Ancestry of the Olaf and Peggy (Pederson) Johnson Family of Spring Brook Township, Minnesota

Prepared by Liane Jensen 9 April 2017 Olaf and Peggy Wedding

On June 22, 1910, Olaf (also known as “Olof”) E. Johnson married Peggy Pederson (also known as “Peterson”) in Bridgeport, Kittson County, Minnesota.1 This is the story of their family.

1 Johnson Family in 1910

A month before his wedding, Olaf Johnson was enumerated with his family in Spring Brook Township, Kittson County, in the 1910 Federal census.2 The household consisted of his parents, himself, and his two adopted siblings: • Simon T. Johnson, head, age 56, married to wife 30 years, born in , (farmer) • Anna M. Johnson, his wife, age 52, married to husband 30 years, mother of 2 children, 1 living, born in Norway • “Olof” E. Johnson, his son, age 26, single, born in Norway, (farmer) • Annie Peterson, his adopted daughter, age 17, born in Minnesota • Oscar E. Wald, his adopted son, age 10, born in Minnesota

2 Pederson Family in 1910

A few days later, Peggy Pederson was enumerated with her family also in Spring Brook Township, Kittson County, in the 1910 Federal census.3 The household consisted of her widowed mother, herself, and four siblings: • Ingardine “Peterson” (the family was also known as Pederson), head, age 45, a widow, mother of 9 children, 6 living, born in Norway, (farmer) • Christian A. Peterson, her son, age 20, single, born in Minnesota, (a farm laborer on the home farm) • Peggy H. Peterson, her daughter, age 18, single, born in Minnesota, (working as a housekeeper for a private family) • Andrew P. Peterson, her son, age 12, born in Minnesota • Ruth A. Peterson, her daughter, age 9, born in Minnesota • Nomie C. Peterson, her daughter, age 5, born in Minnesota 3 Johnson and Pederson farms in 1912

Pederson (“Peterson”) farm

Simon Johnson farm Olaf (“Olof”) Johnson farm

This land ownership map from a couple of years later, in 1912, shows the locations of the Johnson and Pederson (“Peterson”) family farms in Spring Brook Township.4 Olaf owned land across the road from his father’s, and just half a mile south of the Pederson farm. 4 Homesteading The Johnson and Pederson families acquired their original family farms by homesteading. Homesteading allowed individuals to select an unclaimed parcel of government land out West and improve it over five years. They needed to build a home, at least 12’-by-14’, and grow crops on the land, which could be up to 160 acres per applicant. Citizens and immigrants on their way to citizenship were allowed to apply. They had to apply for the land, make the improvements, then provide proof of their improvements in order to receive the land deed. In total, over one and a half million homestead applications were processed, that distributed over 10% of all land in our country.5

Significant paperwork was generated by the homesteading process. These documents were preserved and are available to us today. They record the progress of the early years on the family farm. They show which neighbors vouched for the homesteaders and what sizes the homesteading families were. For immigrants we can get immigration and naturalization information. We get a picture of the lives of the Johnson and Peterson families when they were homesteading that perhaps no other documents captured.

5 Johnson Homestead Simon Johnson applied for homestead land on March 9, 1887 at the Crookston, Minnesota, land office.6 He paid $18 for the application.7 The land description: E ½ of the NE ¼ and the E ½ of the SE ¼ of Section 22, Township No. 159 N, of Range No. 47 W, of the 5th Principal Meridian, containing 160 acres. (This is the “Simon Johnson” farm land on the map shown earlier.)

In January 1893, Simon went to court to prove he had successfully homesteaded the land. The witnesses who testified on his behalf were N. O. Lindberg8 (lived on their same Section9) and C. W. Gadde 10 (lived in the Section NE of theirs11). Simon’s residence was considered Donaldson; this was apparently their closest major town.

The testimony gives many details about their situation. Simon lived with his wife and one child. The Johnson family lived in a 12x12 log house with a 10x12 frame addition. They had a 16x18 log stable, 12x14 granary, well, fence, and 42 acres plowed, at a total value of $408. Simon had not been absent from his land since he settled it. The land was about 2/3 brush and poplar groves, and the rest prairie. Simon had cultivated the land over five seasons: 1/2 acre in 1888, 1 acre in 1889, 7 acres in 1890, 15 acres in 1891, and 35 acres in 1892.12

On January 10, 1893, he paid the final $8 homestead processing fee.13 Simon received the deed to his land on June 13, 1893.14

6 Johnson Homestead – Testimony of Claimant, Top Section

7 Johnson Homestead – Testimony of Claimant, Lower Section

8 Johnson Citizenship

Included in the Homestead file are Simon’s documents of citizenship. A non-native homestead applicant was required to have filed his Declaration of Intention for citizenship, and then full citizenship was required for the final homestead processing.

Simon filed his Declaration of Intention for citizenship at the Kittson County District Court on February 28, 1887.15 He made an oath that he was born in Norway about 1855. He emigrated to the United States and landed at the port of Baltimore in June 1886. He renounced all allegiance to the King of Sweden and Norway, whereof he was a subject. (Sweden and Norway joined as a united kingdom in 1814, until Norway left the union in 1905.) Simon filed his Homestead application about a week later.

Simon received his citizenship at the Kittson County District Court on March 28, 1892.16 (His wife and minor children received citizenship with him.) He completed his final Homestead paperwork at the beginning of the following year. 9 Johnson Citizenship – Declaration of Intention

10 Johnson Citizenship – Certificate of Citizenship

11 Pederson Homestead Svend P. Pederson applied for homestead land on November 18, 1887 at the Crookston, Minnesota, land office.17 He also paid $18 for the application.18 The land description: NW ¼ of Section 14, Township No. 159 N, of Range No. 47 W, of the 5th Principal Meridian, containing 160 acres. (This is the “S. P. Pederson” farm land on the map shown earlier.)

In November 1892, Svend went to court to prove he had successfully homesteaded the land. The witnesses who testified on his behalf were Erick Mattson19 (lived in the same Section as, and neighbors with, the Johnsons20) and Brede Heier21 (lived in Deerwood, the Township to the east22).

Svend lived with his wife and two children. A shanty had been built on the land, and Svend bought it from Alex Larson before he filed for his homestead. The Pederson farm had the 10x12 shanty and a 12x29 log house. They had a 14x15 log stable with a 14x18 addition, 16x18 granary, 2 wells, a hen house, 18 acres with wire fence, and 93 acres plowed, at a total value of $807. Svend had not been absent from his land since he settled it. The land was about 10 acres brush, and the rest prairie. Svend had cultivated the land over five seasons: 25 acres in 1888, 30 acres in 1889, 40 acres in 1890 and 1891, and 70 acres in 1892.23 Compared to the Johnson farm, the Pederson farm had more open prairie, was easier to cultivate right away, and after five seasons was twice as valuable. On December 1, 1892, Svend paid the final $8 homestead processing fee.24 He received the deed to his land on April 3, 1893.25 12 Pederson Homestead – Testimony of Claimant, Top Section

13 Pederson Homestead – Testimony of Claimant, Lower Section

14 Pederson Citizenship

Included in the homestead file are Svend’s documents of citizenship. Svend filed his Declaration of Intention for citizenship at the Kittson County District Court on November 17, 1887.26 He made an oath that he was born in Norway about 1861. He emigrated to the United States and landed at the port of St. Vincent in August 1887. He renounced all allegiance to the King of Sweden and Norway, whereof he was a subject. Svend filed his Homestead application the next day.

