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U.S. Walia (Ph.D.) Head (Retd.) Department of Agronomy Punjab Agricultural University Ludhiana (Punjab) Published by SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHERS (INDIA) 5 A, New Pali Road, P.O. Box 91 Jodhpur 342 001 (INDIA) E-mail: info@scientificpub.com Website : www.scientificpub.com

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ISBN: 978-93-89184-46-4 eISBN: 978-93-89184-48-8

Printed in India Dedicated to My Late Parents

Sardar : Sarwan Singh (November, 1916 to January, 1971)

And Sardarni : Parsin Kaur (April, 1921 to January, 2005)

With Respect and Love

PREFACE

Losses due to weeds are comparatively higher as compared to insect pests, diseases, rodents etc. In general, losses due to weeds may vary from 10-50% depending upon type of associated crop as well as type and density of weed plants. Due to quick growing habits of the weeds, they over power the crop and take lead in crop-weed competition. Herbicides are selective to different type of weeds, so before selection of herbicide, identification of weeds in associated crops is very important for better and long term management of weeds. Selection of herbicides depends upon type of crop along with associated weed flora and hence weed identification is very important for proper weed management.

This book entitled “Weed Identification and Medicinal Use” deals with important weed identification tips as well as medicinal use of important weeds. In the first chapter, key identification characteristics of weeds like leaf shape, arrangement of the leaves, type of flowers and inflorescence are given. In the second chapter, photographs of 304 weeds along with detailed morphological characteristics, association with different crops, their habitats, dispersal mechanism and growing season etc. are provided. Apart from this, the important morphological characters pertaining to different weed species i.e. plant height, leaf type, root system, type of stem, growing season, branching habits, flower type and colour, shape of fruits/seeds, habitat, means of propagation etc. are also discussed in this chapter. In the third chapter, the medicinal value of 150 important weeds/plant parts which can be used to cure different diseases has been given. Apart from medicinal use, health hazardous effect of 71 weeds to animals and human beings have been provided in this book. The glossary of medical terms is also provided in the fifth chapter.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am very grateful to the almighty who blessed me with patience and fortitude for the completion of this noble job. Secondly, I feel privileged to express my heartful gratitude and indebtedness to late Dr. H.S. Gill, Sr. Agronomist (weed control) cum Head (Retd.) Department of Agronomy, PAU, Ludhiana and major advisor during my M.Sc. and Ph.D. programmes, who shaped my mind set and existence among weed science scientists to serve farmers, teachers, researchers and students. Also, I express my sincere regards and thankfulness to Dr. L.S. Brar, Sr. Agronomist (weed control) cum Head (Retd.), Department of Agronomy, PAU, Ludhiana, who inspired me to undertake an arduous job. It is beyond my access to acknowledge in words, the over encouraging moral support and co-operation which I enjoyed from Sardarni Parmjit Kaur Walia (wife) Er. Gurpreet Singh Walia and Er. Gaganpreet Singh Walia (sons) as well as Neena Walia and Rakhi Walia (daughter-in-laws) throughout the completion of this revised manuscript. Above all, adorable and cuddly (Manvik and Mehransh), my grandsons whose cheerful presence has provided a perfect milieu to my writing.

Dr. U.S. Walia

CONTENTS

1. Introduction 1-5 2. Botanical description of weeds 6-158

1 Abrus precatorius 25 Ammannia baccifera 2 Abutilon indicum 26 Ammannia gracilis 3 Abutilon megapotamicum 27 Anagallis arvensis 4 28 Anagallis tenella 5 Achyranthes aspera 29 Antirrhinum orontium 6 Achyranthes bidentata 30 Arenaria montana 7 Acrachne racemosa 31 Arenaria serpyllifolia 8 Aerve pseudotomentosa 32 Argemone mexicana 9 Aeschynomene indica 33 Argemone ochroleuca 10 Ageratum conyzoides 34 Artemisia scoparia 11 Ageratum houstonianum 35 Asphodelus tenuifolius 12 Ageratum littorale 36 Atylosia scarabaeoides 13 Agropyron cristatum 37 Avena fatua 14 Agropyron repens 38 Avena ludoviciana 15 Allium vineale 39 Azolla filiculoides 16 Alopecurus myosuroides 40 Azolla pinnata 17 Alopecurus pratensis 41 Bacopa caroliniana 18 Alternanthera pungens 42 Bacopa monnieri 19 Alternanthera sessilis 43 Bassia scoparia 20 Alysicarpus rugosus 44 Bidens biternata 21 Alysicarpus vaginalis 45 Bidens pilosa 22 Amaranthus retroflexus 46 Boerhavia diffusa 23 Amaranthus spinosus 47 Boerhavia erecta 24 Amaranthus viridis 48 Brachiaria ramosa x Weed Identification and Medicinal Use

