Proceedings of the WEED SOCIETY of

t Volume III 1970

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sJcflfso (Irrv Notr,vruuod

S IY/II' HIiIOS A,UN .{O tr..I,flISOS OflflzlL flH.L ? CONTENTS

i Page .t 'Weed 'Wales their r The Society of New Soutl I belou The t

Thistl,e Sgmposituv, 1970 :

q Biolory and Ecology of Thisfles.-P. W. Michael, D Thistle Ooutrol Recommendations.-P. E. Eod,ge I 6 ( Thistles at "Lake Edward,, Case History.-/. D. Carter .. 8 a -A a I I Leeton Sym,posi,u,rn, 1968 : a I Some Aspects of Weed Control in frrigation Operated -Water Systems a by the Conservation and Irrigation Commission of ( New South WaJes.-G. R. Sai,nty .. 11 o n I Contrdbuteil, Papers: I The Preparation and usage of small volumes of Herbieidal solutions 'Weed ol with Application to Skeleton (Chonddl,l,a iunceo L.l.- St.Bq C- G. Greenham, 18 are otr small l Control by Diuron of Echinoch,loa col,onum in Australian Cotton- 'Wales gmwing p. Soils.-P. W. Miclmel, and, J. t:an Ri,jn 26 whieh' thistle New B coIllmo TT improv annual region weed o

Th aceidel

.Le, Univerd Proceed @

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'allslql qclocs pall"r solllllauros * ZZ IenuuE *ollsl{l palE8olr"^ utnuDxJDut Mnqnns 9I IEIuuaIq allslql J altslql UBIT{III wrnttfrq\| atnp"tod,ouo II IBIuuoIq fllooia* [ e11s1q1 uo11oc um?qluDc,D u,nprodouo 9.9-9 I"IuuaIq (uolt.oulluapr a^I,",uo,) *"r*::r;7ffff:;:ro II 9.1-t I€IuuoIq *allsl{l {cEIq ,r,Bads atoAlna atn?s.txo I l"IuuaJad ollslql FruuoJod oisuoafi) ut,n/!sJ?O Z I"nuuts allslql s.r(q"urBg 'lS sllD?t.r$ps oornDluao z Ienuue Jnals{aoc asolI"II slsuol?\,ru oornDluac t-8 ltsIuuolq :Ienuue ollslql rels odgJ?xcl1c oo2,l,DtuaC 9Z Itsnuue allslql uoJJJss sn1Du01 snuDquDC g IBnuuE allslql rapsols pa8ul,r\ s,tlJo{.rnu.Dt snnpJ,DC 8 9 Ianuue allslql Japuals s,ttlDqalacouznd, sflnprDC 9'8 I"IuuaIq a11s1q1 Surppou sltDltuu snnprDC I ('6ut) l,qql,om uo?lDJnO autDu unan.aoC autDu c{.L?ua?cB poas'oo.tdd,V € ,qryos sololyl m,oN u"calw7-,qmoy {o su11stottrl 'papnpxa a"re (sa11spq+ ,r.os-saraods *ntlcuog) dus f,{tlu q}re sal}srq} aqJ ',raded slq] pua aq] s.readdu uorlergrluapl rlaql o1 fal aldugs y .anolaq tazrsJo 1r I ual13 s1 paes pue uorlernp aJII rloq+ ,sauuu uorurrroJ puB Jurluar)s .rraq+ aBBd I{}ta. saI"1V[ q]nos /(tal{ uJa}sB+q}nos uI rnJao qcrqa sal}sH} aq} Jo }sII T{ sfla.rsswsllJl s0.rJSrHiI/ firrJ .d *.rrYllcrtr{I .at ssafslHi[ .{o (INII ^oo.rocg ^co.rorfl

, OL6I'runt*odutf,,S eps?l I ('scotch certai intentio^na-lly as thisile", variegated probabif aiso as a mediciiial . thisflr saffron thistle, a close relative of-saflofer, wus, I euggest, introduced behav intentionally also. The small seeded spear, slender, win[eri siender and until l noddi-ng thistles were introduced accidentaily in pasturJ seed, a re€ent introduction for o (probably flrst in the 1940s) bein! noclding thistle in pei,ennial do no rye grass seed from New Zealand. ci,rsi,wm oul,gat"e ssp. crfm,i,trrrn ma5, have high I had a similar history to nodding thisfle. Thistles, along with Bathurst burr, 'were among the first weeds to attract attention. from landholders in . The flrsinoxious u'eeds leg{slation T was direeted against variegated thisile in in 1851.- contil Thistle seeds are spread. by water, wind, livestock and in grain or pa'gtrlre absenr seed. rnsects, especially ants, may spread the smaller reetls tite those of autun ppear thistle or sticky seeds like those of slender thistle, spread by wiinr- thistlr is not so common as is generally believed, the wind-blown pafpus commonly experi seerr most often being devoid of the seed itself. It ir, however, important irrr increa the spread of spear and nodding thistles. The rpread of gaffron thistle inr past, A the as now', can be largely attributed to its presence in rrheat grain. self-m {ytd, intleed, perhaps one of the reasons the big-seeded cottorr* thistle is so abundant clover in the Crookwell area ean be attributed to the early'history of establ. wheat-growing there. 1I This 1 : ,Soi,l Fertilitg &etotilm*ipt of dro : Before cultivation and the development of improved pastures; the annual follow [rnd biennial thistles, excluding saffron, petiqx, wcre prominenrt around nes' c homesteads, on stock camp; and around rabhit yarFens, and it is f,i"m these germrr that they have spread. Their occurrenee on drre{ of higher fertility than Sr the generally prrevailing country has long been r-agnized. And' wfth the and yr genetal increase in fertility of pastures, assoeiated ritl the introrlirstiou of annua plOve*s and the use of superphosphate, there have beea big increases in spear rletern lthistle, cotton and Illyrian thistles and nodding ttiltle- Variegated th-istle easten iappegrs to be conflned mainly to soils of high natrcal -f€rtility, esprceially by gor ailuvial soils or soils of igneous origin, but it ir lftdy that the use'er'f snb- Later terranqpn clover pastures has largely aideil its P|Glsrlt9lge. rt appe-ars to numbc on and Illyrian thi$les' which, in turn. in Oct ear thistle. Noittliug thistle nqy have Illyria histle. h seAson Til"."".'*ffi "Hffi il:b?.#11 ;i "fl:'# HHi':"1itr"H,H kif, iTI other wsqfl lspecias under conditions of high fertility' ,::- I)orrnancg, Germittlt'tion amiil Floueting ppneral, very high. It falls off fairly an and nodding thistles; bttt suffieient s (perhaps the traditional seven years) ;3:i#:"iTHl;'"?i';TTiI"ffiH},l y survive for longer Periotls' ,r while 1,, , 6""-ioation of the annual thistles appears to be stnietly seasonal, or spring ancl even- trre ui"""iar thistles may germinate_in either autumn _in winter and summer if molsture and temperature eonditions are favourable' i: : Illyria-n and The flowering of the biennial species,_ espeeially of -cotton, nodding thistles, may be clependent on their ro$ettes being subieeted to a BO}D prrB l[l 'alqlrE U! ll,ili al!.[- ' 'igool ol srE lsral lua!f,I .,i$tq

