1906. CONGRESS! ON A:t RECORD-HOUSE. 6407

Also, a bill (H. R. 19012) granting an increase of pension to Va., for the Burton bill (H. R. 18024) for preservation of A. P. Glnspie--to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. Niagara Falls-to the Committee on Rivers and Harbors. Also, a bill (H. R. 19013) granting an increase of pension to By Mr. LEVER: Paper to accompany bill for relief of 1\Iina Charle F. Robinson-to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. .A. Boswell-to the Committee on Pensions. By 1\Ir. SOUTHWICK: A bill (H. R. 19014) granting an in­ By Mr. LIVINGSTON: Paper to accompany bill for relief of crease of pension to Elizabeth A. Waller-to the Committee on Harry C. McCool-to the Committee on Pensions. Invalid Pensions. By Mr. MOON of Tennessee: Paper to accompany bill for By Ir. WELBORN: A bill (H. R. 19015) for the relief of relief of Sarah J. Watson-to the Committee on Invalid Pen­ the heirs of J. A. J. Rooker, deceased, and James Deatherage, sions. administrator of estate of deceased-to the Committee on War Also, paper to accompany bill for relief of estate of Wash­ Claims. ington Pryor-to the Committee on War Claims. Also, a bill (H. R. 19016) granting a pension to Mary Wehr­ By Mr. MUDD: Paper to accompany bill for relief of Fred­ roann-to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. erick .A. Holden-to the Committee on War Claims. By l\fr. PAYNE: Paper to accompany bill for relief of Charles PETITIONS, ETC. Koester-to the Committee on Military Affairs. Under clause 1 of Rule XXII, the following petitions and pa­ By 1\fr. PUJO: Petition of the Society for Political Study, of pers were laid on the Clerk's desk and referred as follows : New York City, for bills S. 2962 and 50 and H. R. 4462 (child By Mr. ACHESON: Petition of the Methodist Protestant labor and children's bureau)-to the Committee on the District Church of New Brighton, Pa., for Sunday closing of the James­ of Columbia. · town Exposition-to the Select Committee on Industral Arts By Mr. REYNOLDS : Petition of the Civic Club of Cambria and Expositions. · County, of Johnstown, Pa., against repeal of the Norris law By Mr. BAR'l'HOLDT: Petition of citizens, against conditions relative to forest reservations-to the Committee on .Agriculture- · existing in the Kongo Free State--to the Committee on Foreign By 1\fr. RHINOCK : Paper to accompany bill for relief of .Affairs. Lafayette H. McLeary-to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. By 1\Ir. BELL of Georgia: Paper to accompany bill for relief By Mr. SAMUEL W. SMITH: Petition of citizens ot. Genesee of John S. Dillard-to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. County, l\Iich., against religious legislation in the District of Also, paper to accompany bill for relief of Swinfield Stanley­ Columbia-to the Committee on the District of Columbia.. to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. Also, petition {}f Local No. 303, American Federation of Mu­ By Mr. BENNET of New York: Paper to accompany bill for sicians, C. A. Bush, jr., president, for bill H. R. 8748 for relief relief of William Winslow Bennett-to the Committee on In­ of civilian musicians-to the Committee on Naval Affairs. valid Pensions. By Mr. SPERRY: Petition of professors and students of Also, paper to accompany bill for relief of Herman Hage Yale University, favoring consolidation of third and fourth Miller-to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. class mail matter-to the Committee on the Po-st-Office and Post­ By Mr. BUTLE.R: Petition of G. Albert Hinksay, Louis .A. Roads. Green, and Grange No. 851, for the pure-food bill-to the Com­ By Mr. STEPHENS of Texas."• Petition of citizens of Texas, mittee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. against religious legislation in the District of Columbia-to By Mr. CURRIER: Petition of citizens of the State of New the Committee on the District of Columbia. Hampshire, against bill S. 529 (the ship-subsidy bill) -to the By Mr. SULLIVAN of New -York: Petition of the Society for Committee on the Merchant Marine and Fisheries. Political Study, of New York· .City, for bills S. 50 and H. R. By Mr. DRISCOLL: Petition of citizens of New York, against 4462 and S. 2762-to the Committee on the District of Columbia. religious legislation in the District of Columbia-to the Commit­ By Mr. SULZER: Petition {}f · Gen. Green B. Raum, L. .A. tee on the District of Columbia. Grant, C. D. Macdougall, and Samuel J. Crawford, for bill S. By 1\Ir. FOSTER of Vermont: Petition of the Amalgamated 2162, creating a volunteer retired list-to the Committee on Association of Street and Electric Railway Employees of Military Affairs. .America, for retention of the present Chinese-exclusion law- Also, petition of the Frankfort Business Men's Club, against to the Committee on Foreign Affairs. . amendments to the pure-food bill calculated to impair its effi­ By Mr. FULLER: Petition of the Negro Development and ciency-to the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. Exposition Company of the United States of America, for an ap­ By Mr. WANGER: Petition of Washington Camp, No. 331, propriation relative to said company's exhibit at the J ames­ Patriotic Order Sons of America, of Edge Hill, Pa., favoring town Exposition-to the Committee on Industrial Arts and Ex­ restriction of immigration-to the Committee on Immigration positions. and Naturalization. Also, petition of S. R. Taber, against bill S. 5538, relative to superintendence of Indian affairs in Alaska-to the Commit­ HOUSE OF REPR~SENT.ATIVES. tee on the Territories. Also, petition of the Society for Political Study, of New SATURDAY, May 5, 1906. York City, for bills S. 50 and H. R. 4462 (the child-labor bills)­ to the Committee on the District of Columbia. The House met at 12 o'clock m. By Mr. GAINES of Tennessee: Paper to accompany bill for Prayer by the Chaplain, Rev. IlENRY N. CoUDEN, D. D. relief of the Fykes Grove Primitive Baptist Church-to the The Journal of yesterday's proceedings was read and ap­ Committee on War Claims. · pro~ed. By Mr. GARDNER of New Jersey : Petitions of Fames, Lin­ FIVE CIVILIZED TRIBES. wood, Social, Goshen, Harmony, Beach, American Star, Purity, Mr. CURTIS. l\Ir. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent for the Tuckahoe, and Washington Councils, Junior Order United reprint of Public Law No. 129, entitled "An act to provide for .American Mechanics, favoring restriction of immigration-to the final disposition of the affairs of the Five Civilized Tribes the Committee on Rules. in the Indian Territory, and for other purposes." Also, petition of Washington Camps, Patriotic Order Sons The SPEAKER. The gentleman from Kansas asks unani­ of America, of Atlantic City and Pemberton, N. J., favoring mous consent for a reprint of the public law designated. Is restriction of immigration-to the Committee on Rules. there objection? .Also, petition of Mary J. Hunt Council, Daughters of Liberty, There was no objection. of Millville, N. J., favoring restriction of immigration-to the LEAVE TO PRINT. Committee on Rules. Mr. BUTLER of Pennsylvania. Mr: Speaker, I ask unani­ By Mr. GOULDEN: Petition of members of St. Luke Ceuncil, mous consent to extend my remarks on the naval appropriation No. 438, Knights of Columbus, for a memorial of Christopher bill in the RECORD. Columbus-to the Committee on the Library. The SPEAKER. The gentleman from Pennsylvania [Mr. By 1\Ir. GRANGER: Petition of Rhode Island Chapter of the BUTLER] asks unanimous consent to extend his remarks in the 'American Institute of Architecture, for preservation of Niagara RECORD. Is there objection? Falls-to the Committee on Rivers and Harbors. There was no objection. By Mr. GUDGER: Paper to accompany bill· for relief of the estate of Aquilla Swan-to the Committee on War Claims. MESSAGE FROM THE SENATE. By Mr. JONES of Virginia: Paper to accompany bill for re­ A message from the Senate, by Mr. PARKINSON, its reading lief of estate of Robert R. Berry-to the Committee on Claims. clerk, announced that the Senate bad passed bills of the follow­ By Mr. KENNEDY of Nebraska: Paper to accompany bill for ing titles ; in which the concurrence of the House of Repre­ relief of Mary A. Peterson.:_to the Committee on Invalid Pen­ sentatives was requested: sions. S. 6022 . .An act to amend section 6 of an act entitled "An By Mr. L.A.l\IB: Petition of St. .Andrew's School, Richmond, act to define and fix the standard of value, to maintain the parity_ /

• 6408 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. MAY 5, of all forms of money issued or coined by the United States, to Mr. HEPBURN. I will refer the matter to the gentleman refund the public debt, and for other purposes," approved March from Georgia. 14, 1900 ; and Mr. BARTLETT. This is a report from the Committee on S. 5!)±3. An act to authorize the Minnesota, Dakota and Pa­ Accounts. If it be recalled, the Committee on Appropriations, cific Railway Company to construct a bridge across the :Mis­ in the legislative, judicial, and executive appropriation bill, souri River. after investigation, made provision for this identical assistant The message also announced that the Senate had passed the clerk in the way this resolution does, and it went out on a point following resolution: of order. Being a member of the Committee on Interstate and Rc.sol1;ed, That the Secretary be directed to request the House of Foreign Commerce, I am satisfied that this resolution ought llepre entatives to return to th Senate tile bill (H. R. 17576) to pro­ to pass. I want to say, to the credit of the gentleman from vide for tee entry of agricultural lands within forest reserves. Iowa, who asked for it, that he has been more modest in ask­ SENATE BilL REFERRED. ing for assistance from the Committee on Accounts than the Under clause 2 of Rule XXIV, Senate bill of the following chairman of any committee I know of in the House; and, from title was taken from the Speaker's table and referred to its my own knowledge of the business of that committee, I think aprropriate committee, as indicated below: the resolution ought to pass. The assistant clerk is needed. s·. G 22. An act to amend section 6 of an act entitled "An act Tile committee is considering and investigating a large amount to efine and fix the standard of value, to maintain the parity of business, larger probably than it ever did before, and in of all forms of money issued or coined by the United States, to connection with that, I desire to say that I investigated the refund the public debt, and for other purposes," approved March matter in the Committee on Accounts, and voted for it in that 14, 1000--to the Committee on Coinage, Weights, and Measures. committee. I think it ought to pass. LAND WITmN FOREST RESF..&VES. Mr. SHACKLEFORD. I am quite familiar with the amount of work done in that committee, and, speaking from my own Tile SPEAKER laid before the House the bill (H. R. 17576) knowledge, I believe that we ought to adopt this resolution. I to Ilrovide for the entry of agricultural lands within forest re­ think the clerk is absolutely needed to do the work. sen·e , with Senate amendments. Tile Senate amendments were read. 'l'he substitute was agreed to. Tile SPEAKER also laid before the House the following re­ The resolution as amended was agreed to. que ~t from the Senate: CLERK TO COMMITTEE ON PATENTS. Resoll:cd, '.rhat the Secretary be directed to request the House of Mr. CASSEL. I submit the following report from the Com~ Rept·esentatives to return to the Senate the bill (H. R. 17576) to pro­ mittee on Accounts. vide fot· t)le entry of agricultural lands within forest reserves. The clerk read as follows : Mr. LACEY. Mr. Speaker, I move that the request of the Senate be granted. House resolution No. 405. Resolved, That the chairman of the Committee on Patents is hereby The question was taken ; and the motion was agreed to. authorized to appoint a clerk to said committee, who shall be paid out BOAliD OF TISITORS TO THE UNITED STATES MILITARY ACADEMY. of the contingent fond of the House at the rate of 2,000 per annum from and after July 1, 1906, unless otherwise provided for by law; The SPEAKER. The Chair appoints the following Board of and the Committee on Appropriations is hereby authorized and directed Visitors to the United States Military Academy: to provide for the salary of said clerk in one of the general a~;>propria ­ tion bills : Provided, That the same shall be in lieu of the sesswn clerk :Mr. Hor..LIDAY of Indiana; Mr. SAMUEL W. SMITH, of Michi­ assigned to said committee. gan, and Mr. WILEY of Alabama. 'Ihe resolution was greed to. BOARD OF \ISITORS TO THE UNITED STATES NAVAL ACADEMY. CLERK IN HOUSE DOCUMENT ROOM. Tile SPEAKER. The Chair appoints the following Board of Mr. CASSEL. 1\fr. Speaker, I report another resolution. Visitors to the United States Naval Academy: 'rhe Clerk read as follows : Mr. RonERI'S of Massachusetts, Mr. LlLr..EY of Connecticut, and .Mr. GREGG of Texas. House resolution No. 398. Resolved, That the Doorkeeper of the House is hereby authorized and ASSISTANT CLERK TO COMMITTEE ON INTERSTATE AND FOREIGN directed to appoint a clerk to perform such duties under the direction COMMERCE. of the s uperintendent of the House document room as may be required, to be paid out of the contingent fund of the House until the end of the Mr. CASSEf..J. Mr. Speaker, I offer the following resolution present fiscal year at the rate of 1,400 per annum, and the Committee from the Committee on Accounts, and ask that the substitute be on Appropriations is hereby directed to provide for the salary of said clerk in one of the general appropriation bills : P r o?:ided, That the po­ read. sition hereby created shall be m lieu of that of one assistant in the House The SPEAKER. The gentleman from Pennsylvania presents document room at $1,400 per annum now provided for by law. the following privileged report from the Committee on Accounts. The question was taken; and the resolution was agreed to. Tile Clerk read as follows : MACHINIST IN HEATING AND VENTILATING DEPARTMENT. R es olvecl, That the chairman of the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce is hereby authorized to appoint an additional clerk Mr. CASSEL. I present another report, Mr. Speaker. to said committee, who shall be paid out of the contingent fund of the Tile Clerk read as follows : House at the rate of $1,800 per annum from and after July 1, 1906, unle s otherwise provided for by law, and the Committee on Appropria­ IIouse resolution No. 364. tions is hereby authorized and directed to provide for the salary of said Resolved, That the Superintendent of the Capitol Building ·and clerk in one of the general appropriation bills: Provided, That the Grounds is hereby authorized to employ a machinist in the heating and same shall J::e in lieu of the assistant session clerk to said committee ventilating department of the House of Representatives, whose com­ authorized by House resolution adopted December 19, 1905. pensation shall b~ $1.200 per annum, said position to be in lieu of that ot one fireman at $900 per annum, the difference in salary until the Mr. CLARK of 1\fissouri. I would like to ask the gentleman close of the present fiscal year to be paid out of the contingent fund v;bat nece sity there is for this additional clerk. of the House to the person who shall perform the duties of the position Mr. CASSEL. This is not an additional clerk, but is making of machinist hereby created. And the Committee on Appropriations is hereby :.mthorized to make further provision hereunder from and after the assistant clerk an annual clerk, instead of being appointed July 1, 1906, in the legislative, executive, and judicial appropriation from time to time by the committee. bill. . Mr. CLARK of Missouri. What difference does it make to The amendment recommended by the committee was read, as the Treasury? follows: Mr. CASSEL. It makes a difference of about $300 a year; In lines 12 and 13 strike out the words " the legislative, executive, probably more. and judicial appropriation bill " and insert " one of the general appro­ 1\Ir. CLARK of Missouri. .How much? priation bills." Mr. CASSEL. Between three and four hundred dollars a Mr. CLARK of Missouri. Is this a permanent officer you are yeal', I understand. This makes the salary $1,800 a year, and creating, or not? at the present time it is $6 a day during the session of Congress. Mr. CASSEL. It is not This is a remarkable resolution, Mr. CLARK of Missouri. They do not have any use for an I want to say. This employee does not know, I believe, there assistant clerk when the committee is not in session, do they? is a resolution presented. He has occupied this position for a 1\Ir. CASSEL. The chairman of the committee will explain. number of years. He occupies a very responsible position, and Mr. HEPBURN. Mr. Speaker, I wish to say in regard to some of the Members of the House felt that be should be placed this matter that there is a great deal of business before this upon the same salary as the men who run the elevators. committee. There is a great deal of correspondence with in­ Mr. CLARK of Missouri. What do you want with anybody; dividuals during the session and during the interval between to attend to the heating apparatus from now to the end of this sessions. Tberefore I think it is a wise thing to make provi­ session? sion for two clerks, and any gentleman on the other side who Mr. CASSEL. It is changing his position and increasing his is familiar with the work of the committee will know that it is salary, that is all. lie has charge of the elevators. a proper thing. Mr. CLARK of Missouri. Better be fixing up some cooling Mr. BARTLETr. Will the gentleman yield to me? apparatus.

• 1906. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE.

1\lr. GOULDEN. This simply increases the salary of this the nations of the earth increase their naval and military man from ~900 to $1,200 a year. He is a most efficient me­ strength, because their rivals are engaged in the same mad chanic, one who could_obtain this compensation anywhere else game of folly. What is the result of all of it? At the end of in a like position. Holding a responsible place and being a five, or ten, or twenty years the nations have not changed mate­ first-class man in every respect, he is clearly entitled to this rially their relative strength. They simply move like de::tth, recognition. that comes to the cottage of the rich and the poor with equal The question was taken ; and the amendment was agreed to. pace. Even now Great Britain is engaged in building the The resolution was agreed to. D readnought, the most powerful monster of human destruction that has ever been built by man. Germany, in order not to be ASSISTANT TO THE FILE CLERK OF THE HOUSE. excelled, has decided to change the type of some of the battle Mr. CASSEL. 1\Ir. Speaker, I present House resolution No. ships heretofore authorized and build them of the type of the 401 for consideration. D readnoug lit. The Clerk read as follows : It is said in the report of the Naval Committee on this bill that Resolt: ed, That the Clerk of the House is hereby authorized and Japan, the Yankee nation of the Far East, quick to learn, is directed to appoint an assistant to the file clerk of the House of Rep­ resentatives, whose compensation shall be $1,600 per annum, to be engaged in building three great battle ships of tllis type, and the paid out of the contingent fund of the Ilouse until otherwise pro­ Secretary of the Navy in his recommendation to Congress urges vided for by law; and tbe Committee on Appropriations is hereby au­ this body that if but one battle ship shall be provided for it thorized and directed to provide for the salary of said office in one ?! the general appropriation bills: Prov ided, That said office shall be m shall be the greatest that has ever been constructed. I lieu of the office of assistant to the file clerk of the House, at $1,200 Wllat will be the end of this game of folly? When Great I per annum, now authorized by law. Britain, and France, and Germany, and Italy, and Japan, and The following committee amendment was read : the United States shall each have six or a dozen of the Dread­ In line 4 strike out the word " six" and insert the word "five," so nought type, their relative position toward one another will be that it shall read "$1,500 per annum." just tlle same as it was when they had none. Since the begin­ Tile amendment was agreed to. ning of the construction of what is called the new navy we kave The resolution was agreed to. spent in building ships $252,272,667. The ships already author­ , r EXPENSES OF SUBCOMMITTEE OF COMMITTEE ON NAVAL AFFAIRS. ized and not yet completed will cost $52,429,629 more, making an expenditure of $304,702,000 since 1883 in the construction of 1\lr. CASSEL. 1\Ir. Speaker, I call up House resolution No: monsters of human destruction. The ships under construction 410. when completed will require about 24,000 more men and officers, The Clerk read as follows : making tlle entire naval force about 60,000. What is the game Resolved, That the expenses incurred by the subcommittee of the ./ Committee on Naval Affairs, which visited the Naval Academy during as we see it played? The United States builds a ·battle ship I the present session, to investigate hazing, including stenographic serv­ witll ru-mor that no gun will pierce. It forthwith proceeds, out ices, be paid out o! the contingent fund on vouchers duly certified by of the tax money of the people, to construct a gun that will the chairman of said subcommittee and approved by the Committee pierce any armor. Other nations-are engaged in like conduct. on Accounts. Those who advocate this doctrine seem to be men of peace; The following committee amendment was read: they claim that the preparation for war is the best preventive of In line 5, after the word "fund," insert the words "of the House," so that it shall read, "be paid out of the contingent fund of the House." war. I deny the proposition~ "You may as well go out into the hlghways and hedges and tell men that the best way to pre­ The amendment was agreed to. vent personal encounters and personal violence is for each man The resolution was agreed to. to arm himself to the teeth. It is not true in fact, and it is not On motion of Mr. CassEL, a motion to reconsider the vote according to high Christian ideals." How can you expect to whereby the several resolutions were passed was laid on the encourage peace when you engage in teaching men war, wllen table. you are making preparations for war by land and by sea? This REPRINT OF oo:I>ORT ON NAVAL BILL. is the greatest country on this globe. We are not great by rea­ 1\ir. FOSS. l\fr. Speaker, owing to the fact that the supply son of our wars, though I have not one word to say against the of reports on the naval appropriation bill have become ex­ men who have fought our battles, whose deeds of daring have hausted I ask unanimous consent that there be a reprint of the been told in song and story ; but our greatness is due to the mag­ same with corrections. nificence of our domain, to our splendid institutions, and to the The SPEAKER. The gentleman from Illinois asks unani­ magnificent citizenship of our men and women. mous consent for a reprint of the report (No. 3639) on the As the greatest nation in the world a responsibility rests naval appropriation bill. Is there objection? upon us. The nations of the Old World, with their rivalries There was no objection. and jealousies of centuries, are suspicious of one another, NAVAL APPROPRIATION BILL. but if this giant Republic out of the West shall propose 1\Ir. FOSS. 1\lr. Speaker, I move that the House resolve to the nations of the earth to stop this mad game of folly, pro­ itself into Committee of the Whole House on the state of the pose to quit building battle ships and monsters of human de­ Union for the further consideration of the naval appropriation struction, they will gladly join us. We not only have the oppor­ bill. tunity, but it is our duty to speak, and that message should be The motion was agreed to. spoken through the Chief Executive of our nation. He is a Accordingly the House resolved itself into Committee of the man of wonderful personality, of indomitable will power and Whole House on the state of the Union, with Mr. CRUMPACKER ceaseless energy. If with his personal characteristics, coupled in the chair. with the prestige of his great office, be will take the burden Mr. l\IEYER. Mr. Chairman, I now yield thirty minutes to upon himself of asking the nations of the world to join in an the gentleman from South Carolina [Mr. JoHNSON]. agreement to stop further military and naval extensions, even 1\fr. JOHNSON. Mr. Chairman, as I do not believe in gat­ if he can not get the consent of his mind to ask for disarma­ tling-gun Christianity and battle-ship comme-rce, it is perhaps ment itself, I believe that the nations of the world will gladly an opportune time to express my disapproval of our present assent policy. More than a quarter of a century ago I gave this sub­ As was said yesterday by the learned and eloquent gentleman ject some thought and consideration. I came to the conclusion from Ohio [Mr. BURTON], when the men of history shall record that there ought to be an international tribunal, clothed with the deeds of the present Executive of the United States the power to hear and determine controversies between nations, just greatest event in that active life will be the fact that his per­ as courts hear and determine controversies between individuals. sonality and his great prestige brought together the representa­ I was filled with the hopes of youth. As the years have passed, tives of Japan and Russia. He not only brought the representa­ many of the fond ideals of youth have been shattered; but, sir, tives of those nations together, but he did more. He snatched witll the passing years, and with riper experience and a deeper victory out of the very jaws of defeat and secured a treaty and a broader grasp of human affairs, the conviction that great that was satisfactory to the nations involved and to the world. international questions should be settled in the forums of con­ When the great coal strike was on, with his marvelous energy science and in the forums of reason rather th~ by the arbitra­ and his wonderful personality he stepped in and settled that ment of the sword, has grown stronger. controversy when no other living man could do it, and he car­ I discovered, when I had this matter under consideration, that ried joy to millions of American citizens. the nations of the earth were engaged in one constant, never­ We pose, 1\fr. Chairman, as a Christian nation. If we live ending struggle to increase their naval and military strength. up to our profession, if we make the Decalogue a living reality One nation, impelled by the desire not to be outdone by some in our national and international life, instead of an irridescent rival nation, goes forward building new and greater battle dream, we would lead the nations in this great movement for ships and equipping new and oilier regiments. The rival nation the peace of the world. is compelled to pursue a similar course. Thus, year after year, You tell me that you are compelled to increase your naval 6410 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. MAY 5,