Svend received his citizenship at the Kittson County District Court on November 21, 1892.27 He filed his final Homestead paperwork about a week later. 15 Pederson Citizenship – Declaration of Intention

16 Pederson Citizenship – Certificate of Citizenship

17 Johnson and Pederson connection, Strom family In the Spring of 1893, the Pederson and Johnson families both received the deeds to the land they had homesteaded. As seen by the township map, the farms were just half a mile from each other. How well did they know each other?

One clue comes from both families’ connection to the Strom family. Paul Strom was a Norwegian immigrant who Homesteaded in Section 12 of Spring Brook township, half a mile from the Pedersons, completing his Homestead in late 1895.28 Also in 1895 Minnesota took a state census. Paul, age 42, is in a household by himself.29 His daughter Anna Strom, age six, is living next door with the Coldon family.30 His daughter Hilda Strom, age seven, is living with the Simon Johnson family.31 His daughter Astrid Strom, age nine, is living with the Svend Pederson family.32

Five years later, in 1900, Paul is a boarder in Spring Brook Township.33 The record says he is married, but there is no wife. Hilda is still with the Johnson family, listed as a boarder.34 Astrid, now 14, is still with the Johnson family, listed as a servant.35 Since the family was somewhat prosperous, it seems likely they were paying her for helping with the housework. By 1905, Astrid has married and left the Johnson family, and Hilda had left the Pederson family to move in with her sister Astrid.36 Peggy and Olaf married in 1910. They each had been practically adopted siblings to the Strom girls. Clearly the families had a stronger connection than just near neighbors. 18 Immigration Entry Ports Pederson family to St. Vincent August 1887

Johnson family to Baltimore June 1886

37

19 Immigration, Johnsons

39

Simon Johnson (Johannessen) with wife Anna and son Olaf registered to leave Norway on May 19, 1886, in the port city .40 The family traveled with an additional child, Oleanna age 4.5, registered as their daughter. The Johnsons had a long history of adopting children; Oleanna was likely an adopted child.

Because Simon was 33 years old and eligible for military service, he would have had to show documentation of permission to emigrate. All adults had to present copies of their baptism records. They gave their residence, Bindalen (also known as , in ), and destination as Hallock, Minnesota. They were traveling on the Allan Line on the ship named Hero. The ship is shown above. This ship would take them on about a four day journey to the port city of Hull, England. Most likely they would take a train from there to Liverpool, and then a steamship to America.41 20 Norway

Bindal parish

Trondheim port

38 21 Immigration, Pedersons

42

Svend and Ingardine Pederson (Pederssen) registered to leave Norway the next year on July 13, 1887, in Trondheim.43 Svend, like Simon, was eligible for military service and had to show documentation of permission to emigrate. They gave their residence as Bindalen, the same municipality as the Johnsons. The Pedersons traveled on the Allan Line on the ship Hero, just like the Johnsons had. Their stated destination was Emerson, Manitoba. Emerson is located on the U.S.-Canadian border just north of Kittson County. It was a booming town acting as a gateway to the West.44

Svend and Ingardine boarded the steamship the S/S Circassian in Liverpool on July 22, 1887.45 The ship is pictured above. They were among about 350 adults and children on board.46 The ship stopped in Londonderry, Ireland, the next day, then continued on its journey across the Atlantic.47 A week and a half later, on August 2, the couple landed at the port of Quebec.48 From there they continued their journey west. 22 Bindal Immigration to Kittson County The Digital Archives of Norway emigration register lists 427 individuals who emigrated from Bindal/Bindalen municipality between 1868 and 1930.49 All were headed for the U.S.A. or Canada, except for one person heading to New Zealand. The earliest destination is Quebec in 1868. The earliest emigration to Minnesota is to Lanesboro in 1880. The earliest emigrant leaving for Kittson County is Iver J. Haarsted in May 1885. The Johnsons left one year later, and the Pedersons the year after that.

Individuals immigrated to Kittson County from Bindal in the following years: 1885 (1), 1886 (9), 1889 (4), 1892 (3), 1894 (3), 1900 (2), 1901 (1), 1902 (1), 1903 (1); about 6% of the emigrants. Nearby Manitoba Province was also a popular destination: 1887 (13), 1888 (5), 1889 (5), 1900 (8), 1903 (5), 1904 (2), 1905 (2), 1908 (1), 1909 (1), 1910 (3), 1913 (1); about 11% of the emigrants.

The majority of the emigrants, 72%, had destinations in the United States. Of these 45% of the emigrants were moving to Minnesota, followed next by Wisconsin at 8%. They had many different destinations, over 90 cities total, with over 30 locations in 27 counties of Minnesota alone. It seems likely the Johnson and Pederson families had established a relationship in Norway to end up so close to each other in America when others were in many different locations. 23 Infant Mortality Svend and Ingardine Pederson registered to leave Norway only a month after losing their second baby, Karida Albertine, when she was only two weeks old.50 Their first, Soren Ingvard, had lived less than a week.51 Perhaps loss of their second child encouraged them to immigrate. Infant mortality was a major issue in Norway. It was worst in the cities. One section of the capital had an infant mortality rate of 40% of live births in 1809. The rural areas like Bindal were better, but nutrition and living conditions were still poor.52 America offered the hope for a better life.

Simon Johnson and wife Anna lost a child as well. Their child Olga Josephine Marcilie Simonsdatter died on 14 January 1882 of scarlet fever at the age of ten months.53 She was the second of at least twelve to die of the disease, mostly young children, between January and March of 1882 in the Vassås congregation of Bindal municipality.54

Burial record of Olga Josefine Marcilie Simonsdatter, cause of death skarlagensfeber = scarlet fever 24 Traditions in Norway Names: An official name in Norway had three parts: 1. One or more given names. 2. A patronymic, a father-name. Sons would receive their father’s first name followed by “sen” or “ssen” and daughters would receive their father’s first name followed by “sdatter.” A woman’s patronymic would not change at marriage. 3. Last usually would be the farm name. Each farm had a name, with often multiple household live on the land of one traditional farm. A person’s farm name changed if they moved to a different farm.55 When immigrating to America, the entire family usually started using one last name, often the patronymic of the head of the family, or sometimes the farm name.

