timec of tile September military action, the relatively well-disciplined Katangese this is construed as proof of some sinister as the newspapers reported, there Were army into the horrendously undisci- plot with Moscow, or at least as proof of many Baluba chieftains and even great plined mass of the National Congolese a total lack of principle on the part of chiefs who fought alongside Tshombe's Army. Their resistance on this point Tshombe. forces. When I was in Katanga at the may require the concession of a carefully If Acioula's Foreign Minister Justin end of November of last year, mission- phased operation, rather than overnight Bomboko only I month ngo threatens to aries with whom I discussed the matter integration. invoke Soviet military assistance to sub- told me that, according to their estimate, There is another element to the im- due Katanga, Adoula assures the West Tshombe had at least one-third of the passe between Tshombe and Adoula, that this is not the foreign policy of his Balubas behind him. which probably began as a byproduct government and the matter is forgotten. According to two Methodist mission- effect, but which has now achieved the But if Tshombe's Minister of the Interior aries with whom I have recently dis- status of a cause. Qodefroid Munungo, in Tshombe's ab- cussed the situation, the Reverend Immediately after their arrival in Leo- sence. threatens to turn to the Soviet Howard Brinton and the Reverend Paul poidville, the Katangese parliamentary bloc if the United States persists in its M. Alexander, Tshombe today has over- deputies voted rather consistently with unfriendly attitude, and if Tshombe whelming popular support. In southern the Adoula government against its critics promptly and firmly repudiates his sub- Katanga where the economic wealth is in the Parliament. In the past few ordinate, 1 year later the incident is concentrated, this support is near unani- months, however, they have, on several still used as proof of Tshombe's political mous. But among the northern Balubas, issues, voted with the opposition and unreliability. too, there has been a dramatic shift against Adoula. I believe that, if we want to get any- toward Tshombe's side, so that chief- The opposition is a mixed crew. It where in the Congo, we have to be pre- tains who were previously loyal to Jason includes some of the Balubakat deputies pared to make some allowances for both Sendwe and the Balubakat Party are now and other deputies who do not have any sides. Adoula and the people around openly pro -Tshombe. In part, this shift precisely defined ideology, one way or the him have had far more frequent con- is due to the understandable resentment other. But it also includes people like tacts, and far more significant contacts, on the part of all the natives of Katanga Christophe Gbenye, the former Minister with Congolese in the pro-Soviet orbit against the army of foreigners which has of the Interior and until recently Vice than have Tshombe and his followers. invaded their territory. Premier, whom I have had occasion to But knowing the facts I have here listed I am convinced that to a very large criticize in previous statements; and it about Adoula, I still consider him one of degree the obvious hardening in the includes followers of Lumumba whose the best of the available political ele- attitude of the Katangese leaders in re- attitude toward communism and the ments in the Congo, and I favor sup- cent months has been due to their con- Soviets bears no relationship to the atti- porting him and collaborating with him. cern over the growing economic and tude of Tshombe. I do not think it is too much to ask political chaos in the northern Congo The fact that the Tshombe deputies rep.iprocal tolerance toward Tshombe's and the self -confidence that stems from have voted the same way as the Lumum- side from Adoula's supporters in the the knowledge that they have been oper- baists on one issue or even on several State Department. ating a viable government, maintaining issues, by itself, certainly does not prove While I do not believe that there is a prosperous economy and consolidating that Tshombe has gone over to the side any evidence of a hard trend or con- their authority among their own peoples. of the Soviets or that he is playing a firmed understanding between the Ka- This is an aspect of the impasse for serious game of footsie with them, as tanga Parliamentarians and the Lu- which, I must confess, there is no easy State Department spokesmen have im- mumbaists, I must state in all frankness solution. plied. How strained this logic is becomes that I find several events of recent I can understand the position of the apparent when it is recalled that, on at months disturbing. I find it disturbing, Central Government when it says that least several issues in the United Na- in the first place, because temporary there can be no serious national unity, tions-including the issue of the Congo- accommodations with Communists and even a unity based on a loose federation, we have voted with the Communist bloc pro-Communists are always dangerous. without an integrated currency and and against our allies. I find it disturbing in the second place, without the integration of the armed Indeed, I can understand the attitude because, as I have stated, I am convinced forces of the member states under a of the Tshombe deputies in voting that Prime Minister Adoula remains the single national command. Unquestion- against the motion to deprive Vice Pre- best and ablest leader on the political ably this is the ideal that we must strive mier Gizenga of his parliamentary im- scene. If Adoula falls, no one knows for. munity. I am positive Tshombe has no who will take over. But I think virtually But I can also understand the position sympathy for Gizenga or Gizenga's poli- everyone who is familiar with the situ- of the Katangese leaders when they say tics. But the worst criminal is entitled ation agrees that it would result in a that the integration of the Katangese to due process. From the standpoint of change for the worse; it might even currency with the currency of the Congo legal procedure, the arrest of Gizenga be- bring a much more Moscow-oriented Republic would today make no sense; fore he had been deprived of parliamen- government. For this reason, I have the that it would not save the Congolese cur- tary immunity and before he had been gravest misgivings about any action rency from disaster; and that it might, indicted on any charges raises very grave which might contribute to the toppling on the contrary, destroy Katanga as a *questions. Tshombe cannot be blamed of the Adoula government. source of possible economic and financial for believing that if such arbitrary legal IS THERE; A WAY OUT OF THE IMPASSE? support by undermining the Katangese procedures were given the status of a When I was in L~opoldville, one of the currency and fiscal system. precedent, no provincial leader could senior members of the Embassy staff This is a most complex problem, as I feel certain about his personal security stated that he found the situation so -have pointed out, and it would be pre- in visiting the territory of the Central vexatious and difficult that there were sumptuous to suggest a solution without Government. times when he paced the floor for most the most detailed information. It is, I cannot understand the double stand- of the night, trying to think of which however, conceivable to me that the Ka- ard which some people in the State De- way to turn the following day. tangese may moderate their stand if we partment apply to Adoula on the one There is no easy way out in the and our Western, allies are prepared to hand and to Tshombe on the other hand. Congo-and there may be no way out at 1555-r-1 CONGRE SSIONAL RECORD - SENATE August ,, all, But I feel that the history I have I would Point out that the 8,000-man the critical importance I attach to the recorded hero points to certain things U.N. -army of occupation in Katanga issue of the Congo. that should not be done and indicates alone is costing almost $70 million a We have learned from Czechoslovakia certain courses of action which may still year-a figure, incidentally, almost and Korea and Vietnam and Laos that be open to us. double the $40 million revenue which we cannot remain indifferent to what is We must not permit ourselves, out of the Katanga government receives from happening in strange and faraway coun- impatience and frustration, to be ma- the Union Miniero's operation. tries, that in the world of today no coun- neuvered into another military action I believe that the U.N. forces in Ka- try can remain an island unto itself./ against Katanga. This we must avoid tanga should be cut back to one-half of What is happening in the Congo today at all costs, because there is no. course their present size, in return for compara- affects the security and the future of the that could more certainly destroy the ble reductions in strength by the Na- American people in many ways. Congo. tional Congolese Army and the Katanga The Congo's great mineral wealth, so Needless to say, there is nothing the armed forces. long as it remains at the disposal of the Soviets would applaud more than an- In this first phase, the 'U.N. forces free world, can be an incalculable boon other military action, because the Soviets 'withdrawn from Katanga should be kept to mankind. But if it were ever to fall wish to see the Tshombe government on a standby basis in the northern Congo into the economic arsenal of interna- destroyed and the European experts and ,while the least disciplined units of the tional communism, this great mineral technicians driven out of Katanga. National Congolese Army are being dis- wealth would become a potent weapon I am convinced that there is no one in armed and disbanded. for the destruction of freedom. our State Department 'whose intentions In the second phase, when the task The Congo is of the greatest strategic vis-a-vis Tshombe parallel those of the of disarming and disbanding these units significance to the freeý. world. its posi- Soviets. They do not wish to see has been completed and when a measure tion in the heart of AfrY:an, and ait the Tshomhe destroyed; at the worst, our of order has been restored, I believe the center of the band of prjl~t~e'.l vulnera- own partisans of war in Katanga simply U.N. forces should be drastically reduced bility to which I have previously refer-red. wish to cut Tshombe down. a notch or in size with a view to a rapid phasing out makes it the key to the control of two. The game they are playing, how- of the entire United Nations military Africa. And if the free world were to ever, is an exceedingly risky one, because operation in the Congo. lose Africa, on top of its already very military actions, once they are initiated, There are several instruments we can serious losses in Europe and Asia, the cannot be controlled with precision. If use in attempting to bring both sides balance would be so heavily tipped they initiate another action, they may together. against us that our very survival would find that it goes much further than they Primae Minister Adoula, in a concilia- be called into question. have intended; they may find it winding tory statement issued on Monday of this The Congo also has many-sided im- up with Tahombe dead or supplanted by week, indicated that he was willing to plications for the conduct of our foreig Katangese extremists, and most of the agree to a loose federation, in which the policy. Here, within a single capsule. European personnel out of 'Katanga. Central Government controlled foreign you can find three major phenomrena And if Tshombe were ever eliminated affairs, defense, customs, and currency, that have plagued