power and that the whole past of human history is but the only chance to serve such notice-that the Congress of the story. of war and bloodshed. I answer, sir, that because men United States is in sympathy with the peace movement; that have been evil in the past is no reason for pursuing that mad America expects actual results from the second Hague confer­ course in the future. What we should do is to endeavor to! ence, ancl, if the e results will justify it, that we are ready and lift up and make better the human race, instead of ourselves willing to abide by them. trying to excel all other nations in folly. · Mr. Chairman, with the permission of the committee, I shall I plead, Mr. Chairman, for the peace of the world. I plead improve this opportunity to briefly review the movement for for the Christian nation of the earth to take the lead. Are we international justice and world organization, and briefly outline a Christian nation? When affliction and desolation were vis- the demands of the hour, upbn which the friends of this move­ ited upon our fellow-citizens on the Pacific slope, the rich man ment, after mature thought and due discussion, have concen­ out of his abundance and the widow out of her mite contributed trated their effoi.·ts. to their relief. When will we come to the relief of our fellows, With the Roosevelt peace at Portsmouth-! hope it will go not only on the Pacific coast, but all over the wide, wide world? down into history by that name-the peace of the world was I plead, Mr. Chairman, for the overburdened taxpayers of all nominally reestablished. I say nominally not because tlJe the countries of the earth. I plead for the men who bare their present peace is any less secure or. any less sincere or in any breasts to the storms of battle. I plead for the women, God way diffel"ent from what the world has heretofore experienced­ bless them, who while they bear no arms, suffer all the agonies ob, no !-but I call it a nominal peace because it is the only kind of war. of peace which, under present conditions, governments are The maid who binds her warrior's sash, capable of securing, and the only kind, by the way, which th·e ·The With while smile beneath that eachwell droopingher pain lashdissembles, lJuman family in all its history bas every been permitted to One starry tear drop hangs and trembles, enjoy. In reality it is no peace at all, but merely an armistice- Though heaven alone records the tear, a temporary suspension of hostilities, with no guaranty or safe- HathAnd shed fame a shalldrop ofnever blood know as dearher story, guard whatsoever as to its lasting qualities. The world ba As e'er bedewed the field of glory. made progress in every respect but this. Human ingenuity bas The wife who girds her husband's sword, fettered the forces of nature; it has successfully guarded 'Mid little ones who weep and wonder, ·against their desh·nctiveness, and has made them even service- And bravely speaks the parting word, able to man. Human foresight by international agreement bas ·DoomedWhat thoughnightly h~rin herheart dreams be rent to asunder:bear guarded against epidemics and diseaEe, but in the thousands of The bolts of death around him rattle, years of social evolution no effective remedy bas as yet been ·Has shed as precious blood as e'er provided against war, that self-inflicted and most tenible Was poured upon the field of battle. plague of the human race. Peace to-day is as changeable as the I plead, Mr. Chairman," for all the people of all the earth to weather. It may be disturbed at any moment and upon the be relieved from this great unnecessary burden. I want this least provocation, and even by a single individual if th:lt indi­ Christian nation to hasten the.Jiay spoken of by the prophet- vidual happens to be the ruler of a nation. What an intolerable And they shall beat their ' slfords Into plowshares and their spears condition! All counb·ies have made it a law that the citizen or into pruning hooks, and nation shall not rise up against nation; subject must have due regard for the rights of his neighbor- neither shall they learn war _any more. that is, he must keep the peace or the power of the State will [Applause.] · make him do so; but the governments themselves have not yet Mr. CLARK of Missouri. Mr. Chairman, I rise to a question seen fit to apply that same law to their own conduct toward of order. '.rhere is no quq:c~ "' J?r~ent. each other. In internal affairs the power of all rulers, even of ':f'he CHAIRMAN. Th~ gentl~an from Missouri mak~s t~e autocrats, is more or less circumscribed, but in a question of pomt of order that there . ~-S p.o qu.Qrum present. The Chair Will war or peace, that most momentous of all questions, involving, count. [After countin~.] One hu~dred and twenty Members as it does, a greater risk of human happiness, of treasure, and are present, and the , po~t of order _Is overruled. of life than any other, the will of a ruler is usually arbitrary Mr. FOSS.. Mr.. Ctmuman, I yield one hour to the gentle-~ and supreme. And regarding that question the people are either .man from Missouri [Mr. B.ART~OLDT]. - . not consulted at all or they can be easily fooled, duped, and de- Mr. BARTHOLDT. Mr. Chairman, at the proper time I pro- ceived. For resourceful rulers it is not a difficult matter to pose to offer an . amendment to. that section of the pending bill inflame the passions of the people and incite their wrath by which provides for a new battle ship. My amendment reads as manipulation. A spurious telegram can set a nation on fire. follows : · 'Vhen ·Bismarck was ready for the war with France, a telegram Provided, hotveve,-, That if at the second Hague conference any from Ems, that little watering place on the Rhine, announced measure should be agreed upon for the gradual reduction of the naval that the German Emperor had been insulted, and in a moment forces of the great powers, or for the settlement of international con- troversies by judicial decision and by means of arbitration treaties, the people of all the German States, divided though they lJad the Secretary of the Navy shall have discretion to defer the construe- been, rose like one man and the " furor Teutonicus " :wa tion of the ship herein provided for. . aroused. This amendment, Mr. Chairman, does not antagonize the Bismarck is reported to have said in great emergencies such present naval programme. It merely recognizes such conditions means are justifiable to arouse the patriotism, the enthusiasm, as may arise and enables the Government to defer to them. and the war spirit of the people. Even in a country like ours, It refers, as I will show later on, to the judgment of states- wlJere the power to declare war is reserved to the National Legis­ menship a qu~tion which from its very nature should b8 settled lature, the security of the people against deception is not ab o­ by state&men and not by naval ex:perts. It gives our Govern- lute. Have they or their representatives full knowledge of all ment the necessary discretion in <:ase the agreements to be that is going on in the State Department? Is it outside of tlJe arrived at at the next Hague conference should render the range of possibility that party leader~, in order to perpetuate construction of tba.t additional large battle ship unnecessary. their power, might incite a foreign war by manipulation? For­ Its adoption will be bailed as a lJealthy exercise of the judg- tunately in our country this bas never been attempted, but bu- - ment of Congress, which is the people's judgment in matters man nature is the same everywhere, and a system which is left of this kind. Naval budgets, as we all know, are manufactured unrestrained by law or by binding international obligations is in the shops of the Navy Department, and little or nothing is sure to constantly invite the attempt. The history of Europe tells known there of the progress of the peace movement, at least us of many a war frivolously and criminally begun by ruler , no consideration whatever is given to such progress. We here because of the discontent of the people and in order to turn their do know, however, and in the judgment of many great Americans attention from home grievances to an alleged foreign foe. If in it is our bounden duty as representatives of the people to give such cases there was no casus belli it had to be invented and was heed to a changed condition which is presented by the willing- invented. Thus the people's peace, which from the standpoint ness of all the great ·powers to join us in an effort soon to be of human interest, should be the strongest and most secure insti­ made at 'l'be Hague at laying the foundation for more perma- tution, is really the weakest and most insecure. And why? nent peace. To me it bas become perfectly plain, through con- Because in spite of the boasted civilization of the twentieth tact with leading men of other nat1ons, that the United States century the nations have up to this day failed to substitute for a must take the lead in this great movement. The jealousies state of international anarchy a system of international law and of European powers and their mutual distrust of each other do order. With this chapter alone and to show how the people, tlJe not permit any of them to proceed, but they are willing, aye, dear, good, credulous masses, have been fooled and deceived, I anxious, for obvious reasons, to join and follow us on the could take up all the time allotted to me, but I must hurry on on"ard march to a higher civilization-a civilization where with my argument. I have shown the uncertainty of peace or ·the tribunal instead of the sword will settle tbe questions of rather of the armed interim between the armed conflicts which rigllt and wrong. The adoption of the amendment which I people are wont to call peace. Now, let me say a word about the shall offet' will serve notice upon the world-and tbis is our cost of tbis kind of peace. Before the Franco-German war the 1906. CONfiRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. 6'4.il

military budgets of Europe amounted to about $585,000,000 a that man in return fQr the privilege of living in a commmity year. In 1893 they were double that amount. must gi\e up part of his natural rights and agree to bow to the Mr. DRISOOLI.J. Does that include the naval budgets, too? law made by the community to secure peace and protection to l\fr. llARTHOLDT. That included both. Now their total is all alike. And on this basis society bas been organized every­ more than $1,400,000,000. In 1889 Lord Salisbury, by means where. In the interest of life, liberty, and the pursuit of of a confidential circular, ascertained the expenses of the happiness natural law has been superseded by human law, so armies and navies of Great Britain, Germany, Austria, Russia, that justice instead of brute force will settle the questions of Italy, and Spuin for the years 1881 to l~that is, for seven right and wrong. Thus our friends the war mongers will per­ years-to be £!)74,000,000, or nearly $5,000,000,000. The British ceive that great advancement bas been made, at least, by the prime minister transmitted these figures to the German Em- separate nations from the primitive rule of mutual slaughter . peror who, as report bas it, was so shocked by them as to imme­ to a state of civilization governed by inutual respect for in­ diately declare his intention of convening an international con­ dividual rights. But what a humiliating confession, that the gress to consider measures of relief, but at that time France mutual-slaughter rule should still obtain in international rela­ objected, and the project of a congress fell through. You are tions! And it does still obtain, the same as in medireval times, aware of course, that our own expenses for the military and the same as in the dim active ages when the ancestors of men naval' establishments have been at least doubled since the went about on all fours killing and rending. In view of this Spanish-American war, and these enormous expenditures, mind amazing fact, I ask you, my friends, whether it is really so you, go const..mtly on; aye, they are constantly increasing. chimerical or whether you are really dreamers and rainbow When nation A builds a battle ship, nation B builds two, and chaEers, when you demand that governments shall adjust their then the government of nation A points to its neighbor and relations with other governments in accordance with the same asks the people to furnish means for three or four more, and so civil laws with which they enforce and regulate the conduct of on, each successive appropriation begetting the necessity of an their own citizens? This is all the friends of peace demand, additional one, and no one can tell when and where the mad nothing more and nothing less. · rivalry will ever stop. Evidently it will be carried to that ex­ Let me continue to enumerate the elements which are ob­ treme limit where mutual ex'haustion and general collapse structing the world's progress toward more permanent peace. will be the inevitable result. Let me say right here, a peace Our system of education, which holds -UP every soldier as a whicll exacts such sacrifices should not be dignified with that hero, should, of course, be mentioned here. European text-books name. In ren.lity it is a state of suspended war rather than on history are a glorificatiqn of' war from beginning to end, and peace, with the characteristics of more suspense than peace. I regret to say we see in our -own their mischievous images. To substitute for this costly and uncertain peace a condi­ This style of history is excusable, perhaps, in monarchical coun­ tion of genuine lasting peace, a condition which embodies a tries, but it is inexcusable in a ·democracy. The schools should law for its continuance and permanence is the sum and sub­ be used to curb and not tG stimulate the brute instincts of stance, the alpha and omega, of the modern peace movement. human nature, and the pupil's mind should at all times be im­ And this leads me naturally to the discussion of the measures pressed with the eternal truth' " tllat peace bath its victories necessary to attain this end. Great progress bas been made of no less renowned than war.~' Moreover, the schoolroom is no late in the matter of bringing the problem down from the place for military drills. Let us maintain a system of healthful cloudy domain of theory and speculative thought to the solid physical exercise, which will" prepai.·e our boys for all emer­ ground of practical statesmanship. But let me pre:mise a few gencies, but be sure to banish everything from our school which words about the obstacles in the way of this greatest of all smacks of the profession of war. reforms and about the elements of opposition. And now we come to tlre -interested objectors. All other con~ Victor Hugo once said that peace is the virtue, war the crime, scious or unconscious opponenfs""!·or the modern peace programme of civilization. If this be true, and I certainly bold it to be are mere amateurs as compared with the man who suspects this true, then it should be the duty of every good man and woman programme of being a ·menace to his prerogatives and his throne. to help promote the cause of peace in order that virtue might Any plan tending to interfere in the least with his w·ar arma~ be enthroned upon tlie ruins of crime. Way down deep in their ment looks to him like an attempt at sawing off the limb upon hearts the majority of people no doubt believe in the merits of which be is sitting. And yet, Mr. Chairman, there is good rea­ the peace movement, but there are many who still doubt its son to believe that even the opinion ·of monarchs is undergoing final success, and these "doubting Thomases" constitute un­ a great change on this subject. Since the Franco-German and knowingly the greatest possible impediment to the progress of the Turkish wars there has been no great European war. As I the movement. In this class should also be included those who said on yesterday, Spain has had her bloody encounters in from prejudice or false notions glorify war as an exhibition of America, England in Africa, Russia in Asia; but the great manliness and heroism, such as should be the boast of proud powers of Europe, though ·armed to thefr teeth, have for over nations. Reduced to its last analysis, this theory would hold up thirty years dwelt peaceably together in neighborly friendship. the maddened bull in the bloody arena as the proper idol for us without once during those many years resorting to arms, and to worship. As if there was not more real heroism displayed whatever differences arose during that time were peaceably in everyday life than there ever was in war ! adjusted by agreements based on justice and reason. That is a To strike a blow in wrath is ~simply the operation of animnl great lesson. passion. But to manfully restrain that natural passion, even Another insh\lctive lesson was taught by both the Boer war under provocation, is the result of human reasoning. If civiliza­ and the Czar's experience with Japan. In the one case a mere tion means anything aside from the mere technical achieve­ handful of men held a powerful nation at bay for more than ments, it is self-resh·aint, and the degree in which it is prac­ a year, and in the other case history will at best record a draw. ticed is the measure of our culture. This self-restraint, I hold, The natural deduction from this is that it is not as easy as it should be practiced by nations as well as by individuals. And used to be to vanquish even a weaker foe ; in other words, war this lesson should be taken to heart even more especially by is much less effective than it formerly was to attain certain those who believe war to be a natural condition-a condition ends. The reason is simply that the frantic rivalry in the in­ due to the inexorable laws of nature. Their theory, most inter­ crease of armaments has produced- the equal readiness of all, esting I admit, is that mutual slaughter is the rule of social and this being the condition -of affairS, it is nothing short of growth; that our ancestors, pressed by necessity, made war a delusion to suppose that ·ambitious plans could easily be perpetually upon one another and on all other living things, and carried out by war now as former1y. that the best-advantaged race will devour the least or less ad­ Von Bloch, an eminent writer on this subject, goes so far vantaged. as to express the belief that the powers are really unable to · War, they hold, is a question of food or wealth, and therefore wage the war for which they prepare. "The greatest efforts always justifiable. And, mind you, they do not hesitate to of increase armaments," he says, · " m·erely increase the prob­ draw the logical conclusion that might is right. They do not ability of the inefficiency of war in a political or material openly justify murder and cannibalism, but since the laws of sense." And this and other considerations are regarded by nature do not change I can not see, if this theory is correct, him as the forces which to-day are deterring the rulers from why the e laws should not require mutual slaughter to-day as setting their war machinery in motion. This stage in the they did in the dim ages. But you will notice at a glance what progress of political evolution is the great opportunity, it is it is that this theory leaves out of its consideration. It is no needless to say, which the friends of peace have been awaiting less important a factor than that presented by the compact, the these many, many years. It is the signal for the great moral agreement, the law, of civilized society, by which the reign of forces which are engaged in waging war upon war to move all brute force was made to give way to the reign· of reason. In along the line. The question, too, as to how the advance is to other words, the so-called law of nature has been tempered by be made and in what direction has fortunately been settled. that human self-resh·aint which gave birth to the law of so­ It was a problem of no small proportions to harmonize the ciety. One of the first lessons the student of law learns is varied _views of our friends and concentrate their scattered 6412 CONGRESSIONAL. RECORD-HOUSE. MAY 5, efforts upon the specific measures to be advocated as a remedy No political party has ever framed a more simple or more of existing conditions. There is naturally a very strong feel­ practical platform. There is nothing visionary about it, and ing everywhere in favor of disarmament, or at least gradual no practical statesman will deny that both of its planks are reduction of armament. In the opinion of many this would timely as well as reasonable and attainable. Their adoption afford the quickest relief from military burdens which to-dny by the several governments will mark the elevation of right in many countries are well-nigh unbearable. Then there is the over might and justice over brute force. proposition advocated in this country by our friend, Captain 'l'he Interparliamentary Union at its twelfth conference, held Hobson, that the United States build a navy so big and so at St. Louis in September, 1904, adopted this platform, and in powerful as to make itself the master of the world and force response to its request President Roosevelt invited the nations it to keep the peace. Others, again, believe it possible to make signatory to The Hague treaty to consider it at the second the powers agree simply never to resort to war on account of Hague conference. any differences arising between them, and so on. It is largely Mr. GOULDEN. Will the gentleman permit a question? due to the Interparliamentary Union, an organization com­ Mr. BARTHOLDT. I will. posed of the la~rrnakers of the world, that these divergent Mr. GOULDEN. I think the committee would like to know views have been harmonized, as far as it was possible, and a how that interparliamentary peace union is made up and which definite direction bas been given to the peace movement of the of the great powers are actively associated with the mo,ement? present day. Mr. BARTHOLDT. I can say for the information of the The union has long ago ceased to advocate disarmament as gentleman and the committee that the Interparliamentary Union an independent proposition. Its members realize that to consists of members of the national lawmaking bodies of the strive for disarmament means to confound symptom and cause. world. Each parliament has a group of members who strive for The war armaments are merely the symptom, while it is desired international arbitration and use their influence with their re­ to remove the cause. Besides, the powers show a disinclination spective governments to hasten the conclusion of arbitration to listen to such a proposition, as became evident at the first treaties between the several governments of the earth. Hague conference, which, though called for the specific purpose 1\Ir. CLARK of Missouri. Mr. Chairman, I would like to ask of considering a programme of disarmament, took no action the gentleman a question. concerning it, except to express the wish that the powers take The CHAIRMAN. Does the gentleman from Missouri yield up this question in the near future. No intelligent friend of to his colleague? peace expected that problem to be solved at that conference. Mr. BARTHOLDT. I will It was starting the reform at the wrong end, and the objections 1\lr. CLARK of Missouri. I would like to ask the gentleman of the military powers were foreseen. The war men made it how many nations have sent repre::;entatives to this Interparli~­ appear, of course, that the cause of peace bad suffered the de­ mentary Union. feat predicted by them, but this is far from the truth, particu­ Mr. BARTHOLDT. All the civilized nations of the world larly in view of the grand results of that conference in other except those that have no parliament, like Turkey and China re~p ects. and s9me others. All nations which have parliaments have . a In this connection permit me to mention as an a~using inci­ group for the promotion of international arbitration, and these dent that the commission which was called upon to deal with different groups compose the Interparliamentary Union. the question of disarmament consisted exclusively of military Mr. CLARK of Missouri. The gentleman has attended one or men. Just think of asking a colonel to abolish his own regi­ two of these meetings? ment ! It is the same as if we were to call upon shoemakers 1\Ir. BARTHOLDT. I have. . to seriously consider a proposition to abolish boots and shoes. Mr. CLARK of Missouri. Do the representatives of the other This question is not a military question at all ; it is an economic great nations talk like the sentiment in their countries was in question, and it should be settled not by military men, but by favor of a peace programme or not? statesmen. Mr. BARTHOLDT. That is their object. Time will not permit, Mr. Chairman, a full discussion of all Mr. CLARK of Missouri. The object of the members, of the different remedies brought forward to cure the identical course, but what about the public opinion in the nations that evil, but I will say just a word about the Hobson plan, pre­ they come from? viously outlined. And this has some reference to the pending 1\lr. BARTHOLDT. They are merely making propaganda in bill. The friends of arbitration realize, and so do I, that as their parliaments for this programme of peace, trying to per­ long as there is no agreement between nations to keep the peace suade the governments to adopt the plan of having arbitration we must be in readiness for all possible emergencies. Hence, as a substitute for war. the majority of them do not antagonize your naval programme Mr. CLARK of Missouri. The gentleman does not seem to as long as they are satisfied that its adoption is necessary for catch my question. What do they say about the drift of public the national defense. This, I think, will make it plain to the sentiment in their nations as to the peace programme? Do t!Jey friends of that programme that in order to defend it it is say that it is growing or not? · unnecessary and uncalled for to antagonize or make light of the Mr. BARTHOLDT. Oh, I did not catch the gentleman's peace movement. They need our cooperation the same as we meaning. The reports at all conferences I have had the honor need theirs, until we reach a point when we can all agree that to attend, Mr. Chairman, were to the effect that the movement armaments can safely be dispensed with and are as unnecessary is growing all over the world, and that it only takes tlle initi­ as the revolver in the hands of the murderer. ' ative of some great nation-a nation like the United States­ nut the requirements of the national defense mark the limit to carry out that programme. [Applause.] of our patience. A navy more powerful than is necessary for Mr. GOULDEN. How many members attended the last con­ defensive purposes might invite its abuse, and in the hands of gress, which was, I believe, the thirteenth conference of the unscrupulous men might prove, instead of a protection, a Interparliamentary Union, held at Brussels in August last? menace to the peace of the world and to our own liberties. Mr. BARTHOLDT. Upward of 500 members of lawmaking Surely no good American will want to see his country in the bodies of the different nations. rOle of an international bully. Rather let us remember the Mr. GOULDEN. Divided among the leading nations of tile injunction: "Stand fast and hold the traditions which ye have world? been taught." America's traditions are to set the world an Mr. BARTHOLDT. Each nation can send as many delegates example in the love of liberty and peace and in the ways of as it chooses. I am happy to say that the United States Con­ justice and fair dealing in all its relations with others. gress was represented at the last congress by nineteen mem­ bers, the largest number that ever represented us abroad. [Ap­ The American people-- plause.] I may add also, without speaking boastfully, that the Says Professor Moore, of Columbia- Americans, because of the advanced position they took, occupied have been accustomed to look upon war as a measure that could be the center of the stage at Brussels. justified only as a choice of evils, and have always deprecated stand­ Mr. GOULDEN. Did not the position taken by the President ing armies and elaborate preparations for war as a menace to liberty. of the United States in the matter of peace between Russia and It is this proud record which qualifies the United States so Japan last August have much to do with the standing of the well to hold out the olive branch to all the world and through delegates among those of the other countries of the globe at its great President invite international agreements to Recure this international conference? to us and to those who come after us the blessings of everlasting Mr. BARTHOLDT. Undoubtedly. We were asked when the peace. news came that peace .bad been restored between Russia and And what is the programme of the modern peace movement? It Japan through the instrumentality of President Roose\elt-we consists of two demai:uls-arbitration treaties between all the were asked what we thought about it, and our answer was that civilized nations and an international congress to declare what the capital of the world had been transferred from Paris to 1s to be international law. Washington. [Applause.l 1906. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. 6413