Religion: Essentially everyone in Norway was a member of the Lutheran church. Between 1536 and 1845 all Norwegians were required to be members of the state Evangelical Lutheran Church.56 After then, other churches could organize, but most people were still members of the Lutheran church when the Johnsons and Pedersons left Norway.

Language: Norwegian words (and names) did not have standardized spelling. Letters i and j were interchangeable, as were v and w, for example.57 There was no English w sound in Norwegian. Norwegian words often would not use letters c, q, w, x, or z.58 25 Vassås Church

59 The Johnson and Pederson families attended this Lutheran church at Vassås, one of two Lutheran churches in Bindal municipality. The church building was built in 1733. Some say that this was an old worship site, dating before Christianity came to the region.60

Events at this church included: Olaf Johnson (born Simonsen) baptism in 1883, Olaf’s parents’ marriage in 1880, Olaf’s paternal grandparents’ marriage in 1854, Peggy’s parents’ marriage in 1885, Peggy’s grandparents’ marriages in 1859 and 1861, and other family events. 26 Occupations in Bindal In Norway, there were several different levels of farmer. 61 The top level of farmer, the selveier, owned his land and house, but most farmers were in the lower farmer levels, and had varying levels of lease agreements for their land and homes. Even as late as 1850 in where Bindal is located, much of the farmland was still owned by the State Church or the monarchy and leased out to farm workers.62

Parish records sometimes noted occupations. At Olaf’s baptism in 1883, his father Simon Johnson (Johanssen) is recorded as an inderst on the Kveinen farm.63 This meant he was a lodger who rented a room or bed in the home of either a tenant farmer or person who rented a small cottage on a farm, but did not receive meals from his landlord. He likely had very little status. An inderst could be a seasonal farm worker, a tradesman, or just a poor or old person.

On the Pederson side, at the death of his daughter in 1887, Svend is also listed as an inderst.64 Like the Johnsons, this family is also living as renters with at most a room sharing a small house on a farm with at least one other family.

Compared to a life living as an Inderst at the bottom of the farming ladder in a temporary living situation, America with its opportunity to homestead and actually own land and a home must have sounded very appealing. 27 Family Origins, Johnson side

73

74 75 68

69 70 76

77

65 66

67 78

79

71 80

72

81

82

28 Note: Names shown are birth names, rather than Americanized names. Direct Paternal Family Origins, Johnson side

84

83 85

86 87

88 89

29 Family Origins, Pederson side

98 99 100 93 94 95 101 102

90 91 92

103 104 96 105 97

106 107

30 Norway Parish Map, Bindal area

Vassås, birthplace of Olaf and much of the family

Leka, birthplace of Vassås Olaf’s mother and her mother

Foldereid, birthplace of Peggy’s maternal grandfather , birthplace of Olaf’s paternal grandfather

108 31 Note: The Bindal municipality is made up of Vassås and Solstad. Norway Map, Øyer

Bindal

Øyer parish, birthplace of Olaf’s maternal grandfather

109

32 Illegitimacy in Norway in the 1850s and 1860s

Olaf’s father Simon Tanke was baptized on the same day his parents were married in church. The priest recorded that he was “uægte” (illegitimate) in his baptism record, and underlined the word. Olaf’s maternal grandparents also had an illegitimate child, an older brother of Anna.110 They married on the day of his baptism as well. Peggy’s grandparents were likely expecting when they were married. Her paternal grandparents had Svend four months after their wedding, and her maternal grandparents had a child seven months after their wedding.111 In Norway this was during an era when illegitimacy peaked at about ten percent.112

In Norway a couple would have a wedding feast and society would then consider them to be married.113 The ceremony at the church was sometimes considered just a legality for inheritance and such, especially in northern Norway where they lived.114 Perhaps that was the case here. Also, economic circumstances at this time made it very difficult to acquire a farm or farm lease, another reason couples postponed church weddings.115 We do not know their exact circumstances, but all of these families acted as cohesive family structures, having additional children and staying together throughout the rest of their lives. 33 Olaf and Peggy’s grandparents in Norway in 1875

We can learn about the lives of Olaf and Peggy’s families in Norway by looking at the family farms a decade before their parents emigrated. For many of the farms, we even know what animals they had and crops they grew.

Relationship Olaf's paternal grandparents Olaf's maternal grandparents Names Johannes Salomonsen and Johannes Mikkelsen and Ovidie Kjerstine Bendigtsdatter116 Kjerstine Inabrigts117 Farm name Qveinen (also called Kveinen) Midtgutvik Location Vassås, Bindal municipality, Nordland Leka, Leka municipality, Nord-Trøndelag Family Parents and their four children; Parents and their four children, plus 7 other additional houses on the farm with residents in their house; additional houses on 13 and 14 residents the farm with 8, 5, 12, 14, 6, and 7 residents Occupations Johannes: “Grdbrgr Bygselmand” a Johannes: “Selveier Gaardbruger hustørmann” farm leaseholder a farm owner son Simon: “Gaardsdrift og Fisker” a daughter Anna: “hjelper For” a farm helper farmer and fisherman Livestock 1 horse, 4 cows, 1 calf, 12 (Not available) sheep/lambs, 2 goats/kids Crops 3 bushels barley, 8 bushels oats, 16 (Not available) bushels potatoes

34 Peggy’s grandparents in Norway in 1875

Relationship Peggy's paternal grandparents Peggy's maternal grandparents Names Christian Svendsen and Peter Paulsen and Alette Nikoline Pedersdatter118 Hanna Kristine Andreasdatter119 Farm name Kalvik Hildringen Location Vassås, Bindal municipality, Nordland Vassås, Bindal municipality, Nordland Family Parents and their five children, plus 3 Parents and ten children, plus husband’s other residents in their house; mother and one servant; no other families on additional house on the farm with 6 the farm residents Occupations Christian: “Grdbrgr. Selveier Peter: “Gaardbruger Selveier Baadbyger” a Handelsmand” a farm owner and farm owner and ship builder merchant daughter Ingardine: “Fors. af Faderen” works son Svend: “Ved Grdsdriften” farmer for father Livestock 1 horse, 7 cows, 1 calf, 9 2 horses, 2 bulls, 9 cows, 1 calf, 21 sheep/lambs, 1 pig, 6 other sheep/lambs, 9 goats/kids, 1 pig Crops 4 bushels barley, 16 bushels oats, 28 8 bushels barley, 20 bushels oats, 36 bushels bushels potatoes, 20 bushels other potatoes, 16 bushels other

35 Early Family Origins Through DNA

Scandinavia 90% Finland <2%

Southeast Europe 5% Central Asia <2%

DNA testing helps us learn more about some of the more distant ancestry of a family. A child of Olaf and Peggy Johnson took a DNA test.120 His origin results: • Scandinavia 90% • Southeast Europe 5% • Finland <2% [Groups like the far northern Sami (Lapps).] • Central Asia <2%

36 Conclusion The Johnson and Pederson families started out in the same church congregation of Vassås in the rural municipality of Bindal, Nordland, Norway. Holding occupations with little status and little hope for any improvement, and suffering the tragic loss of children, both families left their homelands in the mid-1880s for a better life in America. Both families ended up homesteading half a mile from each other in Spring Brook Township, Kittson County, Minnesota. They built up strong farm homesteads over many seasons. Both families supported their community by taking in children from the Strom family when they were in need. When the children of these two families became adults, Olaf Johnson and Peggy Pederson joined in marriage the two families who had lived such parallel lives.