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'Xyg1.ray q8rrl aApq suorlrpuoa rapun f,1uo uaddeq fum qqg, '8u1.rds f,1aea .readde op Jo 11un (alduexa]ou IfiUUi s8urlpees II uala rartrruns lsrg aq+ ur rrrJoo feu 3u1.ra.tog +Brt] .ro; luaaa,; Euppou ug s.readde 'rea{ SurrtolloJ aq} ur Sur.rds o}BI pu? . 'atlslr{} lI 'relaatoH (IBnuuB Irlun roaog .(eu felq a1e1 ur Eupeulu;ta8 asoql aIIq^ uB se Sur,tuqaq parnl (uostas1ou Bnql aurus aql ur rar(tog .f,eru uunlnu f1.tea ur 8u11euru;ra8 a11s1q1 telduuxe Ipulr! uopoJ JoJ-sqluotu ralurrr aq1 q8no.rql po1:tad pIoJ Jo q13ua1 urBlra) Key A Simple to the lil,enti,ficu,tiorl of Thi,stl,es othe A Leaf ma,rgins spiny. aFe ( B. Perennial with creeping root system...... Cirsium aruense B. Annual or biennial plants with tap root. so4 C. X'lowers yellow...... CwthorLlts lanatus C. X'lowers pink-red-purple (rarely white in Caril,uus nutans). D. Plants with large more or less globular flowering heads (1" or more broad). E. Leaves with smooth upper surface, with network of prominent white veins.. ..Silybum nxardanutn teml E. Leaves with prickly or hairy upper surface, without network of prominent favo white veins. mair X'. Leaves with prickly hairs on upper surface. Phel G. X'lowering heads often surrounded by narrow Ieaves much longer best than the heads...... Cirsiwnl lrulgare ssp. crin;itwrn G. Flowering heads not surrounded by such leaves..Cirsium oulgare inya F. Leaves with soft woolly ha,irs on upper surface. ' H. Leaves with dense hairs on both surfaces, flo*-ering heads erect. Pha) ' I. Outer hard of flowering heads broad (up to r/,u,,) arld. strongly bent back. .Onoporal,unL ' iltgric*m Ase I. Outer hard bracts of flowering heads narrow (about 1/ru',), not so strongly bent...... Onopord,unl acanthiurL "plo H. Leaves with only sparse hairs, except on veins of lower surface, in pr flowering trgad5 asfldinA...... Car(tllus rtutans plan p. Plants with small (less than l" broad), more or less oblong flowering heads. J. Plants with heads clustered (up to 10 or so) at the end of flowering stems (cott with leafy spiny wings...... Caril,uus tenui"florus Ilou J. Plants rvith hsads in twos or threes at the ends of flowering stems without grasl leafy spiny wings. ..Card,uus pAcnocepllalus rat's A. Leaf margins not spiny. coml K. Flowers pink-purple. ....Centau,rea calcitrapa K. Flowers yellow. comr L. Spines at end of hard bracts of flowering heads stout, yellow, up to 1" long. bvb . . .,. ..Centaureo. s.otstitialis 5 lb. L. Spines at end of hard br.acts of flowering heads, weak, usually reddish or 1,2r4 purple up to 1" long...... Centdurea rlel,itensis other arear areal

are l

THISTLE CONTROL RECOMMENDATIOI{S Luce l P. E[. Iloocn* contr mant Trrn Trrrsrr,D PRoBLEM moly The main problems of thistle control ou the Southern Tablelands eoncern with the biennial species (cotton thistle, rllyrian thistle, spear thistle and nodding super thistle) and the annual variegated thistle. These are all sreds of high on tl fertility situations, e.g., clover pastures and sheep camps. Existing thistles l may be killetl with , but thistles are likely to re-appear in the same lucer situation because seed may still remain on or be spread. to that area. Even stock if one species of thistle (e.g., variegated thistle) could be comple.tely is all eliminated and all seed destroyed, it would in all probability be replaced by t Assistant Principal Extension Officer, Department of Agriculture, Goulburn, N.S.W. 7 2580. Ifon'r L

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'pasrlczad aq o] q 3ur4co1s-1as pue a3.re1 a.re s>laoppud aroqro. Ior+uor allslq] roJ auracnl u€ql alqelrns aroru sr su"Ier{d '8uuos ralJe sqluoru xrs +sBaI +E roJ srrelur{d o} u^ros s?aru go 1de4 oq ppoqs {Jo}S 'papaas Suraq 1ou s1 >lcoppud aloqa aq} uaqa suaru .s1ur1d qcns aaual f,1r.ru.rodue1 o1 ftessacau eq feu 11 pa,real-peo.rq raqlo s?suafll pue sallsrq+ sB IIaa su sasse.r8 Soltlrt ur a^rlJaga sr orre ;rad (apzer.r+-trz,I JO qql -ou1ue-g) alor+Iue pue (prce aruordo;rdo.rolqrlp-2,6) g st Dq?rt Io'qI I 1rd11-Z?, Jo.qI '8uol arnlxlru y 'papuaurtroaar sr uI paas srrBIBqcJ Suqse,tpeo.rq ,(q Jo ((spuelalqe;,1sn8ny ;o - por!.olloJ ,,8urq8no1d, I"JruaqJ uraqlnos aq] uo uorlBnlrs uounuo) u) sdollgq f,>1ao.r uo sdura-daaqs sE qJns suo11"nlls alqerB-uou rojl ndotlgc, 'papuoruruoJar sI slJ€Ilcqd Jo Suraros Suurds u (seolrladuroa slq+ o+ pappB aq plnoa ra^olJ u?auBJralqns puB-anJsal s.lEr Jo lsII (sse.r8 Ircl sn7m1& puu ssea5 ouorq f,a1.req) sallrunruruoJ allslql ur rnJJo 1eq1 sasse;rF ]noqllr ,.raaaao.og Ilanuuu aq] ruoJJ s8uuos uunlne ur uorlrladtuoa ;re1ra.r8 Io asneDaq sn-Lo,tkt '8ur,r.os uunlnB uB qlr/d. srg 8ur.r.os 8u1.rds B r1lla (Surppou puu ueur,(111 ,uo11oc) srtrals , sallsq+ urepaa urorJ uorlrladuoJ aroru ro qJntu sB 1sn[ eq feu a.raqg, 'spcaq 's1ue1d 8ltDtr! aarlrladruoJ {11epua1od paas sorrnq .q8nold 'acBJJE Jo 11 se lasrqt aq} o} a;rualaya.rd ur unlqf uorlu.ruda.rd paq-paas JoJ papuaurtroJoJ s1 q8nold preoqplnou eq;, .,pu1q8no1d,, f,q ro Eurq8nold paeoqppou pe.reda;rd 10u'(. IBJIruarIr fq rarllla aq f,em paq-paas 11 u,ncul '(.reqmaldag f1.rea) Sur.rds aq] q u.4eos +soq sr srrelerld Iorluof, allsrql rod pu? (. 'IAOJA a I ota qn I s 1, -0D1't,11 d I