our foreign Policy in from the scene, I can assure you that we while the member states controlled their recent years. First, there is the ten.d- will find no substitute leader of com- own internal security and remained free ency to rely excessively on the *United parable wisdom and moderation and to make their own economic arrange- Nations-to use it as a substitute for a understanding of world affairs. ments. With these important conces- national foreign Policy or as an excuse We must choose between two alterna- sions from the side of Adoula, I believe for having no foreign policy of our own. tives: force and conciliation. that it may now be possible to conciliate Second, there is the excessive deference If we choose force, then let us have between the contending factions, and to that fallen idol of liberalism, Jawa- no illusions about the dangers or the somehow compromise the still outstand- hanlal Nehru, and his neutralist com- cost. At the worst, the use of force to ing differences. panions. Third, there is the tendency crush Katanga may very well destroy As a military operation in the Congo to believe that the conflict with com- the Congo. At the best, it will require is reduced in size, I would like to pro- munism can be frozen, or that comimu- maintaining a U.N. army of occupation pose that, in concert with our NATO nism can most effectively be resisted by in Katanga for many years to come. allies, we work out a program of eco- setting up coalition governments with the If we are not prepared to maintain nomic assistance and development cov- Communists. It is not surprising that a U.N. army of occupation in Katanga ering the whole of the Congo and de- these three phenomena should coexist for the next decade or more, then we signed, among other things, to promote within the single capsule of the Congo, must turn toward conciliation as the only a tighter economic integration of its because these phenomena are organically realistic alternative. There is no third sprawlingý territory. interrelated; indeed, they constitute a alternative. These are the two choices But, above all, in seeking a successful kind of trinity of the philosophy of con-y before us. consummation of the Adoula-Tshombe ciliation with the Communist world.t Since I reject the policy of force as negotiations, we must strive to substitute It is in the light of these considera- dangerous and futile, I believe that the friendship for force as the essential in- tions, Mýadam President, that I would U.N. operation in the Congo must be strument of suasion. Who can blame urge my colleagues and urge the Ameri- completely reoriented. Tshombe when he says: can people to study the problem of the We must abandon the disastrous neg- I cannot negotiate with a Ohurka knife Congo with all their earnestness. What ative diplomacy that has characterized on one side of my throat and a Malayan I have said here constitutes the thinking our recent relations with Tshombe; and, knife on the other. of one man who has sought to find the while pressing our point of view, we must thread of truth in the tangled pattern offer him our band in friendship. The substitution of friendship for of the Congo. If I have criticized cer- I believe that if we all concentrate our force and threats of force is all the more tain aspects of our policy in the Congo, efforts and our assistance programs on imperative because, in the light of Prime I have done so without rancor. And the reestablishment of order in the L~o- Minister Acioula's offer of concessions to if I have urged a fresh approach to the poldville Congo rather than on the mili- Tshombe and Tshombe's affirmative re- problems of the Congo, I have done so tary subjugation of Katanga, we will lir sponse to Adoula's proposal, a negotiated in the belief that honest criticism can the long run best be serving the ultimate settlement now appears more probable only he helpful, and in the hope that cause of the unity of the Congo. than ever. certain of the remarks I have here made There are too many soldiers in the If we are prepared to thus reorient our will help to give Congress and the Amer- Congo-too many U.N. soldiers, too many course, I am confident that peace and ican people a clearer understanding of soldiers of the National Congolese Army, prosperity can be brought back to the the complexities of the Congo situation., too many Katangan soldiers. If we are Congo, and that the Congolese peoples It is my fervent hope, Madam Presi- to make conciliation and economic re- can take their rightful place in the dent, that my remarks will be received habilitation our chief objectives, it is community of free men and free nations. in this spirit. essential that all three forces be sub- Madam President, I have only ven- Madam President, I ask unanimous stantially reduced. tured to speak at such length because of consent to have printed at this point in 1962 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 15555 the RECORDn several newspaper articles [From the New York Times, Apr. 4, 1961] The Communist embamnles are playing a which touch upon and 'document the DAYAL ArTACKED a3Y CONGOLzSE discreet waiting game, convinced that gov- ernmental disintegration problems X have been discussing. UNITED NATIONS, N.Y., April 3.-Mr. Dayal is just around the corner. They are telling has been uLnder almost continual attack by Congolese leaders There being no objection, the articles that the United members of the Congolese Central Govern- States and its wholly owned wore ordered to be printed in the RECORD, Subsidiary, snent, who have called repeatedly for his the U.N. Congo operation, are as follows: realiy on Tihombe's replacement. side. [From the New York Herald Tribune, U.N. circles say that If Tehombe again Last Tuesday, for example, Mario Cardoso, challenges the international force, Its units April 6, 1961] Congolese representative at the United Na- t.N. WAsNED axY Nznsu ON CONGO TREND will not stop fighting anywhere short of tions, charged that a solution of the Congo the Rhodesian frontier. (By Rowlo Knox) problem had been prevented by what he Tsbombe is worried hut not dlesperate. termed Nrw Dss~sr, April 5.-India has expressed the refusal of Mr. Dayal to consult While he spins out the palaver, his aides its concern to United Nations Secretary Dag with officials of President Kasavubu's regime. are trying to firm up the present loose l-ammarskjold at the way things are shap- parliamentary alliance with the supporters ing in the Belgian Congo Republic. [From Newsweek, June 5, 1901] of leftist Antoine Gixenga. Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru feels that Lxi.oroaovIaa.-Now that India's Itajesh- It is reasoned that he may have wider the United States and other Western powers war Dayal has been forced out of his post long-term ambitions such as the conquest have accepted too willingly the decisions of as top U.N. official in the Congo, look for a of copper rich Northern Rhodesia, due for In- the Congolese leaders at the Malagasy con- general diplomatic shuffle. Dayni's principal dependence about 1964. Or Tshombe might ference, wvhich, in the Indian view, are in- critics, Ambassadors Clare Timberlake of the try for a separate eastern Congo--Oriental, valid unless they are ratified by a meeting United States and Ian Scott of Great Britain, K~ivu, and Katanga Provinces--with a com- of the Congolese Assembly. And from Delhi also are due to leave. Timberlake is return- mon bond in the Si-SwahilI Lingua Franca. a meeting of that assembly looks as far off ing to Washington on home leave and then This line has been used In conversations as ever. will get another embassy. with the Gizengists. Mr. Nehru's statement to Parliament that Tshombe's present domain of Katanga is if Rajeshwar flayai does not return to his dangerously small and his present ranl out- Congo post as Mr. Hammarskjold's personal [From the Washington Post, May 25, 1962] lets through Portuguese Africa might be representative, India may have to reconsider CONGcO HEADINe POa. SsHOWDOWN cut by Rthodesian nationalist leaders or the the use of its troops there, is the public (By Russell Howe) Anglolan rebels in return for Congolese threat th,~t backs the Indian message to Mr. arms aid or by the U.N. Itself. Hammarskjold. Ltoroaovsaaz, May 24.-Despite the ab- In official American eyes, one of the most Mr'. Nehru's belief that the removal of Mr. sence of fanfare, the current talks here be- disturbing and unaccountable features of Dayal "would inevitably militate against the tween Congolese Premier Cyrille Adoula and the Congolese crisis remains the failure of implementation of the United Nations Secu- Katanga President Moise Tshombe are re- Britain, Belgium, and Francs to give Adoula rity Council resolution" of February 21 garded as the most crucial yet held to solve their full backing and exert pressure on means that he was not at all sure that other the Katanga crisis. the rebels' backers. The power of colonial countries share India's interpretation of the The talks which began this week, have got business lobbies in these countries seems resolution. It authorized the use of force as off to a bad start, with both sides bad- disproportionate, in the American official a last resort to prevent civil war in the Congo. tempered and reluctant to mnake serious con- view. Though Mr. Dayal is now assigned to the cessions. Diplomatic United Nations-as Indian officials here are and high United Nations [From the Christian Science Monitor, June quick to explain-it is clear that Mr. Nehru sources have probably never been more 141, 1962] expects him to work for the execution of the doubtful of the chances of reunifying the, U.N. resolution as New Delhi sees it. Congo peacefully. Tanoasan CALLS ArjOUmA Too ADAMANT Diplomatic circles believe Premier Adoula LtorornVxaaz, CONeo.-Moise Tshombe, Asour 2,309 MOaz Tatoops cannot much longer survive the slow erosion Katangan leader, charged Tuesday that the UNITED NATIONS, N.Y., April 5.-United of his prestige caused by his failure to deal Congolese Central Government apparently is Nations sources said today that about 2,300 with Katanaga. Adoula calculates that he unwilling to make concessions to his break- Indian troops for the Congo Command w;ill must conquer or collapse,. it is said. If away province "because they are confident, tbsat the United Nations will help them take arrive in Tanganyika this weekend to be Adoula falls, his successor is likely to be Katanga airlifted In U.S. planes to the Congo. someone like Cleophas Kamitatu, more radi- by force." Mr. Tshombe, now U.S. planes will carry the troops anýd sup- cal both in methods and ideology. negotiating with Con- golese Premier Cyrille Adoula on ltatanga's plies from Dar-es Salaam to Kamina, the Politically battered, Adoula now also faces reintegration with the rest former major Belgian air base in the Congo. a new payments crisis. of the nation, made his accusation at a reception which It was estimated that 33 sorties, involving Foreign exchange reserves today skidded to also heard some strongly anti-American re- flights of 3 to 4 hours, would be required $4 million-enough for 3 weeks of imports to marks by Mr. Tehombe and his entourage. transport the troops. under new superausterity measures. Robert Gardiner, host at the informal Western and U.N. representatives and the gathering and U.N. Congo chief, appeared African ambassadors here are urging Adoula [From the New York Times, Apr. 4, 1961] peasimistic about the 3-week-old negotia- to prove beyond NEHEu WARSs U.N. ON OUSTING DAYAL all possible genuine inter- tions In national doubt his reasonableness and talking to reporters. "If the Congolese aren't ready for us to (By Paul Grimes) patience in negotiations with Tshombe. help them along, then there's no reason why NEW DELHI, INDIA, April 3.