Mr. SCOTT. I would like to ask the gentleman how many be ready for emergencies, and hence I do not antagonize the nations were represented at the last congress? naval programmes. 1\lr. BARTHOLDT. Eighteen. 1\fr. BATES. Mr. Chairman, I would ask the gentleman from Mr. KEIFER. If the gentleman from Missouri can give me Missouri [Mr. BARTHOLDT] this: Could it not also be answered any information, I would like to know if Russia was represented by the proposition that if a municipality, for instance, increases there? its police force it does so not for the purpose of provoking riots Mr. BARTHOLDT. Russia was not represented, because she and disturbances, but for the sake of keeping them down and has no parliament. preventing disturbances, on the theory that a strong navy Mr. KEIFER. Well, Russia did, through her CzAr, initiate operates with a nation as a good police force does with a some of these negotiations, did she not? municipality? Mr. BARTHOLDT. Yes. Mr. BARTHOLDT. I am not now prepared to say that my Mr. KEIFER. How did Russia drop out? friend's logic is entirely correct Mr. BARTHOLDT. l\Ir. Chairman, I might mention in an­ Mr. COCKRAN. But what would the municipality gain, swer to the distinguished gentleman from Ohio [Mr. KEIFER] Mr. Chairman, by suppressing riot if the cost of maintaining an interesting bit of history. When the interparliamentary the police force should be greater than any loss that would be conference met in 1897, the Czar asked some one the question likely to arise from the riot? whether Russia was represented in that conference. Mr. BARTHOLDT. Mr. Chairman, that is a question which Mr. GOULDEN. What year was that? I have not raised, and I hope the gentleman from Pennsylvania Mr. BARTHOLDT. I believe in 1897. The answer was, [Mr. BATES], who did raise it, will be given an opportunity at naturally, that Russia was not represented, because she has no some other time to answer it. parliament and consequently could send no delegates to such a Mr. Chairman, at a recent conference of the interparliamen­ conference. Thereupon the Czar said that he greatly regretted tary union at Brussels I had the honor, in behalf of the American the absence of Russian representation, and report has it that he group in congress, to present the detailed plans touching these made up his mind then and there to go a step further, and he two great propositions, viz, the draft of an arbitration treaty called ·the first Hague conference for the consideration of the which, in our judgment, should be acceptable to all nations, and question of disarmament [Applause.] So really the Inter­ the draft of a constitution for an international congress. They parliamentary Union is the inspiration-and you may say the have since been wrestling with these details in the parliaments mother--<>f that first Hague conference. of Europe, and with what results I shall speak instantly. Mr. LACEY. Mr. Chairman, I am very much interested in To some all this may be more or less unintelligible, so let me explain. In olden times might was right, and when two that conference. In what language was the business of the persons had a difficulty physical superiority usually determined conference conducted? Mr. BARTHOLDT. There are three official languages rec­ the right. So late as the year 1818 the so-called " trial by ognized-English, French, and German; but about two-thirds of battle" was solemnly decided by the English court of King's the deliberations are in French, naturally, because that is, after bench to be a valid and legal mode of trial which the King's subjects were free to adopt. It obtained in civil as well as all, the diplomatic language of the world. criminal cases and consisted of a personal combat between the Mr. KEIFER. How was Russia represented,· if at all, at parties in the presence of the court itself, and was grounded that first Hague conference which was called by the Czar? on the idea of an appeal to Providence, the expectation being Mr. BARTHOLDT. Russia was represented, like every other that heaven would give the victory to the innocent or injured nation, by. three or four of her eminent statesmen. party. In the sunshine of the twentieth century this system Mr. RODENBERG. Appointed by the Czar? appears barbarous, and yet this very system obtains to-day Mr. BARTHOLDT. Yes. Ours were appointed by President between nations. I say war is no more justifiable and is as Roosevelt, and I am glad to say that the American delegates barbarous as was the ancient trial by battle. Courts have to the next Hague conference have already been appointed, and superseded such h·ials and our civilization demands that courts they are great and good men. shall supersede the trial by battle between nations. Hence Mr. FOSS. At that Hague conference was not a resolution the demand for international arbitration. If the several na­ passed to the effect of discouraging the building up of navies on tions will agree to submit certain questions to arbitration and the part of leading nations of the world? Did not the con­ to refer all those reserved for the arbitrament by the sword ference pass a resolution to that effect in favor of disarmament? to a commission for investigation before resort to a.rms, so Mr. BARTHOLDT. As the gentleman from Illinois remem­ that in this latter case at least time may be gained, they will bers, the conference was called for the express purpose of con­ do exactly what they are requiring their own citizens or sub­ sidering the question of disarmament, but when these gentlemen jects to do in case of a controversy between them. And surely came together it became apparent very soon that it would be this is as it ought to be. What is law for an individual should impossible to reach any agreement upon that question, and as be law for a nation. [Applause.] I have mentioned before, one of the reasons was, perhaps, that To make the objects of the friends of peace still plainer, let that question had been referred to a commission composed me put it this way: Nations are governed by three depart­ exclusively of military men. Instead of making specific recom­ ments-the executive, the legislative, and the judicial. This mendations upon that question, they passed a resolution in applies to monarchies as well as to republics, and human wis­ which the pious wish is expressed that the nations or govern­ dom has not yet been able to evolve a. better plan. It is pro­ ments in the very near future should take up this question of posed to extend this plan to the commUllity of nations and disarmament or the gradual reduction of armament. regulate the affairs of the whole human family through just Mr. FOSS. Is it not a fact since then that the leading such agencies-an international executive, legislature, and judi­ nations of the world have promulgated greater naval pro­ ciary. Thus it becomes as much a question of law and order grammes than ever before? as of peace. Mr. BARTHOLDT. Well, that may be so. I do not doubt By the establishment of the high court at The Hague, which that; but that certainly has nothing to do with the merits of I regard as the grandest achievement of the last century, the the proposition I am discussing. international judiciary has been created. But we propose to Mr. FOSS. Oh, no. magnify this court by giving it jurisdiction over all questions 1\fr. CLARK of Missouri. Mr. Chairman, I would like to ask specified in the arbitration treaty previously referred to, and the gentleman a question that naturally follows the question how necessary an international legislature is will appear from of the gentleman from Illinois. If all the nations of the earth­ the fact that the court, I mea.n the high court at The Hague, that . is, all the civilized great nations-are increasing their now has no system of law to apply to cases which might be military armaments by land and sea, then how can we assume brought before it for adjudication. that the peace propaganda is really growing? :Mr. JOHNSON. Will the gentleman let me ask him a ques­ Mr. BARTHOLDT. Mr. Chairman, in answer to that I will tion? say that in the history of the last hundred years more than 200 Mr. BARTHOLDT. Let me finish this first. What now cases which, under different conditions, might have caused war passes under the name of international lo.w is merely a. com­ between nations have been settled by arbitration, and more pilation of precedents, opinions, maxims, and arguments, not tl:ian that, in each one of those 200 cases the judgment of the one of which has ever received the sanction of law by a single arbitrators or of the court which passed upon them was accepted parliament As I said at Brussels, " It may not be necessary without any protest from any one of the interested parties. to change in a single instance the present system of maxims [Applause.] From that fact we infer, justly, so I think, that and opinions compiled by Grotius and others for the regulation the cause of international arbitration is progressing, a.nd pro­ of international society, but if it is to continue as the only gressing rapidly, but I admit that as long as there a.re no bind­ recognized basis of negotiation and intercourse, if it is to be ing agreements between nations it is necessary for a nation to accepted by the coming ages of civilization as the universal 6414 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. M.AY 5, common law among nations, then we must insist that it shall · Tlle question naturally arises how this great international flcqui re the authority which can only be given to it through reform is to be brought about. In view of the em;ly assembling the solemn form of legislation. This legislation can not be of the New Hague conference it appears to be merely a ques­ secured in this constitutional age witllout an international tion of inducing this body to proceed to the consideration of legislature or a congress of nations. Now I am willing to yield the plan. Its feasibility will surely be admitted by the dele­ to the gentleman. gates of the several countries as readily as tlle supreme neces­ 1\!r. JOHNSON. I want to ask the gentleman from Missouri sity of the early compilation and sanction by the nations of if the deci§..ion of The Ilngue a year or two ago giving those what now passes under the name of international law. It natY.ms that have blockaded ports priority in the collection of would seem that the advocacy and presentation of the plan by claims did not have a damaging effect .on the question of es­ so influential an organization as the Interparliamentary Union tablislling international peace generally, and if that difficulty should of itself be sufficient to insure its respectful and favor­ would not be obviated by an international legislative body to able consideration by the conference. But in addition to this settle international law? the members of the union will no doubt use their influence with 1\Ir. BARTHOLDT. Exactly. I felt as the gentleman does their respective governments in favor of the proposition. To about that decision, but after I studied it more carefully I lea>e nothing to chance, however, I have introduced a joint found that, under the system of laws or opinions or precedents resolution here authorizing and requesting the President to under wllich they acted, they could not have decided otherwise. instruct the American-- delegates to '.rhe Hague conference to Mr. _JOHNSON. Perhaps so, but it might be well to have favor this plan and to do all that lies in their power toward somebody in authority change those precedents and make laws securing its ~doption. What favorable action by the confer­ in accordance with the high ideals of the twentieth century. ence upon this magnificent scheme would mean to civilization Mr. BARTHOLDT. Precisely; and that is our purpose. .An and to the cause of humanity and international justice is appar­ international legislature, Mr. Chairman, is an old American pet ent to all. In addition to an international judiciary now afforded scheme which Elihu Burritt and others advocated in European by the high court at The Hague, the world would be assured peace congresses more than fifty years ago, but the same ob­ of the benefit of an international legislature, charged with the jections raised then were interposed last summer at Brussels, duty, first, of supplying the law which is to govern the judiciary namely, that the plan would interfere with the principle of in the adjudication of cases to be brought before it, and sec­ sovereignty. In spite of these objections, however, the Amer­ ondly, of agreeing on a system of arbitration by which the possi­ ican delegates stuck to their propositions so persistently that bilities of war will be reduced to a. minimum. A reduction of the plan, ·instead of being pigeonholed, was finally referred to armaments will follow without further agitation and as natu­ a commission with instructions to report within three montlls. rally as ripe fruit falls from the tree. And this will be only 'l'his was generally regarded as a significant American victory, one of the beneficial consequences of the proposed international but the more substantial part of the triumph was yet to come. organization. A permanent Hague conference, with the power A few months ago a cable dispatch announced that that com­ to meet periodically and when it pleases, once assured, there mission had met at Paris and had practically decided in favor will be no more need pf the friends of peace and arbitration of the . American plan of an international congress, wijllout to prevail upon Czars or Presidents to call such a body into stating, however, how the congress was to be constituted. Mail being. advices have in the meantime supplied this information, and It goes without saying that the change here proposed will the news is of such a character as to justify the friends of require the sanction of all governments to give it force and peace to bail it with delight. The proposed soluti-on of the effect, even after the second Hague conference has pronounced problem will appear to them as what it really is, an inspira­ in its favor; but no one need feel any concern on that score. tion. Listen how the commission proposes to constitute the If the people are given a chance to pass judgment upon this congress: reform-the greatest, most far-reaching, and most benefidal "The next Hague conference -is to be constituted into a per­ to mankind ever undertaken-they are sure to rise to the full manent body, a sort of international senate, which is to as­ height of their golden opportunity, and the moment they grasp semble automatically and periodically, and the lnterparlia­ the new dispensation in its full comprehensiveness their ma­ mentary Union is to be reorganized so as to act as a par­ jestic power will force all other majesties, great and small, to liamentary official adjunct, or a lower bouse. In the senate capitulate unconditionally. [Loud applause.] each nation is to have the same voice or weight by vote, while .Au international executive is still unprovided for. There are in tlle lower house all representation shall be proportional." those who would create the high office of peacemaker; but for Mr. DRISCOLL. Will not such nations as Russia and Tur­ on.e I am inclined to think that the moral force of these inter­ key have trouble, inasmuch as they have representatives in the national agreements, when once entered into, and the actual upper bouse and can have none in the lower of this interna- power behind them, will be far greater than any system of tional legislature? . international police could possibly be. Mr. BARTHOLDT. Russia is now securing a legislature, This, then, Mr. Chairman, is the plan destined to ground the we are all happy to observe, and no doubt Turkey will find world's peace on the solid foundation of mutual compact; not some way of sending representatives to such a body. the kind of peace which constantly trembles on the point of Mr. STANLEY. Will the gentleman permit a question? bayonets, but that natural, self-enforcing, lasting peace con­ Mr. BARTHOLDT. Certainly. dition which can not be disturbed except by one or more Mr. STANLEY. If Turkey and Russia should both refuse to goyernments rebelling against the supreme judicial will which be bound by any regulations, or a decision of this high court, or voices the agreement of the community of nations. The plan by any agreement between other nations, will we have any­ is designed simply to substitute law and justice for force, or thing particular to fear from both of them combined? rigllt for might, and demands that by international agreement Mr. BARTHOLDT. No, sir; nothing whatsoever. I believe differences between nations shall be adjusted in the same man­ that the combined moral force of the agreement between three ner as differences between individuals, namely, by arbitration or four or five nations will be sufficient to bold all the others and judicial decision. in clleck and make all others agree to whatever arrangement It is not a novel idea. More than three hundred years ago migL"t be entered into. Henry IV of France, as my friend from Pennsylvania [1\Ir. Tlle CHAIRMAN. The time of the gentleman from Missouri BUTLER] pointed out on yesterday, had conceived the idea of a [Mr. BARTHOLDT) has expired. general council of Europe to construct a. system of laws for the 1\Ir. BA.RTHOLDT. Mr. Chairman, I would like just a few guidance of all the different states in their intercourse with moments in order to conclude. It may be five or ten minutes. eacll other, and for the maintenance of peace. Unfortunately Mr. FOSS. Mr. Chairman, I yield to the gentleman sufficient the assassin's band struck him down before be could put the time in which to conclude his speech. idea into execution. War upon war, it is true, has been ·waged Mr. BARTIIOLDT. Thus there would be two chambers. In since that time, but it is also true that many a bloody conflict the one the executive, in the other the parliamentary branches has been averted in the same period by mediation and arbitra­ of national governments would be represented and carried up tion. When, in spite of the existence of The Hague tribunal, tlle into that new international parliament. It will be noticed at Russo-Japanese war broke out, the friends of peace hung their a. glance that in its results this plan will insure to the world, heads in sorrow. But what is the actual result of that war? in· the simplest and most practical manner possible, exactly A stronger desire for peace and for a practical remedy to pre­ what we had proposed at Brusesls, namely, an international vent the recurrence of such calamities than ever evinced before, legislature of two houses, one to be created and controlled by because the world has been disgusted and sickened by that the executives, the other by the parliament or, which is practi­ bloody spectacle. .And the cause of arbitration bas been won­ cally the same thing, the people. The first duty to be performed derfully strengthened by the manner in which, thanks to Presi­ by that new international body is declared to be "to codify in­ dent Roosevelt, peace was restored, and by which it was demon­ ternational law and to keep it up to_elate ." strated that the contending parties might have reached an agree- 1906. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. '6415

ment before, just as well as after, they had fought and bled to was driven from the field. This defeat fell heavily on the the point of exhaustion. patriot ~ause. At Germantown, on October 4, 1777, tlle Ameri­ It is said that governments must be constantly ready for the cans lost 673 killed and wo1mded and 400 prisoners, and the tide bloody business of war, in order to preser-ve their sovereignty of the battle was decidedly against us, recording another defeat at horne and an equal opportunity to trade abroad. Since in this for the patriots. Next comes the victory at Saratoga, in Octo­ age religious wars are out of the question, the same as wars for ber, 1777, which gave fresh impetus to the calll3e of the rebellion. mere conquest, this naturally is the only reason which can be During the year 1778 the war dragged along without any assigned for the annual expenditure of these billions of dollars. general campaign or important battles. At this time the How much easier, I submit, these rights could be vouchsafed by French began to send us invaluable assistance. Clark, the the plan I have here outlined. The time bas certainly come for veteran Western hero and pioneer, pushed his way to Vin­ the rulers to seriously consider peace propositions, because the cennes and there captured that fort. It was a splendid feat people const~tuting tlleir nations are rapidly learning that their of arms, performed after a march of 240 miles through the common interests are always greater than their real or imagi­ wilderness and forest. Clark's victory practically broke tile nary diffel'ences, and all that is necessary is for the rulers or British hold in the West. their represenbltives to peaceably assemble and by mutual With honors about even in the North, and with New York agreement guarantee to each other not only sovereignty and in tlle hands of the British, England decided that the quickest equal rights to trade, but territorial integrity, security, and way to conquer America now was to overrun the South. peace as well. Florida was invaded. Georgia and South Carolina were to be 'l'he peace platform I have outlined, let me say in conclusion, enrolled under the Britisll ·flag and the ' rest of the Southern was put forth by representatives of the United States in good States were to yield immediately. Abundant ships and h·oops faith and with good grace, as I hope all will admit. Our mili­ were collected by the British, and the southern harbors were tary burdens are less onerous, our sacrifices for war prepara­ blockaded. tions are less perceptible, than those of other nations. We have In the fall of 1778 General Prevost marched out of Florida, less cause to fear war and less reason to expect it than any other and in a short campaign captured Savannah, Sunbury, and Au­ people on earth. Hence the world will be more inclined to be­ gusta. On March 3, 1779, at Briar Creek, near Savannah, the lieve us than it would others when we say our motives are Americans lost 1,000 men killed and captured, besides their can­ disinterested, that we are actuated only by an honest desire non and small arms, while this battle only cost the British 1G to promote the cause of human'ity and justice. Washington men killed and wounded. Georgia was now in complete con­ expressed it in these words: · trol of the British forces and influence, and the Government of My first wish is to see this plague of mankind, war, banished from King Geo~·ge was again thoroughly established there. A des­ the earth. perate effort was made by the Americans on the 8th of October, General Grant said: 1779, to recapture Savannah. In this sanguinary assault many Let us liave peace. of the patriot army were killed, among them being that prince President McKinley said : of heroes, Count Pulaski, who fell mortally wounded and Let us remember that our real eminence rests in the victories of yielded up his life for the country which he had come .so far to peace, not those of war. serve. This was anoth~r disastrous battle for the Americans, as President Roosevelt has saved the life of The Hague tribunal our loss was more than 200, together with 600 French soldiers; by referring to it the first case. He has called the second while the British loss was very small. This defeat was a heavy Hague conference and has restored the peace of the world setback to the cause of the Revolution in the South, and the out­ by bringing Russia and Japan together. It seems that it well look for success was becoming very gloomy. The militia of becomes a Ii"ation which can boast of such Presidents to appear South Carolina and Georgia became discouraged and disbanded. in the world's councils carrying the gospel of humanity and and General Lincoln, with a small band of regular troops, fell peace. [Long continued applause on both sides of the Chamber.] .back to Charl~ston. As said QY Senator LoDGE, in his Story of Mr. CLARK of Missouri. 1\Ir. Chairman, it is evident that the Revolution, "Without men, without money, and without ap­ there is no quorum here, and we might as well take out. parent ability for effective preparation, South Carolina seemed The CHAIRMAN. The gentleman from Missouri makes the helpless if the enemy continued their inva1:1ion." Georgia was al­ point of order that there is not a quorum present. The Chair ready completely and entirely in the control of the British, and will proceed to count and ascertain. South Carolina seemed destined to meet a similar fate. Charles­ After counting, the Chairmap announced 120 Members pres­ ton, the largest city in the State· at that time, having a popula­ ent~a quorum of the Committee of the Whole. tion of 15,000, was occupied by the American forces under Gen- 1\fr. MEYER. I yield forty-five minutes to the gentleman eral Lincoln. • froln North Carolina [Mr. WEBB]. During the Christmas holidays of 1779 Sir Henry Clinton and Mr. WEBB. Mr. Chairman, there is now a bill on the Calen­ Lord Cornwallis sailed out from Sandy Hook, New York, with dar for consideration by the House, carrying an appropriation of the splendid fleet of Admiral Arbuthnot, carrying 7,000 soldiers $30,000 for the erection of a monument on Kings Mountain bat­ to commence an attack on the queen city of South Carolina. tle ground, to commemorate the great victory gained there by Only 4,000 ·Americans garrisoned the city. Tllese soldiers were the American patriots over the British forces on October 7, ~- 870. greatly dispirited on account of our losses in Georgia a sllort I trust that no Member will oppo.se the passage of this bill, for while before. On the 11th of February, 1780, the British fleet it is a shame that the National Gov~rnment has already waited began the siege of Charleston, which continued for three long, one lmndred and twenty-six years to give fitting recogni~on of gloomy, terrible months, by which time the enemy had grad­ the importance of one of the decisive battles of the world. I ually encircled the proud maritime city. Fina1!y, on the 7th of use the words "decisive battle" advisedly. It will be remem­ May, after untold suffering on the part of the people of Charles­ bered that the Revolutionary war had progressed in the North t?n, the city surrendered. Many houses were burned during the with varying fortunes to the American patriots. Lexington and s1ege, and 98 officers and men of the American forces were Concord are hardly to be called battles-more properly impor­ killed and 146 wounded. Five hundred of the 2,000 Continental tant skirmishes. It is true that there it was that the shot was troops were in hospitals. The regular American h·oops and fired that was "heard around .the world," but I propose to sailors became prisoners of war. The English now sacked the show this committee that the most important battle fought in city and divided the spoil among themselves to the amount of the American Revolution was that fought at ' Kings Mountain. about one and a half million dollars. After tlle loss of Charles­ The Americans had fought bravely at Bunker Hill, but had lost. ton it seemed as if the whole South were ready to surrender to The fierce battle of Long Island, fought August 27, 1776, with the victorious troops under Cornwallis. 15,000 British against 8,000 Americans, was a decisive defeat Colonel •rarleton was sent out to pursue Colonel Buford, for the American arms, with a loss of 970 killed and 1 077 wllose regiment had failed to .join the garrison at Charleston. wounded, while the British lost 400 only. The result of this Overtaking· Buford at Waxhaw, Tarleton's Hessians and battle was a sad shock to the American cause, coming so soon brigands attacked Butord's men as if they were savao-es kill­ after our national Declaration of Independence. A little later, in in~ 113, while more than 100 were hacked to death, and o~ly 53 December, however, our cause regained. some of its lost prestige pnsoners were taken. This bloody butchery, which was com­ at the battle of Trenton, where our forces killed and wounded mended by CorJ?.wa!lis, a~~ed to the general depression among 30 British and captured 918, with a loss of only 2 Americans all classes of AirrerlCan c1t1zens. But while it depressed manv killed and 6 wounded. 'Ihe battle of Princeton, fought in Jan­ it urged many others to a determination to fight for their coun~ uary, 1777, was also important in molding American sentiment try and never surrender. At this period of time Sir Henry and clleering American hopes. After the battle of Princeton Clinto~, .just before sailing for New York, reported to tlle royal yet another victory was added to the American arms at Mon­ authorities as follows: mouth, where the British lost 500 and the Americans 229. Inhabitants from every quarter declare their alleooiance to the Kin"' and offer their services in arms. There are few men" in South Carolina At Brandywine, in September, 1777, however, Washington who are not either our prisoners or in arms with us. 6416 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. MAY5,