'roJ rtrrB o} IBapI aql q €arB uB apBlur aJDoltt sollsnl] aroJaq prBrd.s ;a,ro1c-ssua8 luruua;red sno;ro3ra B Jo luattrqsrlqBlsg ulnTt!! Jo8uol 'IoJluoD allslq+ Jo sueatu letrlau;rd lsaq aq1 apuo.rd qloq Jo alnlxrw tB ro auJacnl pa8uueru-1laa ro ,Dso,caqnl squryvtld sarnlsud t8urf.urec-q8rq Sururelureu Jo luau"ruJad'sarnlsed luaueu.rad(pauorluau puu Surqsqqelsa roJ a8eluerrpu o] pasn aq uBJ sallslql orl+ rno^Bl luauFl qclqa suorlrpuoJ poo8 aq1 .a"rnleladural 'u.mfinl $111;ray lros 'pueq rar{}o aq} uO AIIqA pue II€JurBr Jo suolllpuoa Ieuos"as aJuangur ol auop aq rr?J 3u1q1op '(p?o.r. ornpnd fi,q yo.r,1wog 8nflndr) '(luama8zuuu) ueur pu" sleruruu ((uorlrladuo;r) s1uu1d ,gos 'a1em11a are suorlelsaJur allsql lDogu qclq,n. luaruuorrlua oq] uI srolJzd a81p(w 'pa8ueqc aae suollrpuoJ IeluauuoJr^ua aql ssalun (lr'ads pue,(1oorn se qtns) sallsrql .raqlo In All the thistles listed on page 3 (except perennial tliistle) are susceptible to 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic sub acid) when the plants are in hig the smarl rosette *tage. 2/1-D amine at rates of 8 to 12 oz. aetive ingredient per acre can be used for selective control in grass and clover pastures. The higher rate is recommended for larger rosettes (over six inches in diameter). past Once the rosette stage, cotton and Illyrian thistles are difficult to kill I cot with 2,4-D. An addecl problem is that at any one time, these thistles usually + cap occur in all stages of growth. Older thistles can not be killed by 2,4-D. * plol 2,!1-D ester has been used successfully thistles, for controlling especially a thit nodding thistle in young Phalaris pasture but will seriously damage or per destroy clovers. Greater care must be exercised when using 2,4-D ester, as rreu it can damage a greater range of commercial crops and garden plants through c.8 spray drift or drift of vapour after application. For selective eontrol of thistles in lucerne, 2,4-DB (2,4-dichlorophenoxy- cati butyric acid) should be used at 8 to 12 oz. active ingredierrt. The optimum time for spraying with 2,4-DB as far as lucerne is eoncerned, fret is when the seedling lueerne has from one to eight trifoliate leaves, whieh up eoincides with emergence of most thistle seedlings (and other broad-lear.ed 'u.eeds). vin As for 2,4-D, eotton and flyrian thistles are diffieult to control with inr 2,4D8 once past the rosette stage. arai Dieamba (3,6-dichloro-2-methorybenzoic acid ) at 4 oz. active ingredient farr per acre is effective in killing cotton thistle and Illyrian thistle but also kills elover and lucerne. For spot spraying, can be used at 2 fl. oz. of 20/o prodtct in 3 gal. of water. Dicamba is also effective in controlling perennial thistle at a rate equivalent to 2 lb. active ingredient per acre. For spot-spraying per.ennial thistle, dieamba ean be used at I pint of.Zl/c product in 3 gal. of water. At these rates of application, dicamba aets as a soil sterilant.

inl conl hear THISTLES AT "LAKE EDWAR,D"- A CASE HISTORY

J. D. Cenrnn* Plru B ack gr ound, I n o rmat i,on and ((Lake l Edward", a 2r560-acre propertSr, has been owned by the Carter 80% family for 91 years. It is of basalt soil with an elevation of 2,800 ft. and a -Year 31-in. rainfall. Ot Superphosphate and subterranean clover have been applied from lg27 hear and super application on the whole property now aggnegates an average of Ther 30 cwt. per acre. Light ryegrass sowings followed potatoes from 1935 onwards. Due befo Ileavy stands of variegated thistle developed on the sheep camps a.n.d higher country (mostly the better basalt soils) from the 1940s. Cotton thistle superseded the variegated thistle in the flfties. By 1958 an area of 30 acres on one heavy basalt hill carried nothing at all but cotton thistle. this o\-en + "Lake Edward", Crookwell, N.S.W. 2625. 6 'U'S'O aq+ puE 'srBa.f, a^U .roJ ]rl8la 01. uaaas Jo (luap,rrnba daaqs f;tp) Illlra^o uB uo pa{ro.rt a,ruq e1tr ia.rnluu qlrt' 3uo1e 3u14.ro.t ^(1uo sr 11 su 'f,sua sI slq} -aBq prre 'ralur,t Suurnp .(1ueaq 'nsoroqml syr/olrvqd azet7 o1 Iulluossa sr ]I roe luout'ooow0II uoll pu3 tsnqJ. '8upuulula8 a:ro;et1 'pira,{& eq+ o}Brlpura }ou lllld' 8u/teds }uB+suoJ 'sprt s+l ang s.rue.f, 96- <11 rln ioy +ueturop aII uBJ paos allslq+ uolloJ ouos 'azrs ol .ua1qo.rd ,\\ou sBaIB asoqL roc arruouoJa uB uBq+ Jllaqlsoe uB JO OJOrrr luasa;rd IIBUs ag6l 'spuBls srrElBtld aq+ uo qcBoJcua lou saop 1I +nq allslq+ uo}loD Jo spuB+s daueq alrerl t[]s e.t 'alqeq8noldun e.ru lpq,tt sdoaclno d4aol pue spuulptaq uO rF 's4ctlpped snorJBA uI sIJGt"qd 8ulqsr1qu1sa Jo osrnoJ aq1 u1 s'rua'f, o7i6g rnlr 1q51a ;ro; esla iolqroo pasn a^Eq puu a8uls a]lasoJ aq] q parlddu 'ra1sa puu G-1'Z qll.4& ssaJJns pBq a Bq a1y[ 'apIJIqraII alq€]rns B IpIA sutun]ne orl$'+ tsur.rds lsru aq+ .ro; dlaq uaa13 puu araB aq+ o+ 'qI I lB u,'l6.os 'Dsoroqml s!"aDlo'qd qlr.e ]uotuuorrlua slq+ ul pollorluoa .f,1a1a1duoa aq uea al+slq+ uo++oC uowlau,o0