-Prime Minis- But sources here say that if Tshombe re- ter Jawaharlal Nehru warned today that ac- we shouldn't pull out of the Congo," he told fuses to compromise or signs an agreement newsmen , according to the Associated Press. tivities to oust Rajeshwar Dayal, the Indian and reneges, Adoula would probably attack 1 who heads the United Nations mission in Katangan Finance Minister Jean Baptiste Katanga, using his embryonic European- Kibwe declared: "If I became Prime Min- the Congo, could have "some effect on the crewed air force, which he has refused to maintenance of our forces there." ister, the first thing I would do would be exchange for an all-Congolese air force un- -to chase all Americans from the Congo." The Prime Minister gave his approval, der U.N. instructors. however, to the use of force by Mr. Tshombe and other members of his the Indian If Adoula takes military action, U.N. sup- troops delegation attacked the United States, if deemed necessary by the United port would at first be limited to such police Nations command. But he declared: charging that the United States had insti- "If we feel that they are not being prop- work as protecting civilian populations and gated and materially supported 'U.N. military erly utilized as we intended them to be, it controlling airfields. But U.N. officers assume action against Itatanga last year. is for us to reconsider what to do. But I that U.N. forces would be drawn into the Itatanga Public Works Minister Gabriel hope that will not happen." fray on the government side if civil war Kitenge declared: "At least the Communists broke out. do not throw bombs on us like the Ameri- [From the New York Times, Apr. 4, 1951] Katangese Army roadblocks in Elisabeth- cans." One Katangan U.N. COMPLETING AmIRLIr vills indicate that Tshombe, who has ac- argued that the United States is preventing a solution of the Congo CAasINeA, TiHE CONGcO, April 3.-The United quired new weapons and officers in recent months, is planning to challenge the U.N. crisis through 'constant interference" and Nations was completing the airlift of nearly /would back the U.N. to "round three" in Katanga soon. to "reduce" the min- 1,000 Indian troops to this big military base eral-rich province by force as attempted last The present talks also probably represent in Katanga, Province today in defiance of a year when bitter U.N.-Katanga fighting wvarning by President Moise Tahombe that the furthest the United States can go to- flared In the provincial capital of Elisabeth- the move could mean war. ward encouraging negotiations. Ambassador ville, The commander of the soldiers, who are Edmund Gullion, is still plugging for a He declared Katanga alone could easily Gurkhas, declared one bullet fired at his men peaceful solution, but he recognizes that stand up against all of the Congo. "We are would mean prompt retaliation with "many Adoula cannot use kid gloves on Tshombe warriors * * * In fact, we could conquer the heads lost," mnuch longer. whole Congo in 1 month." 15556 CO1 IGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENALTE Augu~st tA, M.r. Kibwc ma.,intained that Xatanga,, had [Fromi the New York Times, July 1, 19021 communications, and so on-hut the basin, nothing to gaiin from joining the Congo- CONGO TAu~cs FAIL, Srasur CAL1I ON SECOND and pcrsistent Issue Is this: the deep and "they neced Katanga but IKatainga does not ANNIVERSARY fOUT Svsaa FACES ICATANCA intense desire of the Katanga goverrnimet need the Congo." PROBLEMs to remain an independent nation, recognizedI .as such, and Mr. Tshombe, answering reporters' ques- (Dy David Halberstam) the equally deep and Intense tions, said Mr. Adoula and his side still in- desire of the Lc'opoldville government to end sisted on integrating Katanga on tlse basis USUM-UORA, BURUNDI, Juno 30.-There is an the secession, to have the rich copper imins, us old and honored Congo folk tale about a to holster Its fractured economy and to f the nation's fundamentail law. "Let oremembor," hoe said, "that this law was im- frog and a Scorpion that goes like thils: achieve that almost mystical result, natlion a posed on us by the Belgians" (the former There was a, large pond and the scorpion. unity. colonial 1p0wer here). which could not swim very well, wanted to It Is not really the men vwho rire t-r~rihly HeI said Katanga's delegation had come get across, so it asked the frog, a fine and Important any more. Behind Mr. Adoola here "prepared to givc up certain Sovereign, graceful swimmer, for a ride. The frog there are many Congolese who ore even more rghts, but we wvant to keep) Internal control." thought about it and said, "No I don't think strongly committed to the idea of cruh~iing Mdr. Tshomnbe snid the Adoula. governsnent I'd better do that-you'll kill me with your Elisabethiviile; behind Mr. Tshombe there was unwilling to make concessions to Na- tail and I'll die." are ministers even more unyielding In the,r tanga's viewpoint, adding: "They are nego- "Don't be silly," said the scorpion, "why feelings about L6opoldvllle. Once again the tiating- with the conviction that if the talks should I do that? You're a, fine Congolese outlook is grim. fail, the United Nations will pass a resolution brother, besides which, if you die I'll drown, For the Lfopoldville government it is rela- to integrate Katauga by force." too." tively simple. Mr. Adoula will turn to the For instance, Mr. Tshombe said, Katanga The frog thought again and acknowledged United Nations, but should there be any is unwilling to sacrifice its independent cur- that the scorpion made a lot of sense. The hesitation there he will he shopping around rency to the inflated Congolese franc. "We scorpion got on the frog's back and off they for new friends. They will not be hard to can help the Congo better by keeping our went. Halfway across the pond the scor- find. own money Intact," he added. pion stung the frog. As they both started For the Katangese it is a bit more compli- The monetary problem is under discussion to sink into the slime, the frog asked: "Why cated. Mr. Tehombe would like to avoid in the Adoula-Tshosnbe talks to end the did you do that, old buddy? Now both of another round of fighting in his city, par- province's secession, which dates almost us will drown." The scorpion nodded wisely ticularly one that, If his army should be fom the start of the Congo's independence and said: "Well, that's the Congo." unsuccessful, might land him in jail. T1hus frmBelgium in 1960. he may attempt another session of pro- In a recent unity move the two delega- TALE WITH FEELINO longed talks, feeling strongly, as he has said, tions agreed to set up a commission to define The man -who tells this story with partic- that the Congolese Government is unyield- measures for Integrating the Katanga. gen- ular feeling is Robert XC. A. Gardiner, a ing in the talks because it feels it cats al- darsnerie with the Central Government Armny. Ghanaian charged as United Nations chief ways call on the United Nations for aid. Mr. Tshombe declared at the reception in the Congo, with the fantastic task of put- For the 'United Nations, and also the that this commission or any other such pro- ting the Congo back together and making it United States, the Congo will once again. 'unity panel will have no executive powers work. He told the story the other day at a become deeply divisive. Once again the Issue and "will be purely technical and consula- social gathering designed to bring together will cut to ths core of the discord within tive." President Moise Tshombe of Ifatanga and the United Nations (angry but weak African Premier Cyrille Adonls of the Central Con- nations, disdainful but powerful European [From the Washington Post, July 1, 1962] go Government. President Tshombe showed ones) and once again endanger the relation- KASAVUatr HINTS Ac'rrox ON KATANGA up, charming and ebullient as ever but ship between the United States and its SE~CESSION, Premier Adoula never appeared. Apparent- allies. ly he was talking to his Parliament about HEART OF CONFLICT LiororLevni.a, Congo. June 30.-President Joseph lXasnvvibu said today the Congo may a budget. Mr. Gardiner was not very happy Nothing cuts to the heart of the conflict- have to seek new ways of solving Katanga's about his absence. Ing ambitions of U.S. policy-support secession. That luncheon looks in retrospect like a for its allies and yet tangible support for In a Speech marking the second anniver- high point in the Tshombe-Adoula talks. new African aspirations-than the Katanga sary of the Congo's independence, the Presi- This week the talks, which began in mid- secession. Perhaps nothing since the Suez dent said: "We desire the return of Ifatanga March, seeking to end Katanga's secession, conflict has divided the United States fromn ini peace. At the moment when we could ended in a traditional Congolese rupture. its allies as much as its support and part in have expected concrete results from the talks El. Tshombe went off to Elisabethville-to the last United Nations action in the Congo. between Al. Adoula. and El. Tshombe, the be out of L6opoldville when the Congo's in- Similarly, nothing may have gained more latter broke them off. dependence is celebrated and to be in Elisa- for the United States on the African Con- "Faced with this new development,' the bethville to celebrate the second anniversary tinent than this role. Governsment will have to consider a new of Katanga's independence on July 11- "Until December in Katanga we always course of action." pointing out that he had signed nothing. thought of you as just another Imperialist Kasavubu has been known in the past for Mr. Adoula, watched him go and said that nation," the Nigerian Ambassador to the his conciliatory attitude toward Katanga and this was the definitive proof that there was Congo told an American recently, "but now its secessionist leader, Moise Tshombe, while no peaceful way to deal with him. we see you as something else." a firmer line has been taken by Prime Min- Mr. Adoula said the United Nations The Africans and Asians seeking a radical ister Cyrille Adoula. had got him into the talks, and the United solution in the United Nations will have the Kasavubu reviewed a march-past of sev- Nations could now get him out and end support and the enthusiastic encouragement eral thousand Congolese troops during to- the secession by force. of the Eastern bloc, for this is the kind of day's celebrations. The Congo thus approaches the anniver- African situation the Russians like best. IA new Garde Republicaine In powder blue sary of her second independence this week- Their own.,policy is muddled and uncertain. uniforms and white fezzes decorated with red end with a veneer of calm and flimisy stabil- and on the few occasions when they have plumes drew applause from the crowd. ity in the cities, but with two major and taken a positive role their fingers have been Observers noted that fKasavubu-whose car interlocking problems-Katanga and the un- badly burned. They are at their best in the was escorted for the first time by outriders wieldy and always dangerous Congolese role of the man who goes to the auction on new American motorcycles-had trouble Army-still unsettled. It is a bitter lesson with no Intention to buy but With every getting out of his vehicle, and used a walk- of 2 years that bad soldiers led by ill-trained intention of raising the price for the ulti- Ing stick to mount the reviewing, stand. soldiers do not become good soldiers, Simi- mate buyer. Congolese sources said he was. suffering from larly it is a bitter lesson that the longer a blood clot In his leg. a secession exists de facto, the more difficult [From the New York Times, July 4, 1902] It is to end, the more likely the secessionists Later he fasled. to appear at a, diplomatic U.N. Gaonr HEARS OF CONGcO TsssxAT-DASTfC reception he gave at his residence. are to want to hold on to their own country. MEASURES The crowd lining the streets for the pa- and the greater the sense of nationalism UaGED To Exs'sr MERCzENARIES -rade appeared thinner than last year and 'throughout 'the secessionist province. (By Sam Pope Brewer) applause generally was feeble. .Six months after the agreement at Kitona, UNITED NATIONS, N.Y., July 3.-Justin Bom- Kasavubn's, powerful Abako Party Friday that settled the Katanga secession on paper boko, the Foreign Minister of the Congo, night called on the people of the capital to and three and a half months after the tor- spent all day today in conferences with ignore the Independence celebrations in pro- turous Adoula-Tahombe talks began, the United Nations officials and Asian and Afri- test against a parliamentary decision this issue of Katanga is still unresolved. There can delegates on the new crisis caused by weekend to neutralize the city along the is still a separate army in the province, one the collapse of talks to end the secession of lines of the District of Columnbia, still needs a visa. from the local government Katanga, Province. The Abako sees in this an attempt to to enter and the lfatangcse have finished Talks In Ldopoldville between Premier weaken. its political power, since its fol- the second printing on their own money, Cyrille Adouls of the Congo and President lowers-the Has-Congo tribe-are In a ma- There are peripheral Issues impeding the Eloise Tshombe of ifatanga were broken off jority in L6opoldvlhle. talks, of course-money, transportation, last Tuesday.