At this time the haughty Sir Henry spoke the truth, for it est period in the history of the Revolutionary War. The whole did seem that the whole South was either fleeing to the Brit­ South seemed prostrate at the foot of the enemy, while nothing ish standard or fleeing from it in terror. Those of the natives but a triumphal march lay before Cornwallis and 1\fajor Fergu­ who were loyal to the American cause fled from South Caro­ son. To add to the gloom which then overhung the struggling lina, leaving their homes to the torch of the invading foe. young Republic there came the news of the treason of Benedict At the battle of the Brandywine a gallant British officer of Arnold, which thrilled the American patriots with a sense of marked attainments was too brave and too noble to shoot Gen­ horror. It seemed that their cause was lost, and that nothing eral Washington in the back. This offic-er was wounded in that was left the British but to reap the fruits of their successive vic­ battle, but after complete recovery sailed with Sir Henry Clin­ tories. Arnold's treason was no doubt prompted by the feeling ton on his expedition to capture and overrun the South. This that the cause of American freedom was lo t . In this awful man, who played such a conspicuous part in the war from now period of depression even the unconquerable Washington said, on until his death, was none other than Maj. Patrick Ferguson. "I have almost ceased to hope." He had performed distinguished service in the Royal North After his victory at Camden, Lord Cornwallis marched his British Dragoons in the wars of Flanders and Germany, where army in September into North Caroliua, and boasted that all the he distinguished himself for his coolness and his bravery. He States south of the Susquehanna Iti ver would soon be in his was the inventor of a -new kind of breech-loading rifle, which grasp. 'Vhen this victorious warrior 1·eached Mecklenburg could be loaded and fired seven times in one minute. He was County in North Carolina he found a veritable hornet's · nest the finest rifle shot in the royal army, and possibly no other of loyal patriots [applause], for on this soil Tories and deserters living man at this time surpassed him in unerring marksman­ could not grow [applause], for here it was on May 20, 1775, ship. King George himself at one time attended an exhibition that the first American Declaration of Independence was flung of bis marksmanship. According to history and tradition, be to the world in defiance of the King and all his army. [Ap­ could run his horse, suddenly check him, drop the reins on his plause.] All Mecklenburg was now united as one man in a neck, draw his pistol and throw it up into the air, catching it determination to maintain this declaration with their lives and as it fell, take aim, and shoot the head off of a bird sitting on their sacred honor. [Applause.] an adjacent fence. Major Ferguson also participated in the Cornwallis hoped to stamp out this spirit, and therefore battle of Monmouth. Sir Henry Clinton selected him to accom­ pitched his tent in the plucky city of Charlotte. Major F ergu­ pany him on bis expedition south and gave him a corps of 300 son was dispatched at the head of 1,100 soldiers to march into American volunteers to command, and for this special service the Piedmont section of North Carolina to gather cattle and he was given the rank of lieutenant-colonel. Two hundred Hes­ supplies for the army and to enlist all the natives who were sians were also added to Ferguson's corps. Irving says : willing to come under the King's standard. Charles McDowell, Ferguson was a fit associate of Tarleton in hardy, scrambling, parti­ Clark, Shelby, and other leaders had fallen back into the moun­ san enterprise, intrepid and determined, but cooler and more open to tainous section of North Carolina, and Ferguson entertained the impulses of humanity. hope of overtaking and capturing these leaders. Colonel Fer­ But all will admit that Ferguson was a much higher type of guson marched-as far as Gilbert Town, in Rutherford County, man than Tarleton, who was called "the butcher of the Caro­ N. C., and pitched his camp therefor several days. For linas." many miles around Tories and weak-hearted natives visited · After the fall of Charleston Sir Henry Clinton dispatched the gallant officer and took the oath of allegiance, believing Lord Cornwallis to make a campaign up through South Caro­ that since Charleston had fallen, Gates and Sumter routed at lina and on into North Carolina, while Colonel Ferguson was Camden, and the other patriot forces dispersed, that the pa­ dispatched to Ninety Six, S. C., where he arrived on June 22, triot cause was absolutely hopeless. A portion of Ferguson's 1780. Ferguson's winning ways, combined with the awe and army marched as far as Brindletown, Burke County, and some fear which the enemy's invasion had created in the minds of e-ren as far as the foot of the Blue Ridge Mountains. the people, were causing many young men to enlist under his At Old Fort, Colonel Ferguson rode up to the home of Capt. banner. These recruits were immediately drilled and prepared Thomas Lytle, a noted patriot leader, wb'O then lived 4 miles for warfare in the royal arms, and their training was perfect, from Old Fort. The captain was not at home, but Mrs. Lytle for Ferguson was the best drillmaster in King George's army. stepped to the door, elegantly dressed, and invited the colonel Knowing the terrible impression that Tarleton's savagery had in, which invitation he declined, saying that his business re­ created among the people, Ferguson, in his march up through quired haste, as the King's army bad restored his authority in the Carolinas, made the following statement : the South, and that the rebellion was practically quelled, and We come not to make war on women and children, but to relieve that he had come to offer a pardon to Captain Lytle. Mrs. their distress. Lytle then told Colonel Ferguson that sbe did not know where By this time the royal authority was fully established and the captain was, but thought that he was out with friends, whom recognized in all the up-country of South Carolina. the colonel had called " rebels." Whereupon Ferguson replied Draper, to whom I am indebted for many of the facts about deprecatingly : this battle, says: Well, madam, I have discharged my duty. I felt anxious to help 'l'he desperate, the idle, the vindictive, who sought plunder or re­ Captain Lytle, because I had learned that he was both brave and hon­ venge, as well as the youthful loyalists, whose zeal or ambition orable. If he persists in the rebellion and comes to harm, his blood prompted them to take up arms, all found a warm reception at the Brit­ will be on his own head. ish camp; and their progress through the country was marked with The brave little woman gave the colonel the following spirited blood and lighted up with conflagration. During this period of several weeks the Tories scoured all that region of country daily, plundering reply: the people ot their cattle, horses, beds, wearing apparel, bee gums, and Colonel Ferguson, I don't know when this war may end; it is not vegetables of all kinds-even wresting the rings from the fingers of unlikely that my husband may fall in battle; all I positively know is the females. that he will never prove a traitor to his country. In August, 1780, several skirmishes occurred between detach­ [Loud applause.] ments of Cornwallis's army and the patriots under the leader­ So thoroughly was Ferguson imbued with the idea hat the ship of Colonels Clark, McDowell, and Shelby, the most notable rebellion was over that when William Grant offered him a troop among them being Musgrove 1\:fill, where the British lost 86 of ea.valry for service in the King's cause he thanked him for killed and 76 prisoners, while the Americans lost only 4 killed his loyalty, but declined to accept them, " as the country was and 9 wounded. There were only about 250 Americans and subdued and everything was quiet." This was in September, about 300 British in this engagement. After this fight Shelby 1780, just thirty days before the great battle at Kings Mountain. and McDowell and the other leaders dispersed their little band It was a critical and crucial moment in our history. Lord and fell back into the mountains to protect their homes from Cornwallis felt that be had the triumphant end of the Revolution the enemy, and also to prevent complete annihilation from the in his band. His "chief lieutenants, Tarleton, Rawdon, Balfour, forces of Cornwallis and Major Ferguson. and Brown, had burned the people's property and hung the The most important military point in South Carolina was patriot leaders wherever they could be found. Camden. General Gates, in command of the American forces, Upon arriving at Gilberttown, Major Ferguson sent a verbal marched against this point on August 15, 1780, and was met by message by one Samuel Phillips, a prisoner and distant relative Cornwallis and disastrously routed. Tl;le brave, chivalrous of Colonel Shelby, notifying the patriots who were then in the De Kalb was there mortally wounded leading the Maryland mountains that " if they did not desist from their opposition to troops, and fell after having been pierced by eleven bullets. the British arms he would march his army over the mountains, Gates, who had won distinction in the northern army, lost in this hang their leaders, and lay their country waste with :fire and battle 800 of his brave soldiers. "His Northern laurels," as it sword." No other words could have so thoroughly aroused the was said, " had changed into Southern willows." patriots. Colonel Shelby at once communicated the message to The American army was truly broken and destroyed. Thus, Colonel Sevier, who was the efficient officer of the Washington for the second time within ninety days the American army at County militia, then in North Carolina, but now in Tennessee. the South had been practically annihilated. This was the dark- These two brave leaders immediately resolved to raise all the 1906. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE. 6417 men possible and to attempt to surprise Ferguson in his camp sumed command of his men. 1\IcDowelPs command was largely or wherever he could be found. Colonel Shelby also communi­ increased in Burke County by the gallant colonel's relatives; cated with Col. William Campbell, of Washington County, Va. friends, and admirers. On the 3d of October, at Cherry Moun­ A rendezvous was agreed upon and the 25th of September was tain, in ·Rutherford County, the little army was increased by the time set for the meeting of the patriot leaders on Watauga the addition of a few South Carolinians under Colonel Williams. RiYer. Colonel Lacey, of South Carolina, and Colonels Graham and Cornwallis had intended to march his army from Charlotte Hambright and Major Chronicle, of Lincoln County, N. C., soon to Salisbury, N. C., and expected Ferguson to join him there, joined the patriots. and with their combined army to overrun North Carolina and When the army arrived within 16 miles of Gilberttown, Virginia and take them under the King's control. In the mean­ where they still supposed Major Ferguson had his camp, they time the mountain men were gathering. Tile sacrifice they expected the battle to begin soon, for they intended to attack were about to make was great, for their wives and helpless the royal officer wherever they found him. On October 3, ones would be left to the torch and scalping knife of the Indians. Colonel Cleveland, who at that time weighed about 250 pounds, But they had become desperate and bad now resoh·ed to take requested the little army to form a circle. He was a man of their lives in their hands and to take every chance in order great courage and hoped to infuse some of his own spirit into to rid their country of the invading foe. Colonel Cleveland, of the minds of his men. Campbell, Shelby, Sevier, McDowell, Wilkes County, N. C., was also notified, and be agreed to collect and Winston came into the circle with Cleveland, whereupon as many men as possible and join in the expedition. The whole Cleveland removed his hat and said with great feeling: country was aroused and fired with the spirit and determination Now, my bra-ve fellows, I have come to tell you the news. The to rout Ferguson and his Tory outlaws, who bad threatened to enemy is at hand, and we must up and at them. Now is the time for bang their leaders and bmn their homes. every man of you to do his country a priceless service, such as shall lead your children to exult in the fact that their fathers were the con­ John Adair, the officer for the sale of North Carolina lands, querors of Ferguson. Wilen the pinch comes · I shall be with you. loaned the patriot leaders $13,000 with which to obtain ammuni­ But if any of you shrink from sharing in the battle and the glory, you tion and equipment for the expedition, Colonels Sevier and can now have the opportunity of baeking out and leaving, and you Shelby binding themselves to repay the money if the legisla­ shall have a few minutes for considering the matter. ture failed to ratify the loan. Adair hesitated about loaning Not one of the men, be it said to their credit, accepted the the money, for he had no authority to do so, but finally said : invitation, but each one repledged his life and his fortunes to: the If the country is overrun by the British, our liberty is gone. Let perilous undertaking. [Applause.] the money go, too. Take it. If the enemy by its use is driven from On the next day, the 4th of October, they learned that Fergu­ the country, I can trust that country to justify and vindicate our con­ son had fallen back from Gilberttown for the purpose of avoid­ duct; so take it. ing battle. Ferguson had been informed by some native desert­ Promptly at the time agreed upon Campbell, with 350 sol­ ers that the mountain men were in pursuit of him ; yet be fell diers; Sevier, with 240, and Shelby, with an equal number of back so leisurely that it· became impossible for him to form a men, assembled ready for the march. The soldiers had no uni­ junction with Cornwallis before the patriots could overtake him. forms, no band of music had they, no bristling bayonets, no Fergqson dispatched two inhabitants of the country, carrying a glittering equipage. Their only weapon was the Deckard rifle, message to Lord Cornwallis, asking for immediate assistance. which most of them had learned to use as experts against the The e carriers passed Webbs Ford, on by Mooresboro, and on Indians and wild beasts. Their other equipment was simple, toward Kings Mountain, when some of the patriots, seeing being a blanket, a cup, ahd a little parched corn meal mixed them, suspected their mission and set out in pursuit of them, with mavlE> sugar. which compelled them to lie in hiding by day and travel by night. Before starting on their perilous march to meet Major Fer­ Hence the-y did not reach Cornwallis, in Charlotte, until the 7th gu on and his army the brave, simple, unsubdued patriots un­ of October, the day of the battle. covered their heads while a devout minister, Rev. Samuel Doak, Ferguson marched almost in a s.outberly direction from Gil­ prayed to Almighty God that success might crown their under­ berttown, attempting to gfve the impression that his objective taking, and closed a brief but stin·ing address to them with point was Ninety-Six, S. C. On the 3d of October he halted his the biblical quotation, .. The sword of the Lord and of Gideon!" army at Camps Ford on Broad River. In this neighborhood be Immediately they began their arduous and difficult march remained two days. On the 5th he sent a dispatch to Lord Corn­ over the hills and mountains and through the valleys, some of wallis, saying-: the higher mquntain peaks being covered with snow. Camping I am on my march toward you by the old road from Cherokee Ford, and moving, moving and Cc'l..mping, they passed around Roan north of Kings Mountain. Three or four hundred soldiers, part dra­ Mountain, following Roaring Creek and the Toe River. The goons, would finish the business. Something must be done. This is mountain scenery along their march is not excelled by any to their last push in this quarter. be found in Switzerland or any other portion of the world. He crossed Broad River at Cherokee Ford in South Carolfna, Around them on every hand were towering peaks, some of them and on the afternoon of October 6 arrived on Kings Mountain, rising: to the height of more than 6,000 feet. A writer bas well a small mountain ridge which received its name on account of a said: man named King having lived near there. Thi mountain range Here, if we were to meet an army with music and banners, we would is several miles in length, running northeast and south;vest. hardly notice it; man and all hfs works and all his devices are sink­ The principal peak is something like 5 miles from the ridge on ing into insignificance. We feel that we are approaching nearer and nearer to the Almighty Architect. We feel in all things about us the which the battle was fought, the battle ridge being about 500 presence of the great Creator. A sense of awe and reverence comes yards long and 200 yards wide--.. so narrow," says 1\lills' Sta­ over us, and we expect to find in this stupendous temple we are ap­ tistics, "that a man standing on it may be shot from either side," pt·oaching none but men of pure hearts and benignant minds. But, by degrees, as we clamber up the winding hill, the sensation of awe gives and being just over the North Carolina line in York County, way-new scenes of beauty and grandeur open upon our ravished S. C. The ridge is about 75 feet above the surrounding: vision-and a multitude of emotions swell within our hearts. We are country. Ferguson thought this would be an ideal spot on dazzled, bewildered, and excited ; we know not how, nor why ; our souls expand and swim through the immensity before and around us, and our which to camp, and so pleased was be with hls camping gwund being seems merged in the infinite and glorious works of God. This is that be declared that the Almighty could not drive him from the country of the faries ; and here they have their shaded dells, their mock mountains, and their green valleys. thrown into ten thousand it, and affirmed that he would be able to capture or desh·oy any shapes of beauty. But higher up are the Titan hills; and when we get force the patriots could bring against him. One writer sayl\ among them we will find the difference between the abodes of the giants that be declared that" he was on Kings Mountain, that be w£(& and their elfin neighbors. king of that mountain, and that God Almighty could not drh1t They crossed the Blue Ridge Mountains at Gillespies Gap on him from it. the 29th of September. About this time Col. Charles McDowell Meanwhile the gallant little army of patriots was pressin~ and Maj. Joseph McDowell with 160 men joined the little army, upon his march with enthusiasm ::LJ¥.d determination. ~ben while Colonel Cleveland and Major Winston with 350 troops tbey arrived at Gilbert ToWn. and learned that Major Fer· joined them soon after. A portion of the army passed over Lin­ guson bad fallen back, in order to follow him with greatei ville Mountain and stopped at Quaker Meadows~ the home of speed all the foot soldiers were weeded from the ranks and left Cols. Charles and Joseph McDowell. behind and only those on horseback proceeded, with great baste, Up to this time no head of the organization had been selected, to overtake the royal army. They marched nearly all of the but on Monday, October 2, by common consent, out of courtesy night of the 6th of October, with the determination not to desist to Colonel Campbell, who was the only officer who bad come in their pursuit until they bad forced battle on Ferguson or from another State, all the others being North Carolinians, be driven him into the army of Cornwallis. In the meantime was chosen commanding officer. Col. Charles McDowell, the 1\lajor Candler and Colonel Clarke, of Georgia, with their little senior North Carolina officer, was requested t-u go at once-to the band, joined the American forces. The men kept their guns camp of General Gates and to notify him of the plans of the dry by \VT-apping their blankets and bunting coats around the mountain men.- while Ws brother, Col. Joseph McDowell, as- locks, exposing themselves to the rain rather than run the rfsk XL---402 I

6418 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE. MAY 5,

of destroying the usefulness of their trusty weapons. From of the soldiers threw away their hats and tied llandkerclliefs some natives of that section they learned where Ferguson was about their heads so as not to be retarded by the undergrowth camped and something of his strength. The combined force of or limbs in charging up the mountain. On the gallant army the pah·iots was now 1,100 men, all of whom were well armed, marched, two men deep, for the scene of action. The actual and about 900 of whom were mounted, the remainder being foot battle ground \vas now about 1,200 yards away. Arriving in soldiers. The patriots cros. . ed the river at the same point shooting distance, the men under Shelby and the men under where Ferguson crossed-Cherokee Ford. When within a few Campbell began the attack. Ferguson did not discover the miles of the mountain a young girl, the daughter of a loyalist presence of the pah·iot army until they bad approached to family, told the patriots that Ferguson was camped on the within 400 yards of him; whereupon the alarm in hls camp mountain. From some of the natives they had learned that was given, "to arms" was ordered, and his shrill silver whistle :Major Ferguson was dressed in a glittering uniform, but wore a was heard resounding through the forest calling his men to pre­ linen duster to protect it. Each member of the army was pare for battle. apprised of this fact, and directed to look out for a man in The first actual firing was done by Shelby and his men on such a dress and mark him for his rifle. the north side of the ridge; whereupon, according to pre­ Finally they arrived within striking distance of the enemy arrangement, the entire patriot army· united in a loud ringing and agreed upon their plan of attack. " Buford" was the frontier war whoop and dashed forward. into the fray. Th~ watchword. Only 1 mile farther would bring them face to face moment Colonel Campbell caught first sight of the enemy he with their long-sought enemy. The patriots were formed into shouted to his men: "Here they are, my brave boys; shoot two lines of battle, two men deep, Colonel Campbell leading the like h-I and fight like devils ! " On all ides of the bill the right line and Colonel Cleveland commanding the left. Each firing became rapid and regular. About this time, Cleveland, man understood that it was intended to surround the mountain in order to encom·age his men, said to them : on which Ferguson was camped, so that in shooting at him and 1\ly brave fellows, we have beaten the -Tories, and we can beat them his men there would be no danger of killing each other. The again. They are all cowards; if they had the spirit of men they would join with their fellow-citizens in supporting the independence of their sh·ictest orders were given that no talking would be allowed country. Wh.!.:l you are engaged you are· not to wait for the word .of and that absolute silence must be maintained, which order was command from me. I will show you by my example how to fight. Fire implicitly obeyed. This was about 3 o'clock in the afternoon on as quick as you can, and stand your ground as long as you can. October 7. After the mountain bad been surrounded the order Campbell led his men straight up the bill, pouring a deadly was given to halt, dismount, and· tie their horses. The final fire into the enemy. He and his men were immediately charged order was then given in these words: "Fresh prime your guns, by Ferguson's men with fixed bayonet , and Campbell was and every man go into battle 1irmly resolving to fight until he driven down the hill. At the same time Shelby and his men dies! " This order was carried out with stoic determination. were advancing in quick time on the other side of the ridge, so '.rhe idea of defeat was foreign to them. Dr. Lyman C. Draper, that Ferguson's army found it necessary to give their attention the author of the excellent history of this battle, well says in to Shelby's assault. As one has said: discussing this order : . · Shelby, a man of the hardiest make, stiff as iron, among the daunt­ Never was war cry of the ancient Romans more ceaseless and de­ less singled out for dauntlessness, went right onward and upward termined that Carthage must be destroyed than was that of the moun­ like a man who had but one thing to do and with but one-thought, to taineers to catch and destroy Ferguson. do it. The provincial corps and well-drilled loyalists under Fer­ But he and his brave fellows, like Campbell's, were compelled guson were carefully posted along the crest of the mountain. to retreat before the dashing charge of Ferguson's men. When Here they were determined to stand their ground and never dri yen to the foot of the hill, Shelby cried out to his men : retreat. In Ferguson's army were about 1,100 men of the King's Now, boys, quickly reload your rifles and let's advance upon them American Regiment, from ·New York, the Queen's Rangers, New and give them another hell of fire. Jersey Volunteers, aud loyal militia. Every man in his army [Applause.] understood what actual fighting meant. They were specially Thus back and forth, Campbell and Sevier on one side and skilled in the use of the bayonet, and the guns which were not Shelby and Cleyeland on the other, the patriots charged up tl1e proYided with bayonets were provided with long knives, the hill three consecutive times and each time they were driven handles of which were cut to fit the muzzles of the rifles. back and each time renewed the charge, until the whole hill In speaking of the class of men composing the pah·iot army, was em·eloped in-flame and the rattle of the musketry sounded like thunder. The coils of the patriots-commanded by Cilmp­ Doctor Draper says : · bell, Sevier, :McDowell, Winston, Hambright, Cleveland, Lacey, 'l'hey were better educated than most of the frontier settlers and had a more thorough understanding of the question at issue between the Williams, and Shelby-were drawing closer around Ferguson, colonies and their mother country. These men went forth to strike who galloped back and forth cheering his men and giving or­ their country's foes, as did the patriarchs of old, feeling assured that ders. Above the din and roar of the battle could be heard his the God of battles was with them and that He would surely crown their efl'orts with success. They had no doubts nor fears. The:1 trusted in shrill silver whistle, by which he gave his command". The God-and kept their powder dry. Such a thing as a coward was not place of his encampment was cleared land, or rather bare of known among them. How fitting it was that to such a band of men timber, which made his men easily seen and singled out by the should have been assigned, by Campbell'::; own good judgment, the attack on Ferguson's choicest troops-his Provincial Rangers. It was attacking force; but the mountain sides were studded with a happy omen of success-literally the forlorn hope-the right men in trees, which furnished protection for the pah·iots. The distin­ the right place. guished Col. Harry Lee, after the battle, said of Ferguson's Campbell's corps was composed of his own regiment, Sevier's choice of the place: regiment, and McDowell's and Winston's battalions, and were to It was more assailable by the rifle -than defensible by the bayonet. cross the southern end of the ridge and attack Ferg,-uson. The battle was now in progress on all sides of the mountain. Cleveland's corps was made up of Williams's command, which The roar and din was terrific. Hon. Bailey Peyton, of Tennes­ included the men under Brandon, Hammond, and Candler, his see, said: " When the conflict began the mountain appeared own men from Wilkes and Surry, tho e commanded by Lacey, volcanic; there flashed along its summit and around its base and also the troops from Lincoln County under Hambright and and up its sides one long sulphurous blaze." ·Chronicle. Shelby commanded a corps of his own men. These At the first fire delivered by Ferguson's men Colonel Lacey's troops under Cleveland and Shelby were to be disposed on the horse was shot from under him. The conflict was terrible and left of the ridge and opposite to Colonel Campbell's troops. sanguinary. The patriots were trained with the gun and were Thus arranged the entire force consisted of four columns, two " dead shots." The royal troops were well drilled, well armed, columns being on the north side and the other two on the south and well commanded. Thus the battle raged for more than an side of the ridge, the columns being commanded respectively by llour, much of the time being engaged in band-to-hand fighting. Shelby and Cleveland, Campbell and Sevier. All the troops Capt. William Edmondson, one of Campbell's men, dashed up the being thus arranged, the leaders then appealed to the soldiers to side of the hill, knocked a rifle from a Briton's hand, seizeLl conduct themselves like heroes in the impending fight. Thus, him by the neck, and dragged him to the foot of the hill. [Ap­ standing on the very verge of what was to be one of the greatest plause.] He returned again to make a similar conque t, when figllts of the lle\olutionai·y war, Campbell visited each com­ he fell mortally wounded. After the battle was ended one of mand and said to the soldiers that if any of them, men or offi­ his faithful men told him of the great victory, whereupon the cers, were afraid, to quit the ranks and go hOI\'e; that he wi lled dying man showed his great satisfaction of the result and pas. ed no man to engage in the action wllo could not fight; that as away. Colonel Campbell took him by the hand and wept. He for himself he was determined to fight the enemy a week if died with the shout of "Victory in his ears, "smiled, loosed hi..s need be to gain the victory. feeble hold on life, and the Christian patriot went to his After giying the orders in a voice that could be heard by most rewnrd." of the men, Campbell placed himself at the head of his own regi­ Major Chronicle and Colonel Hambdght, with their Lincoln ment, and, after each of the other commanding officers had County boys, were in the thickest of the fight, and while making done tile same, the order to march was giyen. A large number a gallant charge up the mountain side 1\Iajor Chronicle was 1906: CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSEo '6419

struck with a ball by the enemy and fell ; but Hambright took of this splendid Republic was made not only a possibility, but command and pres~ed on up the hill to victory. Many bold a reality. . . . . band-to-hand fights took place during this terrible hour. The Senator LonGE, in his Story of the Revolution, writmg of thiS splendid steed which Colonel Cleveland rode was shot from un­ battle, says: der him. McDoweli's men (Burk and Rutherford) did sp!endid , It proved one of the decisive battles of the n.evolut_ion. - It tu~·ned service and were at all times where the bullets fell thickest. the tide of war in the Southern States. From that time the British fortunes declined, while the spirit of the southern p eop l~ rose at a No regiment, no man, failed to do his duty. Th~ br~ve Colonel bound. The back country was freed, for Ferguson and hts m~n C