49 Brachiaria reptans 84 Cucumis trigonus 50 Bulbostylis barbata 85 Cuscuta campestris 51 Caesulia axillaris 86 Cuscuta chinensis 52 Calotropis gigantea 87 Cuscuta epithymum 53 Calotropis procera 88 Cuscuta europaea 54 Cannabis ruderalis 89 Cuscuta reflexa 55 Cannabis sativa 90 Cyanotis axillaris 56 Carthamus oxyacantha 91 Cynodon dactylon 57 Cassia absus 92 Cyperus compressus 58 Cassia occidentalis 93 Cyperus difformis 59 Cassia sericea 94 Cyperus esculentus 60 Cassia tora 95 Cyperus iria 61 Celosia argentea 96 Cyperus kyllingia 62 Cenchrus biflorus 97 Cyperus rotundus 63 Cenchrus catharticus 98 Dactyloctenium aegyptium 64 Centella asiatica 99 Datura metel 65 Chenopodium album 100 Datura stramonium 66 Chenopodium giganteum 101 Daucus carota 67 Chenopodium murale 102 Desmodium triflorum 68 Cichorium intybus 103 Desmostachya bipinnata 69 Cirsium arvense 104 Dicanthium annulatum 70 Citrullus colocynthis 105 Digera arvensis 71 Cleome viscosa 106 Digitaria ciliaris 72 Commelina benghalensis 107 Digitaria ischaemum 73 Convolvulus arvensis 108 Digitaria sanguinalis 74 Convolvulus cneorum 109 Echinochloa colona 75 Convolvulus microphyllus 110 Echinochloa crusgalli 76 Conyza bonariensis 111 Eclipta alba 77 aestuans 112 Eichhornia crassipes 78 Corchorus capsularis 113 Eleocharis acicularis 79 114 Eleocharis atropurpurea 80 Corchorus tridens 115 Eleocharis parvula 81 Corchorus trilocularis 116 Eleusine aegyptiaca 82 Crotalaria medicaginea 117 Eleusine indica 83 Croton sparsiflorus 118 Emilia sonchifolia Contents xi

119 Enhydra fluctuans 154 Ischaemum rugosum 120 Eragrostis diarrhena 155 Juncus bufonius 121 Eragrostis pilosa 156 Lantana camara 122 Eragrostis tenella 157 Lantana montevidensis 123 Erigeron acer 158 Lathyrus aphaca 124 Erigeron bonariensis 159 Lathyrus sativus 125 Erigeron canadensis 160 Launaea asplenifolia 126 Euphorbia esula 161 Launaea sarmentosa 127 Euphorbia helioscopia 162 Lemna minor 128 Euphorbia hirta 163 Lepidium latifolium 129 Euphorbia milii 164 Lepidium sativum 130 Euphorbia peplus 165 Leptochloa chinensis 131 Euphorbia supina 166 Leptochloa panicea 132 Euphorbia thymifolia 167 Leucas aspera 133 Fimbristylis dichotoma 168 Leucas cephalotes 134 Fimbristylis ferruginea 169 Lindernia ciliata 135 Fimbristylis miliacea 170 Lippia nodiflora 136 Fimbristylis tenera 171 Lithospermum arvense 137 Fumaria officinalis 172 Lolium multiflorum 138 Fumaria parviflora 173 Lolium perenne 139 Gisekia pharnacioides 174 Lolium rigidum 140 Gnaphalium purpureum 175 Lolium temulentum 141 Gomphrena celosioides 176 Ludwigia hyssopifolia 142 Heliotropium arborescens 177 Malva neglecta 143 Heliotropium indicum 178 Malva parviflora 144 Hydrilla verticillata 179 Malva sylvestris 145 Imperata cylindrica 180 Malvastrum 146 Indigofera enneaphylla coromandelianum 147 Ipomoea aquatica 181 Marsilea quadrifolia 148 Ipomoea carnea 182 Medicago denticulate 149 Ipomoea hederacea 183 Medicago falcata 150 Ipomoea hispida 184 Medicago sativa 151 Ipomoea pestigridis 185 Melilotus alba 152 Ipomoea purpurea 186 Melilotus indicus 153 Ipomoea violacea 187 Melilotus officinalis xii Weed Identification and Medicinal Use