'I. 1962 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 15557 Mr. flomboko told a meeting of the power- with black lace trimming and red feathered posed and jailed the worst reglonal extrem- ful Asaia-.African group this afternoon that hats. Along the route, 20,000 Congolese lets, notably erratic Antoine 'Gizenga, who the United Nations must take drastic meas- added their cheers to the festive occasion. almost made Eastern Province a Communist ures If the remaining fereign mercenaries The panoply was welcome relief from the preserve last year, and zany "Kingf" Albert were to be expelled and the unity of the drabness of life In the Congo today. Six Kalonji of South Kasal. But Adoula still Congo restored. months after the end of the bloody fighting has not rid himself of the biggest headache As ho left the meeting, Mr. Bomboke said between the U.N. forces and Katanga, the of all, stubborn President Mo~Ie Te'hombe of that ho favored a peaceful solution to the new nation lies exhausted In the equatorial Katanga Province, who has a firm grip en Congo problem, but that some people might sun, a. battered giant unable to make pro- the Congo's copper-rich southeast corner and want war. Apparently he was alluding to the ductive use of the freedom its black leaders refuses to share Its $50 million annual reve- Katanga government. fought so hard to wvin. Even with the help nue with the rest of the nation. The Acting Secretary General, U Thant, of nearly 3,000 Belgian and U.N. technicians GAINING asPSEs was understood to have arranged Mr. Bom- and advisers and $66 million of U.S. finan- boko's talks on the eve of Mr. Thant's de- cial aid, the railroads are not running In For months, Adoula and Tshomnbe have parture tomorrow for a 16-day European most of the Congo, two-thirds of the na- been negotiating bitterly in L(fopoldville on tour. A delegate who has been In close tion's trucks are idle for lack of spare parts, schemes intended to bring Katanga back touch with developments said Mr. Thant and the reads are almost impassable. into the Congo. U.N. officials have pleaded, wanted to have ain Asian-African consensus cajoled, and threatened the two sides to in mind when he talked with European. PAPER SOLACE find common ground for a deal. Wearily, leaders, including Prime Minister Macmillan The result Is that some areas of the vast Adeula offered repeated concessions, such as and President de Gaulle. Congo interior are at a virtual standstill; a revised constitution to give Katanga Mr. Thant will visit Switzerland, Norway. last year coffee and cotton exports yielded greater local autonomy in a federal Congo. Ireland, and France and speak at the summer only fractions of their normal revenue, and But Tehombe wanted all or nothing: virtual meeting of the Economic and Social Council much of the big palm-oil output is lost to independence for Katanga, his own gen- In Geneva before returning here July 20. smugglers. Unemployed workers upcountry darmery, and a corps of foreign mercenaries Mr. Bomboko, who arrived lest night, had now flock to L~opoldville, where 100,000 of to run it. While he still would net agree to a breakfast meeting today with the chief the normal 300.000 labor force are already divvy up the copper profits with the Central United Nations representative in the Congo, out of work. Organized gangs, ignoring the Government, Tshembe announced a $2 mil- Rohert X. A. Gardiner, who also arrived barred windows and the bright floodlights lion gift to the Congo, "to ease the cata- yesterday. around homes of the well to do, creep up at strophic position and especially aid the poor Mr. Bomboko also had a 90-minute confer- night to saw off the bars and steal what they and unemployed." ence at headquarters here wvith Mr. Thant. can. The U.N. is bringing 64 judges from In the latest 6-week round of talks, the He was accompanied by his Minister for abroad to build a judiciary system for the only thing Tehombe would agree on was Internal Affairs, Cleophas Kamitatu. Also country. One of the first judges to arrive formation of four advisory committees to present at the meeting was Dr. Ralph J. lost his briefcase to a thief on his first day discuss specific ways to reunify Katanga Bunche, Under Secretary for Special Political in town. with the Congo in the military, economic, Affairs. Except for locally made beer and ciga- monetary, and communications fields. With During the afternoon, Mr. Bomboko con- rettes, Leo's shops are virtually empty of that, Tshombe declared he was tired and ferred with 52-member African-Asian group consumer goods, and prices for the items wanted to stop talking. "I am going home to and then had another meeting with Mr. still available have soared. No end to in- gain repose," he declared, as he and his en- Thant. flation is in sight, since Adoula's Central tourage headed for the plane back to Elisa- The whole range of Congo problems was Government simply prints more and more bethville. disecussed, Mr. Bomooko said. The Congolese paper money to make up for its hideous defi- Shocked and bitter, Central Government official said he considered that the Security cits (April revenue: $14 million; April ex- Premier Adoula gestured toward the broad Council had given the Secretary General ade- penditure: $36 million). Congo waters outside his window as he told quate powers to settle the Katanga question Soft-spoken Premier Adoula, by far the newsmen, "Gentlemen, 6 weeks of patient and that he did not believe further action by ablest of the Congo's leaders, is as ex- negotiations have just gone down the river." the Council was necessary. asperated as anyone else at this state of HINTS OF FRoCE Mr. Thant told his 19-nation advisory affairs, but he is hamstrung by L6opoldville's committee on the Congo last Friday that he nightmarish political mess, which forces him In Ehisahethvllle, Tshombe blithely made might have to ask for a meeting of the to spend 80 percent of his budget on salaries plans to celebrate Katanga's own independ- Security Council to review the situation and for civil servants and the 25,000-man army, ence day-July 11, marking the date In 1960 "consider the advisability of clarifying and which is vastly overpaid ($180 base pay when the province seceded. The U.N.'s Congo strengthening existing mandates and provid- per month for privates) to keep it loyal. chief, patient Robert Gardiner, is increas- ing certain new ones." To retain the support of the myriad political ingly exasperated at the deadlock, has A member of the committee said later that factions, he has 41 men in his Cabinet, per- dropped strong hints that his units will put Mr. Thant considered it important to end the haps the world's biggest. down Tahombe and take over Katanga by secession of Katanga before successive delays force if the wily Moise breaks off negotia- by Mr. Tehombe allowed him to confirm his LOST FUNDS tions entirely. In Manhattan the U.N.'s Independence by a sort of squatters' rights. Adoula must also cope with widespread Acting Secretary General U Thant declared Plans by Mr. Tshombe to hold celebrations corruption among his highest ranking of- that his Congo commanders "have been told in his capital, Elisabethville, July 11, to mark ficials. In recent weeks, two Congolese am- to be very much on the alert." the second anniversary of Katanga's seces- bassadors in major world capitals have The U.N. may or may not be able to ac- sion from the Congo were said to be of special "lost" a total of some $50,000 In Embassy complish it, but sooner or later, the pre- concern to Mr. Thant. funds, have advised L6opoldville that the posterous, protracted Adoula-Tehombe dead- Besides the danger of disorders, the cele- money just vanished. It is widely believed lock will have to be broken. The inert bration would emphasize the secession move- that some Cabinet Ministers have secreted Congo giant cannot be allowed to lie there ment that the United Nations has been try- large sums of Government money in bank indefinitely. Ing to end. accounts In Europe. Last week, when the Congolese Parliament tried to censure For- [From the Washington Post, July '7, 1962] The Congo Advisory Committee Is com- eign Minister Justin Bombeko for allegedly posed of delegates from Canada, Ceylon, doing just that, Bomoboko surrounded the Szzmcs Aseeso-FasNems BAcscmNo-U THIANT Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, India, Indonesia, legislature with gendarmes, produced his own IS SPEzNDING WINDUP' IN CONGO Ireland, Liberia, Malaya, Mall, Morocco, Ni- (By Russell Rowe) geria, Pakistan, Senegal, the Sudan, Sweden, list of foreign money transfers, get the in- Tunisia, and the United Arab Republic. They vestigation called off. LtoPoaevsasLz, Ceseco, July 6.