One hundred and ~even Members ; a quor um is present, and t he another case last summer I had myself associated as assistant point of order is overruled. counsel in a court-martial, so that I might learn all the details Mr. TIRRELL. 1\fr. Cb.airma.n, the cnairman of this com- · connected with the methods of enlistment which were followed mittee, in his opening remarks, made reference to desertions by the Army and Navy in our country. from the Navy during the last year. He stated that these de- I found that this. boy, who was within one month of 18 years sertions numbered 3,227, a decrease from the previous year, of age when he entered the enlimng office, stated that he was when desertions numbered 4,488. He assigned as reasons for 18 years of age the next month. There was no contradiction these desertions three causes : First, the re~ess spirit of by any witness who was on the stand before the court-martial American youth; second, the hardships of life at sea, and, third, tha t he made that statement. I found that he was given a paper the oath they took to serve the Government not being taken and that he filled it up, that they then made out another paper, seriously. To these reasons the gentleman from New York and then asked him if he understood it. Then they took him to [1\lr. F ITZGERALD] added another, namely, that the hardships of another room and pointed out to him a placard on the wall and the s.ervice itself was the cause of many desertions. asked him to read what was written on the placard. He said, I de ire to add one more reason, which has caused me a great at the trial, it was u Something about the Declaration of In~ deal of trouble, and I presume has caused other Representatives dependence." • In other words, that boy did not have the slignt~ wllo Ii"ve near the seashore, and especially near some large city, est comprehension-of the enormity of the offense and puni h~ where m:iny enlistments are made, namely, the enlistment of ment to which he would be subjected provided he comrllitted minors-and I mean by minors those under 18 years of age. perjury in stating his age. Yet, notwithstanding those facts, I have bad very little trouble connected with the enlistment of notwithstanding that his father was sick and bad been so sick those over 18 years of age, but an infinite amount of trouble for several years that be was unable to earn a dollar, and that from those who enlisted under 18. Now,. the rules and regula- this boy was the only support of a family of four or :fi:ve chi!· tions of the Department relative to the enlistment of minors dren-for be worked in the shoe shops in the city of Marlboro-­ under 18 years of age, -if they were fully carried out, or ex- and that the family was dependent upon him for the support plicitly and clearly explained by the recruiting officers, are not that he must give by so working, he was subjected under those subject to much criticism. circumstances to an imprisonment of one year on account of his Tile trouble is, in the anxiety to recruit the service these having sworn falsely about hls age. I presume they had the explanations are glossed over, and many immature youth- right to find from all the circumstances that be was not 18 children, in fact, unable to judge for themselves and their inter- years of age. What I say, Mr. Qhairman, is not in critici m est,. or the interest of the family with which they are con- of the Naval Department, nor in criticism of th~ rule which nected-are enlisted by recruiting officers t hroughout the coun- they have laid down, because that rule is all right and proper try. Tile rules and regulations are substantially to this effect : provided it is understood. My criticism is relative to this par ~ That a boy under 18 years of age, desiring to enlist in the Navy, ticular point, and this particular point only, that the require ~ must have the written consent of his father and mothe~ ments are not such that the boys of immature age, 14, 15, 16, or one if the other is not living. and 17 years, can comprehend or do comprehend from the As a matter of fact, boys 15 and 16 years of age appear at the methods of enlistment which are adopted the course which they recruiting office, and the course of procedure follows somewhat are taking and the punishment to which they will be subjected in this way : They are presented with a paper, and that paper provided a false statei:nent is made. will contain certain questions in fine print. Up in the left-hand Tbis matter ba.s been brought to the attention of the Navy, corner will~be the age. They are not required to give their age Department by myself. They have the matter under con idera ~ explicitly, but the year and the month in which they were born. tion, and I insist that unless it is regulated and changed by the Certain other questions are to be answered. Having lo.oked Navy Department it ought to have the attention of Congress in t hat paper o-ver and signed their name to it, the recruiting officer the way of legislation, in order that there sllall be a rule in takes the boy out and a more elaborate blank is prepared by th-e reference to enlistment to prevent these desertions by minors officer, and he passes that blank over to the boy and asks him and that there shall not only be a written statement which they1 to read it, and then asks whether be understands it and t he sllall be required to read, explicitly stating that if perjury is contents thereof. He then signs that blank. committed in regard to :my essential fact which they sign that they 11.re liable to court-martial and imprisonment, but also Then they take him into another room, where there is a that the recruiting officer shall be obliged to explain orally t o placard on the wall which says something about regulations in h r b t th d · h the Navy, and ask him to read that; and he glances at ·it, and, t ese app Icants w a ey are omg and t e punishment which they may suffer. apparently having read it, he is sworn into the service. :Mr. DUISCOLL. Is it not true that they do not suffer now, Now, in the cases which ha>e come under my observation I unless they themselves take advantage of their own perjury? have not found one where the boy has understood what he has l\lr. TIRRELL. Yes; but can you prevent it? Let me say. been doing. I never yet have found one where it bas been ex- that in every post-office in eastern 1\iassachusetts, in every town plained to him that if be swore falsely in regard to hls age be of considerable size, as you enter the door you will see a placard bas committed perjury, and that before he could be discharged in flaming colors-- from the Navy he must be tried by court-m:u1:ial, and if found The CHAIRMAN. The time of the gentleman has expired. guilty must be imprisoned from six months to a year, which is l\lr. FOSS. Mr. Chairman, I yield tile. gentleman three min.. the usual period, although it is somewhat modified in case of utes more. good behavior. :Mr. TIRRELL. You will see a great plac:u·d in flaming Mr. RIXEY. Will the gentleman allow me a question? colors which would make one belie-ve that enlistment in the l\Ir. TIRRELL. Certainly. Navy was one long, sweet song, with a battle ship off in the 1\Ir. RIXEY. Where the applicant is under 21 years of age, distance and the flag of our country flying from her masthead, does be not have to have the consent of his parents? with a boat on the shore filled with natty midshipmen, with l\1r. TIRRELL. Yes. their blue suits and happy, laughing countenances, on the point l\Ir. RIXEY. If he goes with the consent of tile parents by of embarking for the battle ship beyond. And do we not all certifying that he is over 18 years of age, and·in addition makes know that with an inflamed imagination boys 15 o:.· 16 years of affidavit that he is over 18 years of age, bow are you going to age, regardless of every other consideration, the st ate of things take any additional precaution? at home and of their own condition, will seek these recruiting l\Ir. TIRRELL. I am not finding any fault with that, and I offices and be enlisted if they can? If they are to be enlisted, am coming to the point that I will endeavor to make in these then let these things be fully explained to them, and if they are few remarks. I say that of the cases that have been brought fully explained- and I never yet have found a. case, and I hn.ve to my attention-and they have been many, for there :u·e m..wy bad many of them, where they have been-then I believe that the in eastern Massachusetts, and other Representatives have told desertions, which m"e now so numerous, will very much lessen and me they are numerous in different part of tbe counh·y- I have that the boys of the ~ges of which I have poken will not be found that the boys have not had explained to them the facts. taken away from father and mother and ·subjected to the either orally or by anything in writing which has been submitted temptations of a. life at Eea. They are not old enough to resist to them, that if they swear falsely in regard to their age this the tempta.tiens to which they are subjected, and many a imprisonment follows. I want to say to the gentleman from young fellow bas been ruined for life thereby. Virginia [U r. RIXEY] that in one town in my district of about Mr. DRISCOLL. The usual custom. Does not the whole 11,000 inhabitants, where everybody knows everybody else, trouble consist in the fact that the ordinary American boy, by, wllere the recruiting office is almQst within a stone's throw vf reason of his bringing up and his independence, is not fit to be where the parents lived, there were two boys, 15 or lG years a se1Tant? Tllat i , he is not adapted to the work of a servant, of age, who were enlisted under the circumstances I have- stated, j and the work in the Navy of a common sailor is a menial se1tv~ and in order that I rru ~ht know exactly how this was. done in ice very largely. Is not that the trouble '2

I 1906. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. 6421

Mr. TIRRELL. No doubt that is true to a great extent. Mr. bas come to the attention of the gentleman from Missouri in Chairman, that is all I desire to say. which a young man under age bas been enlisted without the Mr. RIXEY. I would like to ask the gentleman a question. consent of his parents or guardians. Mr. TIRRELL. Yes. l\lr. FULKERSON. That fact exists notwithstanding, and Mr. RIXEY. He states these boys are taken away from the Secretary of the Navy admits it, and says it is wrong that their parents. As I understand the rules of the Department, such a thing should exist. the parent has to give his written consent to any minor where Mr. MA~"'N. I could name twenty cases of that same kind the boy is under 21. years of age. Now, therefore, tllere that have come under my personal knowledge during my brief ­ can be no question about the boy being taken away from the term here. parents where the parents object to it. Now, you complain of Mr. TIRRELL. I can name a number in my district. the advertisements for the Navy. You surely do not expect the l\lr. WEEKS. All I can say to you, gentlemen, is that it Navy Department to advertise the disadvantages of the Navy. is your duty to report these cases to the Secretary and it will The Navy wants recruits. It puts forth the advantages of en- be his duty to punish the offending officer. listment, and it is for the young man and the parents of the Mr. HUMPHREY of Washington. I had a case of that same boy to decide whether that boy will go in or not. kind where the boy was under age. I attempted to have him Mr. MANN. If a private individual circulated that stuff released, and it was very strongly intimated that if he was through the Post-Office Department, they would be forbidden to released he might be prosecuted for perjury. use the mails on the ground of fraud. Mr. WEEKS. Why should he not be prosecuted for perjury? Mr. RIXEY. Well, I do not know about that. Mr. CLARK of Missouri. I would like to ask the gentleman Mr. FOSS. Mr. Chairman, I yield one hour to the gentleman one question. from Massachusetts [Mr. WEEKs]. Mr. WEEKS. I will be glad to reply. Mr. WEEKS. Mr. Chairman, I have no disposition to join in a Mr. CLARK of Missouri. Where a boy under 18 years of age general debate with my colleague from Massachusetts on the enlists in the Navy, and in order to get in makes an affidavit subject which he has just. been discussing, but if it meant any- that he is over 18 years of age, and his parents find it out and thing it was a criticism of the officers of the Navy who are de- want him discharged, does the gentleman think the Navy De~ tailed for recruiting service. Now, an officer detailed for that partment ought to undertake to fasten a stigma on tile boy by duty does not get credit for the number of men he enlists, but his prosecuting him for perjury or giving him a dishonorable dis~ record is made up and he gets credit for the number of efficient charge from the Navy? men he enlists, determined after these men have perforn;ted Mr. WEEKS. I do not know why not. their term of service and have been discharged. It would be an Mr. CLARK of Missouri. Because he is a child. offense subjecting an officer to punishment to enlist a minor Mr. KEIFER. He would not be a child if it·was in anything without the consent of the minor's parents or guardian, and in else. my experience of now something like fifteen months the only Mr. CLARK of Missouri. I do not think if a boy strains his case which bas come to my attention where a minor has been conscience in the cause of patriotism and swears that he is enlisted was where he wrote a letter giving this consent, forged over 18 years of age, and his parents want to take him out of the signature of his guardian, and took the oath that he was the Navy for some good reason, that he ought to have a stigma over age, and when he got into the service he found, as a great put upon him. And that is precisely what they do. many other young men find, that be did not like the life and he Mr. WEEKS. As some of you gentlemen know, I am a grad~ wanted to get out of the service, so he fell back on the state- uate of the Naval Academy. In my time cadets entered the ment that he was under age when enlisted. The fact is these Academy between the ages of 14 and 18. They were obliged are bad boys and have no business to be in the service under any to enter under the age of 18. They took an oath when the:v, circumstances. In all such cases the officer is deceived by the entered the Academy to do their duty, to obey certain regula~ men he has enlisted, and if anybody deserves sympathy it is the tions, etc. Now, we have been condemning hazing at the officer who is being imposed upon, and it is the Government that Naval Academy, but if the position taken by the gentleman is being imposed upon by these young fellows who are so ready from Missouri [Mr. CLARK] is sound, any cadet who enters the to make a false oath. Naval Academy under 18 and takes an oath to observe the Mr. TIRRELL. May I ask my colleague a question? regulations ought not to be held up to that oath, because he Mr. WEEKS. Certainly. took it when under 18 and consequently was not responsible. Mr. TIRRELL. Do you not think the recruiting officer is as l\lr. CLARK of Missouri. That is not a parallel case at all. anxious to get recruits and make a good record in filling up as I would object to tho-se boys over there at Annapolis being pros­ anything else that induces him to do these things? ecuted for perjury because they indulged in hazing. I am Mr. WEEKS. I have just stated, Mr. Chairman, that the opposed to hazing, but I am not in favor of putting that kind of officer did not obtain any credit for the number of enlistments a stigma on a boy. I do not think it is right. · made. The credit which he gets is determined by the number Mr. LOUD. Mr. Chairman, I will say tllat I had a boy of efficient enlistments he makes, which can only be determined treated under similar circumstances to those the gentleman has after the men have pe~formed their term of enlistment of three stated, and he was released without a stigma of any kind. . years; so that there is no earthly reason why an officer of the Mr. CLARK of Missouri. That is a very strange way, to Navy should enlist a man who is under age or who is not likely have one rule for ·you over there and then another one for us. to be efficient. That is the whole thing. Mr. FULKERSON.· Do you not think that when the enlisted Mr. HUMPHREY of Washington. I would like to know how sailor and recruiting officer are in the same town that the the gentleman proceeded. Government should go to the parents and find out whether they Mr. STEPHENS of Texas. Mr. Chairman,· I desire to state give their consent or not? that I had a similar case not more than a week ago, where a Mr. WEEKS. I do not know about that. Possibly. young man 17 years of age went away from home and enlisted Mr. FUIJKERSON. I have a case in mind .where a boy in the Navy, and as soon as the parents as-certained it they under 18 years of age made application, but neither of his wanted to get his discharge. They ascertained that he had parents ever heard of it until after he was already on the way made an affidavit that he was 18 years of age. The naval to the coast. He was_enlisted, notwithstanding he was under authorities refused to have him discharged or to recommend his age and neither parent gave consent. discharge, and that is a similar case to the one stated by the gen~ Mr. WEEKS. But he made oath he was over 18. tleman on my left. Mr. FULKERSON. That is true, but has not the parent some Mr. WEEKS. If the Navy Department were to allow the dis~ right in his boy until he is 21 years of age, and ought not the charge of such fellows on the statement that they were under Government to respect the parents' interest to that extent? age when enlisted it would lose one-third of the men enlisted Mr. KEIFER. They get them out-- before any reasonable service had been gotten out of them, Mr. FULKERSON. Oh, you can get them out on a writ of and this recruiting is a very considerable expense. habeas corpus, but then they will be prosecuted for having made I listened yesterday-to the remarks of the gentleman from a false oath. Ohio [Mr. BURTON] with great interest, and while they were not Mr. WEEKS. The fact is, a boy 18 years of age who will do new, or were only in part new, I doubt if the views which that proves that he is a bad boy. he expressed have ever been stated more explicitly or with Mr. FULKERSON. That does not relieve the Government of greater force; but similar statements have been made by gen~ the right to give the parents a fair show. It is the duty of the tlemen in this House and in other places ever since this Govern~ Government to see that the parents are protected in the right of ment was organized. I recollect when I was a youngster in their boy until he is 21 years of age, and if the Government did school reading in a newspaper a statement made by a then di~ not get the parents' con ent the boy should be sent home to them. tinguished Member of this House, Mr. Blount, of Georgia, Mr. WEEKS. Mr. Chairman, I am surprised that any case • afterwards known as " Paramount Blount," of Hawaiian fame, 6422 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. MAY 5,

in which be made very similar statements to those made l>y the than we c.onsume. We are all looking for markets. To insure gentleman from Ohio yesterday, and I will read from the RECORD our having a fair chance to trade with the whole world the open­ of :May 14, 187G, to show this similarity: door policy must be maintained, especially in the Orient but In the first place, I do not consider tbat the continued keeping up of if we were lacking in physical power it is safe to say that the the Navy of tbe United States at a high state is at all consistent with door to our trade in many localities would. be closed. Gentlemen the genius of our people any more than to maintain a large standing army. spe~k ?f. the h·iumphs of diplomacy as indicating the folly of 1t is our great good fortune that, unlike the great powers of Europe, mamtammg a large navy, but diplomacy would lose many of its which at·e continually meditating destruction of each other both upon laurels if the Navy did not exist to insure a llearing and to land and upon sea, we are isolated, disconnected with those controver­ sies which are continually and, as it would seem, necessarily arising compel a respectful consideration of our demands. From a com­ there. While this Government has been in existence but a hundred mercial standpoint at least, the greatest success obtained by years our Navy has been called upon but once worthy of mention to d_i~lomacy in rec~nt ye~rs was our demand, after the Boxer up­ go out against a foreign foe and that was during tbe war of 181!:!. I know we have had other troubles, but they amounted to naught. nsmg, that the mtegr1ty of the Chinese Empire territorially It was charged against the Administration of J efl'erson as well as and the op_en door for her trade should be agreed to, but doe~ against the Administration of Madison that they had almost wholly anyone believe that any attention would have been paid to our neglected tbe avy. What was tbe result? When the trial of strength did come, althou"'h we encountered an enemy who by reason of the demand if our fleet in Chinese waters had consisted of three blows she had given to the Spanish, French, and Dutch navies was rid­ old ships of the civil war period, as it diu V.venty-five years ing the ocean with contempt for tbe rest of the world, who does not ago, or if it bad not been well known that we bad the physical remember with pride om· struggle, and that it was our own despised little Navy which first brought her to a recognition of the fact that power at sea to make ourselves a vital factor in the affairs of there was one power she must and should respect? But how did it tlle world? happen? Much was due to the fact that our Navy was composed of men It is an historical fact thn.t when our naval power was at its of skill, of courage, and of endurance, and a great deal that we found our commercial marine ready at once to come to our rescue. It was lowest point our trade with the Orient was at its lowest possi­ our bidden, but our easily available strength. ble. ebb. 'Vhen we commenced to build up our Navy, and es­ It is true that the1·e is greater reason for ample preparation pecwl_ly when we had advertised our strength by the Spanisb­ for naval warfare now than there was in 1812. In those days it Amencan war, our h·ade commenced to increase and has con­ required only a few months to build the largest battle ship. It tinued to increase enormously. In the last fifteen years om· took comparatively few weeks to build a ship of the ordinary trade with Japan has increased 700 per cent, while England's size, and we bad a merchant marine in those days on which we trade with Japan bas scarcely doubled. Our trade with China could rely for men. As sailors they performed the same duties in t11e last twenty-five years has increased 1,000 per cent, while on l>oard the merchant ship which they wouhl have to perform the trade of England has increased but about 300 per cent. on a man-of-war, and they generally bad some knowledge of l\Ir. PALMER. I am curious to know bow an increase in gunnery, because in those days merchant ships were obliged to trade can be ascribed to an increase in the Navy. I should like be armed for protection against pirates and privateers in time to have that explained. of war. Then it took three or four months to declare war, and l\Ir. WEEKS. I will try briefly to point out what I mean by that was a reasonable time to make preparation for it. To-day this. As I stated a moment ago, if the gentleman had been a declaration of war can be made in as many minutes, allowing listening-- no time for preparation. It takes three years to build a battle ship Mr. PALMER. I have been listening to you intently. and a commensurate time to build smaller ships, and we have Mr. WEEKS. Our trade commenced to increase about the no merchant marine to furnish suitable men needed to serve on time that our Navy commenced to deyelop. Our Navy is our a man-of-war, which requires special h·aining. We have had one advertising medium in the Orient. Tlle fact that we showed many examples in our own history to show the necessity for ¥reat sh·ength during the Spanish-American war, great phys­ preparation. .In the Virginius affair, which took place just ICal power, appeals to those people. They buy goods of nations before the gentleman from Georgia made the remarks which wh~ch show to them that they have physical strength; and I have quoted, American citizens were seized in Cuba, stood whlle I do not pretend to say that our increased trade is due in a row, and shot down, and other Americans would have entirely to that one cause, I believe that a large part of it is been treated the same way if it bad not been for the interpo­ due to it, and I can show, Mr. Chairman, that where we have sition of a British consul, backed by a British man-of-war, not objected to the closing of the door against us in other parts while we stood supinely by and did nothing, simply because of the world, we have lost the trade that we bad. our Navy was so weak that even our demands for redress The best illustration of that statement is in the loss of our received scant courtesy. It is safe to say that there would be trade with Madagascar. Nearly ten years ago the French Gov­ no occasion to make such a demand under present circum­ ernment decided that it would take posse sion of that island. stances, for no nation would now dare treat American citizens We bad a trade with Madagascar that year of over half a mil­ in such a way. Compare this humiliation with the pride and lion dollars. Our trade last year was about $11,000. In other satisfaction felt by every American citizen when the reports words, in these days of reciprocity and favored-nation h·eaties came that Admiral Dewey had destroyed the Spanish fleet in and preferential , such regulations can be made that unless the Manila Harbor. open door is maintained (and I have said the open door can not .Tllis will always 'Ide considered one of the great events in be maintained unless we have physical force), we are not going American history, but the part which people forget or have to develop new markets for our goods if we do not lose the trade never considered is that, while as a military accomplishment the we now have. Another illustration of that very point is the result was perfect, it would have been impossible if -Admiral case of the Kongo. Dewey and llis fleet bad not been prepared to do just exactly Mr. DRISCOLL. Haye we not had physical force for sev­ what they did do. It should not be necessary to add to these illus­ eral years back? h·ations, and the remedy for both is exactly the same--prep­ Mr. WEEKS. Yes. aration would prevent the first affair and will make a recur­ Mr. DRISCOLL. Why did we concede this trade to France rence of the second a reasonable certainty. But such a recent in Madagascar? - and convincing example of the same truth as the war between Mr. WEEKS. That was before the Spanish-American war, J apan and Russia furnishes should be added. It almost goes and we are not re ponsible for that concession. witllout saying that if Japan had not been prepared for that Mr. Chairman, some twenty years ago, before the Berlin war she would have Ci)ased to be an independent nation before conference, e'ery annual me sage that was sent to Congress by this time, for ller defeat on the sea would have meant military our President mentioned the great trade which migllt be de­ ruin, wllatever successes she might have gained elsewhere; developed in the Kongo territory. This was also frequently re­ outside interference alone could have prevented this, and we ferred to in reports made by our State Departmen( President have seen in the case of Korea within .the past year that this Arthur, for instance, in his annual message in· 1883, said: aid could not be depended upon. · The rich and populous valley is being opened to commerce. The As stated by the gentleman from Ohio, a radical change in United States can not be indifferent to the work nor to the interests of their citizens involved in it. It may become advisable for us to the reasons for making war has taken place since the French cooperate with other commercial powers in promoting tbe rights of Revolution. Before that time wars were made because ruling trade and residence in tbe Kongo Valley. . families or rulers believed that the interests of their families Now, everybody knows the Kongo was put under the control or their own interests would be promoted by so doing, they con­ of the King of Belgium. He bas taken the trade of that terri­ veniently assuming that the interests of the people were pro­ tory to himself. We have no consul in the Kongo region, and moted in this way. Such a war would now be impossible, and while it is becoming one of the greatest, if not the greatest, ex­ the wars of the future will be waged for commercial or humane porting rubber-producing territories in tbe world, and Antwerp, reasons, as have been nearly all wars since the time of the first in Belgium, is the greatest rubber market in the world, our J'l;'apoleon. records do not show that we are doing one single dollar of busi­ ·we, in common with all the great nations of Europe, have ness with the Kongo, although we are one of the first countries reached a condition where we produce more manufactured goods in tb~ manufacture and consumption of rubber goods. In other- 1906. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. 6423