Olaf and Peggy had eight children, and many descendants. Their descendants celebrate the lives of Olaf and Peggy and their ancestors by remembering their hardships, sacrifices, and successes. Thank you for taking the time to remember them with us.

37 Endnotes Cover image: Olaf and Peggy Johnson family photograph with children (oldest to youngest) Agnes, Irene, Rose, Orville, Fern, Lloyd, LeRoy, and Geraldine, ca. 1939; digital image 2017 made by their grandchild Dean Johnson; privately held by Lloyd Johnson, who is pictured, Spring Brook Township, Minnesota, 2017. 1. Kittson County, Minnesota, marriage certificate, unnumbered, Olof Johnson—Peggy Peterson, 22 June 1910; Kittson County Recorder, Hallock. Certificate number C-213 in the Minnesota Official Marriage System (http://www.moms.mn.gov : accessed 29 January 2017). 2. 1910 U.S. census, Kittson County, Minnesota, population schedule, Spring Brook Township, enumeration district (ED) 82, p. 6-B (penned), dwelling 109, family 109, Simon T. Johnson family; digital image, Ancestry.com (http://www.ancestry.com : accessed 29 January 2017); citing National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) microfilm publication T624, roll 709. 3. 1910 U.S. census, Kittson County, Minnesota, population schedule, Spring Brook Township, enumeration district (ED) 82, p. 8-A (penned), dwelling 132, family 132, Ingerdine Peterson family; digital image, Ancestry.com (http://www.ancestry.com : accessed 29 January 2017); citing NARA microfilm publication T624, roll 709. 4. Standard Atlas of Kittson County, Minnesota, (Chicago: Geo. A. Ogle & Co., 1912), 26, Spring Brook Township, for T159N, R47W; digital images, “U.S., Indexed County Land Ownership Maps, 1860-1918,” Ancestry.com (http://www.ancestry.com : accessed 29 January 2017). 5. Lee Ann Potter and Wynell Schamel, “The Homestead Act of 1862,” Social Education 61, 6 (October 1997): 359-364; reprinted at the National Archives, in Educator Resources (http://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/homestead-act/ : accessed 29 January 2017) . 6. Application no. 12284, 9 March 1887, in Simon Johnson (Kittston County) homestead file bearing final certificate no. 7735, 13 June 1893, Crookston, Minnesota, Land Office; Land Entry Papers, 1800-1908; Records of the Bureau of Land Management, Record Group 49; National Archives, Washington, D.C. 7. Receiver’s Receipt no. 12284, 9 March 1887, in Simon Johnson homestead file bearing final certificate no. 7735, Crookston, Minn., Land Office, RG 49, NA-Washington. 8. Homestead Proof—Testimony of Witness N. O. Lindberg, 7 January 1893, in Simon Johnson homestead file. 9. Nils O. Lindberg (Kittson County, Minnesota), homestead patent no. 5352; “Land Patent Search,” digital images, General Land Office Records (http://www.glorecords.blm.gov/PatentSearch : accessed 31 January 2017). 10. Homestead Proof—Testimony of Witness C. W. Gadde, 7 January 1893, in Simon Johnson homestead file. bearing final certificate no. 7735, Crookston, Minn., Land Office, RG 49, NA-Washington.

38 Endnotes, p. 2 11. Charles W. Gadde (Kittson County, Minnesota), homestead patent no. 6366; “Land Patent Search,” digital images, General Land Office Records (http://www.glorecords.blm.gov/PatentSearch : accessed 31 January 2017). 12. Homestead Proof—Testimony of Claimant, 7 January 1893, in Simon Johnson homestead file bearing final certificate no. 7735, Crookston, Minn., Land Office, RG 49, NA-Washington. 13. Final Receiver’s Receipt No. 7735, 10 January 1893, in Simon Johnson homestead file. 14. Final Certificate jacket, 13 June 1893, in Simon Johnson homestead file. 15. Kittson County, Minnesota, Declaration of Intention and Clerk’s Certificate, 28 February 1887, in Simon Johnson homestead file. 16. Kittson County, Minnesota, Certificate of Citizenship, United States of America, 28 March 1892, in Simon Johnson homestead file. 17. Application no. 12694, 18 November1887, in Svend P. Pederson (Kittston County) homestead file bearing final certificate no. 7642, 3 April 1893, Crookston, Minnesota, Land Office; Land Entry Papers, 1800-1908; Records of the Bureau of Land Management, Record Group 49; National Archives, Washington, D.C. 18. Receiver’s Receipt no. 12694, 18 November 1887, in Svend P. Pederson homestead file bearing final certificate no. 7642, Crookston, Minn., Land Office, RG 49, NA-Washington. 19. Homestead Proof—Testimony of Witness Erick Mattson, 29 November1892, in Svend P. Pederson homestead file. 20. Erik Mattson (Kittson County, Minnesota), homestead patent no. 5481; “Land Patent Search,” digital images, General Land Office Records (http://www.glorecords.blm.gov/PatentSearch : accessed 31 January 2017). 21. Homestead Proof—Testimony of Witness Brede Heier, 29 November1892, in Svend P. Pederson homestead file bearing final certificate no. 7642, Crookston, Minn., Land Office, RG 49, NA-Washington. 22. Brede I. Heijer (Kittson County, Minnesota), homestead patent no. 4305; “Land Patent Search,” digital images, General Land Office Records (http://www.glorecords.blm.gov/PatentSearch : accessed 31 January 2017). 23. Homestead Proof—Testimony of Claimant, 29 November 1892, in Svend P. Pederson homestead file bearing final certificate no. 7642, Crookston, Minn., Land Office, RG 49, NA-Washington. 24. Final Receiver’s Receipt No. 7642, 1 December 1892, in Svend P. Pederson homestead file. 25. Final Certificate jacket, 3 April 1893, in Svend P. Pederson homestead file. 26. Kittson County, Minnesota, Declaration of Intention and Clerk’s Certificate, 17 November 1887, in Svend P. Pederson homestead file.

