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Clean Final for Staffing (11-24) Complementary PNT and GPS Backup Technologies Demonstration Report Sections 1 through 10 Andrew Hansen, Ph.D. Stephen Mackey Hadi Wassaf, Ph.D. Vaibhav Shah Eric Wallischeck Christopher Scarpone Michael Barzach Elliott Baskerville January 2021 DOT-VNTSC-20-07 Prepared for: Office of the Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology, Department of Transportation 1 Notice This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The United States Government assumes no liability for the contents or use thereof. The United States Government does not endorse products or manufacturers. Trade or manufacturers’ names appear herein solely because they are considered essential to the objective of this report. REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188), Washington, DC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED Technical Report 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5a. FUNDING NUMBERS Complementary PNT and GPS Backup Technologies Demonstration Report VHB2B119, OS91A119, VHU1A119, OS92A319, OS92A219 6. AUTHOR(S) 5b. CONTRACT NUMBER Hansen, A.; Mackey, S.; Wassaf, H.; Shah, V., Wallischeck, E; Scarpone, C.; Barzach, M., and Baskerville, E. 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT U.S. Department of Transportation NUMBER John A Volpe National Transportation Systems Center DOT-VNTSC-20-07 55 Broadway Cambridge, MA 02142-1093 9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSORING/MONITORING Office of the Assistant Secretary for Research and Technology (OST-R) AGENCY REPORT NUMBER 1200 New Jersey Avenue, SE Washington, DC 20590 United States United States Air Force (USAF) Space and Missile System Center (SMC) 482 N Aviation Blvd El Segundo, CA 90245 United States 11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES None 12a. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE This document is available to the public. None 13. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words) 14. SUBJECT TERMS 15. NUMBER OF PAGES Global Positioning System; GPS; Global Navigation Satellite System; GNSS; Positioning, Navigation, Timing; PNT; Backup; Complementary; Resilience; Preparedness; Critical Infrastructure; National Security; 16. PRICE CODE N/A 17. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 18. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 19. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 20. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT OF REPORT OF THIS PAGE OF ABSTRACT Unlimited Unclassified Unclassified Unclassified NSN 7540-01-280-5500 Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2-89) Prescribed by ANSI Std. 239-18 298-102 IEEE ABBREVIATIONS AND LETTER SYMBOLS FOR UNITS Unit or Term Abbreviation Unit or Term Abbreviation alternating current ac lumen second lm · s American wire gauge AWG lux lx ampere A magnetohydrodynamics MHD ampere hour Ah magnetomotive force MMF ampere turn A medium frequency MF amplitude modulation AM megaelectronvolt MeV antilogarithm antilog megahertz MHz audio frequency AF megavolt MV automatic frequency control AFC megawatt MW automatic gain control AGC megohm MΩ automatic volume control AVC metal-oxide MOS semiconductor average avg meter m backward-wave oscillator BWO meter-kilogram-second MKS baud Bd microampere µA beat-frequency oscillator BFO microfarad µF binary coded decimal BCD microgram µg bit b microhenry µH British thermal unit Btu micrometer µm calorie cal micromho µmho candela cd microsecond µs candela per square foot cd/ft2 microwatt µW candela per square meter cd/m2 mile (statute) mi cathode-ray oscilloscope CRO mile per hour mi/h cathode-ray tube CRT milliampere mA centimeter cm milligram mg circular mil cmil millihenry mH continuous wave CW milliliter ml coulomb C millimeter mm cubic centimeter cm3 millisecond ms cubic foot per minute ft3/min millivolt mV cubic meter m3 milliwatt mW cubic meter per second m3/s minute (plane angle) ...' decibel dB minute (time) min decibel referred to one milliwatt dBm nanofarad nF degree (plane angle) ...