. words, the King of Belgium, or Belgium, whichever · it is, bas port of a military organization in which the personnel is not taken that entire trade. If we bad bad our interests properly diligent and efficient and honestly trying to improve the charac­ looked after and that door had been kept open, we would be get­ ter and standard of the service, and I hope there are few, if ting our share of that large and valuable trade. any, Members who will not willingly support the naval pro­ 1\Ir. P AL:L\fER. But the gentleman would not advocate the gramme if convinced that the country is getting the best pos­ method by which the King of Belgium has conquered the rnbher sible results from the expenditures made, and e pecially if counh·y and ask the United States to go into that business, convinced that the service is not only not retrograding in would he? character, but is each year reaching a higher standard. 1\Ir . .WEEKS. Not at all. Now, Mr. Chairman, I understood Fair and friendly criticism is beneficial to the naval service, as the gentleman from Ohio [1\Ir. BURTON] to say yesterday that well as to any person or organization, but when criticism is he was not opposed to a navy, but he did not state just how based on insufficient data or information it is especially unfair large a navy he was in favor of. That is the crux of the whole to the naval service, which can not resort to the press, magazines, matter. If a definite arrangement were made with our com­ or stump to defend itself, but must depend on past service and mercial rivals, pre-renting the increase of armament, or for a achievements for a reply. gradual reduction of armament, I doubt if there is a 1\Iember I propose to refer to two criticisms of the naval service re­ of this Ilouse who would not be in favor of such a proposition, cently made to illustrate the difference between the just and un­ but until such an arrangement is made there is nothing for us just varieties. Naval officers and those responsible for the ef­ to do, in my judgment, but to do what they are doing. fectiveness of the naval establishment have repeatedly called The question I would like to ask the gentleman from Ohio is, the attention of Congress to the necessity for a change in the What kind of a navy is be in favor of-a n.'lvy half large enough age of promotion and retirement, a change which from every to protect ourselves, a navy one-quarter large enough to protect view point seems most essential. One of these propositions de­ oursel-res, or a navy large enough to protect ourselves ? There pends on the other in this way, that retiring or placing on the are some very good people in this country who do not belie-re reserve list officers of a stipulated ran.k, who have not been in the maintenance of any navy. There are others, like the dis­ promoted before reaching' a stipulated age, will cause the pro­ tinguished Democrat from Alabama, who is about to stop in motion of their juniors early enough to enable the latter to per­ Congress on his W"ay to the Presidency long enough to provide form the best service in the grade to which they are being pro- for a. billion-dollar navy-who, I believe, are extremists in the moted. - _ opposite direction. By our present system of promotion men reach command and But the fact is, 1\Ir. Chairman, we need a nayy large enough flag rank at an age which precludes their obtaining great ex­ to meet the commercial rivals whom we would have to meet in perience in those grades before the retiring age--62 years­ case of difficulty. In other words, our building policy, in my reaches them, so that officers come to these responsible positions opinion, hould be based upon what our rivals are doing, and disqualified by age from giving the Government the service while I bm·e no right to speak for the Committee on Naval which we naturally expect and demand. This is a condition Affairo., I have no doubt their conclusions are based on sqme which bas been growing more acute during recent years, owing similar reasons. The Navy is not being increased to any ex­ to the large number of midshipmen graduated from the Naval tent by this bill. We have an old ship that is going to the junk Academy during and immediately after the civil war, forming a heap, the T e:r:as, the only ship in the Navy, by the way, except hump, which, by the way, will be duplicated by the unusual num­ a few small ones that were acquired during the war with Spain, ber of midshipmen now being appointed to the Naval Academy. the plans of which were not made in this country. Nothing better illustrates the desirability of a liberal and at the · The battle ship which is proposed is simply to take the place same. time conservative naval policy· which will keep the service of the T e:r:as. in condition for hostilities without taking unusual and expensive Now, I want to say one word in reply, or rather in reference action whenever we are brought face to face with real trouble to a suggestion made by the chairman of the Naval Committee, than does this condition of the Navy personnel. It is not, as I when in making his opening statement he said that the esti­ have stated, a new question, but has been repeatedly called to mates sent to the Naval Committee would have required $120,- the attention of Congress by the President, Secretaries of the 000,000, as I recollect it, and that the committee bad reduced Navy, and bureau chiefs during recent years. the estimates about $22,000,000. I contend, Mr. Chairman, that In his annual message in 1904 the President referred to the this statement should not be construed as a criticism of the Sec­ subject by saying: retary of the Navy or the bureau officers, for they as well as Sooner or later we shall have to provide some method by which there tte Naval Committee ba-re done their duty in this case. It is will be promotions for merit as well as for seniority or else retirement of all those who after a certain age have not passed beyond a ce1·tain ·the bu iness of the Navy to prepare to fight. It is not the busi­ grade. ness Of its officers to say how much money shaH be appropriated, In 1905 the President in his annual message repeated this but it is their duty to evolve pl~s which, if carried out, would put us in condition to fight successfully if · we have to do so suggestion in these tmms: There should be a resolute effort to eliminate the aged officers of at all. reputable character who possess no special efficiency. It ~J the duty of Congress when the estimates are presented In 1903 the Secretary of the Navy, Mr. l\Ioody, in his annual to make appropriations which will reflect not only the prevail­ report, says : · · ing desire of the people for a strong Navy, but also their desire In discussing this subject the Chief of the Bureau suggests as the that economy shall be considered in making appropriations; to only remedy for the evils attending the tardy attainment of command take into account also the fact that the revenues can not all rank • • • early compulsory retirement in the higher grades. be devoted to one purpose only, since proper consideration must In 1904 the Secretary of the Navy, Mr. Morton, in his annual be given to the needs of other Departments. That is exactly report, says : what bas been done in this case. Those who have made the I believe that action should be taken to place younger men in posi­ estimates for the Navy Department have doubtless based them tions of command as .soon as a way can be found to do so that does not involve injustice or impose unnecessary hardship upon officers on theoretical perfection, as it was their duty to do, and the whose long and worthy service entitles them to co::i.sideration. Naval Committee bas cut down the estimates to mee-t the con­ ditions which I have referred to. I do not want to take any In 1905 the Secretary of the Navy, l\Ir. Bonaparte, called at­ laurels from the Committee on Naval Affairs, but I do not think tention to this defect in our system and proposed a plan to rem­ the officers of the Navy Department who have prepared the esti­ edy it. mates should be criticised because the estimates are larger During the last five years the Bureau of Navigation, which than the appropriations we are willing to make. has special charge of the personnel of the Navy, bas bad at its But W"hen asked to appropriate $100,000,000 for the naval bead two officers who to an unusual degree have bad the confi­ service this House and the country at large should have the dence of th.e Navy as well as of the public-Rear-Admiral II. C. assurance that the money is being wisely expended; that our 'l'aylor and Rear-Admiral George A. Converse, the present in­ ships fill all the modern requirements of .fighting machines, and cumbent. They have repeatedly voiced this criticism of the especially that the personnel is in quality and efficiency at least condition of the personnel of the Navy, and Admiral Taylor, in . equal to that which has in every crisis in the past brought his annual report in 1904, in speaking of the ages of captains, honor and glory to the American flag, and that in education and said: discipline it is maintaining the best traditions of our naval Unless these be di"minished disaster is practically certain to ensue. service. Neither the Nayal Academy, the naval officer, nor the And Admiral Converse in his annual report in 1904 discussed naval service have escaped criticism, much of it from unre­ the necessity, and in 1905, in referring to the subject, says: liable sources, but occasionally coming from a source of such 'l'his subject was discussed at some length in my last annual report, and the views of the Bureau were fully indorsed by your predecessor high character that it seems to me desirable to consider in de­ (Secretary Morton). 'These wei·e in general effect that officers arrived tail some of these criticisms and as far as possible to determine at flag and command ranks too lat e and served too short a period in whetller they are justified or not, for I assume that there is no tliose grades for the general efficiency of the Navy. Member of this House who will vote $100,000,000 for the sup- These citations are sufficient to show that this is a criticism 6424 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. MAY 5,:

based not on rumors or insufficient knowledge, but on real facts, Neither have we been as liberal in providing flag officers in coming as it does from those who are best qualified to pass upon proportion to our tonnage or the number of our men as have the subject; but in order to show that we are not in even n foreign navies, which is shown by the following comparison: comparatively good position, I wish to compare the ages of our oJTicers with the ages of seagoing officers of command and flag England. France. Ger- Japan. United many. Smt~. ranks in tlle principal navies of the world. This compilation ------1------is taken from an article recently written by Lieut. Commander Tonnage per :flag officer----­ 22,447 17,799 18,373 7, 778 38,939 A. L. Key, United States Navy, printed in the proceedings of Men per flag officer------1,121 1,158 the United States Naval Institute, which treats this subject 1,097 551 2,~ exhaustively, and f1·om which I shall make additional quota­ tions. It is, however, too long to be reprinted in this connection. These figures demonstrate that we are not doing our duty even ~om a~ ~ndependent standpoint, or from a business standpoint, Seagoing flag officers. m retammg officers in junior capacities until they have passed Rear .and vice ad­ t~e age .when they are best fitted to ·assume great responsibili­ mirals. Captains. ties; neither have we done our duty when we compare our course with foreign governments, which should be the final test. Country. Average Average years Ages. years Ages. OuT Navy in the past has been successful, or very largely so, in grade. in grade. because we have been superior to the enemy in ships of the same general class, in guns of the same general caliber, and in Great Britain ______--·-·-----·------8.0 49 to 62 11.2 35 to55.0 personnel of the same general rank-that is, ship for ship, gun F ranee ______------14.2 53to64 9.5 47to 59.0 for gun, and man for man we have been superior. Germany ____ ----·--···------··-··- 6.0 51 to 56 6.2 42 to52.0 J a pan ______------11.0 44 to 57 8.0 38to52.0 While it is believed that we retain our advantage in ships and United States------·--· ____ 1.0 59 to 62 4.5 55 to 61.5 guns, we have distinctly lost that advantage in the age of the promotion of our officers, and it should be up to Congress· to at This table shows that officers in our Navy come to the com­ once remedy this defect. Let us not continue to spend one hun­ mand of battle ships between the ages of 55 and 61! years; dred millions a year for the purpose of maintaining an efficient that they serve but four and one-half years in the grade of cap­ Navy and at the same time fail to take advantage of criticisms tain, and that if they get the command of a battle ship they which call to our attention the fact that we are spending our never have it for a longer time than one cruise of two years; money with the probability that we are not getting the best that officers come to flag rank between the ages of 59 and 62 possible results. I now wish to call to your attention a criticism years, and that the average time served in this grade is but one of an entirely different character. year. It should be observed, however, that officers holding the During the recent discussion of a measure to prevent hazing rank of commander in our Navy are given command of smaller at the Naval Academy the occasion was taken by the distin­ ships than battle ships, but that ~der our present retirement guished Representative from Iowa, whose name is a household system officers do not reach that rank until they are about 48 word throughout the country, to show that, as a result of hazing years of age. and hazing methods at the Naval Academy, the Navy personnel Every business man knows that the age of best achievement, was inefficient, and, further, that the incompetent were protected at least as far as taking the initiative is concerned, is between from adequate punishment by their companions in arms before 30 and 50, and no business man would consider employing a whom they were brought for trial in accordance with Navy regu­ man in a minor position until he had reached the age of lations. These are serious charges which have b~en circulated 50 and then suddenly place him in a position where he would throughout the country, not made by some irresponsible person, be obliged to depend absolutely on his own judgment, for but by a leading Member of Congress, whose experience and abil­ even at 48 the naval officer may not receive a command, but ity as a legislator are known and respected everywhere and he will quite likely get one command of two years as a CO.!Jl­ whose words for that reason carry unusual weight and convic­ mander and one command of two years as a captain, or a total tion. In this case, however, I believe his criticisms and conclu­ service of four years in command rank before he becomes a sions are not only unwarranted, but that they do the naval flag officer, and then possibly serve one year in the latter posi­ service rank injustice, and for that reason I wish to call to the tion. Such a proposition if applied to business affairs would be attention of· the Members of this House the actual facts, taken considered ridiculous. It is none the less so in the naval from the records, and I hope that these facts may not only carryl service. conviction to the Members of this House, but may reach a few, It is no reply to say that officers have reached the age of GO, at least, of the thousands throughout the country who have read, or even a greater age than that, and have performed service and doubtless have been persuaded by, the statements made bY. of the best character, for it will be found that in all such cases the gentleman from Iowa that the naval service needs prompt tho e officers were placed in command rank when very young and and vigorous overhauling. had had years of preparation for any unusual service performed The first of the two charges made was based on the fact that . in higll rank lute in life. I have stated that the average service there had been within twenty-five years a large number of dis­ which flag officers will in future perform in that rank is one asters to naval vessels due to negligence and inefficiency of their year. To show that conditions are getting worse rather than officers. It was made in the following terms: better, it may be stated that the five senior rear-admirals on In twenty-five years twenty-six vessels have been destroyed. Almost the Navy list the 1st of January, 1906, have served, or will every month you read of some mark of inefficiency upon the part of. serve before their retirement, an average in that grade of four those who are charged with the conduct and management of the Navy. and four-fifths years ; while the five senior captains pn the Unfortunately for the United States naval service, it is im­ Navy list January 1, 1906, will serve as rear-admirals just possible to make comparisons with other similar services or with one-half· of that time, or two and two-fifths years. the merchant marine to prove that our service has been sin­ As Lieutenant-Commander Key well says: gularly free from accidents due to either of the causes alleged, Since our Navy is maintained for the single purpose of fighting the because service at sea is subject to many and unlooked-for con­ ·nary of some foreign power, when the necessity arises, if our captains ditions which can never be the same, or even similar, in different and flag officers bave as much sea experience or training as the flag services. It is apparent that the number of accidents must officers and captains of other navies then we, at least in the crucial test of war, will be on equal terms. depend on the number of ships in commission, on the activity, The table which I have given, however, shows conclusively of those ships, and on the character of the activity, whether that we would not be on equal terms Jn t.his respect. Neither it is based on well-known conditions or experimental conditions, have we been as liberal in providing for officers of advanced for navies have been making great changes in the last twenty rank as have foreign governments, for they have not only made years, the character of ships and their armament having under~ provision so that officers may serve as rear-admirals for a con­ gone almost a complete revolution, so that much of the active ·siderable number of years, but have provided the additional service has been trying out new devices and applying old and grades of admiral and vice-admll·al for officers of unusual ca­ oftentimes out-of-date methods of handling a fleet to new con­ ditions and new ships. Such a thing as fleet maneuvers in our pacity who have served in the grade of rear-admiral for a term Navy twenty-five years ago were almost never thought of. Our of years, as the following table will show : ships were not only few in number, but of widely different Ger­ United classes, so that fleet tactics were seldom engaged in, but to these England. France. many. Japan. States. necessary evolutions ha-ve been due some of the most serious ------1------accidents, not only in our own Navy but in foreign navies, which Admirals of the :fleet ______4 ------1 --···------~ have happened in recent years. Again, danger in active service Admirals------­ ------i5- 1 ______is governed by the location in which the service takes place. If Vice-admirals • ------M 8 23 Rear-admirals ______---·------49 30 19 25 18 in the Tropics, earthquakes, tidal waves, cyclones, and other. violent conditions are encountered~ and frequently the resulta 1906. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. -6425 from them are disastrous under conditions which no man could by a whirlpool on a sunken rock and lost No court-martial foresee or prepare for. · was ordered. Very frequently naval vessels must cruise in unknown or In 1877 the U. S. S. Hu·ron was lost during a severe storm on comparatively unknown waters, along badly lighted and buoyed Oape Hatteras; as her captain, navigator, and the deck officer, coasts, using charts which are both incomplete and inaccuratey who was on duty at the time, as well as nearly all of the other so that it can readily be seen that, if much service is required officers and men, went down wi.th the ship, there was no court- or performed under such conditions, accidents must necessarily martial ordered. · be more frequent than they would be if the same amount of In 1881 the U. S. S. Rogers, a whaler purchased to take part service were performed in tropical latitudes and contiguous to in the Greeley relief expedition, while frozen in the ice in the our own well lighted and charted coasts. Arctic Ocean caught fire and, being saturated with oil, was This brief statement will indicate the impossibility of com­ quickly destroyed. No court-martial was considered necessary. paring our own service with any other, or even with itself, at In 1883 the U. S. S. Ashttelot was run on a rock off the coast different periods. Neither would it be fair to compare it with of China and lost. Her captain was court-martialed and dis­ the merchant marine, which, generally speaking, does not missed from the service. It is worth noting that this officer had cruise except along well-known coasts, in many cases, in fact previously been dismissed for drunkenness and restored to the generally, between the same ports for long periods, so that the service by act of Congress. merchant ships' officers become perfectly familiar with the con­ In 1888 the U. S. S. Enterprise ran onto a submerged barrier dition of tides, currents, winds, and natural and artificial in Ohristiana Bay, which was new and did not show on the marks in the section in which they are employed, while tbe charts furnished the ship. The ship was not damaged and no naval officer must frequently, in fact, when away from the court-martial was ordered. coast of his own country almost always, take his ship along In 1889 the U. S. S. Trenton, Vandalia, and Nipsic were coasts and into harbors which he is entirely unfamiliar with, so lyirig at anchor in the harbor of Apia, Samoan Islands, in com­ that the commercial marine is not a fair standard to compare pany with a German squadron of three ships and H. M. S. with naval efficiency or lack of it. Therefore it becomes neces­ Oaliope, when such a terrific hun·icane arose that the American sary to take up individual accidents, in fact, all such, to de­ and German ships, being unable to steam against it, were termine whether they are sufficient in number and are of wrecked; the Englishman, being a new ship, with, for that day, a character to warrant such a sweeping charge as a general powerful engines, was able to get to sea. The Trenton and Van­ declaration of lack of efficiency. dalia were a total loss; the Nipsic, however, was later pulled In 1865 the U. S. S. Ban Jacinto ran aground on the Bahama off the reef and repaired. Several officers and many men were Banks. She was not seriously injured, but her commanding lost. No court-martial was ever ordered. On the contrary, officer was court-martialed and sentenced to three years' sus­ Rear-Admiral Kimberly and his officers were highly compli­ pension ; he appealed from this decision and the President or­ mented for their devotion and heroism on this occasion. And dered a new trial by a different court, which resulted in the with your permission I will read part of the letter which the same sentence being imposed as in the first instance. Secretary of the Navy sent to Admiral Kimberly: January 4, 1866, the U. S. ·tug Narcissus foundered in tb~ NAVY DEP.AllTMENT, Gulf of Mexico. · A volunteer ensign was in command and he Washington, April t:l, 188!}. had a reputation as a competent officer. A violent hurricane SIR : • • • In reply to your request and that of Captain Far· qubar for a court of inquiry, the Department has to say that it deems passed over the Gulf at the time, and as all hands were lost it such a court unnecessary. It is satisfied that the officers in command is presumed that the accident was unavoidable. of the ships at Apia did their duty with courage, fidelity,. and sound In June, 1867, the U. S. S. 'Sacramento was lost on a known judgment, and that they were zealously and loyally seconded by their subordinates; that the hurricane which caused the destruction of the reef in the Bay of Bengal. Her captain and navigator were vessels and the loss of so many lives was one of those visitations of tried by court-martial, were both found guilty and sentenced Providence in the presence of which human efforts are of little avail; to three years' suspension and to be publicly reprimanded. In that the measures actually taken by yourself and the officers under you were all that wisdom and prudence could dictate, and that it was both cases the sentence was reduced to two years by the Sec­ due to these measures that so large a proportion of the crews were retary of the Navy. saved; that the one step which might have averted the catastrophe, In 1867 the U. S. S. Monongahela, while anchored in the har­ namely, to have put to sea before the storm bad developed, could only bor of Fredickstadt, island of St. Oroix, was picked up by a have been justified in view of the grave responsibilities resting upon you at Samoa, by the certainty of overwhelming danger to your fleet. tidal wave and landed on a wharf. The next wave in receding which could not then be foreseen; that you rightly decided to remain carried the ship to the entrance of the harbor and deposited at your post, and that the Department, even in the face of the terrible her on a coral reef, from which she was later removed but disaster which it involved, approves absolutely your decision, which ha.s set an example to the Navy that should never be forgotten. little damaged and with small loss of life. To convene a court of inquiry under these circumstances would seem In the same storm the U. S. S. De Boto, anchored in a St to imply a doubt on the part of the Department where no doubt exists; Thomas harbor, was treated in a similar way and, as in the and instead of ordering an investigation, it tenders to you, and through you to the oflicers and men of your command, its sympathies for the case of the Monongahela., she was later floated with but little exposUl'es and hardships you have encountered, and its profound thanks damage and small loss of life. No court-martial was ordered for the fidelity with which you performed your duty in a crisis of ap· in either of these cases. palling danger. Very respectfully, B. F. TRACY, August 13, 1868, the U. S. S. Fredonia and the U. S. S. Secretary of the Navy. ,W ateree were anchored in the harbor of Arica, Peru, where they Rear-Admiral L. A. Kn.fBERLY, U. S. Navy, were overwhelmed by a tidal wave, resulting from an earth­ Commanding United States Naval Force on the quake, which carried the Wateree a half mile inland, from Pacific Station, Api.a, Samoa. which position the ship was never moved; the F ·redoniq.. was In 1889 the U. S. S. Constellation was run aground in Lynn­ sunk in the harbor by the same wave and most of her officers haven Bay, but received no injury. Her captain was court· and crew were lost. In neither case was a court-martial or­ martialed and sentenced to two years' suspension. This sen· dered. tence was reduced to one year by the Secretary of the Navy. In 1868 the U. S. S. Suwanee was lost in Shadwell Passage, In 1891 the U. S. S. Dispatcl£ was run aground and lost on Alaska. There are irregular and unusually, strong currents in the New J"ersey coast, and, although a court of inquiry found this locality, and while the ship had been furnished with the the captain, navigator, and officer of the deck negligent, the only available charts, they were imperfect and incomplete. Secretary of the Navy decided that a court-marital was not Her captain was court-martialed and exonerated. necessary. J"anuary 24, 1870, the U. S. S. Oneida, while putting to sea in In 1891 the U. S. S. Galena, while being towed by the tug Yokohama Bay was, in the night, run into by the English Nina, was run aground on Gay Head, off the Massachusetts steamer Bombay and sank fifteen minutes after the collision, coast, the course of the tug being directed from the Galena. carrying down nearly all of her officers and crew. A court of The Galena had no deviation table and the captain had failed inquiry showed conclusively that the Oneida had the right of to compare his compass with the tug's. The ships were in a .way and no court-martial was ordered. dense fog at the time of the accident. The captain of the In 1870 the U. S. S. Saginaw was carried by unknown and Galena was suspended for one year. unchartered currents onto a reef in the Pacific Ocean and was The same year and at the same time the tug Luiana, while lost. Her commander, Lieut. Commander Montgomery Sicard, proceeding in the fog to the relief of the Galena, ran on a rock. one of the most distinguished officers of the Navy, was court· Her commanding officer was court-martialed and acquitted:. martialed and exonerated. In 1892 the U. S. S. Alliance was run against the breakwater In 1874 the U. S. S. Broolclyn ran aground near Key West, in Yokohama Harbor, with slight damage. The captain was Fla. She was floated and no damage was done. Her captain court-martialed and: suspended for one year. was court-martialed and acquitted. In 1892 the U. S. S. Tallapoosa was run down and sunk by ~ In 1875 the U. S. S. Baranaa, while- cruising in uncharted coal-laden schooner. A court of inquiry showed that the Tall~ waters in Seymour Narrows off the Alaskan coast, was thrown poosa had the right of. way and no court-martial was ordered.