-The current are the countries that have contributed con- There Is a huge smuggling trade in illicit London-Paris trip by U Thant, the United tingents to the United Nations Forces in (and mainly industrial) diamonds from the Nations Secretary General, Is designed to the Congo. big South Kasai fields. Millions of dollars rally French and British cooperation in the sre lost by the Government In this way alone: Congo, beginning with the speedy reintegra- [From Time magazine, July 6, 1962] of some 17 million carats produced in South tion of secessionist Katanga Province. Ktasai during the past year, only about 124,- Informed sources here say U Thant was CONGO Arrsa 2 YEARS 000 carats. came -onto the market legally. delighted with the Invitation from French Trumpets blared and drums rattled as the Even with these handicaps, Adoula can President Charles de Gaulle, whose opinions proud procession moved down Ldopeldvllle's boast some progress toward stability. Some in the past have been a liability to the United broad Boulevard Albert I to celebrate the Belgian technicians and businessmen are Nations. U Thant will also visit Geneva, but Congo's second anniversary of independence. returning; many intend to stay for only a has so far refused to see Katanga's President, President Joseph Kasavubu and Premier Cy- short period, but others have even brought Moise Tahombe there. rubl Adoula took the salute from the black their wives and children back, and a few Tehombe's uncooperative approach to the soldiers of the new Garde R16publlcaine, who black nannies are again seen In the parks Ltiopoldvllle talks with Congo Premier Cyr- were decked out in powder-blue uniforms with their white charges. Adioula has de- Ille Adoula has cost him some of the foreign 15558 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE August 51 support won by his active public relations Adoula Is fighting to get legal amend- U Thant attempted to allay British fears mazchine. II Thant hopes that Tahombo's ments through Parliament to permit adop- about a U.N. resort to force. s~tar has wanied enough In London and Paris tion of a, constitution without consulting "It has never been my intention-and to insure Anglo-French support for any U.N. the provincial assemblies or giving them a never will be my intention-to use any mili- military action in liata-nga. constitustion of their own. His aim is to tary initiative," he said. if lighting sta.rts, u Thant wants unanim- weld the Cabinet parties into a single move- But, if attacked, U.N. Forces will have au- ity in the U.N. Security Council for man- ment and, under a constitution of his choice, thority to retaliate in self-defense, he added. date his troops can work with, one insuring staýge a general election. The Burmese statesman said he expects that the "third round" between U.N. and But Adoula knows that South Natanga is to have around $165 million to carry th~e Katangese forces leads to knockout. the crux (Parliament is about to make loyal U.N. operations in the Congo throuigh to De- NEW EFFORT SCHEDULED North Natanga a separate Province). If cember-or to next February with economies. Tahombe is not dealt with, the government U.N. Congo Chief Robert Gardiner, Con- About $95 million will be contributed by the could be overthrown by a, groundswell in United States if Congress next week approves golese Foreign Minister Justin Bomboko, and Parliament, where the left is restless. Interior Minister Cleophas Kamitstu are in President Kennedy's plans for the purchase This knowledge pushes Adoula toward a of U.N. bonds. The rest will come from 40 New York for discussions with U.N. officials military solution. He knows Gsrdiner, an and, delegations about the failure of the other member states. African himself, would have less compunc- U Thant outlined two key elements of Adoula-Tshombe talks. tion than his predecessors about employing When hie returns, Gardiner will try to bring his approach toward a solution: U.N. forces to help the government crush lHe is trying to get the giant Union MiniS re the two men together again. Senior U.N. Natangese dissidence. combine to divert some of its huge mining sources hold out little hope of a real agree- Western end African Embassies here would ment, but the U.N. seeks to show that if the revenues in Katanga to the central Liopold- regret Adoula's fall. But with hopes of a "third round" takes place it will not be for Ville government. Union Minidre, dominated negotiated end to the Natanga, conflict seem- by Belgian and British interests, has not paid want of trying for a peaceful solution. ingly more remote than ever, the Premier's Tahombe has announced second inde- a cent to Ldopoldville since the Congo be- political fate may well lie in the fumbling came a state 2 years ago. This was in breach pendence anniversary celebrations for Na- hands of the Congolese soldier or may tanga next Wednesday. He has also ap- of the 1960 independence agreement, U depend on London and Paris reactions to Thant said. Belgium and Britain have pointed some names to joint Central Govern- U Thant's mission. ment.-Katanga commissions on finance, econ- promised to consider ways of securing "a omy, transport, and military integration. more just and equitable distribution of This apparent good-will move appears to [Prom the New York Times, July 8, 1962] revenues in the Congo," he added. be merely a public relations device because Finxt CONGO ACTION Is VOWEDn ai THANT- He is planning to strengthen the U.N. Tshombe has refused to sign the commis- CALLS FOR DEBATE Br CO'UNCIL ON CRISIS guard over certain Union Mini~re installa- sion's mandate. "But Gardiner will take OVER NATANLIA tions in Natanga because followers of Inde- Tshomnbe's gesture at its face value and see pendent-minded President Moise Tshombe LOsNDON, July 7.-U Thant served notice can start from .the of Katanga have threatened to blow them whether integration today of a firm new United Nations bid for branches instead of the roots," a source close up. Leaders of breakaway Katanga Province a final settlement of the Congo crisis involv- evidently figure the threat of sabotage will to Gardiner says. Ing secessionist Katanga Province and the Tshombe and his finance minister, Jean- induce the mining combine to go on pay- Baptiste lcibwe, have been in Salisbury for Central Government of Lfopoldville. ing them rather than Premier Cyrille talks with their friend, Premier Sir Roy The Acting Secretary General of the United Adonls's government. Welensky of the Central African Federation. Nations said at a news conference that he U Thant, ending a S-day stay as part of a Evariste Kimba, the Katangese foreign min- wanted the Security Council to debate the European tour, also announced U.N. readi- ister, is in Geneva hoping to see U Thant. worsening situation In the next month or ness to help the big powers carry out any two and perhaps give him fresh orders. Berlin settlement they may reach. But any ADVISER MAXtES STUTDY He also announced that the stalled Dutch- transfer of U.N. institutions to the divided U Thant's chief military adviser, Brig. In- Indonesian negotiations on the future of city, and any U.N. role in a settlement, must dar Jit Rlkhye of India, Is here to review Netherlands New Guinea were being re- depend on prior agreement by the Big Four the military situation. The U.N. has about sumned next week. occupying powers-the United States, Brit- 17,000 troops, more than half of them in Mr. Thant attempted to allay British con- ain, France, and Russia. Katanga. Some countries, including Nigeria, cern that the United Nations might resort to He disclosed also that Indonesia and Hol- are anxious to reduce or withdraw their force. land have responded to his appeal for a re- forces. "It has never been my intention-and sumption of negotiations to settle the West Contrary to Belgian news reports, there never will be my intention-to use any mili- New Guinea dispute. has been no buildup of the U.N. force in tary initiative," he said. Indonesian and Dutch envoys early next Elisabethiville; new Ethiopian arrivals are AUTHORITY FOE DEFENSE week will travel to the United States, he replacements for departing Congo veterans. said, to discuss again at a meeting place The U.N. bond issue only covers Congo But, if attacked, United Nations forces will outside Washington a compromise plan costs up to March next year. U Thant hopes have his authority to retaliate in self-de- drawn up by American diplomat Ellsworth by then tu be able to phase down the mili- fense, he added grimly. Bunker. tary operation considerably. The Burmese statesman said he expected U Thant flew on to Geneva later in the Fighting in Katanga may begin with a to have about $166 million to carry the day to attend a meeting of the U.N. Eco- Congolese "police" operation. Joseph Mo- United Nations operations in the Congo nomic and Social Council. In the next few butu, who plans to disband 3,000 of his 15,- through to December-or to next February weeks he is due to visit Oslo, Paris, Helsinki, 000 Central Government soldiers, believes with economics. About $95 million will come Warsaw, Prague, and Moscow, where he will that the remaining 12.000, including more from the United States if Congress gives ap- discuss not only problems relating to the than 300 officers, trained in Europe, could proval next week to President Kennedy's Congo and U.N'. financing but also next fall's tackle Tshombe's 11,000-man army. But re- plans for the purchase of United Nations elated election by the Assembly of a perma- sponsible military observers are skeptical. bonds. The rest- will come from 40- other nent Secretary General. He is expected to In reserve would be Can. Victor Lundula's member-states. offer himself for the post. 7,000-mani force, officered by self-promoted leaders of the 1960 mutiny. The autono- mous 2,000-man South Nasal force, which [From the Washington Post, July 8, 19621 [From the Washington Post, July 12, 1962] has some Belgian-trained officers, might U THANT WaEIGSs Nsxr U.N. STESs SN CONeO ADnOTLA. BOLSTERS HIS POSITION, FIRESs HALF rally to Mobutu. (By Arthur Gavehon) MINISTERIAL TEAsM Adoula's own political position is weaken- LoNDoN, July 7.-U Thant, Secretary (By Russell Howe) ing. His writ runs strong in the capital, General of the United Nations, served notice Lt~opoiDrivn.as, Congo, July 11.-Coalition uncertainly in Equator and Ldopoldville today of a firm, new U.N. bid for a final set- Premier Cyrille Adoula Moved today to con- Provinces, only nominally in Nasai and east- tlement of the Congo crisis involving seces- solidate his weakened position by firing more ern provinces, barely at all in Kivu. Na- sionist Natanga Province and the Central tanga of course is in open rebellion. than half his ministerial team, including Government at L6opoldville. three top Cabinet critics. EUROPEANS LEAVING He told a news conference he wants the Out of 43 Ministers and Secretaries of Business confidence continues to sink, and Security Council to debate the worsening State he kept only 14; there are 13 new many of the Belgians who flocked back to situation in the next month or two and per- names. Including Adoula himself, the Gov- Ldopoldville last year are now cutting their haps give him fresh orders. ernment now numbers 28 instead of 43 per- losses and setting 'their sights on Brussels or He also announced that stalled Dutch- sons. South Africa. The 16,000 European popu-. Indonesian negotiations on the future of Adoula's continued uncertainty about his lation of Ldopoldville,ý Is falling by more than West New Guinea are being resumed next position is reflected in his decision not to 100 monthly. week. face a parliamentary confidence vote on the 19061 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 15559 [From the New York Times, July 19, 19621 conmposition of the new Cabinet, after say- [Fromn the New York Times, July 19, 1962] ing last night that lie would. WEST MAT FORCEs END OF CONGO Ritn-UNITED BsrnTslr OPrOSE.FORCE Fired wore: STATES SAmD To FAVOR ECONOMIC PRESSURnE LONDON, July 18.-Diplomatic sources said Vice Preminer Chriatophe Gbenye, leader of ON Tsniossex-WsaanueS SN Bausasas today that Britain remained unalterably the late Patrice Lumumiba's National Con- WASHINGTON, July 18.