° nanometer nm degree (temperature interval or deg nanosecond ns difference) degree Celsius °C nanowatt nW degree Fahrenheit °F Complementary PNT & GPS Backup Sections 1-10 ii IEEE ABBREVIATIONS AND LETTER SYMBOLS FOR UNITS Unit or Term Abbreviation Unit or Term Abbreviation degree Rankine °R neper Np diameter diam newton N direct current dc newton meter Nm electromagnetic compatibility EMC ohm Ω electromagnetic unit EMU ounce (avoirdupois) oz electromotive force EMF pulse(s) per second pps electronic data processing EDP per unit pu electronvolt eV phase modulation PM electrostatic unit ESU picoampere pA extra-high voltage EHV picofarad pF extremely high frequency EHF picosecond ps extremely low frequency ELF picowatt pW farad F pound lb field-effect transistor FET pound per square inch§ lb/in2 foot ft poundal pdl foot per minute ft/min pound-force lbf foot per second ft/s pound-force foot lbf · ft pound-force per square lbf/in2 foot pound-force ft · lbf inch§ frequency modulation FM power factor PF gallon gal pulse per second pps gallon per minute gal/min radian rad gauss G radio frequency RF radio-frequency RFI gigaelectronvolt GeV interference gigahertz GHz resistance-capacitance RC resistance-inductance- RLC gram g capacitance henry H revolution per minute r/min hertz Hz revolution per second r/s high voltage HV roentgen R high-frequency HF root-mean-square rms hour h second (plane angle) …" inch in second (time) s inch per second in/s short wave SW inductance-capacitance LC siemens S inertia kg · m2 or signal-to-noise ratio SNR lb · ft2 silicon controlled SCR infrared IR rectifier inside diameter ID square foot ft2 Complementary PNT & GPS Backup Sections 1-10 iii IEEE ABBREVIATIONS AND LETTER SYMBOLS FOR UNITS Unit or Term Abbreviation Unit or Term Abbreviation intermediate frequency IF square inch in2 joule J square meter m2 joule per degree J/deg square yard yd2 kelvin K standing-wave ratio SWR kiloelectronvolt keV television interference TVI kilogram kg tesla T kilohertz kHz thousand circular mils kcmil kilohm kQ transverse electric TE transverse TEM kilojoule kJ electromagnetic kilometer km transverse magnetic TM kilometer per hour km/h traveling-wave tube TWT kilovar kvar vacuum-tube voltmeter VTVM kilovolt kV var var variable-frequency VFO kilovoltampere kVA oscillator kilowatt kW very-high-frequency VHF kilowatthour kWh very-low-frequnecy VLF lambert L volt V liter L voltage controlled VCO oscillator voltage standing-wave VSWR liter per second L/s ratio logarithm log voltampere var logarithm, natural ln watt W low-frequency LF watt per steradian W/sr watt per steradian W/(sr · m2) lumen lm square meter lumen per square foot lm/ft2 watthour Wh lumen per square meter lm/m2 weber Wb lumen per watt lm/W yard yd Complementary PNT & GPS Backup Sections 1-10 iv SI* (MODERN METRIC) CONVERSION FACTORS APPROXIMATE CONVERSIONS TO SI UNITS Symbol When You Know Multiply By To Find Symbol LENGTH in inches 25.4 millimeters mm ft feet 0.305 meters m yd yards 0.914 meters m mi miles 1.61 kilometers km AREA in2 square inches 645.2 square millimeters mm2 ft2 square feet 0.093 square meters m2 yd2 square yard 0.836 square meters m2 ac acres 0.405 hectares ha mi2 square miles 2.59 square kilometers km2 VOLUME fl oz fluid ounces 29.57 milliliters mL gal gallons 3.785 liters L ft3 cubic feet 0.028 cubic meters m3 yd3 cubic yards 0.765 cubic meters m3 NOTE: volumes greater than 1000 L shall be shown in m3 MASS oz ounces 28.35 grams g lb pounds 0.454 kilograms kg T short tons (2000 lb) 0.907 megagrams (or "metric ton") Mg (or "t") oz ounces 28.35 grams g TEMPERATURE (exact degrees) oF Fahrenheit 5 (F-32)/9 Celsius oC or (F-32)/1.8 ILLUMINATION fc foot-candles 10.76 lux lx fl foot-Lamberts 3.426 candela/m2 cd/m2 FORCE and PRESSURE or STRESS lbf poundforce 4.45 newtons N lbf/in2 poundforce per square inch 6.89 kilopascals kPa APPROXIMATE CONVERSIONS FROM SI UNITS Symbol When You Know Multiply By To Find Symbol LENGTH mm millimeters 0.039 inches in m meters 3.28 feet ft m meters 1.09 yards yd km kilometers 0.621 miles mi AREA mm2 square millimeters 0.0016 square inches in2 m2 square meters 10.764 square feet ft2 m2 square meters 1.195 square yards yd2 ha hectares 2.47 acres ac km2 square kilometers 0.386 square miles mi2 VOLUME mL milliliters 0.034 fluid ounces fl oz L liters 0.264 gallons gal m3 cubic meters 35.314 cubic feet ft3 m3 cubic meters 1.307 cubic yards yd3 mL milliliters 0.034 fluid ounces fl oz MASS g grams 0.035 ounces oz kg kilograms 2.202 pounds lb Mg (or "t") megagrams (or "metric ton") 1.103 short tons (2000 lb) T g grams 0.035 ounces oz Complementary PNT & GPS Backup Sections 1-10 v SI* (MODERN METRIC) CONVERSION FACTORS TEMPERATURE (exact degrees) oC Celsius 1.8C+32 Fahrenheit oF ILLUMINATION lx lux 0.0929 foot-candles fc cd/m2 candela/m2 0.2919 foot-Lamberts fl FORCE and PRESSURE or STRESS N newtons 0.225 poundforce lbf kPa Kilopascals 0.145 poundforce per square inch lbf/in2
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