'sllos +IBsBq .,i,luaq ,{1.rado.rd rno ()+ pa+Ius lou arB {aq1 1eeJ 1 sr ano uo sarurtr?r8o.rd (1o;t1uo;> paa,rr) elnised IIB roJ aplsu +as uaoq a^BII puB s+uatu+aedap aloqe oq+ u! prttri qloq 'ancsey ..ajaueg '1ua1xe rassal B o+ 'pue +ooJs{aoJ salou8tag '1qBno;tP 3uo1 e 3up1q oroa sassu"r8 Euyrol8 aq+ ruorJ ro,tocor o] alrqr!( tlsn8ny -nd.ols pue spoo,s. aq+ asla a.req.tl.f,.rala +sllqlt ur uo qtuel o+ paai sn a,tu8 slr"Itqd aq1 '.f,e1q uI paultr +I uarLl1 's1q1 ;o loo;rd snopuJua4 suat lqEno;rp S9GI aqJ, ittrrrrrJB,r B sroqq" aan1e11 ',to.o.r8 1Y o+ spaa-{ roJ rl]rea a.req 3up13 pu" ]no 3u1uu1q1 +-noq]Ial lq8nolp [BIT s11 IBuoIsBJao aq+ puB+sr{}}.l& o} 1I slqBuo qJlqa uals.(s 3u11oo;r daap 171 alu. 'aEBJaloJ gos alalduoc arrr8 snq+ puB S:ulzetd ralura -daeaq rapun flsno.ro8pr Ioo+s o] f,+ruqe sll (I) Jo : slurod 3upo.o11o; aql o] palnqlr+]R aq uer srruluqd Jo ssa))us arlJ sILI '3urur.ru; lua puB nd.os o} d;1unoc alqBr? IBJluraqc q}In 8u11uaur1.raclxa urSaq o1 a^Bq Iu.{!. uaq} .sF"IBrtd ndou aJ? ggg ta.rec u,to'o du ur Io! JO Sara? 0II JoqlrrrJ B alEq I rapull sarJE 00zI aq] Jo '096I oJuls -f,1.reaf auue.rFo;td srq+ pand'olloJ a^BrI ail[ 'ra+uI.t" })I sIJBIBqd aq+ popuord qJBa aql qFno;rq1 dn ITJ! u1 pazu"r8 f,pleaq sr '8u1;rds ]Bur sallslq] Sururoa ra olc uBou?Jralqns puE sIJBIsqd Jo ra^o) asuap B qlI]ld Jo adrl 'pa d1un14l rNou are sarcB 08 aq; 'aplalqraq ou pasr o^Bq ort Z96I aJurs 'uoryladuroJ oq] +sule5u ;1as1r qsllqBlso o+ SITEIBIId aq+ alqeua 'suo11ua -a! ts;rua.f, -o1 lltlcle aa.rq1 Sursn o.lq lsrg aq] ra,to saprJlqrarl snouel parldde all 'anasal ralaruaq pue +ooJs{Joa salou8r.rg palr} osIB o,tl ''O'U'I'S'3 q8r q+1,ltr uollaunfuoc uI 'pea.rds al]slq] f,q pa]aaJJuun {1a,r11e1el paulBluar SB 'arce peq +I 'spuels paqsrlqelsa-8uo1 '11eus u1 se 'palaalas s€a sIJBIBqd ;rad IO '(iallspt a 'qI t +B osoroqm+ s?.Lnpqd Br.s. ura'os s€^t +r 096I roqua+dag u1 ^ftl poef rrlllao6-noqC o1 s.reef, o,t'+ r(J rr,lo'os pue'paa'o.u€q puu paq8nold + palJalos aloJaraql '"re-addBslp plno]L!' flrcedua 'a11s ls"roar aq+ a6 1. f,1 5ur1ao1s-"r^'qr.q^ aql pue qrunJ)ns {nenluala plno.{tr -(1rado.rd aq+ al}slq} uo}}o)' I IIT aql aruo)raao o+ punoJ aq ]ou plnoc f,e-u B JI +Bq+ r€aIJ sBA lI 896I fS '(r pulbofl s*aoxsuv a'tllL eq lu 'allsTql uo+]or o1 flPug Pue (q5tq uI '+J o+ a11srq1 pale8alau,r o1 '+J o+ dn) .ra.ro1c uBduBnolqns' AJ 7I dn) '(daap Z ts;reaf, o1 'sse.rEpa;r'IBrnlBu uo;r; pe8ueqJ p?q r?arB slql gZ Jo as'lllo) aql uI Phalaris country approaches 10. Last year nine wethers eut 108 lb. wool to the acre (set-stocked) and half a heifer per acre was run for three months- This was an exceptional year, but a D.S.E. of ten on this country under .J Phalaris is quite feasible in many years. with acFe I am opposed to heavy gxazir;g in summer whenever i it can be avoided, some as it gives weeds their opening for the autumn germination. Usually the spring throu takes care of this, but in 1967 it didn,t, and this gave rise to ttre nodding thistl thistle problem tlat we now have. * Ph,o,la/ris Poiaoning a J In the past ten years, Phalaris poisoning has occurred once only-during I exceptional hand-feeding conditions in the drought where ewes were put into New a Phalaris paddock during rain so that they could be hand-fed with their heel' wheat ration. They were left in for an hour and then put out. but by next long- morning 12 ewes were dead. This was probably because of the neu' shoot stand and oyercast conditions which are the usual causes of sudtlen death from patibl Phalaris. at pr praetl Carduus nutans--ilodddmg Thistl,e I In 1953, after some varying diagnoses, Caill,u,u,s identifi.ed on reliat ((Lake nutans was Edward". The plant was then eovering an area of about 100 square when yards. Ilad we known what lay in store, we would have eoyered the area the nr with conerete! As it was, we cut the pla-nts, only to see a slightly stronger I germination in 1958. Then followed a slow. leap-frogging spread along the count line of the prevailing westerly wiads. arabk New Zealand experiments have shown it is very rare for a seed to be carried more than eight feet by wind, so this method of spread is very slow. By 1967 we had about ten aeres infested in eight differ.ent areas. The spring failed, the sheep ate ever5rthing--grass, thistle seed and all. By May 1968, when the drought broke, we had a bare dust-bou'l with the ideal '(vacuum" for weed germination. _ fn September 1968, 400 of my 1200 aeres were infested u,ith nodcling thistle. This was a repetition of the New Zealand story where the rlry seasons of the 1950s were largely responsible for the speeies getting ont of control. Leelor It is still spreading there. I am certain that the spread has been brought about mostly by seed ingested by sheep and distributed through the droppings. As eaeh plant can yield 7,000 seeds, the possibilities are frightening. solt Our Phalaris country stood the shock well-some areas u'ere infested OPE but not to the extent of subterranean clover or thin ryegrass stands.