-The United States opposed to any new military operation in golese Mfovemnent, the largest single party. and some of Its allies were reported today the Congo aimed at ending the secession of of the Vice 1'remicr Jean Bolikango, leader to be evolving a program of economic pres- Ifatanga Province. Puns Party of Congo Valley moderates. sunes to compel President Moles Tahombe of An -official said that while Integration re- and former Premier Information Minister secessionist Katanga Province to accept fed- mained vital for the Congo, the exercise of who Joseph ilco, rather inept conservative eration with the central Congo Government. military measures was no solution. Such Colin of the moderate is replaced by Michel The administration was aware of the dan- conflict would lead only to the economic de- Abako Party. ger that Katanga might react to such pres- struction of Katanga and of the Congo, he Finance Minister Arthur Pinsi, who was re- staging a military attack on United said. for incompetence, not sure by portedly dismissed Nations forces, particularly if President It was understood that when Acting Sec- political reasons. Hle is replaced by a, for reason to believe that his posi- retary General Thant conferred here with fellow member of the Abako, Emmanuel Tahombe had to enjoy support in some British leaders 2 weeks ago, he referred to a Bamba. tion continued quarters in Europe. "military solution" as one means out of the FAVORED GIZENGA RELEASE High-level negotiations being conducted vexing stalemate. Gbenye and Bolikango favored releasing by the United States are aimed at forming a The suggestion of new military operatlons former Vice Premier Antoine Gizenga, for- united front on the Katanga question, thus had "terrified" the Earl of Home, British mer president of the African Solidarity Party depriving Mr. Tehombe of any important Foreign Secretary, it was said. Lord Home and the country's best-known Marxist. Now backing. was said to have told the United Nations Is chief in the strongest terms that such a interned on an Atlantic island, Gisenga, BELGIAN SUPPORT FORESEEN due to go on trial for rebellion. policy would he disastrous. The trial has been delayed by the absence G. Mennen Williams, Assistant Secretary British officials believe that the only solu- of suitable judges and the unwillingness of of State ror African Affairs, is in Brussels for tion to the Katanga problem lies in an Belgium to comply with a request for two 2 days of talks with Belgian officials to eventual compromise between President senior magistrates. Belgian Foreign Min- determine the extent of their readiness to Tahombe and Premier Adoula. ister Paul-Henri Spaak believes the case is apply what would amount to sanctions Oqne official said: "Tahombe will have to too political for Belgian judges to touch. against IXatanga if the province refused to give up a share of the Union Minitre's in- The firing of Gbenye and Bolikango makes accept the next in a series of proposals for come, possibly 50 percent, for a share of the It fairly sure that Gizenga, will in fact face unity from the Congo Government. Central Government's operations." trial. Although the political heir to Lu- Officials here believed that the Belgian mumba, Gbenye is regarded by Western Em- Foreign Minister, Paul-H-enri Speak, was pre- York Times, July 19, 1062] bassies as a man of reason and he has been pared to support fully any policy of pres- [From the New invited to the United States. suring Katanga into agreeing to a union with WILLIAMS CONFERS IN BRUSSELS The reshuffle strengthens the position of the Central Government and thereby ending BRwUSSaLS, BEonGIUM, July 18.-G. Mennen solidarity Party President Cleophas Kami- the 2-year-old dispute. Williams, U.S. Assistant Secretary of State tstu, Minister of the Interior, who emerges for African Affairs, conferred with Belgian as the country's most powerful figure on the officials today about the Congo. rival Gizenga radical side. He wants party [From the New York Times, July 19, 1962] Mr. Williams, who arrived from London, Is out of the way. making a quick trip around European coun- LIssoN HEARS 0o' ATTACK PLAN ELECTION AIM SEEN tries concerned with African affairs. He LissoN, POaRTUAL, July 18.-European dip- also has visited Paris and Bonn and will go It also strengthens the impression that lomatic circles here have received reports is preparing for a general election to Rome tomorrow. Adoula indicating that plans have been prepared It seems likely that Mr. Williams heard an and that he wants to forge an all-party in the United Nations Secretariat for a mili- expression of two opinions much discussed Adoula movement grouping present parties tary operation to crush the regime of Presi- or sections of parties. It appears that he here. dent Moise Tahombe, of Katanga. the Congo's financial problems is doing this by firing critics and rewarding One is that According to these reports, the U.S. State a single stroke by re- The bias in the new cannot be solved at loyal group loaders. Department has recently given the United Government the Cabinet appears slightly more moderate than covering for the Central Nations approval of a military effort to in- Union Msinitre du Haut Katan- that of the former one. revenue from tegrate Kantanga by force into the central Kantanga Province. believe the downgrading of ga that now goes to Observers Congo Government. and business figures feel Gbcnye will split his party into pro-Gbenye Belgian political The U.S. official chiefly responsible for and somo factions. Surpriso is being that officials of the United Nations and pro-Adoula the policy of seeking to bring Mr. Tshombe expressed at the omission from the new American officials are putting too much stress to heel through force is said here to be company'a Cabinet of Charles Badjoko, who occupies on the problem of the mining Harlan Cleveland, U.S. Assistant Secretary prob- Parliament taxes to the exclusion of the greater Lumumba's Stanileyville seat in of State for International Organization af- and is regarided as the up-and-coming leader lem of Congo Government expenses. f airs. point Is that financial and of the moderates in Lumumba's old party. The other Secretary of State, have only limited value The party has only two ministries and Another U.S. Assistant technical aid will who is responsible for in regions where two secretaryships of State in the new list, G. Mennen Williams, until order Is established went to Brussels from Lon- and no well-known names are among the African affairs, the Government has little authority. today to seek the Belgian Government's four. don J - anti-Kataniga operation. Mr. There Is now only one vice premier In- support for an July 19, 1962] in diplomatic quarters [From the New York Times, stead of three-North IKatanga Leader Jason Williams is viewed Cleveland In an GAsoINea VISITaS IATANGA Senidwe, leader of the Balubakat Party. here as a close ally of Mr. effort to end Katanga's secession by any (By David Halberstam) DoaMosco REMAINS means. ELISASETNTVILLE5, THE CoNco, July 18.-Rob- The ouster of Foreign Minister Justin The attack plan was understood to have ert XC. A. Gardiner, the United Nations chief Bomboko, which Western Embassies were ex- been disclosed during a recent visit paid to in the Congo, arrived today for talks with pecting with mixed feelings, has not taken Britain by U Thant, Acting Secretary Gen- President Moise Tshombe of separatist Ka- place. Bomboko has been a member of all eral of the United Nations. British Govern- tanga. Congolese Governments since self-govern- ment circles are said to have been extremely Yesterday a throng of angry Ifatangese ment was introduced in 1960. hostile to the idea. women stormed a United Nations roadblock Bomboko is opposed by the Abako Party, The reports here Indicate that the attack in a 3-hour anti-United Nations demonstra- which appears to have agreed to tolerate him is being planned in a three-phase opera- tion in which three Katangese were killed, in retirna for more Abako representation in tion: allegedly by United Nations personnel. the Cabinet. First, to seal off the borders of southern About 141persons, 9 of them from the United Two interesting new appointments are Rhodesia, and Portuguese Angola to prevent Nations force were injured. Jerome Anany as Defense Minister and Leon an alleged "infiltration of mercenaries"; (United Nations sources in New York Delvaux as Public Works Minister. Anany, second, to seal off key internal economic fa- charged Tuesday that the incident and the a moderate, takes on a portfolio that Adouls cilities Including Union Minidre installa- casualties had been staged.) has so far jealously kept for himself. flel- tions; third, to counter as a "provocation" Some sources said that Mr, Gardiner, a canE, a mulatto, is regarded as the most the anticipated violent reaction of the Ha- Ghanaian, was likely to give Mr. Tahombe forceful member of the right-wing section tangese, gendarmerie and civilian popula- a warning that unless progress was soon of the lower house. tion. made toward unification of the Congo the August 3 15560 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE unprepared to make their own decisions," of Ireland and Back, even though he Isa pressure In the United Nations In New York servan't of the United Nations." to increase. one Belgian here said. "So they started toward tho use of force wvas likely M. Back, who remains deputy United Na- 'Thie city was calmn today. using their own initiative." Ilie added that the September and Dcem- tionns chief In the Congo, left today for L6o- DEAD TERMED III-aOES, ber military clashes gave the Katangese far poidville, the Congolese capital. The U.N. Mr. Tehomnbe termed the three persons more self-confidence. In September hos- said the change vwas made so that M. Back killed In the riots "heroes of Nataniga and tilities erupted when the United Nations could he in LC-opoidvlile in the absence of miartyrs of liberty." There will be a service sought to disarm white mercenaries in the Mr. Gardiner, who Is leaving tomorrow for for them tomorrow. One was said by the Katanga forces after riots and attacks on consultations at United Nations headquar- IHAtangese to have been bayoneted. United Nations soldiersn The December ters in New York. The United Nations force continued to clash resulted from United Nations action The United Nations said M. Back, who has disclaim responsibility for the deaths. A after Katangese troops seized 11 memhers been subjected to bitter political and per- United Nations spokesman said the force, of the United Nations mission in Elisabeth- sonal criticism in Katanga, would continue made up of Indian troops, fired only into yille. to work on questions concerning the seces- the air. United Nations officials said that After the United Nations roundup of Bel- sionist province. an investigation had been begun. gian officers, President Moise Tshomhe said Mr. Mathu is the sixth United Nations At the roadblock, the United Nations he could never replace his young African special representative in Katanga in 9 moved up another company of Rajputana officers with the former white officers even months. The frequent changes in its top Ridles. The Indians also have strung barbed if he wanted to. The Africans would mu- personnel are one of the United Nations wire and several armored cars have been tiny, he said. major problems here. moved UP. More recently Col. Roger Psuiques, a for- SECESSION IS ISSUE Mr. Gardiner was accompanied by Gen. mer French officer who was the unofficial mission in the Congo Nebede Gebre, an Ethiopian, who is the com- Katangese military chief, was discharged The United Nations to seek mander of the United Nations Congo force. from the Katangese forces, largely, accord- is under a Security Council mandate Mr. Gardiner's visit was welcomed by Na- ing to sources, because of friction with the the country's unity. Katanga declared itself the Congo gained its taingese, both white and black. There has African commanding general, Norbert Muke. independent soon after campaign here against independence here in 1960. Taxes on min- been a considerable APPROVES Or ADVISERS the local United Nations chief, Jean Back. ing operations in the province, which pre- According to official Natangese statements, Mr. Tshomhe believes that whites should viously was one of the Congo's main sources he is responsible for all the present diffi- he called in for advice as long as there are of income, have since gone to Katanga. culties. no Katangese who equal their technical effi- In a news conference last night, Mr. ciency. Tehombe attacked the U.S. State Department [From the New York Times, July 22, 1962] "On anything touching on politics in the and President Kennedy for the U.S. threat economic field," an economic adviser said, to use "all possible measures" short WHITEr ADVISERS IN KATANGA SAY THEIR ROLE Thursday give them several alternatives, not seces- IN REGIMSE Dscr.INrs-BLAcxs Now MAKE "I always of military action to end the Katanga just one." Hle added, "If you give them one Mr. Kennedy "because we THE KEY DECISIONS, OFFICIALS ASSzERT- sion. He criticized it turns out to he wrong then can be re- GOVERNMENT SAID To PRESSUtRE UNION choice and are to him only Africans, Negroes you will not he around here very long." duced by force." MiNitRE an adviser here all (By David Halberstam) "It gets harder to he "If the State Department continues its the time. They are getting more and more in Africa, all Africans will join to- ELISADrTsIIVILLE, THE CONGO, July 19.