39 Endnotes, p. 3 27. Kittson County, Minnesota, Certificate of Citizenship, United States of America, 21 November 1892, in Svend P. Pederson homestead file. 28. Paul P. Strom (Kittson County, Minnesota), homestead patent no. 8529; “Land Patent Search,” digital images, General Land Office Records (http://www.glorecords.blm.gov/PatentSearch : accessed 31 January 2017). 29. 1895 Minnesota State Census, Kittson County, population schedule, Spring Brook Township, p. 2, family 13, Paul Strom household; digital image, Ancestry.com (http://www.ancestry.com: accessed 31 January 2017); citing Minnesota Historical Society “Minnesota State Population Census Schedules, 1865-1905,” St. Paul, Minnesota. 30. 1895 Minnesota State Census, Kittson County, population schedule, Spring Brook Township, p. 2, family 12, Peter Coldon household. 31. 1895 Minnesota State Census, Kittson County, population schedule, Spring Brook Township, p. 6, family 49, Simon Johnson household. 32. 1895 Minnesota State Census, Kittson County, population schedule, Spring Brook Township, p. 7, family 55, Swan Peterson household. 33. 1900 U.S. census, Kittson County, Minnesota, Spring Brook Township, p. 211-A (stamped), enumeration district (ED) 88, sheet 2-A, dwelling 20, family 20, Paul P. Strom in the Foltin Faltinson household; digital image, Ancestry.com (http://www.ancestry.com : accessed 1 February 2017); citing NARA microfim T623, roll 772. 34. 1900 U.S. census, Kittson County, Minnesota, Spring Brook Township, p. 212-B (stamped), enumeration district (ED) 88, sheet 3-B, dwelling 57, family 57, Simon Johnson household. 35. 1900 U.S. census, Kittson County, Minnesota, Spring Brook Township, p. 210-B (stamped), enumeration district (ED) 88, sheet 1-B, dwelling 10, family 10, Swend P. Pederson household. 36. 1905 Minnesota State Census, Kittson County, population schedule, Deerwood Township, p. 302 (written, only odd pages are marked), individuals 35 through 38, Edward Olson household; digital image, Ancestry.com (http://www.ancestry.com: accessed 1 February 2017); citing Minnesota Historical Society “Minnesota State Population Census Schedules, 1865-1905,” St. Paul, Minnesota. 37. United States Map, University of Texas Libraries, Perry-Castañeda Library Map Collection (http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/united_states/usa_blank.jpg : accessed 1 February 2017). 38. Norway Map, University of Texas Libraries, Perry-Castañeda Library Map Collection (http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/europe/norway_pol96.jpg : accessed 1 February 2017). 39. Picture of the S/S Hero, Norway Heritage (http://www.norwayheritage.com/p_ship.asp?sh=hero1 : accessed 1 February 2017).

40 Endnotes, p. 4 40. “Emigrants,” database, The Digital Archives of Norway (http://digitalarkivet.arkivverket.no : accessed 1 February 2017), entries for Simon, Anna, Oleanna, and Olaf Johannessen, registered 19 May 1886 for ship Hero; citing Emigranter over Trondheim [Emigrants from Trondheim] 1867-1930. 41. “The Transatlantic Crossing,” Chapter 8: “By Steamship Across the Ocean,” Norway Heritage (http://www.norwayheritage.com/by_steamship.htm : accessed 1 February 2017). 42. Picture of the S/S Cirassian, Norway Heritage (http://www.norwayheritage.com/p_ship.asp?sh=circa : accessed 3 February 2017). 43. “Emigrants,” database, The Digital Archives of Norway (http://digitalarkivet.arkivverket.no : accessed 1 February 2017), entries for Svend and Ingardine Pederssen, registered 13 July 1887 for ship Hero; citing “Emigranter over Trondheim [Emigrants from Trondheim] 1867-1930.” 44. Sharon Ewens, “Historical Tour - Emerson: Gateway to the West,” Manitoba Historical Society (http://www.mhs.mb.ca : accessed 1 February 2017); reprinted from Manitoba History, no. 30 (Autumn 1995). 45. Manifest, S/S Circassian, 22 July 2017, Foreign Sheet no. 1, for Sven Pedersen (26) and wife Ingardine Pedersen (22); digital images, “Canadian Passenger Lists, 1865-1935,”Ancestry.com (http://www.ancesty.com : accessed 3 February 2017) for Quebec > 1887 > August > image 6 of 124. 46. Manifest, S/S Circassian, 22 July 2017, (unnumbered) seventh page, digital images, Ancestry.com, image 8 of 124. List counts 286 adults. List counts 29 equivalent statute adults to the children between 1 and 12. Since each child in that age range counted as 1/2 an adult, there were about 58 children. 47. Manifest, S/S Circassian, 23 July 2017; digital images, “Canadian Passenger Lists, 1865-1935,”Ancestry.com for Quebec > 1887 > August > image 9 of 124. 48. “S/S Circassian, Allan Line,” Norway Heritage (http://www.norwayheritage.com/p_ship.asp?sh=circa : accessed 3 February 2017). 49. “Emigrants,” database, The Digital Archives of Norway (http://digitalarkivet.arkivverket.no : accessed 1 February 2017), results of search for individuals with Residence field “Bindal*”; citing “Emigranter over [Emigration from] 1874-1930,” “Emigranter over Trondheim 1867-1930,” “Emigranter over Oslo 1867-1930,” “Emigranter over Kristiania 1871-1930, redigert utgave [edited edition].” 50. “Digitized Parish Registers,” digital images, The Digital Archives of Norway (http://digitalarkivet.arkivverket.no : accessed 3 February 2017), Bindal Parish, Nordland, 1885-1895, burials, image 7, p. 187, entry 7 in females (bottom half) for Karida Albertine Svendsen (1887); “Kirkebog for Vatsaas og Solstad Sogne, Bindalens Præstegjeld, Sondre Provsti … 1 Januar 1885 [to] 27/5 [27 May] 1895,” section “E. Döde og Begravede [Deceased and Buried]”; Regional State Archives of Trondheim. 41 Endnotes, p. 5 51. “Digitized Parish Registers,” digital images, The Digital Archives of Norway, Bindal Parish , Nordland, 1885-1895, burials, image 4, p. 183, entry 4 in males (top half) for Soren Ingvard (1886). 52. Rannveig Nordhagen et al., “Folkehelse i Norge 1814–2014 [Public health in Norway 1814-2014],” folkehelseinstituttet [Institute of Public Health of Norway] (http://www.fhi.no/nettpub/hin/folkehelse-i-historien/folkehelse-i-norge-1814---2014/ : accessed 1 February 2017). 53. “Digitized Parish Registers,” digital images, The Digital Archives of Norway, Bindal Parish , Nordland, 1874-1884, burials, image 13, p. 245, entry 2 in 1882 for Olga Josephine Marcilie Simonsdatter (1882); “Ministerialbog for Bindalens Præstegjeld, Sondre Helgelands Provsti … 28 September 1874 [to] 1884,” section “E. Begravede og Dodfodte [Buried and Stillbirths]”; Regional State Archives of Trondheim. 54. “Digitized Parish Registers,” digital images, The Digital Archives of Norway, Bindal Parish, Nordland, 1874-1884, burials, images 13-14, pp. 245-246. 55. Johan I. Borgos, “Norwegian Naming Patterns,” Slekt & historie (Ancestry and History) (http://www.nndata.no/home/jborgos/names.htm : accessed 1 February 2017). 56. “Norway Church Records,” FamilySearch.org Wiki (http://familysearch.org/wiki/en/Norway_Church_Records : accessed 1 February 2017). 57. “Norway Handwriting,” FamilySearch.org Wiki (http://familysearch.org/wiki/en/Norway_Handwriting : accessed 1 February 2017). 58. “Norwegian Orthography,” Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_orthography : accessed 1 February 2017). 59. Jiri Havran, images for “Vassås Kirke [Church], Bindal,” Kirkesøk [Church Search] (http://www.kirkesok.no/kirker/Vassaas- kirke-Bindal : accessed 1 February 2017). 60. “Vassås kirke [church],” Bindal kommune [municipality] (http://www.bindal.kommune.no/vass%C3%A5s_kirke : accessed 1 February 2017). 61. Johan I. Borgos, “Norwegian Farmer Groups,” Slekt & historie (Ancestry and History) (http://www.nndata.no/home/jborgos/leilend.htm : accessed 1 February 2017). 62. John Follesdal, “Norwegian farms – some background information,” Ancestors From Norway, on Rootsweb (http://homepages.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~norway/na27.html : accessed 1 February 2017). 63. “Digitized Parish Registers,” digital images, The Digital Archives of Norway, Bindal Parish, Nordland, 1874-1884, baptisms, image 56, p. 52, entry 4 for Olaf Englund Jager (1883); “Ministerialbog for Bindalens Præstegjeld, Sondre Helgelands Provsti … 28 September 1874 [to] 1884,” section “A. Døbte [Baptisms]”; Regional State Archives of Trondheim.