188 Melothria maderaspatana 223 Pistia stratiotes 189 Mollugo nudicaulis 224 Poa annua 190 Monochoria hastata 225 Poa pratensis 191 Monochoria vaginalis 226 Polycarpaea corymbosa 192 Opuntia dillenii 227 Polygonum glabrum 193 Orobanche aegyptiaca 228 Polygonum lanigerum 194 Orobanche crenata 229 Polygonum plebejum 195 Orobanche minor 230 Polypogon australis 196 Orobanche ramosa 231 Polypogon monspeliensis 197 Oryza barthii 232 Portulaca grandiflora 198 Oryza rufipogon 233 Portulaca meridiana 199 Oxalis acetosella 234 Portulaca oleracea 200 Oxalis corniculata 235 Portulaca pilosa 201 Oxalis latifolia 236 Portulaca quadrifida 202 Oxalis martiana 237 Potamogeton pectinatus 203 Oxalis stricta 238 Ranunculus sceleratus 204 Oxalis triangularis 239 Rhynchosia capitata 205 Panicum dichotomiflorum 240 Rhynchosia minima 206 Panicum maximum 241 Rumex acetosella 207 Panicum repens 242 Rumex crispus 208 Panicum virgatum 243 Rumex dentatus 209 Parthenium hysterophorus 244 Rumex obtusifolius 210 Paspalum dilatatum 245 Rumex spinosus 211 Paspalum distichum 246 Saccharum munja 212 Paspalum vaginatum 247 Saccharum ravennae 213 Perotis indica 248 Saccharum spontaneum 214 Phalaris aquatica 249 Sagittaria montevidensis 215 Phalaris arundinacea 250 Sagittaria trifolia 216 Phalaris canariensis 251 Salvinia molesta 217 Phalaris minor 252 Salvinia natans 218 Phalaris paradoxa 253 Saponaria officinalis 219 Phyllanthus niruri 254 Saponaria vaccaria 220 Physalis angulata 255 Scirpus juncoides 221 Physalis minima 256 Scirpus maritimus 222 Physalis peruviana 257 Scirpus tuberosus Contents xiii

258 Scirpus validus 282 Striga asiatica 259 Sesbania exaltata 283 Striga densiflora 260 Setaria glauca 284 Striga gesnerioides 261 Setaria verticillata 285 Striga hermonthica 262 Setaria viridis 286 Tephrosia purpurea 263 Sida acuta 287 Trianthema 264 Sida cordifolia portulacastrum 265 Sida rhombifolia 288 Tribulus terrestris 266 Sida spinosa 289 Trifolium campestre 267 Silene conoidea 290 Trigonella polycerata 268 Silene latifolia 291 Typha angustifolia 269 Sisymbrium irio 292 Typha latifolia 270 Sisymbrium officinale 293 Urena lobata 271 Solanum dulcamara 294 Vallisneria spiralis 272 Solanum nigrum 295 Veronica agrestis 273 Solanum xanthocarpum 296 Veronica anagallis-aquatica 274 Sonchus arvensis 297 Vernonia cinerea 275 Sonchus asper 298 Vicia hirsuta 276 Sorghum halepense 299 Vicia sativa 277 Spergula arvensis 300 Vicoa indica 278 Sphenoclea zeylanica 301 Withania somnifera 279 Spirodela polyrhiza 302 Xanthium strumarium 280 Stellaria media 303 Ziziphus nummularia 281 Striga angustifolia 304 Ziziphus spina-christi

3. Medicinal use of important weeds 159-191 4. Health hazardous effects of weeds 192-201 5. Glossary of medical terms 202-209 References 210