• •6426 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE. MAY 5,

In 18!)3 the U. S. S. Mohican was run on a rock off the badly the responsible officers have, in every case, been given an ade- . charted Alaskan coast. The captain was court-martialed and quate punishment. dismissed. I have stated tbat it is impossible to make accident and effi­ In 1894 the U.S. S. K ea1·sarge was run onto Roncador Reef, in ciency comparisons with other navies, but before leaving this the Caribbean Sea, and lost. Her captain and navigator were subject I wish to call to the attention of the committee a report each sentenced to two years' suspension, and in both cases the made to the British Admiralty for the year 1904, the last year sentence was reduced to one year by the Secretary of the Navy. reported, showing the nature of all accidents for that year, the In August, 1894, the U. S. S. Adams was run aground on St. result of the inquiry, and other details. Paul Island, Bering Sea. The accident was due to unknown or This report shows that there were 108 accidents, of which irregular currents. Her acting captain and navigator wete 50 were collisions. As we have perhaps two-fifths as many sentenced to one year·s suspension, which was reduced to six vessels in commission as the English, if we had a similar num­ months by tbe Secretary of the Navy. ber of collisions the number would be twenty, which is a greater In 1808 the U. S. S. Maine was blown up in Habana Harbor. number of collisions than have been reported in our Navy for No court-martial was ordered. the last twenty years. From August 5 to August 11 there were In 1899 the U. S. S. Charleston was; while using old Spanish six collisions, several of which took place during maneuver , charts on the Philippine coast, run onto an uncharted rock and which illustrates the suggestion which I have made that activity lost. Her officers were held blameless. is one of the prindpal factors leading to accidents; but if we In 1901 the U. S. S. Yosemite was, by a tidal wave, driven had a proportional number of collisions in our Navy in any one ashore on the island of Guam and then carried to sea, where she week we should be likely to inquire the reason for their fre­ foundered. In this case the officers were acquitted. quency, and there would be a better basis for criticism than In 1903 the U. S. S. F'1·olic, while entering the harbor of.Cebu there is now. The Admiralty report indicates that no punish­ at night, was run on a reef, from which she was later removed, ment whatever, except a reprimand in one case, was inflicted little damage having been done. Her commanding officer was in the six cases referred to. sentenced to recei \e a public reprimand. The second part of the charge, or the second charge, made by February 26, 1903, the tug Leydon was, during a violent storm, the gentleman from Iowa is the one, however, which should run onto rocks off Block Island. Her commanding officer was most concern Congress and the country, for if it were true that court-martialed and acquitted of negligence. in isolated, or even in many, instances, there w·ere naval offi­ In 1!)03 the U. S. torpedo boat Winslow collided with a ferry­ cers guilty of stupidity and inefficiency, that is a matter which boat in New York Harbor. Her commanding officer was sen­ can be remedied; the incompetent can be relieved from respon­ tenced to lose three numbers and receive a public reprimand. sible duty or dismissed from the naval service. That, however, In 1fl04 the U. S. S. Oulgoa collided with and sunk a schooner. would not indicate that the whole naval service, or any great The court-martial developed the fact that the Oulgoa had the part of it, were not efficient But the questio·n which I now right of way, and her captain was acquitted. wish to call to the attention of the House is one which involves In 1905 the U. S. S. Eagle was run on a rock and slightly the honor of naval officers, not only individually, but collectively, damaged. Her commanding officer was sentenced to lose four for it is charged that the naval officer is not only guilty of dis­ numbers. honesty, but guilty of dishonesty in its most unwortlly form, :May 17, 1905, the U. S. S. Detr·oit, while leaving the harbor namely, the violation of his oath, the charge being made in of Porto Plata, Dominican Republic, was twice run aground. these words : Her captain was court-martial(."J and dismissed from the We do not puni!'!h naval officers. There is no punishment inflicted upon _naval officers except in most extraordinary cases by a system of service. court-martial selected fl'om among the friends and associates and old This record, which is complete, being taken from the records classmates of the man who is to be tried. It is a mockery, a mockery, of the Navy Department, shows that in the forty-one years and it results in., I believe, this condition of inefficiency. since the civil war there have been thirty-seven cases of ships No form of court proceedings or method used in the trial of lost or accidents of such character that the court of inquiry civil and criminal cases is or ever will be entirely satisfactory. reported negligence on the part of the officers which necessi­ The human equation will always enter and prevent entirely tated a court-martial being ordered. It should be noted that equitable verdicts. There is probably not one of the nearly if a ship is lost, Navy regulations require that a court-martial three hundred lawyers in this House who bas not had e~"1leri­ be ordered, even if there be no apparent fault on the part of ences with juries and individual jurymen which were anything her officers. but satisfactory, or who has not seen case after case decided in These thirty-seven accidents include twenty-two ships lost a way which not only introduced a doubt of the jury's capacity for the following reasons : to give to testimony suitable weight, if, indeed, it did not indi- By hurricanes or by tidal waves, which human power could . cate in some cases a lack of honesty on the part of the individual not have foreseen or controlled, 6 ; by uncharted currents or on juryman; and it is .no uncommon practice for tile sitting judge uncharted rocks, 6; by collision in cases in which t!le man-of­ to set aside a verdict as not being in accord with the te timony war had the right of way and therefore her officers were not at submitted, but I do not recall any case where a judge has set fault, 2_; the U. S. S. Maine blown up in Habana harbor, 1.; the aside a verdict brought in by a jury as being too severe, except U. S. S. Rogers burned, 1; the U. S. tug Lyden, a small vessel, in cases of personal damage suits. Notw·ithstanding these many lost in a violent storm and her commanding officer found with­ cases of a miscarriage of justice, I doubt if there is here or out fault, 1; and there were five ships lost when the accident elsewhere a lawyer or layman who would seriously advocate presumably· should have been avoided. In one of the·se cases giving up jury trials in the great majority of cases which are the captain was dismissed; in one the responsible officers were now tried in that way. lost, and in the other three the sentence of the court was re­ A similar question enters into the proceedings of the general duced by the Secretary of the Navy or no court was ordered by court-martial. It is not a perfect tribunal, for personal sym­ him. pathy might be a bar to a just verdict, at least in many ca. es In the fifteen cases in which the court of inquiry found negli­ 'where the relations between members of the court and the gence but in which the ships were not lost, the court-martial accused had been intimate, and it would seem po sible that in found the officers guilty in ten ca-ses, but in three of these ten many cases a sufficiently severe sentence would not be imposed, sentences the convening authority-the Secretary of the Navy- but when the charucter of the jury, or judges as the members of reduced the sentence imposed. . a court really are, their capacity to comprehend the fitness or Of the other five cases, one was the Nipsic, wrecked in the unfitness of technical testimony, and their appreciation of the Samoan hurricane, and one the 01tlgoa, in collision when she sanctity of the oath which they have taken are all considered, had the right of way. In not a single case of these tllirty­ it is almost certain that in no other way could there be obtained seven wa·s the sentence of the court-martial disapproved be­ as fair and just a trial of a naval offender. cause it was too lenient, and after a careful study of all the Naval discipline, as far as ordering courts of inquiry and cases, I believe that the most critical and even partial author­ courts-martial are concerned, is entirely in the bands of the ity on such matters would have returned a more severe sen­ Secretary of the Navy, and when the court has brought in a tence in but three instances. verdict the passing upon that verdict, either in approving or As an evidence of an apparently constant increase in effi­ disapproving, rests entirely in the hands of the Secretary of ciency in the naviga1ion of our men-of-war, it should be noted the Navy, or, in the case of a sentence of dismissal, in the hands that, nltbough the Navy bas passed through a war within the of the President of the United States. last ten years and bas been engaged in unusual service in and For the last twenty years, at least, these officers have almost near the Philippine IslandB, and bas elsewhere been extremely invariably been lawyers of the highest standing, quite compe­ active, there bas not been a single case of loss of a vessel which tent to pass upon evidence of all kinds and to judge whether could lla>e been prevented by any human foresight or skill, sentences ordered by court were or 'vere not sufficiently severe, and that in the few cases of accidents prought to court-martial and I propose to show from the records that, as a matter of fact,

•

I \ 1906. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. 6427

a very large percentage of the verdicts returned by general neglect, loss of ships, and every form of accident which hap­ courts-martial have been approved, and of those disapproved pens in the Navy, seems to me to justify my calling to the tile sentence has been reduced by the reviewing power four times attention of this House what the Naval Academy has done as frequently us it bas been considered too mild. Gentlemen for the Navy during its sixty years' existence. It is the most may complain that there have been few dismissals from the democratic of all the higher institutions of learning in this Navy for offenses which seem to deserve the severest punish­ country, excepting always its older sister, West Point, which ment, but they forget that officers charged with offenses have is similar to it in practically all respects. The method of very often, in fact nearly always, had many years of honorable appointment to the academy is reduced to the result of a and efficient service to their credit, and that their fault, if fault competitive examinations, or to the appointment of those it be, in the case at issue may be simply an error of judgment. whose parents have shown marked military or naval ability, In such a case the court-marital would not be a trial, but a or to those who in themselves seem to demonstrate the possi­ persecution of the offender if it failed to give credit for the bility of unusual ability. The political consideration and years of good service performed. As I have said, general courts­ money equation have been eliminated, and the varied and demo­ martial, except on foreign stations, are ordered by the Secre­ era tic character of appointees resulting from this system of tary of the Navy. They are usually, except in the case of tile Ul">POintments may be judged by the result of a compilation lo s of a ship, preceded by a court of inquiry, which is tile made of the parentage of the graduates of West Point for grand jury of naval jurisprudence, which looks into the facts fifty years. While these figures have not been compiled for and reports its finding. · Basing his conclusion on this finding, the Naval Academy, there is every reason to believe that the the Secretary acts, and in all of the criticisms which I have results would be substantially the same. The parentage of read or Ileard I do not recall that there has been any criticism the 5,491 graduates from West Point during these rears rep­ of the court of inquiry or the method of conducting it. Its resented 152 callings, of whom 442 were the sons of officers, 367 members are under oath, as they are when acting as members of physicians, 722 of merchants, 341 of mechanics, 151 of manu­ of a court-martial, the oath which they take being as follows: facturers, G45 of lawyers and judges, 128 of clergymen, and You, A. B., do swear (or affirm) that you will try without prejud_ice 1,149 of farmers and planters, the remaining 1,546 coming from or partiality the case now depending according to the evidence wh1ch 142 trades and professions. It necessarily follows from this comes before the co·urt, the rules for the governing of the Navy, and your own conscience; that you will not by any means divulge or dis­ statement that the midshipman when he enters the Naval close the sentence of the court until it shall have been approved by the Academy is pretty raw material, and while the physical and proper authority, and that you will not at any time divulge or disclose mental training which he receives does not insure his being the vote or opinion of any particular member of the court unless re­ a great officer or great seaman, there is developed in him the quired so to do before a court of justice in due course of law. naval spirit, a keen sense of duty, regularity in habits, respect In all cases the members of a court must be either equal in for proper authority and obedience, all of which fits him for the rank to, or senior to, the accused. great variety of duties which will come to him in his profes­ I have had examined the records of Navy courts-martial for sional career, and which in any career combine to make the the past twenty years, with the following results: good citizen. General courts-martial ordered ------130 It is easily the best system for the development of the naval Sentences approved ------~------92 officer which has been established, and not only prepares the Sentences disapproved______reduced ------~90 graduate to perform his routine duties in time of peace and Total number of dismissals------21 war, but the habits of thought, of manner, and of body wbkh In other words, in ouly 9 instances out of 130, or less than 7 be obtains are the foundation of all his activities and effort..;; per cent, was the sentence of the court-martial disapproved by throughout his entire service. But even if the professional the convening authority because_ it was either too lenient or accomplishments and efficiency· of the naval officer afloat is for some technical reason, though it should be said in pos­ admitted, it only tells part of what should be said for the sibly four or five otiler cases the Secretary of the Navy did not graduate of the Naval Academy. Twenty-five years a~:> we entirely approve of the character of the sentence imposed. were as weak in ordnance, motive power, and every detail of This is a most complete disapproval of the charge made against naval equipment as in ships, but the -development of these ac­ the honor and integrity of naval officers and the entire manner cessories bas kept pace with the growth of our naval archi­ of performing this most distasteful duty-distasteful for, as tecture, and the most gratifying part of this record is that we bas been said, members of the court are passing on the errors have not turned to outside sources or to foreign aid for this of their intimate associates. This examination shows not only upbuilding, but it has been accomplished by our own officers, a refutation of the charge, but also a keen appreciation of the and so successfully that the country may have confidence that value of testimony and a greater tendency to impow severe no nation has better ships, better guns, better projectiles, better punishments than would be imposed by the civilian officers who motive power than have we. have bad the reviewing of the courts' proceedings, and, instead There is not a ship in our Navy, except the Texas, and she of the statement that officers are never punished, this record is about to go to the scrap heap, and the smaller craft acquired shows that twenty-one officers in twenty years have been dis­ at the time of the Spanish-American war, which has not been missed from the service, though in many of these cases the sen­ designed by our own naval architects, every member of that tence has been reduced by the President of the United States, corps to-day being a graduate of the Naval Academy, and all of and in two of these cases the dismissed officer was restored to these ships, including the Texas, have been built in this country his place in the Navy by special act of Congress. It is wortil under the supervision of our own naval constructors, so that the noting tllat one of the two officers dismissed last year for gross Navy may properly claim that it has furnished the fleets which irregularities was one of the two officers who bad been restored we can so reliably depend upon. to their positions in the Navy by special act of Congress during Mr. COOPER of Wisconsin. Will .the gentleman permit an the period being considered. interruption? It i3 also a fact that in the case of the loss of the U. S. S. l\Ir. WEEKS. Certainly. Ashuelot, in many respects the most blameworthy of the Mr. COOPER of Wisconsin. I notice the gent::eman from accidents which have happened to naval vessels, for which her 1\Iussuchusetts said the Texas was going to the junk heap. commanding officer was dismissed, that officer bad been previ­ She is a battle ship. ously dismissed from the service by a ~ general court and had 1\Ir. WEEKS. She is a second-class battle ship. been restored to the Navy list by a special act of Congress. Mr. COOPER of Wisconsin. How old is that ship? In the previous twenty years to those from which the statis- 1\Ir. WEEKS. She was built about 1890, if .my recollection is . tics referred to have been compiled-that is, from 1866 to 1886-­ correct. seventy officers were dismissed for various causes. Of this l\Ir. COOPER of Wisconsin. In the opinion of the gentle­ number fourteen line officers and forty-three staff officers were man, is that about the average life of a battle ship? discharged between 1866 and 1876, nearly two-thirds of all Mr. WEEKS. I should think i~ ought to be longer. those dismissed during the last forty years, and it is worthy of l\Ir. COOPER of Wisconsin. That is fifteen years, approxi­ note that none of these stuff officers and only part of the line mately. officers bad had a Naval Academy training, but were largely the 1\Ir. WEEKS. That is sixteen years, and I think the Texas product of more or less hurried appointments from civil life was five years building. I should think a battle ship ought to during tile civil war period. I do not mention this to reflect last longer than that, and I expect from the designs our own on the staff, but as an incident to show that the Naval Academy constructors have m_ade that the life of battle ships wjll be training, or the assumed lack of discipline in the Naval Academy, longer. is not responsible for neglect of duty when the graduates have Every gun of large caliber bas been built at our gun foundry gone into the naval service. at the Washington Navy-Yard under the supervision of our The fact that it bas been assumed by the gentleman from own officers, and not only that, but tho machinery which has Iowa that hazing at the Naval Academy is not only the reason been used in this work, which can be viewed any day by any for lack of discipline and disorder there, but is the cause for Member of this House, forming as fine a plant for such a pur- 6428 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. -MAY 5, pose as there is in the world, has been either designed or re­ H. R.15435. An act to. empower the Secretary of War to con­ vised by our own people, so that we may claim the entire credit for vey to the city of 1\Iinneapolis certain lands in exchange for this work. The engines and boilers used on our men-of-war other lands to be used for flowage purposes. have been designed by our Bureau of Steam Engineering, and ENROLLED BILLS PRESENTED TO THE PRESIDENT FOR HIS .A.PPROV AL. the officers who run these engines are to-day entirely the product o:f ow· Naval Academy. The electrical equipment :Mr. W ACIITER, from the Committee on Em·oiied hills, re­ which now, to such an extent, fills our men-of-war, has been ported that this day they had presented to the President of the entirely adapted to the purpose for which it is applied by our United States, for his approval, the following bill and joint own constructors and officers; in short wherever we look in . resolutions : the naval service we S'ee nothing but efficiency and accomplish­ H. J. Res. 145. Joint resolution for appointment of members of ment. '.rhere is nothing in the records of tile immediate past Board of Managers of the National Home for Disabled Volun­ to sllow that in professional accomplishments and in personal teer Soldiers; b,onor the officel'R of om· Navy do not compare favorably with H. J. Res.149. Joint resolution extending the tbanks of Con­ our naval officers in any period of the nation's history or in gress to Gen. Horace Porter ; and the same characteristics with the officers of any military force H. R. 15334. An act to authorize the construction of dams and in the world, and I submit to this House that the recital of power stations on the Coosa River, at Lock 2, Alabama. this record should remove any doubt which the people may ADJOURNMENT. have had regarding the efficiency of our Navy at this time and Mr. FOSS. Mr. Speaker, I move that the House do now should strengthen confidence that no backward step is being adjourn. taken, but tllat it is living up to its history as the equal, if not The motion was agreed to; and accordingly (at 4 o'clock and the superior, of any existing naval establishment. [Loud ap­ 10 minutes p. m.) the House adjourned to meet on MondaY, plause.] next, at 12 o'clock noon. Mr. FOSS. I would ask my colleague on the committee if he desires to go ahead? EXECUTIVE COMMUNICATIONS. .Mr. MEYER. We have no more on our side to speak this afternoon. Under clause 2 of Rule XXIV, the following executive com­ 1\lr. FOSS. Mr. Chairman, that closes general debate upon munications were taken from the Speaker's table and referred this side, and I would call for the reading of the bill. as follows: The CHAIRMAN. The Clerk will read the bill. A letter from the Secretary of the Treasury, transmitting a The Clerk read as follows : copy of a letter from the Director of the 1\lint submitting an estimate of appropriation for h·ansportation of bullion and coin----­ PAY, MISCELLANEOUS. to the Committee on Appropriations, and ·ordered to be printed. For commissions and interest; transportation, of funds ; exchange ; mileage to officers while traveling under orders in the United States, A letter from the Secretary of the Treasury, transmitting a and for actual personal expenses ·of officers while traveling abroad copy of a letter· from the Secretary of War submitting an esti­ under orders, and for traveling expenses of civilian employees, and for mate of appropriation for the relief of Luisa de Castro, of actual and necessary traveling expenses of midshipmen while proceed­ in!? from their homes to the Naval Academy for examination and ap­ Quingua, Bulacan, P. I.-to the Committee on Claims, and pomtment as midshipmen ; for rent and fui·niture of buildings and ordered · to be printed. offices not in navy-yards; expenses of courts-martial. prisoners and A letter from the Secretary of the Treasury, transmitting a prisons, and courts of inquiry, boardg of inspection, examining boards, with clerks' and witnesses' fees. and traveling expenses and costs; copy of a letter from the Secretary of War submitting an esti­ stationery and recording;. expenses of purchasing paymasters' offices mate of appropriation for the relief of Pedro Evangelista & of the various cities, including clerks, furniture, fuel, stationery, and Bro., Ca.ndaba, Pampanga, P. I.-to the Committee on Claims, incidental expenses; newspapers and advertising; foreign postage; telegraphing, foreign and domestic ; telephones, copying; care of and ordered to be printed. library, including the purchase of books, photographs, prints, manu­ A letter from the Secretary of the Treasury, transmitting a scripts, and periodicals; ferriage; tolls, and express fees; costs of copy of a letter from the Secretary of War submitting an esti­ suits; commissions, warrants, diplomas, and discharges ; relief of ves­ sels in distress ; recovery of valuables from shipwrecks ; quarantine mate of appropriation for return of certain funds to citizens expenses; reports; professional investigation; cost of special instruc­ of the island of Cebu, Philippine Islands--to the Committee on tion at home and abroad, in maintenance of students and attaches Appropriations, and ordered to be printed. and information from abroad, and the collection and classification there-of, and other necessary and incidental expenses, ."650,000: P ·t·o­ -vicled, That hereafter in cases where orders for travel are given to REPORTS OF CO:i\Il\IITTEES ON PUBLIC BILLS AND officers of the Navy or Marine Corps, the Secretary of the Navy, In his RESOLUTIONS. discretion, may direct that either mileage or else their actual and necessary expenses only shall be allowed. Under clause 2 of Rule XIII, bills and resolutions of the Mr. FOSS. Mr. Chairman, in view of the fact that many 1 following titles were severally reported from committees, deliv­ Members of the House are not here this afternoon who may be ered to the Clerk, and referred to the several Calendars therein interested in the different provisions in this bill I move that named, a.s follows: the committee do now rise. ' Mr. BURTON of Ohio, from the Committee on Rivers and The CHAIRJ\fAN. The gentleman from Illinois moves that Harbors, to which was referred the House joint resolution the committee do now rise. (H. J. Res. 134) authorizing the construction and maintenance The motion was agreed to. ?f. '!-harves, piers, an~ other structures in Lake Michigan, ad- Accordingly the committee rose; and the Speaker having re- JO_llllllg certain lands m Lake ~ounty, Ind., reported the same sumed the chair Mr. CRUMPACKER the Chairman of the Com- w1thout amendment, accompamed by a report (No. 3873); mittee of the Whole House on the' state of the Union, reported which said joint resolution and report were referred to the House that that committee had had under consideration the bill H. R. Calendar. 18750-the naval appropriation bill-and had come to no reso­ lution thereon. REPORTS OF COl\11\IITTEES ON PRIVATE BILLS Al~D ENROLLED BILLS SIGNED. RESOLUTIONS. 1\Ir. WACHTER, from the Committee on Enrolled Bills, re- Under clause 2 of Rule XIII, private bills and resolutions of ported that they had examined and found truly enrolled bills the following titles were severally reported from committees, of the following titles; when the Speaker signed the same: delivered to the Clerk, and referred to the Committee of the H. R. 8226. An act granting an increase of pension to Laura Whole House, as follows : B. Ibrie; Mr. HOLLIDAY, from the Committee on Invalid Pensions, to H. R.10251. An act granting an increase of pension to Sarah which was referred the bill of .the House (H. R. 758D) granting M. E. Hinman ; an increase of pension to Robert A. Scott, reported the same H. R.11635. An act granting an increase of pension to Jere- with amendment, accompanied by a report (No. 3799); which miab Lunsford; said bill and report were referred to the Private Calendar. H. R.15397.· An act granting an increase of pension to Edward l\Ir. HOPKINS, from the Committee on Invalid Pensions, to Gillespie; which was referred the bill of the House {H. R. 9828) granting H. R.15687. An act granting an increase of pension to William an increase of pension to John Broughton, reported the same F. l\I. Rice; with amendment, accompanied by a report (No. 3800) ; which H. R. 15907. An act granting an increase oJ: pension to Lewis said bill and report were referred to the Private Calendar. De Laittre; 1\Ir. SULLOWAY, from the Committee on Invalid Pensions, H. R.16.215. An act granting an increase of pension to Mary to which was referred the bill of the House (H. R. 8852) grant- Dagenfield; ing a pension to Frederick W. Clark, reported the same with H.. R. 16521. An act directing the Secretary of the Interior to , amendment, accompanied by a report (No. 3801) ; which said sell and convey a certain parcel of land to Johnson County, bill and report were referred to the Private Calendar. Wyo.; and 1\Ir. CHAPl\!AN, from the Committee on Invalid Pensions,. to 1906. CONGRESSIONAL .RECORD-ROUSE., 6429 which was referred the bill of the House (H. R. 18655} grunting He also, from the same committee, to which was referred the an increase of pension to Leander Gilbert, reported the same bill of the House (H. R. 1034) granting an increase of pension without amendment, accompanied by a report (No. 3802); to John D. Logan, reported the same with amendment, accom­ which said bill and report were referred to the Private Calendar. panied by a report (No. 3819); which said bill and report were Mr. HOPKINS, from the Committee on Invalid Pensions, to referred to the Private Calendar. which was referred the bill of the House (H. R. 18116) granting Mr. LINDSAY, from the Committee on Invalid Pensions, to an increase of pension to Green Evans, reported the same which was referred the bill of the House (H. R. 9243) granting with amendment, accompanied by a report (No. 3803); which · an increase of pension to Joseph A. Bernard, reported the same said bill and report were referred to the Private Calendar. with amendment, accompanied by a report (No. 3820); which Mr. SAMUEL W. S~fiTH, from the Committee on Invalid ·said bill and report were referred to the Private Calendar. Pensions, to which was referred the bill of the House (H. R. 1\lr. CHANEY, from the Committtee on Invalid Pens.ions, to 1420) f~n· the relief of John Nay, reported the same with which was referred the bill of the House (H. R. 10794) granting amendment, accomp-anied by a report (No. 3804); which said an increase of pension to Jacob Schultz, reported the same with bill ancl report were referred to the Private Calendar. amendment, accompanied by a report (No. 3821); which said bill Mr. FULLER, from the Committee on Invalid Pensions, to and report were referred to the Private Calendar. which was referred the bill of the House (H. R. 7244) granting Mr. DIXON of Indiana, from the Committee on Invalid Pen­ an increase of pension to Christopher S. Guthrie, reported the sions, to which was referred the bill of the House (H. R. 12184)' same with amendment, accompanied by a report (No. 3805); granting an increase of pension to Joseph Sprauer, reported the which said bill and report were referred to the Private Calendar. same witbout amendment, accompanied by a report (No. 3822); Mr. CHANEY, from the Committee on Invalid Pensions, to which said bill and report were referred to the Private Calendur. which was referred the bill of the House (H. R. 6914) grant­ He also, from the same committee, to which was referred the ing an increase of ·pension to John Hecker, reported the same bill of the House (H. R. 13069) granting an increase of pension without amendment, accompanied by a report (No. 3806); to Friend S. Esmond, reported the same with amendment, ac­ which said bill and report were referred to the Private Calendar. companied by a report (No. 3823) ; which said bill and report Mr. DIXON of :(ndiana, from the Committee on Invalid Pen­ were referred to the Private Calendar. sions, to which was referred the bill of the House (H. R. 5560) Mr. FULLER, from the Committee on Invalid Pensions, to granting an increase of pension to Henry Chubb, reported the which was referred the bill of the House (H. R. 12971) granting same with amendment, accompanied by a report (No. 3807); an increase of pension to Matthew H. Brandon, reported the same which said bill and report were referred to the Private Calendar. wah amendment, accompanied by a report (No. 3824) ; which Mr. SAl\IUEL W. Sl\IITH. from the Committee on Invalid Pen­ said bill and report were referred to the Private Calendar. sions, to which was ref~rred the bill of the House (H. R. 4715) 1\Ir. LINDSAY, from the Committee on Invalid Pensions, to granting an increase of pension to John H. Whitingt reported the which was referred the bill of the House (H. R. 12879) grant­ same with amendment, accompanied by a report (No. 3808); ing an increase of pension to Catherine Myers, reported the which said bill and report were referred to the Private Calendar. same with amendment, accompanied by a report (No. 3825); l\Ir. SULLOWAY, from the Committee on Invalid Pensions, which said bill and report were referred to the Private Calendar. to which was referred the bill of the House (H. R. 4241) grant­ Mr. KELIHER, from the Committee on Invalid Pensions, to ing an increase of pension to David B. Coleman, reported the which was referred the bill of the House (H. R. 17390) grant­ same without amendment, accompanied by a report (No. 3809); ing an increase of pension to Mary Sheehan, reported the same which said bill and report were referred to the Private Calendar. without amendment, accompanied by a report ,(No. 3826); which :air. FULLER, from the Committee on Invalid Pensions, to said bill and report were referred to the Private Calendar. which was referred the bill of the House (H. R. 4161) granting Mr. BRADLEY, from the Committee on Invalid Pensions, an increa-se of pension to Robert Beatty, reported the same to which was referred the bill of the House (H. R. 17445) with amendment, accompanied by a report (No. 3810); which granting an increase of pension to William H. Farrell, reported said bill and report were referred to the Private Calendar. the same with amendment, accompanied by a report (No. 3827); Mr. GUDGER, from the Committee on Invalid Pensions, to which said bill nnd report were referred to the Private Calendar. which was referred the bill of the House (H. R. 3572) granting Mr. SULLOWAY, from the Committee on Invalid Pensions, a pension to William L. Riley, reported the same with amend­ to which was referred the bill of the House (H. R. 2785) grarit1 ment, accompanied by a report (No. 3811) ; which said bill and ing an increase of pension to Margar~t Bonynge, reported report were referred to the Private Calendar. the same with amendment, accompanied by a report (No. 3828); Mr. SAMUEL W. Sl\1ITH, from the Committee on Invalid which said bill and report were referred to the Private Calendar. Pensions, to which was referred the bill of the House (H. R. Mr. KELIHER, from the Committee on Invalid Pensions, to 3351) granting a pension to George King, reported the same which was referred the bill of the House (H. R. 17922) granting with amendment, accompanied by a report (No. 3812); which an increase of pension to Thomas D. Adams, reported the same said bill and report were referred to the Private Calendar. with amendment, accompanied by a report (No. 3829) ; which He also, from the same committee, to which was referred the said bill and report were referred to the Private Calendar. - bill of the House (H. R. 3005) granting an increase of pension Mr. SULLOWAY, from the Committee on Invalid Pensions, to to Jacob C. Shafer, reported the same without amendment, which w~s referred the bill of the House (H. R. 17999) granting accompanied by a report (No. 3813) ; which said bill and report an increase of pension to Samuel Yehl, reported the same with were referred to the Private Calendar. amendment, accompanied by· a report (No. 3830) ; which said l\Ir. FULLER, from the Committee on Invalid Pensions, to bill and report were referred to the Private Calendar. which was referred the bill of the House (H. R. 2237) granting He also, from the same committee, to which was referred the an increase of pension to Martin Poole, reported the same with bill of the House (H. R. 18041) granting an increase of pension amendment, accompanied by a rE;!port (No. 3814); which said to William R. Hiner, reported the same with amendment, ac· bill and report were referred to the Private Calendar. companied by a report (No. 3831) ; which said bill and report Mr. CHAPMAN, from the Committee on Invalid Pensions, to were referred to the Private Calendar. which was referred the bill of the House (H. R. 1788) granting Mr. CALDERHEAD, from the Committee on Invalid Pen­ an increase of pension to William D. Christy, reported the same sions, to which was referred the bill of the House (H. R. 8795) with amendment, accompanied by a report (No. 3815); which granting an increase of pension to 0. A. A. Gardner, reported said bill and report were referred to the Private Calendar. the same with amendment, accompanied by a report (No. 3832); Mr. SA.l\IUEL W. SMITH, from the Committee on Invalid which said bill and report were referred to the Private Calendar. Pensions, to which was referred the bill of the House (H. R. Mr. CHANEY, from the Co~ittee on Invalid Pensions. to 1650) granting an increase of pension to Frank B. Watkins, re­ which was referred the bill of the House (H. R. 9862) granting ported the same with amendment, accompanied by a report (No. an increase of pension to William B. Warren, reported the same 3816) ; which said bill and report were referred to the Private with amendment, accompanied by a report (No. 3833); which Calendar. said bill and report were referred to the Private Calendar. Mr. HOLLIDAY, from the Committee on Invalid Pensions, to Mr. HOLLIDAY, from the Committee on Invalid Pensions, to which was referred the bill of the House (H. R. 1247) granting which was referred the bill of the House (H. R. 9531) granting an increase of pension to Columbus Botts, reported the same an increase of pension to Eliza Rogers, reported the same with with amendment, accompanied by a report (No. 3817); which amendment, accompanied by a report (No. 3834) ; which said said bill and report were referred to the Private Calendar. bill and report were referred to the Private Calendar. Mr. CHANEY, from the Committee on Invalid Pensions, to 1\fr. GUDGER, from the Committee on Invalid Pensions, to which was refeued the bill of the House (H. R. 1178) granting which was referred the bill of the House (H. R. 8867) granting .a pension to Herman Buckthall, reported the same with a-mend­ an increase of pension to George Stillman, reported the same ment, accompanied by a report (No. 3818) ; which said bill and without amendment, accompanied by a report (No. 3835) ; whicb report were referred to the Private Calendar. said bill and report were referred to the Private Calendar. :6430 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-HOUSE. MAY 5,