42 Endnotes, p. 6 64. “Digitized Parish Registers,” digital images, The Digital Archives of Norway, Bindal Parish, Nordland, 1885-1895, burials, image 7, p. 187, entry 7 in females (bottom half) for Karida Albertine Svendsen (1887). 65. “Digitized Parish Registers,” digital images, The Digital Archives of Norway, Bindal Parish, Nordland, 1874-1884, baptisms, image 56, p. 52, entry 4 for Olaf Englund Jager (1883). 66. Kittson County, Minnesota, marriage certificate, unnumbered, Olof Johnson—Peggy Peterson, 22 June 1910; Kittson County Recorder, Hallock. Certificate number C-213 in the Minnesota Official Marriage System. 67. Minnesota Department of Health, Section of Vital Statistics, death certificate 1961-MN-008917 (1961), Olaf Englund Johnson; Minnesota Historical Society, St. Paul. 68. “Digitized Parish Registers,” digital images, The Digital Archives of Norway, Bindal Parish , Nordland, 1841-1862, baptisms, image 55, p. 46, entry 23 for Simon Tanke (1855); “Ministerialbog for Bindalens Præstegjeld, Helgelands Provsti … 28 Marts [March] 1841 [to] 1861,” section “A. Døbte [Baptisms]”; Regional State Archives of Trondheim. 69. “Digitized Parish Registers,” digital images, The Digital Archives of Norway, Bindal Parish, Nordland, 1874-1884, marriages, image 134, p. 191, entry 5 for Simon Tanke Johnson Kveinen--Anne Mikeda Johannesdatter Gutvik (1880); “Ministerialbog for Bindalens Præstegjeld, Sondre Helgelands Provsti … 28 September 1874 [to] 1884,” section “C. Ægteviede [Marriages]”; Regional State Archives of Trondheim. 70. Minnesota Department of Heath, “Minnesota, Death Index, 1908-2002,” database, Ancestry.com, entry for Simon Tanke Johnson, state file no. 006930 (1942). Also “Simon T. Johnson Passes at 87,” clipping from unknown newspaper, uknown date. 71. “Digitized Parish Registers,” digital images, The Digital Archives of Norway, Parish , Nord-Trødelag, 1857-1874, baptisms, image 11, p. 11, entry for 21 Anne Michalda (1858); “Ministerialbog for Kolvereids Præstegjeld, Namdalens Provsti … 1 Januar [January] 1857 [to] 31 December 1873,” section “A. Døbte [Baptisms]”; Regional State Archives of Trondheim. 72. Minnesota Department of Heath, “Minnesota, Death Index, 1908-2002,” database, Ancestry.com, entry for Anna Mekalda Johanesen, state file no. 006960 (1934). Also “June 22, 1934 [obituary for Mrs. Simon Johnson],” clipping from unknown newspaper, uknown date. 73. “Digitized Parish Registers,” digital images, The Digital Archives of Norway, Parish , Nord-Trødelag, 1821-1841, baptisms, image 9, p. 57, entry 2 for Johannes (1826); “Ministerialbog for Grongs Præstegjeld, Nummedals Provosti … 30 Septembr 1821 [to] 31 December 1869 (1840),” section “Fødte Mandkjøn / Fødte Qvindekjøn [Born Males / Born Females] Døbte [Baptisms]“; Regional State Archives of Trondheim. 74. “Digitized Parish Registers,” digital images, The Digital Archives of Norway, Bindal Parish, Nordland, 1841-1862, marriages, image 152, p. 189, entry 9 for Johannes Salomonsen—Ovidia Kirstine Bendixdatter (1855); “Ministerialbog for Bindalens Præstegjeld, Helgelands Provsti … 28 Marts [March] 1841 [to] 1861,” section “C. Ægteviede [Marriages]”; Regional State Archives of Trondheim. 43 Endnotes, p. 7 75. 1910 census of Norway, Bindal municipality, Nordland county, residence 23, farm 30, property 2, Kveinaa, Johannes Salamonsen in the Johan Jakobsen household; database, The National Archives of Norway, The Digital Archives of Norway; original manuscript at the Riksarkivet, Oslo. 76. “Digitized Parish Registers,” digital images, The Digital Archives of Norway, Bindal Parish , Nordland, 1819-1841, baptisms, image 24, p. 43, entry 7 for females (right side) for Ovidia Kirstina (1827); “Ministerialbog for Bindals Præstegjeld [1821 to 1841],” section “Fødte Mandkjøn / Fødte Qvindekjøn [Born Males / Born Females]”; Regional State Archives of Trondheim. 77. “Digitized Parish Registers,” digital images, The Digital Archives of Norway, Bindal Parish , Nordland, 1899-1914, burials, image 118, p. 122, entry 4 for females (bottom half) for Ovidia Kirstine Bendiksdtr (1901); “Kirkebog for Vatsaas Sogn, Bindalens Præstegjeld, S. Helgelands Provsti … 1 Januar 1899 [to] 31 December 1914,” section “E. Döde”; Regional State Archives of Trondheim. 78. “Digitized Parish Registers,” digital images, The Digital Archives of Norway, Øyer Parish , Oppland, 1784-1824, chronological list, image 250, p. 496, entry for Johannes , baptized 17 December (1820); “Kirkebøker, Øier, 3, 1785-1824”; Regional State Archives of Hamar. 79. “Digitized Parish Registers,” digital images, The Digital Archives of Norway, Kolvereid Parish, Nord-Trøndelag, 1843-1862, marriages, image 43, p. 64, entry 9 for 1856 for Johannes Mikkelsen—Elen Kjerstine Ingebrightsdr (1856); “[Ministerialbog for Leka Sokn, Kolvereid Præstegjeld] 1843 [to] 1862,” section “C. Ægteviede [Marriages]”; Regional State Archives of Trondheim. 80. “Digitized Parish Registers,” digital images, The Digital Archives of Norway, Leka Parish , Nord-Trøndelag, 1878-1902, burials, image 180, p. 203, entry 5 for 1895 for males (top half) Johannes Mikkelsen Midtgutvik (1895); “Kirkebog for Leko Sogn, Leko Præstegjeld, Yttre Namdals Provsti … 1 Januar 1878 [to] 31 December 1901,” section “E. Döde”; Regional State Archives of Trondheim. 81. “Digitized Parish Registers,” digital images, The Digital Archives of Norway, Kolvereid Parish, Nord-Trøndelag, 1815-1829, baptisms, image 34, p. 70, entry 10 for females (right side) for Elen Christine (1828); “[Ministerialbog for Kolvereid Præstegjeld 1815-1829],” section “Fødte Mandkjøn / Fødte Qvindekjøn [Born Males / Born Females]”; Regional State Archives of Trondheim. 82. “Digitized Parish Registers,” digital images, The Digital Archives of Norway, Leka Parish , Nord-Trøndelag, 1878-1902, burials, image 182, p. 205, entry 11 for 1899 in females (bottom half) for Elen Kjrstine Ingebrigtsdtr M.gutvik. 83. 1801 census of Norway, municipality, Nordland county, residence 11, widow Sand Erichsdatter, age 75, in household of Erich Olsen; database, The National Archives of Norway, The Digital Archives of Norway; original manuscript at the Riksarkivet, Oslo. 84. Ibid.