Noild,img Tlui,stle Progrumme, 1969 As it proved impractical to spray in the spring of 1968. u'e made our flrst assault by aerial spraying in April 1969. Spraying at this time usually covers TI all the autumn germination of thistle, which is the larger, due to the depletion pasture the ir of cover in our dry summer. Also, it is safer for stock, due to more major roughage being available ancl less craving for the drying thistles with their. operat associated nitrite poisoning risk. It has the added advantage where trees are present, as they are dormant at that time and don,t suffer as they u'ould in TI the spring. supply This spraying cost 91.50 per acre (70 cents for f pint 2,4-D 80/s ester 11 and 80 eents applieation). A very good kill resulted. A small spring germina- is unp tion followed whieh u'e attended to on the ground with the same application. turbid Autumn 1970 saw another heavy germination, and a May spraying of 340 aeres at $1.40 per acre (chemieal through the Shire Couneil was cheaper and u,e .u went up to 1 pint to the aere),. This pa the aut l0 II : ,ii,!r1,., i,..' :t: ' f9261 "requreldas o1 .roqlne aql .pir.f"pua ruoaq ,896I dq seq uI urnlsodul(S uoloarl oql l1g paluosord {IIEUISIJo 'rad?al srqJ pr 'il&'S'Ni lqNHrO luolssl111uroC uoIl"SIJJI pu? uolltsaJosuoC ralBl[ 'JocUrO spoo/lA. * J.r &lf,Dl 'uost :i I'i , r i 'alnlBradltro+ puB flrprqrn+ (,tdoprrr'31's^{ .BEJE sB r{Jns s.ro}JBJ snor.rBl o] onp alqB]Jrpo.rdun st (ra^a^&oH [B]uaruuorr,{ud ralB {t}rf,ror8 l?nuu€ aq} 'slBruuarod a.r'e s1ue1d asar{} Jo f,1r:rofuur eq,1, 'fycedua obyZ u8rsap rlaq+ Jo o+ slauueq) f,1ddns trt p[ i8.rc1 irou a)npar o) uaou{ uaaq d^"q s1uu1d aar})rrr}sqo arorrr arIJ, ;o {IIB E rr ' f,11cudea pau8rsap rlaq1. Surle.rerlo (.s.og lB r:rarB s1'Juuuqc Surluaaa.rd snq] ra1z.{. l.clJ}sar III.u, salJods }sotr{ 'uolqo.rd;roferu arout ur$r sa1etrtr qlnos lraN uJalsad.-qlnos Jo slJlJlsrp pue sBaru uoqe8r.r.rg aq1 uollq dl slauueqa a8eulu,rp puu flddns ra1trr ur spaant allunbe Jo lorluo) aqJi SJAAO .u.o ]sru. *r,rNrYS ssaYA,L Eiloos a{.st{ .{o Nolsslwruoc AIOIJVOIUUI ONY NOIilYAUSSI{OC USilYrlA. '.dIIJ ,tg (IS.IYUIdO pal5q srugts.trs NorJ\/oruur Nr rouiLNoc ogsla. .{o s,tcgds\I swos 'sEu1t lqEnr s g96I'utnttodutfiS uopa,I 'Io4n suosl Sulpt

IBAPI f,g 'SBAJ,I 'nols aq 01 i. ({r}unoJ 'paJBJ aq puu .f,.raa sr f,1r1rqeqo.rd aq1 sI dlqBru lsnru IBar ]uq 'f11seq8 (f,.r1unoa -uou qJnrtr sapnlJur pue spu"Ialq"f oq+ Jo lsou sasr.rdmoa r{rlr{.m. aql : ra^o[) trBauurra]qns uado o1u1 Euraou al]slq] Sugppou ;o a.rnlard aq;, .raEur 'f,z.o.e 1q81.r 1aE o+ 'ollslq] Sulppou aq1 BAIB .f,1.ru1noi1.1ud 'spae,r s.eoIIB puz dn suado pre,s.s aq1 's1gu; IfBJuIBJ arl] uarlrr$. aJsnl lrrq 'a.rn1sud aq1 ueqlSuanls f,p11ugep 1g,n Suzu.r8 f,aeeq '11e;u1u.r alqurla.r uop uI '+uauuoJraua alqerlarun Jno o+ anp lorluoJ Sulzet? rnoaBJ ]ou op I 'slorluoJ papcu.rd f,1uo aq1 aeaddr 8upf,e.rds trpopred puu sprBils srruleqd asuap ]uasa.rd 1e uorJ +nq 'sar+qrqrssod aaeq 11e ''a1e 's.ro1epe.rd f,q 1o.4uoa learSolorq 'saraads alqped -rtroJul prru saraads a,rrlrladuoa ;ra8uoels uaaa Jo asn aq1 'paas 11g4 o+ spuuls ]ooq Eqlurnq sB seapl qJnS ('s.rea{ orld.} ur %SL f,q, sdo.rp uorluuru.rep) '3uo1 )xau Eur1.sre1 s+r {lqrqrssod eq1 pue paas s]I aq o] plno,r. rlar[I lou ;o fl€tus "ruadde ((Iaaq olul sattlr{Jy,, s}I 'usrulssad aruar}xa q}L,rd. paaarl aq }sntu s}Insar puBIBaZ 3u-.rt Jo +q311 aq] uI pue 'Fuluur8aq 1sn[ f,1uo sr aI]]Bq al]slq] Surppou aqg, ^$.aN t uotlsnl?woA I 'f1aa.ry aroru oleurruaa8 o1 tuoor aaer[ al]srq] (pa4ao1s IIra. 3oIp Eurppou aq?. asrrrrJoqlo f,lraeaq Euraq a.ro;aq ralur.,!d. slr o1 q8no;rq1 t lsrg aql .f,11n;:a.rer ua{s} aq arnlsed slq;, 'a}noJ ua s}uartrour snorxue f,.ra,r awos (sraeluqdlsnru 'pepl arad. aJaql 1nq Jo pu"ls poo8 e uaal8 a,rzq s8up(e.rds aarq] pue arJR rad struluqd 'qI g Surao.og 'sa1.lasor {q pa.raaoa f,1a1a1duoa puno.r8 aq} q}IA tsuorleurura8 ,Surq8nold;ra1;y JApu arlsuluu; paanpo.rd allsql fq palsayur sea.te 'sqr 6utu.t.tog ol I( then PnrNClper, AeUatrC Wnoo SpnCIES AND THEIR DtSrnrsUtrON IN TIID CrrexNpr, damr SysrD,MS op SouIII-WDSTEBN Now Soutrr Wlr.ns ane I The species are listed in approximate clescending order of importance. (b) (af Supply Channols , (i) Emergent cumbungi (broad-loaf) T .T.m Irrig cumbungi (narrow-leaf ) yr. ?. ) ptrragrnites P sYn.P * thes elodea * Dl,oilea, ulnatf,ensis common milfoil Mgrioph,gllum m coa,rso milfoil P otaniig eton ochr ea,tws t blunt pondwood floating pondweed ,, tricatinaltts ribbonwood V alli s ner i,a gi'g o'mt ea' 1[; orainage Channels : (i) Emergent water coueh Paspa,lum Tta,spaloiiles (pfeviously known as P. diati,chuml smartweed Polggonum spp. paspalurn P aepa,l,um di,l,atatum ; rushes Jumaa spp. amih sodges Cgperus spp. spike rush Dleoclnris spp. water prirnrose Lud,uiqia peptloid'es arrowhead S agi,ttaria morrteaidena'is artofl (ii) Submersed ribbonweed V alli, e ner ia' g'ig aN en curly pondweod Potamogeton crispttts 2,2-I) floating pondweed ,, tri,carin'atux blunt pondwood ,, oclweo'tus common milfoil Myrinphyllum proPin'quum coarso milfoil ,, ela,tinoirles diuru (o) Farrn Dams and Storages (i) Emorgent curcurnbun-^gi. llyplw spp. bromr (ii)tiii SubmersodS',h--crsed red milfoil MgtiDphgilum aerruaoalt m sago pondweed P dot agetott, Pectdnatue naJes Rhdzn - inverl algao gYru, Cl,ad'oPlwra e also occur in channols) low r 2,+ (iii) tr'Ioating red azolla Aalb qry. duckwood Lemrw sptp. duckweod Spi.rodo,Ia ep. from Yarrawonga * Elod.ea onlv infests the western Irrigation Districts of this area supplied 2,4-I) 'Woir on the MuiraY River' fenrrr atra,zi Control, Methoil,s ' -of channel systems operatd-by the Water Con- 2,4-n The control weeds in eth and Irrigatio, Co-mission is a balanced one. Both mechanical and servati;; -ur" other. piclor techniqu6s o"*..ury, and one is complementary to the 2,+ "t "*i"rt coppo (u) Mechani,cal, They include There are a number of devices used for mechanical control'((arrow-cutters" ckets. There are also TCAr IIID DStt 22.