Mr. BRADLEY, from ·the Committee on Invalid Pensions, to Mr. CHANEY, from the Committee on Invalid Pensions, to which was referred the bill of the House (H. R. 103!)5) granting which was referred the bill of the House (H. R. 13828) granting nn increase of pension to Stephen Cundiff, reported the same an increase of pensiq_n to John M. Carroll, reported the same with amendment, accompanied by a report (No. 3830) ; which with amendment, accompanied by a report (No. 3853); which said bill and report were referred to the Private Calendar. said bill and report were referred to the Private Calendar. Mr. FULLER, from the Committee on Invalid Pensions, to Mr. SULLOWAY, from the Committee on Invalid Pensions, which was referred the bill of the House (H. R. 17460) granting to which was referred the bill of the House (H. R. 142G4) grant­ an increase of pension to James P. Hall, reported the same with ing -an increase of pension to John H. Eversole, reported the amendment, accompanied by a report (No. 3837) ; which said same without amendment, accompanied by a report (No. 3854) ; bill and report were referred to the Private Calendar. which said bill and report were referred to the Private Calendar. · Mr. CHANEY, from the Committee on Invalid Pensions, to He also, from the same committee, to which was referred the which was referred the bill of the House (H. R. 18070) granting bill of the House (H. R. 14729) granting an increase of pen­ an increase of pension to Elizabeth Bartley, reported the same sion to David Ford, reported the same with amendment, accom­ with amendment, ac~ompanied by a report (No. 3838) ; which panied by a report (No. 3855); which said bill and report were said bill and report were referred to the Private Calendar. referred to the Private Calendru· . .Mr. BRADLEY, from the Committee on Invalid Pensions, to Mr. CHAPMAN, from the Committee on Invalid Pensions, to which was referred the bill of the House (H. R. 18135) granting which was referred the bill of the House (H. R. U702) grant­ an increase of pen ion to Benedict Sutter, reported the same ing an increase of pension to Christian SchlQsser, reported the with amendment, accompanied by a report (No. 3839); which same without amendment, accompanied by a report (No. 3850); said bill and report were referred to the Private Calendar. which said bill and report were referred to the Private Calendar. Mr. CHANEY, from the Committee on Invalid Pensions, to 1\Ir. LINDSAY, from the Committee. on Invalid Pensions, to which was referred the bill of the House (H. R. 18724) granting which was referred the bill of the House (H. R. 16441) granting an increase of pension to Alfred Gude, reported the same with an increase of pension to Joseph J. Good, reported the same with · amendment, accompanied by a report (No. 3840); which said amendment, accompanied by a report (No. 3857) ; which said , bill and re-port were referred to the Private Calendar. bill and report were referred to the Private Calendar. · Mr. SULLOWAY, from the Committee on Invalid Pensions, to Mr. BRADLEY, from the· Committee on Invalid Pensions, to which was referred the bill of the House (H. R. 18447) granting which was referred the bill of the House (H. R. 17171). granting an increase of pension to Elijah G. Gould, reported the same an increase of pension to David H. Parke-r, reported the same . with amendment, accompanied by a report (No. 3841) ; which with amendment, accompanied by a report (No. 3858); which · said bill and report were referred to the Private Calendar. said bill and report were referred to the Private Calendar. 1\Ir. · LINDSAY, from the Committee ori Invalid Pensions, to Mr. CHANEY, from the Committee on Invalid Pensions, to which was referred the bill of the House (H. R. 18243) granting which was referred the bill of the Hou~e (H. R. 16595) granting an increase of pension to Jacob S. Rickard, reported the same a pension to James Russell Hicks, reported the same with with amendment, accompanied by a report (No. 3842) ; which amendment, accompanied by a report (No. 3859) ; which said said bill and report were referred to the Private Calendar. bill and report were referred to the Private Calendar. Mr. CHAPl\IL"N", from the Committee on· Invalid Pensions, to Mr. BRADLEY, from the Committee on Invalid Pensions, to which was referred the bill of the Hous~ (H. R. 18449) granting which was referred the bill of the House (H. R. 16005) granting an increase of pension to Hannah R. Jacobs, reported the same an increase of pension to Hezekiah J. Reynolds, reported the with amendment, accompanif.d by a report (No. 3843) ; which same without amendment, accompanied by a report (No. 3800) ; said bill and report were referred to the Private Calendar. which said bill and report were referred to the Private Calendar. Mr. BRADLEY, from the Committee on Invalid Pensions, to Mr. CHAP~fAN, from the Committee on Invalid Pensions, to which was referred the bill of the House (H. R. 18184) granting which was referred the bill of the House (II. R. 10812) granting an increase of pension to John J. Howells, reported the same an increase of pension to Dudley McKibben, reported the same . with amendment, accompanied by a report (No. 3844) ; which \Yithout amendment, accompanied by a report (No. 3801); said bill and report were referred to the Private Calendar. which said bill and report were referred to the Private Cal· Mr. KELIHER, from the Committee on Invalid Pensions, to ~~~ .. which was referred the bill of the House (H. R. 17388) granting Mr. CALDERHEAD, from the Committee on Invalid Pen­ an increase of pension to Patrick McCarthy, reported _the same sions, to which was referred the bill of the House (H. R. 10252) without amendment, accompanied by a report (No. 3845) ; granting an increase of pension to Adam Dixon, reported the which said bill and report were referred to the Private Calendar. same with amendment, accompanied by a report (No. 38G2) ; Mr. DIXON of Indiana, from the Committee on Invalid Pen­ which said bill and report were referred to the Private Cal­ sions, to which was referred the bill of the House (H. R. 18132) endar. . granting an increase of pension to John W. Blanchard, reported 1\fr. CHAPUAN, from the Committee on Invalid Pensions, to the same without amendment, accompanied by a report (No. which was referred the bill of the House (H. R. 10565) granting ' 3840) ; which said bill and report were referred to the Private an increase of pension to George II. Gordon, reported the same Calendar. with amendment, accompanied by a report (No. 3803) ; which He also, from the same committee, to which was referred the said bill and report were referred to the Private Calendar. bill of the House (H. R. 18105) granting an increase of pension Mr. KELIHER, from the Committee on Invalid Pensions, to to :John A. Lyle, reported the same with amendment, accom­ which was referred the bill of the House (II. R. 10878) granting panied by a report (No. 3847) ; which said bill and report were -an increase of pension to James n. Adams, reported the same referred to the Private Calendar. without amendment, accompanied by a report (No. 3804) ; Mr. CHAPl\fA.i~, from the Comn1ittee on Invalid Pensions, to which said bill and report were referred to the Private Cal­ which was referred the bill of the House (II. R. 17374) granting endar. an increase of pension to Isom Wilkerson, reported the same Mr. FULLER, from the Committee on Invalid Pensions, to without amendment, accompanied by a report (No. 3848) ; which was referred the bill of the House (H. R. 16977) grant­ which said bill and report were referred to the Private Calendar. ing a pension to Isabel Newlin, reported the same with amend­ Mr. CHANEY, from the Committee on Invalid Pensions, to ment, accompanied by a report (No. 3805) ; which said bill and which was referred the bill of the House (H. R. 18357) granting report were referred to the Private Calendar. an increase of pension to William E. Starr, reported the same Mr. CHANEY, from the Committee on Invalid Pensions, to with amendment, accompanied by a report (No. 3849) ; which which was referred the bill of the House (H. R'. 1512G) grant­ · said bill and report were referred to the Private Calendar. ing an increase of pension to William K. Trabue, reported the l\Ir. FULLER, from the Committee on Invalid Pensions, to same with amendment, accompanied by a report (No. 3800) ; which was referred the bill of the House (H. R. 18308) grant­ which said bill and report were referred to the Private Cal­ ing a pension to Clay Riggs, reported the same with amendment, endar. accompanied by a report (No. 3850) : which said bill and rep011: were referred to the Private Calendar. PUBLIC BILLS, RESOLUTIONS, AND MEMORIALS. l\Ir. HOLLIDAY, from the Committee on In>alid Pensions, to which was referred the bill of the House (II. R. 18105) grant­ Under clause 3" of Rule XXII, bills, resolutions, and memo­ ing an increase of pen ion to Jacob Stauff, reported the snme rials of the following titles were introduced and severally re­ with amendment, accompanied by a report (No. 3831) ; which ferred as follows : said bill and report were referred to the Private Calendar. lly 1\fr. HEARST: A bill (H. R. 19017) to promote the con­ Mr. CHAPUAN, from •the Committee on Invalid Pensions, to struction of a national system of good roads, facilitate the which wa::; referred the bill of the House (H. R. 17542) granting extension of the· postal service, and lessen the dependence of an increase of pension to John Cain, reporten the same with the agricultural and industrial interests of the country upon amendm(;nt, accompanied by a report (No. 3~52) ; which said the railroads for transportation-to the Committee on Agri­ bill and rep~rt were referred·to the Private Cal~ndar. culture. 1906. CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. '6431

By Mr. BENNETT of Kentucky: A bill (H. R. 19018) au­ By Mr. CHANEY: Petition of Frank Nebb Post, Grand Army thorizing The Warfield Coal and Salt Company to construct a of the Republic, of Sullivan, Ind., for relief of George W. bridge across Tug Fork of Big Sandy River-to the Committee Cloin-to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. By 1\.!r. COOPER of Wisconsin: Petition of citizens of Janes­ By Mr. RUCKER: A bill (H. R. 19019) providing that all ville, Wis., against religious legislation in the District of Co­ contributions hereafter made to political committees engaged in lumbia-to the Committee on the District of Columbia. . promoting the election of Representatives or Delegates to the By 1\Ir. DAVIS of West Virginia: Paper to accompany bill - Congress of the United States or of Presidential electors at any for relief of Jacob H. Heck (previously referred to the Com­ election at which such Representath·es or Delegates shall be mitte on Pensions)-to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. voted for · shall be given publicity-to the Committee on the By Mr. GOULDEN: Petition of members of St. Luke Coun­ Election of President, Vice-President, and Representatives in cil, No. 438, Knights of Columbus, favoring bill H. R. 13304, for - Congress. a memorial to Christopher Columbus-to the Committee on the By Mr. STEPiq!JNS of Texas: A bill (H. R. 19020) authoriz­ Library. ing suit to be brought in the Court of Claims in behalf of cer­ By 1\Ir. HAUGEN: Petition of citizens of Marble Rock, Floyd tain Indians in the Indian Territory-to the Committee on County, Iowa, and citizens of Winneshiek County, Iowa, against Indian Affairs. con olidation .of third and fourth class mail matter-to the Com­ mittee on the Post-Office and Post-Roads. PRIVATE BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS. By 1\Ir. HIGGINS: Petition of the Municipal Art Society of Hartford, Conn., for bill H. R. 18024, for preservation of Ni­ . Under clause 1 of Rule XXII, private bills and resolutions of agara Falls-to the Committee on Rivers and Harbors. . the following titles were introduced and severally referred, as By Mr. LACEY : Petition of citizens of Grinnell, Iowa, follows: against religious legislation in the District of Columbia-to the By l\Ir. -BURNETT: A bill (H. R. 19021) granting a pension Committee on the District of Columbia. to Andrew l\,f. Gilbreath-to the Committee on Pensions. By Mr. POLLARD: Petition of citizens of Talmage, Nebr., By Mr. BRUNDIDGE: A bill (H. R. 19022) granting an in­ against religious legislation in the District of Columbia-to crease of pension to James R. Russell-to the Committee on In­ the Committee on the District of Columbia. valid Pensions. By 1\Ir. SMITH of Kentucky: Paper to accompany bill 'for Also, a bill (H. R. 19023) granting a pension to John T. relief of Charles W. Brown-to the Committee on Pensions. Lester-to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. By Mr. SMl'.rii of Pennsylvania: Petition of 500 citizens. of By Mr. CHANEY: A bill (II. R. 19024) granting an increase Indiana, Pa., against sale of intoxicating liquors in all Gov­ of pension to George W. Oloin-to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. ernment buildings-to the Committee on Alcoholic Liquor By l\Ir. DALE: A bill (H. R. 19025) granting an increase of 'l'raffic. . pension to Milton McFarland-to the Committee on Invalid By 1\Ir. SMITH of Texas: Petition of the Chamber of Com­ Pensions. _ _ merce of El Par,), Tex., for an appropriation for the enlargement By l\Ir. HARDWICK: A bill (H. R. 19026) granting an in­ of the ·Federal building in El Paso, Tex., and .papers to ac­ crease of pension to Mary Navy-to the Committee on Pensions. company bill H. R. 17574-to the Committee on Public Buildings By Mr. HEPBURN: .A bill (H. R. 19027) granting an increase and Grounds. · of pens~on to Peter Lunsford-to the Committe-. on Invalid Pen­ sions. SENATE. By Mr.: KINKAID: A bill (H. R. 1902.8) granting an increase of pension to Lorenzo D. Frantz-to the Committee on Invalid MoNDAY, May 'l, 1906. · Pensions. Prayer by the Chaplain, Rev. EowARD E. HALE. Also, a bill (H. R. 19029) granting an increase of pension to The Secretary proceeded to read the Journal of the proceed~ . Henry Julius-to the Committee on Invalid Pensions. ings of li'riday last, when, on request of l\fr. GALLINGER, and By Mr. LITTLEF!.,"'DLD: A bill (H. R. 19030) granting an in­ by unanimous consent, the further reading was dispensed with. crease of pension to Samuel S. Peters-to the Committee on In- The VICE-PRESIDENT. The Journal stands .approved. valid Pensions. _ By Mr. PE.ARRE: A bill (H. R. 19031) for the relief of Wil­ TRANSPORTATION OF-PETROLEUM. liam lams-to the Committee on War Claims. The VICE-PRESIDENT Jaid before the Senate a communica­ By Mr. S_l\IITH of Kentucky: A bill (H. R. 19032) granting tion fro:'ll the Secretary of Commerce and Labor, stating, in an increase of pension to Charles W. Brown-to the Committee response to a resolution of the 4th instant, that, as was shown on Invalid Pensions. by the footnote tQ the President's message, the full copy of the By l\Ir. TIRRELL: A bill (H. R. 19033) g~·an_ting an increase report on the transportation of petroleum is now in the l1ands of pension to Moses S. Rockwood-to the Committee on Invalid of the Public Printer ; which was referred to the Committee . Pensions. on Int!iirstate Commerce, and ordered to be printed. By Mr. WILEY of Alabama: A bill (H. R. 19034) granting RESTORATION OF PUBLIC BUILDINGS IN CALIFORNIA. a pension to Elizabeth Morgan-to the Committee on Invalid The VICE-PRESIDE:r--1T laid before the Senate a communica­ Pensions. tion from the Secretary of the Treasury, transmitting photo­ Also, a bill (H. R. 1905'3) granting a pension to Lizzie Mor­ graphs of the Government buildings damaged in San Francisco, gan-to the Commfttee. on Pensions. San Jose, and Oakland, Cal., together with an estimate of cost for repairs thereof, and also brief references to reports on file PETITIONS, ETC. sl1owing the heroic work done on the part of sevel'al offiCials of the -Treasury Department in connection with their efforts Under clause 1 of Rule XXII, the folfowing petitions and pa­ to save these buildings ; which, with the accompanying papers, pers v.ere laid on the Clerk's desk and referred as follows : was referred to the Committee on Public Buildings and By the SPEAKER : Resolution of the board of aldermen of Grounds, and ordered to be printed. · the city of New York, for relief for heirs of victims of Genera-l Slocum disaster and asking favorable action on the bill for tbeir DESTRUCTION OF USELESS PAPERS. relief introduced by Mr. SULzER-to the Committee on Claims. The VICE-PRESIDENT. The Chair lays before the Senate By 1\.!r. BELL of Georgia : Paper to accompany bill for relief a communication from the Postmaster-General, transmitting a of Andrew J. Anderson-to the Committee on Pensions. scl1edule of papers and documents not needed in the transac· By l\Ir. CAPRON : Petition of the councils of the Order o-f tion of public business and which have no permanent value of United American l\Iecl1anics, in Providence, Anthony, Pl1enix historical interest in connection with that Department; which Clayville, Wickford, Woon ocket, Hope Valley, and Riverside' will be referred to the Joint Select Committee on the Disposi­ R. I., fa-voring restriction of immigration-to the Committee o~ ti~n of Useless Papers_ in the Executive Dopartments, and Immigration and Naturalization. prmted. Also, petition of the State League of Improvement Societies The Chair appoints as members of the committee on the part in Rhode Island, for an appropriation to stay the ravages of th~ of the Senate the Senator from Alabama [Mr. PETTus] and the gypsy and brown-tail moths-to the Committee on Agriculture. Senator from New Hampshire [l\lr. GALLINGER]; and the IIouse Also, petition of Rhode Island Chapter, American Institute of Representatives will be notified of this action. of .Architects, for forest resen·ations in the Whit~ Mountains­ FINDINGS OF THE COUBT OF CLAIMS. to the Committee on Agriculture. The VICE-PRESIDENT laid before the Senate a communi­ Also, petition of Rl1ode Island Chapter, American Institute cation from the assistant clerk of the Court of Claims trans­ of Arcl1itects, for pre ervation of Niagara Falls-to the Commit­ mitting a certified copy of the findings of fact filed by the court . tee on Riy-ers and IIarbors. in the caus~ of Na~J;laniel ,V. Jones v. The United States; wllich,