44 Endnotes, p. 8 85. “Digitized Parish Registers,” digital images, The Digital Archives of Norway, Overhalla Parish , Nord-Trøndelag, 1799-1816, chronological list, image 151, p. 305, entry on 12 Marts [March] for burial of Sanna Bya (1809); “Ministerial-Bog for Overhalden [1799-1816]”; Regional State Archives of Trondheim. 86. “Digitized Parish Registers,” digital images, The Digital Archives of Norway, Overhalla Parish , Nord-Trøndelag, 1748-1779, chronological list, image 71, p. 69, entry on 3 p. Epiph [25 Jan] for Torber, child of Ole Torbersen and Sanne Erichsdatter (1756); “Kirkebog for Overhalden 1748-1779”; Regional State Archives of Trondheim. 87. 1801 census of Norway, Overhalla municipality, Nordland county, residence 45, Tødaasen, Torber Olsen, head of household 2; database, The National Archives of Norway, The Digital Archives of Norway; original manuscript at the Riksarkivet, Oslo. 88. “Digitized Parish Registers,” digital images, The Digital Archives of Norway, Overhalla Parish , Nord-Trøndelag, 1780-1798, chronological list, image 122, p. 244, entry on 16 p. Trinitatis [23 Sep] for Salamon, child of Torber Olsen Byas (1792); “Kirkebog for Overhalden 1780-1798”; Regional State Archives of Trondheim. 89. 1865 census of Norway, Bindal municipality, Nordland county, residence 60, Kveinaen, widow Margrete Olsdatter; database, The National Archives of Norway, The Digital Archives of Norway; original manuscript at the Riksarkivet, Oslo. 90. Minnesota Department of Health, Section of Vital Statistics, death certificate 1956-MN-024549 (1956), Peggy H. Johnson; Minnesota Historical Society, St. Paul. 91. Kittson County, Minnesota, marriage certificate, unnumbered, Olof Johnson—Peggy Peterson, 22 June 1910; Kittson County Recorder, Hallock. Certificate number C-213 in the Minnesota Official Marriage System. 92. Minnesota Department of Health, Section of Vital Statistics, death certificate 1956-MN-024549 (1956), Peggy H. Johnson; Minnesota Historical Society, St. Paul. 93. “Digitized Parish Registers,” digital images, The Digital Archives of Norway, Bindal Parish , Nordland, 1841-1862, baptisms, image 81, p. 100, entry 38 for Svend Peder (1862); “Ministerialbog for Bindalens Præstegjeld, Helgelands Provsti … 28 Marts [March] 1841 [to] 1861,” section “A. Døbte [Baptisms]”; Regional State Archives of Trondheim. 94. “Digitized Parish Registers,” digital images, The Digital Archives of Norway, Bindal Parish, Nordland, 1884-1896, marriages, image 108, p. 108, entry 5 for Svend Peder Pedersen—Ingardine Nikoline Petersdatter (1885); “Kirkebog for Vatsaas Sogn, Bindalens Præstegjeld, Sondre Helgelands Provsti … 2 April 1884 [to] 1896,” section “C. Ægteviede [Marriages]”; Regional State Archives of Trondheim. 95. “Death Certificate Index,” database, Minnesota Historical Society PeopleFinder (http://search.mnhs.org/?brand=people : accessed 4 February 2017), entry for Swen P. Pederson, death certificate 1905-40-1163 (1905). 96. “Digitized Parish Registers,” digital images, The Digital Archives of Norway, Bindal Parish , Nordland, 1863-1883, baptisms, image 11, p. 8, entry 39 for Ingvardine Nikoline (1862); “Ministerialbog for Bindalens Præstegjeld, Helgelands Provsti … 4 Januar 1863 [to] 1883,” section “A. Døbte [Baptisms]”; Regional State Archives of Trondheim. 45 Endnotes, p. 9 97. Minnesota Department of Heath, “Minnesota, Death Index, 1908-2002,” database, Ancestry.com, entry for Ingardine N. Pederson, state file no. 007386 (1949). 98. “Digitized Parish Registers,” digital images, The Digital Archives of Norway, Bindal Parish , Nordland, 1819-1841, baptisms, image 34, p. 62, entry 1 for 1831 on page for males (left) for Peder Christian (1831); “Ministerialbog for Bindalens Præstegjeld [1819 to 1841],” section “Fødte Mandkjøn / Fødte Qvindekjøn [Born Males / Born Females]”; Regional State Archives of Trondheim. 99. “Digitized Parish Registers,” digital images, The Digital Archives of Norway, Bindal Parish, Nordland, 1841-1862, marriages, image 160, p. 209, entry 3 for 1861 for Peder Christian Svendsen—Alethe Nicoline Bergithe Pedersdatter (1861); “Ministerialbog for Bindalens Præstegjeld, Helgelands Provsti … 28 Marts [March] 1841 [to] 1861,” section “C. Ægteviede [Marriages]”; Regional State Archives of Trondheim. 100. “Digitized Parish Registers,” digital images, The Digital Archives of Norway, Bindal Parish , Nordland, 1899-1914, burials, image 126, p. 130, entry 11 for males (top half) for Peder Kristian Svendsen (1908); “Kirkebog for Vatsaas Sogn, Bindalens Præstegjeld, S. Helgelands Provsti … 1 Januar 1899 [to] 31 December 1914,” section “E. Döde”; Regional State Archives of Trondheim. 101. “Digitized Parish Registers,” digital images, The Digital Archives of Norway, Bindal Parish , Nordland, 1819-1841, baptisms, image 45, p. 85, entry 13 on page for females (right) for Alette Nicoline (1833); “Ministerialbog for Bindalens Præstegjeld [1819 to 1841],” section “Fødte Mandkjøn / Fødte Qvindekjøn [Born Males / Born Females]”; Regional State Archives of Trondheim. 102. “Digitized Parish Registers,” digital images, The Digital Archives of Norway, Bindal Parish , Nordland, 1899-1914, burials, image 126, p. 130, entry 8 for females (bottom half) for Alette Nicoline Pedersdatter (1908); “Kirkebog for Vatsaas Sogn, Bindalens Præstegjeld, S. Helgelands Provsti … 1 Januar 1899 [to] 31 December 1914,” section “E. Döde”; Regional State Archives of Trondheim. 103. “Digitized Parish Registers,” digital images, The Digital Archives of Norway, Kolvereid Parish , Nord-Trøndelag, 1815-1829, baptisms, image 3, p. 71, entry 5 on page for males (left) for Petter Lorentz (1824); Ministerialbog for Sokn, Kolvereid Præstegjeld 1815 to 1829, section “Fødte Mandkjøn / Fødte Qvindekjøn [Born Males / Born Females]”; Regional State Archives of Trondheim. 104. “Digitized Parish Registers,” digital images, The Digital Archives of Norway, Bindal Parish, Nordland, 1841-1862, marriages, image 159, p. 208, entry 10 for 1859 for Petter Lorentz Paulsen—Hanna Christine Andreasdatter (1859); “Ministerialbog for Bindalens Præstegjeld, Helgelands Provsti … 28 Marts [March] 1841 [to] 1861,” section “C. Ægteviede [Marriages]”; Regional State Archives of Trondheim.