Mechanicalmethodsofcontrolpossessthefaultsthattheyareofa a may deepen the channel' thus t t"^p;;;y ;to"", ti"y u"e expensive, ald !hey- .rfi"!ii i-po."iUtJ[ a"t-int-"no"nel bed, wnicn provides a situation itleal t remoYal has a tendency to break up and spread for weed growth. U"cnu"i[af i plant growth. I 'i Mec the advantage in situ-ations where chemical treat- to cl weed growth the t ment is may te in i place where masses of require , wfrich cannol be done by herbicides. As well, €I '11ar s '[autrBr{r aql }uaJB[pB ssaJJB oq] pue q]no.or8 pm^r ]o f,11suap pue adf,1 aq1 qf^o.€ t(peq'U 0g o+'+J g) azls lauu"q, q uolluTr"a aql o] anp'sualsfs lauueqr o] -]uaq I s?plJrqJar{ f,1ddu o1 pallnba"r arc s}Iun fie.rds ;o sadfl 1ua:ragtp .(uen I luawdnnbg fi,o"td,g I puards )I Icapl u t snql ti 'reded eq1 .Io puo eq+ 1e ue,rr8 ora soprolqJer{ Jo sorrr{Bu ltscruorlC * Bloa 'sleurrB suorlooqdde oa1 ornlxrur Yaq-6'z Sgqta umledsed qcco Jo lonpoed'q1 9 puts vf'\[s(I puB 'ds oenquog Iiil €unqunc vof eJn+xur oluT pe segru8e.rqd 1ueru1ee.r1 qods 'qI 00s', vd(t-z'zputsvc.l ((sJel+tr (.re1er crle1s) apnlJrr 'dds o.wqdopo1g loog e.rc,e/'q1 g 'dds otfifiorcdg (.re1u.u. Euraog) eeEle snolueuregg cesno/'q1 6 'qI 009 eleqdlns reddoc eurue q-7'5 'raqlo se^JoseJ lorruoqc uo sldu(lecng 1ueur1ee.r1 qods 'tBE 09 pue ue.ro1o1d Jalso lorrBqlo puB Ta (ew67na untqn aaoy,y) prmoqoroq 1ueu1eer1 lods 'IB3 09 dxolnq qj'6 -uoc J seJrrloru+s (lonpord) PrrnorB lGrluoo peea. Itslo+ eroa/'q1 g1-g 'qI ort oulz€rlts (unuoe ea o n { un.oc fr,1 ) rrroq+xoq lueurlrerl lods 'qr 00r uornueJ .ddle unttlluoy 'E e 's1ue1d srrorxou e1qlldeisns e.rce/'q1 6-1 't*3 0e eurura qj'6 sEuoro 'dde uqgfrqdocrfiliy oslB (eaoTnccao unuo6fr,7o4) Ix)eo' orul '(ateyaaotb o1nuJl .raqse qj'6 1"rortr{ur+s 'E'e ! see.r1 Bnonproop (sleuuu prra 8poea. snorxou 01 prBq 1ueu4ee.r1 lods 'lE,B osz elllclo^ .&oI IIPI -ozfla 1 seroeds r(poo.o, ueer8.re,re lueurlrerl lods .I8E O' a-9'9'6 1rcttrr 'cle 'eeqoeo.rdde e8pgrq'sernloruls (lonpord) prmorB lo4uoo poe.de I€1o? oroa/'ql l-* 'qI 00r'r IrcBtuoJq slouuaqo (1cnpo.rd) efou1e4 Jo eer€ pe11eo. Eurzrprels e.rce/'q1 96-11 'qI 00z'6 uo.Irup (oeucdoTttl um16ng) sse.r8 uosuqol unledsed selrur8e.rqd (qonpord) rEunqumo e.rce/'q1 97-61 'qI 000'?8 vdq-z'z peeapuod bolleog ldecxe squeld pesrerrrqns IIts oesno/'1eE g1-j 'IsE oos'r s?uo^Ios cr?tsIuoJB pooi&+JtsrrrE se8pes r8rmqumc r{cnoo Je+tsi& arots/'Ie8 8-{ 'te3 00s'e *oIoJ+ItrrB s1ue1d pesreuqns 1e oesnc/'p8 6{ 'qI 000'08 rrreIoJcB