- stupidities sensitive," this official said. "The President a bloc against the Americans," African officials in secessionist Katanga gether to make trusts me and so far they have needed me he said. .Province are increasingly asserting them- 'and I have stayed strictly out of politics-or selves in dealings with their many white ad- He also charged that Premier Cyrille Adouila as much as it is possible. But if it weren't the support of visers, according to Belgian and other con- of the central regime lacked for the President himself I think I would of sular officials here. the Congolese people and the chamber have heen shipped out of here some time deputies. Mr. Adoula cannot control his TIhese officials insist that while Katanga ego.", might once have been described fairly as a home province of Equator and cannot extend "white man's country," the Africans now his authority to Kivu, Eastern, and Nasal 1962] make the essential decisions. [From the New York Times, July 22, Provinces, he said. This picture of Natanga, which broke T5HaomDE BRIDLES AT THANT REMARKS-KA- "Why the people boo him," Mr. Tshombe from the Republic of Congo 2 years ago, is TANGA LEADER OBJECTS TO INSULT By U.N. asserted. "If they ever booed me I would at odds with its reputation elsewhere in CHIEF understand what it means and I would re- Africa. To other Africans Natanga still is (By David Halberstam) sign immediately." dominated by whites. ELISADETH-VILLE, THE CONGO, July 21.-Pres- This attack on the central government was "All the so-called political advisers here ident Moise Tshomhe of Katanga, Province considered significant, as it was his first pub- keep coming to me and complaining that reacted sharply today to U Thant's remark *lie statement since a visit by Mr. Gardiner the Africans no longer listen to their advice the he and his government were "a bunch of earlier this week. Mr. Gardiner is believed and that you can't talk to the Africans any clowns." to have attempted to find out whether the more," said one Western consul here. Mr. Tshombe termed the remark by Mr. *Katangese Government really wanted to in- tegrate with the central government. NO UNION MINIERE PAWN Thant, Acting Secretary General of the an insult and denied the Mr. Tehombe said he wanted to negotiate officials assert that while many United Nations, Consular charge. with Mr. Adoula but added, "I cannot do this the Natangese Government people feel that yesterday Mr. Gardiner, a high U.N. *with a Ghurkha knife on one side of my of Union Mini6re du Haut- "."Just is the pawn proposed to me that I become Vice throat and a Malayan knife on the other." the international mining enter- official, Katanga, of the Congo-me, the clown," Mr. The reference jwRs to the nationality of interests here, the reverse, if President prise with vast said. United Nations forces in Natanga. is true. Tahombe anything, Ghana is the .Mr. Tahombe agreed to discuss unity With "At the time of independence it was hard Robert K. A. Gardiner of Congo. Mr. Adoula after clashes between United Na- tell who pushed who into the succession,"1 United Nations chief in the to Nataligese troops last December, consul said. "But now the Natangese Mr. Thant's remark was made at a new! tions and one series of talks between them broke Union Minidre is going to conference in Helsinki, Finland yesterday but a are afraid that down June 26. work some deal with the United Nations and The United Nations chief called Mr. Tshom- make an arrangement with Idopoldville. be and other Katangese officials "unstable' Witt L Mr. KEATING. Madam President, "So the Natangese started putting con- and criticized them for not negotiating the Central Congolese Government. will the Senator yield?9 siderable pressure on the Union Minifre, let- Does ting them know that they had better not "*"I don't know what I can do with such L The PRESIDING OFFICER. switch to Ldopoldville without permission bunch of clowns," be added. the Senator yield? of this Government here." U.N. APPOINTMENT PRAISED Mr. DODD. I am happy to yield to Most observers here feel that this Africani- Mr. Tshombe welcomed however, the ap. -my distinguished colleague from New zaaion was inevitable over a 2-year period. *pointment of Elind Wambu Mathu of Kenyi sYork. Some Belgians say it was accelerated nearly as the United Nations' special representattv4 Mr. KEATING. Madam President, a year ago by the United Nations when it in Katanga. Mr. Mathu replaces Jean Badl Cour distinguished colleague from Con- rounded up most of the Belgian officers still *of France. service serving with the Natangese forces. necticut has performed a great "The nomination of Mathu will he mudl for us and for the Nation in his ex- USE MORE INITIATIVE by the Katangese population, welcomed *~tremely thorough and careful analysis "The Africans became afraid ait that poini Mr, Tehombe said. "As an African he wil understand our problem better than other Sof the events in the Congo and in Ka- that the United Nations would take awaS years. all their'advisers and that they would be before him such as Dr. Conor Cruist O'Brie2i tanga in the past 2 1962 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE 15561 Although he makes no charges against in the long-term interests of Katangfa learned to place great reliance on the ac- individuals, hie does document a tend- Iand of the Congo to form a loose con- curacy of the reports on various oversea. ency on the part of our own Government federation in which Katanga's interests Matters which the Senator from Con- to support the Congo policies of India's and those of other provinces and tribes necticut makes from time to time. Defense Minister, Khrishna Menon, and would be protected. I believe the United This analysis of the Congo situation a tendency to use threats and force States should use the peaceful tools at is particularly timely. As the Senator rather than conciliation in dealing with its command to urge that confederation from Connecticut has stated, it is our Katanca Premier Tshombe. and to seek the realization of the pro- obligation and duty to study this matter Mvadam. President, what concerns me posals made earlier this week by Con- as our ultimate survival may depend on very deeply in the treatment of the golese Premier Cyrille Adoula, when he our understanding the situation. Un- Congo situation from the very start has asked the U.N. to draft a constitution fortunately, neither official nor unofficial been the double standard that has been permitting provincial self-rule. I believe sources of information on the Congo, as applied in defining what self-determina- we have learned from our own Civil War has been the case with respect to other tion shall be and who shall be allowed to that disunity is weakness. But at the critical foreign situations, can be wholly practice it. In the Congo-and, I may same time, the principle is clear that the relied on for accuracy. it seems in- add, also in Indonesia anid elsewhere in people of Katanga are as much en- credible that we should not be able to the world-the United States has more titled to run their own affairs as the rely on our own State Department for ac- and more taken the line of immediate people oX any other African area. They curate information on foreign matters, expediency and less and less a clear and have the right to self-determination and but repeated instances have illustrated reasoned position. We know very well self-expression as much as the members that reliance placed on information from what the Communists -have done to of the other provinces of the Congo. the State Department is not well render the concept of self-determination Madam President, if our Government grounded. The Senate is indebted to completely meaningless within their ter- would keep more firmly in mind the fact the Senator from Connecticut for his ritories. For the Communists, there can that self-determination refers not only painstaking and exhaustive study of the be only one kind of self:-determination to the independence from domination by Congo. by the proletariat-and they define the Europeans but also independence from I have listened carefully to the address proletariat simply as those people who any alien tribes or peoples, we would of the Senator from Connecticut, and I would choose a Communist form of gov- be in a much better position to under- am of the opinion that he has been most ernment. Even though they represent take the difficult role ahead in the Congo. restrained in stating his conclusions. I a small minority in any country, for the Our influence would be greater. Our would like to take the liberty of listing, Communists their will, and their will policies would be more consistent. And and wholeheartedly endorsing, several alone, represents self-determination. our objectivity would in the long run be principal inferences I gathered from the For many of the newly independent more effective than continued parroting Senator's scholarly address, although I nations, self-determination means some- of Soviet semantics. As the Senator might paraphrase these points somewhat thing else-it means the right to op- from Connecticut has pointed out, con- more bluntly than has the Senator from pose, to massacre, drive out, and to ex- ciliation, not force, should be the basis Connecticut. propriate the property of all Europeans. of our approach. An understanding and First. The United States must stop It also means the right to take over any appreciation of the rights of all the filling the vacuum left by an absence of other neighboring people who are weak 'people in the Congo and Katanga would U.S. policy with whatever happens to be enough to let themselves be conquered.. serve is in much better stead at this the U.N. policy for the moment; In fact, to put the matter in its bluntest point than the continuing one-sided and Second. The United States should terms, colonialism in many areas is de- deformed outlook we have adopted with adopt a foreign policy that protects and fined purely in terms of color and race- regard to self-determination in the Con- advances its own interests, and then seek -if white men rule white men, as in the go. to bring the U.N. policy into accord with Soviet satellites, it is not colonialism. Madam President, I repeat my grati- U.S. policy, rather than submitting pas- If black men rule black men, it is not tude and admiration for the deep study sively to U.N. policies dictated by the colonialism, even though in both cases, which the distinguished Senator from Afro-Asia bloc and/or the Communist; different nationalities or tribes of peo- Connecticut has given to the problem. Third. That those members of the ple may be wholly deprived of any say There might be a sentence here and State Department who are so enamored in their