46 Endnotes, p. 10 105. “Digitized Parish Registers,” digital images, The Digital Archives of Norway, Bindal Parish , Nordland, 1895-1899, burials, image 62, p. 98, entry 7 for males (top half) for Peter Lorents Paulsen (1897); “Kirkebog for Bindalens Præstegjeld, S. Helgelands Provsti … 9 Juni 1895 [to] 13/3 [13 March] 1899,” section “E. Döde”; Regional State Archives of Trondheim. 106. “Digitized Parish Registers,” digital images, The Digital Archives of Norway, Bindal Parish , Nordland, 1819-1841, baptisms, image 67, p. 127, entry 9 on page for females (right) for Hanna Chirstine (1839); “Ministerialbog for Bindalens Præstegjeld [1819 to 1841],” section “Fødte Mandkjøn / Fødte Qvindekjøn [Born Males / Born Females]”; Regional State Archives of Trondheim. 107. 1910 census of Norway, Bindal municipality, Nordland county, residence 41, farm 35, property 5, Grønholmen, Hanna Paulsen; database, The National Archives of Norway, The Digital Archives of Norway; original manuscript at the Riksarkivet, Oslo. 108. Kristian Ekenes, Norway Parish Map, NorwayParishes.com (http://www.norwayparishes.com : accessed 4 February 2017). 109. Ibid. 110. “Digitized Parish Registers,” digital images, The Digital Archives of Norway, Kolvereid Parish , Nord-Trødelag, 1843-1862, baptisms, image 14, p. 14, entry for 38 for Ingbright Martin Ström (1856); Ministerialbog for Leka sokn, Kolvereids Præstegjeld, Namdalens Provsti 1843 to 1862, section “A. Døbte [Baptisms]”; Regional State Archives of Trondheim. 111. “Digitized Parish Registers,” digital images, The Digital Archives of Norway, Bindal Parish , Nordland, 1841-1862, baptisms, image 77, p. 68, entry 32 for Anna Albertine (1860); “Ministerialbog for Bindalens Præstegjeld, Helgelands Provsti … 28 Marts [March] 1841 [to] 1861,” section “A. Døbte [Baptisms]”; Regional State Archives of Trondheim. 112. John Follesdal, “Norwegian kirkebøker - parish registers,” Ancestors From Norway, on Rootsweb (http://homepages.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~norway/na27.html : accessed 4 February 2017); citing Rolf Danielsen et al, Grunntrekk i Norsk Historie (Oslo: Universitetsforlaget, 1991), pp. 113-114. 113. Maisie Robinson, “Marriage and Divorce in 19th Century Norway,” Prezi.com (http://prezi.com/kesfrm97jrwc/marriage- and-divorce-in-19th-century-norway/ : accessed 4 February 2017), Betrothal. 114. Neil Kent , The Soul of the North: A Social, Architectural and Cultural History of theNordic Countries, 1700-1940 (London: Reaktion Books, 2001), pp. 112-113; digital images, GoogleBooks (http://books.google.com : .accessed 4 February 2017). 115. Eilert Sundt, Om Sædeligheds-Tilstanden i Norge [On morality in Norway] (Christiania: J.C. Abelsted, 1857). 116. 1875 census of Norway, Bindal municipality, Nordland county, residence 29, property 51b, Qveinen, Johannes Salomonsen household; database, The National Archives of Norway, Norway Digital Archives (http://digitalarkivet.arkivverket.no : accessed 30 January 2017); original manuscript at the Riksarkivet, Oslo. 117. 1875 census of Norway, Leka municipality, Nord-Trøndelag county, residence 13, property 8a, Midtgutvik, Johannes Mikkelsen household. 118. 1875 census of Norway, Bindal municipality, Nordland county, residence 19, property 44, Kalvik, Christian Svendsen household. 47 Endnotes, p. 11 119. 1875 census of Norway, Bindal municipality, Nordland county, residence 59, property 60, Hildringen, Peter Paulsen household. 120. “Family Finder,” database, FamilyTreeDNA (http://www.FamilyTreeDNA.com : downloaded 9 April 2017), “myOrigins” results for Lloyd Johnson, child of Olaf and Peggy Johnson; results from this database require the private passcode and kit number of this individual. Back cover image: Olaf and Peggy Johnson photograph, 1956; digital image 2017 made by their grandchild Dean Johnson; privately held by their son Lloyd Johnson, Spring Brook Township, Minnesota, 2017.

48