(oLlosot ) elatr uoraaruluoc esfr uo11ec11ddy oql l(q ep!orqroH Itsn8II pesll ?mourv 'xo.rddy IG (alqBcrldde 'uoll.BJItddB Jo alBr alBulxordd" uB araq.lr. 'pue seplalqraq asaq] (c 'uoIsslErtroc lq IO a[tros Jo astr ul"Itr aql sn0.oqs alq€} 8u!$oIIoJ aqJ uollBSrrrl f aql {q pasn Eulaq ^(11ua.r.rna arB aplrrqraq Jo sadfl +uaraglp aag-.f,lua.ttil vnwoqc (q) 'aauE '8uqgs-ap arrnbor su?artr IBJIuaqJ {q pa11o.r1uoJ fIuIBur are rtJlr{Itr slauuBqa 'aul1 o1 oltrl} Itrorf, '}}Irp f,BJds ro sanpTsar Itrorl aSBIuBp rrgN.t( alqNsod aq] Io asn?Joq sapplqJoq Jo asn aql. uo suollJl4sal f,ueu a.ru a.raq1 l I l

i l. The following units are currently being used by this Commission: rr,i ': Lr

Approt. Coet Punpt Tamlc (Pu,np arul tor Tankl stfi ofl r (i),*21 &p;rp.lhreepiston pump; ongine Twin 300 gal. fibro glass tanks with $r2,0o0 'l:lunctroned mochanicol agitation, Mounted on a including i r f,'.W.D. 6-ton truck and fitted with truck and ofI a Grenvol hydraulic outrigger ancillary herl gear mo8 (ii) 2I g.p.m. three piston pump ; 300 gal. metal tank with mochenical $r,900 powor-tako-off firactioned agitation, mounted on trailer, drawn by tractor, and fitted with a manual (a) countorweighted boom (iii) 14 g.p.m. four piston radial flow l00gEl. fibre glass tank. Mounted on $460 pump, ongiuo functioaed a F.W.D. utility diss (iv) I g.p.m. oinglo piston pump, engine 2OO gal. ffbr:e glass tank mounted on a $800 stat functionod trailer ruk (v) Pack typo miating machine Igal. . i $r20 for isn (b) i.,,-:: , COSTS gror About S200,000 was spent in 1969f0 on che,mical weed control in the yarious rrrigation Area Districts operated by the Water Conservation and Il.1fig.S.tiop, Commission in south-western New South Wales. This amount was used.,to,control weed growth in a cha-nnel system exceeding 4,500 miles in fegsth, and ineludes cost of herbieidg supervision, labour, truck running ' il!,tlg":,e,,,q"ip-ent depreciation, ete. It is misleading to quote costs without describing the situation. Ifowever, .+s a. guide, the following expenditure and costs are giyen: - i r.'r'.' -:, r i t.i:. Herb.'ide Target Costlmile

acroloin (f969-70 all submersed weeds $55 per application for 2 gal./cusec ..,sorison) tmatnents or $35 per application for low-rate long-contact injections (costs calculated from treating 900 miles of channol and inclusivo of all costs such as labour, miloage, supervision, etc.) (r emitiolo' (1966/6? wator couch, continuous dense $90 for initial spray, $70 for respr&y season) infestation (averago over 280 miles of drainage channel a 6 24fb. in width, inclusive of all costs) (c) amitrole (1969/70 water couch $25 per applica,tion (channel width as season) (light infestation and weed above) generally undor control) wat( diuron water eouch, cumbungi, rushes $150 per acre, 35 lb. a.i. per acre and sedgos (averago calculatod over 36 acres and drai includes all costs except mechanical amil cleaning prior to spraying) Bast diuron water couch, cumbr:lgi and $75 per acre, 15 lb. a.i. (maintonance frril rushes treatment of chennels previously I treated with diuron) p.p.r arometic solvent, Potamogeton spp. excluding P. $40 (cost calculated fr.om the treatment xylol plus emul- trinorinatta of 40 miles supply channel) siffor Unir all woed growth and somo silt (channels with 8-16 ft. bed) I $260-$360 f (d)