own government and may be there in his remarks with which I would with hero worship of neutralist Nehru brutally exploited in their political and not find myself in complete agreement, and his Red-favoring, dog-wagging tail, economic rights. but in general and overall he has ap- Menon, should either disabuse them- Madam President, let me hereby reg- proached the problem from a calm and selves of this infatuation or be dismissed; ister in the strongest terms my opposition dispassionate point of view, and has Fourth. That the United States should to these distorted concepts, originally given us, indeed, a great deal to think send someone to the Congo as ambassa- fathered by the Soviet Union. If self- about in the study of which he has given dor who can think, speak, and act ob- determination be measured by these us the benefit. jectively and responsibly, and thereby adulterated Communist standards, it will Mr. THURMOND. Madam President, advanet both harmony and the interest ultimately emerge as deformed and will the Senator yield? of the United States and the free world; crippled as those unfortunate infants and Mr. DODD. I should be very happy Fifth. That our own State Depart- whose mothers took thalidomide. to yield the floor, since I must catch. an ment should be made to understand that In the Congo the United States has airplane to Connecticut. However, I the Senate of the United States will no come perilously close to adopting this yield to the Senator from South Caro- longer tolerate evasions and misrepre- distorted view. From the start, we have lina. sentations of facts in response to its in- wholly disowned the idea that the peo- Mr. THURMOND. Madam President, quiries. ple of Katanga, black or white, could be the Senator from Connecticut has per- Madam President, I would again like permitted to choose their own destiny. formed a most valuable service to the to congratulate the Senator from Con- We have reviled in the strongest lan- country, and particularly to his fellow necticut on the splendid service he has guage their efforts to do so.- The Secre-' Senators, by providing for us this com- rendered his country and the cause of tary-General of the U.N. has, in one of prehensive and revealing analysis of the freedom today. the most unfortunate statements ever Congo situation. His remarks have con- Mr. DODD. I am grateful to the dis- made by a world leader, referred to firmed what many of us, I am sure, have tinguished Senator from South Carolina Premier Tshombe and his advisers as a suspected, but have been unable to verify. for his generous remarks. bunch of clowns. I am particularly pleased that it is the Madam President, I yield the floor. Let me make it perfectly clear that I Senator from Connecticut who made this Mr. WILLIAMS of Delaware obtained am not advocating independence for analysis, for we have been confronted the floor. Katanga. For political and economic with conflicting reports on the Congo sit- Mr. HUMPHREY. Madam President, reasons I think it would be very much uation, and from experience I have* will the Senator from Delaware yield to 155J62 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD - SENATE August '.7 mc before the Senator from Connecti- there had been pjaced.to much emphasis The Godehaux Sugar Co. brought in cut leaves, so that I may mnake a brief as to its urgency, was pigeonholed at four shipments through the port of 1New statement of only I minute? the White House and was not signed by Orleans with a windfall Profit, of $92,- Mr. WILLIAMS of Delawvare. I yield the President until nearly 2 weeks later 174.40. briefly to the Senator from Minnesota. on July 14. Christman &Co. brought in four ship- Mr. HUMPHREY. Madam President, Recognizing the danger of such a de- ments through the ports of Philadelphia since I know the Senator from Connecti- lay in that it would extend a golden op- and New York upon which were picked cut must leave, in a spirit of fairness I portunity to certain importers to make up $86,688 in windffanl profits. wish to inform the Senator that it will tremendous windfall profits, I called for Olavarria & Co. brought in two ship- be my intention later in the day to make a complete report on all imports during ments during this period, one throughI some comment relating to certain por- this period. While we had been given the port of Buffalo and one through De- tions of the Senator's address. assurance that during the lapse of this troit, upon which $56,256 in windfall Mr. DODD. I should like very much law the Government could fully protect profits were picked up. to hear the Senator from, Minniesota. I itself by refusing admission of the sugar, Fanr, Whitlock Dixon & Co. brought in know I shall miss a worthwhile address I coukd not understand this argument. over 5,000 tons through the port of by not being present. I saw nothing to prevent these windfall Boston upon which were picked up wind- .Mr. HUMPHREY. It is my intention profits. fall profits of $28,267.20. to make a statement on Monday next I have Just received this report which The J. Aron & Co. unloaded a ship- relative to policy in the Congo. I feel I shall later place in the RECORD. This ment through the port of New Orleans that Senators oxve it to one another, when report shows that based upon the De- upon which windfall profits of $9,984 there are differences, to inform one an- partment's own computation during this were picked up. other about when such statements will 2-week lapse of the law, the importers Various other small importers picked be made. I have high regard for the had a field day. They harvested a wind- up windf all profits of $1,344. Senator from Connecticut. I know he fall profit totaling $663,854 on the 58,075 This brought the grand total of the has spoken with great sincerity. We tons that were rushed in during this windfall which fell to the importers and have some differences of view on the sub- interval. their friends to $663,854, all of which ject.' I shall incorporate in the RECORD this resulted from an unnecessary and thus Mr. DODD. I am sure the Senator report wvhich gives a complete breakdown far unexplained delay on the part of the from Minnesota knows my great respect showing the country of origin, the name White Blouse in signing the bill. and, indeed, my affection for him. I of the importer, the port of entry, the The basis of these windfall profits know of no man, either in the Senate tonnage involved, and the total windfall arises from the fact that the importa- or in private lif e for whom I have greater profits on each shipment. tion of sugar in the United States admiration than I have for the Senator From this report it will be noted that operates under a protected market con- from Minnesota. I am sorry I cannot the country of origin is in many in- dition. The price of sugar in our domes- remain. I should like to hear what he stances not a producer of sugar. Can- tic market is maintained at a level sub- has to say. I shall read with great care ada, the United Kingdom, Belgium, and stantially higher than the world price his remarks in the RECORD. I shall then so forth, are not producers, nor do they of sugar. perhaps reload my guns and return. have any quota. It is therefore reason- Both under the previous law and under able to assume that sugar which was the 1962 extension of the Sugar Act im- brought into this country from them porters can bring sugar which has been WINDFALL PROFITS FROM SUGAR during the 2-week interval represented purchased at the world market into this IMPORTATIONS sugar which the exporters had in turn country only after they have paid as Mr. WILLIAMS of Delaware. Madam. purchased in the world market. It has a special tax representing the differential President, today I wish to discuss a been strongly suggested that some of this between the world price and the fixed $663,854 windfall which accrued to the sugar which was dumped into the United price in the U.S. domestic markets. sugar importers as the result of the States during this 2-week interval was During the 2 weeks in which these President's failure to sign the Sugar Act Cuban sugar. shipments were dumped into the extension bill until July 14, or 2 weeks .It should be pointed out that while in country, as the result of there being no after the old law had lapsed. computing these windfall profits they are law in effect, the importers did not have The Sugar Act expired June 30, 1962, shown as accruing to the importer, there to pay this differential tax. Had the law and Congress was under pressure to see is a possibility that the importer did not been in eff ect, there would have been an that the 1962 Sugar Act extension was keep all of this easy money but may have import tax of $48 per ton. enacted and on the President's desk for divided it with the refineries or others In computing the windfall profits his signature prior to this expiration involved in the transaction. But in any which accrued to these companies this date. The conferees had reached an event the windfall profit was there and $48 figure was used in all instances ex- agreement on Friday, June 29. The all they had to do was to divide it up. cept in the cases of where the sugar came House of Representatives held a special The American consumers and the tax- from a country which under the 1962 Saturday session in order to approve this payers were the losers. act would have had a quota. Had the conference report on the thirtieth. The Some explanation should be forth- law been in-effect these countries could leadership of the Senate was standing by coming as to why this law was allowed have imported the sugar with the pay- ready to have a similar Saturday session to lapse, especially in view of the great ment of only 10 percent of this $48 tax. to expedite the approval of this confer- urgency which had been placed upon or $4.80 per ton. These factors were ence report; however, the leadership of congressional action prior to June 30. taken into consideration in the com- the Senate and the Senate Finance Com- I now list these windfall profits. The putation of the windfall profits; there- mittee were advised that with the con- American Sugar Refining Co. brought in fore, the $663,864 figure which I present ferees having reached an agreement on approximately 23,000 tons through the here today represents the amount of the the hill which was acceptable to the ad- ports of Boston and New Orleans upon windfall profits resulting from the ministration and with the House sched- which a total windfall profit of $152,- neglect of the White House in sig-ning- uled to approve it on Saturday there was 409.60 was reaped. *the bill. These windfall profits to the no necessity for a Saturday session of The H. H. Pike & Co. brought in a importers and their friends were at the the Senate provided that the bill would series of shipments through the ports of direct expense of the American con- be approved early Monday and put on New York, Buffalo, Champlain, Niagara sumer and taxpayers. the President's desk on that date. Falls, and Rouses Point upon which total Atny argument by the administration With that clear understanding from windfall profits of $102,720 were realized. that some of these windfall profits may the executive branch, the Senate ap- The M. Golodets & Co. brought in a have bee~n passed on to the consumers proved the conference report on Mon- series of shipments through the ports of through the generosity of those har- day, and it was sent to the President on Baltimore, New York, and New Orleans vesting them is merely wishful thinking. that same day. For some unexplained upon which windfall profits of $134,- I ask at this point unanimous con- reason, however, this bill, upon which 010.80 were reaped. sent to have printed in the RECORD a