,:t non- 9I ur spmie lo4uoJ ol pasn uoIlBJIIddB Jo salBr aI{} }Y 'suBtulrq o+ )Ixo}-uou arls .f,aqJ, 'Iros aq1 q luolslsrad aat qclqn saplcrqrarl I€nplsar ore asaqJi uo,tnuof rru,n lwautorg pwv uo"onnq (p) (peq'r 'sanprsar aIoJ+IrtrB JoJ salul& qlnos aaN Jo {11saal1u1 aI{} Jo 'p+T IIJrBasIul} fq pas.f,1euu pu" Balls Jo raqrunu t 1e .(1q1uou ua{B} a.ru saldmes ralul& luN+r 'ra+B,rd. a8eurr.rp aq+ q 'u'd'cl z(1snor.r 900.0 podJxa +ou saop alorllue lo uorler+uoJuot aq+ ]BI{} os sBarY uo11e31a.r1 eoua[Iel aa8plqurn.ranfi aq+ uI palJlrlsar sr a8usn alorlluB 'aBeluac.rad srq] uo pasug 'ra+Brrt. lacrrErl aql q f,earu .rog IIls. slauueqc a8euteap leard{1 o1 parldde alor}rrue prrB sr aql Jo %SZ-OZ +Bql pa+"EJ["J uaoq scq lI 'slauuBqJ flddns puB a8Bur€rp EJCA I uI sanplsar alorllu" Jo +ualxa aq+ uo 1da4 s1 qJle.e, osolc Y 'qcnoJ rale/t ro1 IBJIuaqc parldde-a8urloJ a llcaJe .d1uo eq1 luasa.rd +" il aIorlIIuY sB qllr eqmwfaoyl1 anntuaw,ury - ayo.r,1gtuy (t) o Isoln '.rolaadsug spao,'$. e .(q efuurel ,(erdsr pesra.radns sI saplcrqreq yo dnor8 slql Jo 8ur.(e.rds 'a1n.r le.rauaE e sy ( ltt,t ) ('ore' 'puulaqs"a. uo paledlsslp aq I[/e qona tt a8eule.rp Jo se[u ralB.B. pa+tsurtu?luoc +Bq] paqsllqqsa sI 1I ssalun slauueqJ spoo) r pue .tlddns u1 3u1tol8 spao.e o1 paqdde lou are saprJrqrall a^oqe oq; (lp) JOJ rrOE 'sdep upc o] palarrlsar sI sl"clmaqr asaq+ q1r,tt Surde.rdg (rr) oaano/1 'saolBrtro+ puB saul^ opnIJuI a8uuup o+ aIqBrI sdoaa .rulnallred 'salqela8al pue spruqJro Jo suIBrIJ 0I ulqll,le uro; .(eads uI pasn +ou arB saplclqrar{ asaqL (,t) 'Ilrdy lsIE o+ raqolJo +sI uorJ uol]or .{e.rds pasn oxB saplalqraq asaql, (,rr) Jo salrltr ortrl ulqllrd. u.ro; uI +ou t.toaa-l 'saulrlJertr 3u11s1u q8noaql parldde +ou ar? s'aplr1q.raq asaqg, (ttt) 'a1u113e pIrB ralu.{t 1o '1eB gg1 rad epos Eulqse.t Jo 'qI Z ppa o+ q pasn poqlau aalleuralle uY 3u1uut 'lua8aalap qllie pasulr aJB saplalqraq asoq+ pasn aa?q +Bq1 slrun i(t;tdg (tt) uI sal '.ra1se q-7'6 to uorslnua pue (.ra1sa aIr+BIo^ s€a lr Jr-g'j'Z Jo lra^ul puB u rleol aurrtrB aq+ o+ palclJlsar aJB posBr{crnd suor}Blnuro.{ (1) "ro o-rtz Jo aql ul : sapr)rqraq adf,1 f.ro1e1n8a"r-q1.to.r8 aaoqu ar{} Jo asn Sur.raaoc , suol}Jl4sa.r aq} Jo attros are 8upto1pl eqg, OfG puo auDrolccd !d,1-g't'6 !,1-(fa :O'fA @) 's{aorJ ro sralrr o}ul rtrou o+ pa+}Iurad 1ou st uJaIorJB Suppaluoa Ja+B11l '1u1od uo.qaafm aq] Jo ItrEaJ]su^rop sa11u 1q31a :ro; oa pasn +ou sI ralut\ palearl puz 'u'd'd gI uuq+ ssal spler 1u parlddre sr 11 'a1n.r 'ralB/d' 00r le.raua8 B sy 'suollclJlsar -(ueu .f,q paulaao8 s1 uo11uc11ddu s11 JI1"+s aroru sI 'ralu.l Surtog u1 sf,ep .4d.al uIWInt saledlsslp 'daap ur 1ue1sls.rad +I " 091 IBcIuaqJ sIqJ 'apr)rqraq aalsoldxe .{nepualod pue )rxo} fral e sI sHiL utoyoLay (e) 0q I aql qlptr Eulcuauruoc lap.ro Eulpua,sap alBlurxo;rdtlu ,. nrr*,i1o.r"'ffiTr,ffit ,(q t Pu3 oruos uo salou EulatolloJ aq;. 'do.rc ao {co+s o} d11c1xo1 pue aaua}sls"red ;o E!l saa.r8ap 8ur.f,ael a.rq uolssFurtroC oql f,q pesn .f,1uouuoa sIEJIuaqJ aqg, t m 'paqdde qJlqat' pue pasn aq .f,eu lI uI uo11"nlls aq1 (aroyatall;aplJrqrarl Jo oql uo suollalr+sal uIBlroJ ol"q ol .f,;russaaeu s1 1r '{ao}s ]unorue tsdo.ra pue suerurrq o1 Jlxol aq puu t1.o,o; p11,t pue qsg 114 .(l.ressaJauun o1 ptto = ' a8eruup ur llnsar uea suals-(s uolle8re.rr uI saprJlqraq Jo asn palJrrlsaru1 ,80c spwuml7 oOmnmtq puo fi,yddmg u? posn saplo?q.r,ot7 .to{ ntooltpugg Tnwod,g puo s olltwcord channels and around structurrs, these products may damage roots of trees which extend into the treated area. Because of th1s, diuron, fenuron and bromacil must not be applied withiu 100 ft. of useful trees or shrubs. use of diuron in drainage channels is based on a maximum resid.ue level of 0.008 p.p.m. (e) 2,2-DPA This is a non-toxic herbieide with a limited residual life in the soil of about eight weeks. care is taken to ensure that irrigation water is not excessively contaminated, and that there is no spray drift on to horticultural t crops. t G) TCA - _. This--product is mainly used as a soil sterilant, although it has some foliage effect. rts use is not permitted within 100 ft.' of usefil'when trees, shrubs or vines. The chemical rapidly decomposes in the soil. substantial areas of a supply channel are treated it is essential that the flrst flush of water be disposed onto wasteland. (g) Copper Sulphate This chemical is harmless to humans if concentration does not exeeed 1 p.p.-. of eopper ion or 4 p.p.m. of the hydrate. Gloves should be worn when handling raw crystals or concentrated solution. copper sulphate may eause corrosion of aluminium or galvanized pipe and tanks.

Cw.ren,t W eeil, Control, Inoesti,gati,ott* The main work being undertaken by the weeds seetion of the commission includes: k is being The pre- ein at the usual rates of application. work is eontinuing on young submerged rice. (b) Determination of the most effectiye rate of application and interval between applications of amitrole on water couch. (c) Effect of diquat on elodea in channel situations. (d) The efficiency and residue problems associated with the use of xvlene or similar solvents and various emulsifiers when applied to submersed weeds in drainage channels. (e) Determination of the efficiency and costs of applying acrolein at low concentration (less than 1 p.p.m.) and oyer extended pefioas\z+to T2 hours). This technique has proved sucessful and more econ-omieal in channels with flows greater than 50 cusecs, when compared with the conventional 2 gal./cusee treatment. (l) rnvestigations of methods of reducing contamination of imigation water. (g) The effectiveness of copper sulphate in suppressing the gro*'th of submersed weeds when applied to water flowing in iriigatiorlharrits to give a continuous concentration of 0.1 p.p.m.w. copper ion-. (b)The evaluation of new residual herbicides in the control of paspalum" I (,i) The potential of anhydrous ammonia in controlling elodea. .(i) Assessment of some aggressive but reratively unobstmctive plant f species to provide eompetition foi problem aquatic weeds in channel situations.

16 I t

plre cIuolalord,{xouaqdorolqclrl-9'}'z dr-g't'z plcc cllaoGorolqclJl .YCJ pIcB cllac"dxouoqdorolqcl.rl-9'r'z J,4't'Z I p!c" cIuIIooIdorolqclrl-g'9'8--oulue-t IIITJOICId Barnlf uoqal-,N-If, qtaEIp-NN rroJnuol al?uosr€Il(qlaE rEnIpoEIp YWSO I ( uornlp BarnI^qloEIp-NN- Ifuoqdorolqclp-?'8 ) -,N' : plcs oluotalordorolqclp-z'z i{dc-z'z pIcB clloce.f,xouoqdorolqclH'z q-a'z IIrBrnlf lnq-8-8-I^qloE-9-{Eorq-9 ITCBIIIOJq oulZBlrl-9'8'I-{u!ul€Ilt dordosl-9--oulEBll( qlo-r--orotqo-z auI"BJl? aIoz"Irl-?'z'I-{uIuro-8 olo4lrtr? strqrcraufE ,ilo sfffrYN TYCInffEC )(rqNflddY - thr apl acl Contributed Paper: adr An( sol TIIE PR,EPARATION AND USAGE OF SMAI,I, VOLUMES OF adj TO I tip HERBICIDAL SOLUTIONS WITH APPLICATION SKELETON WEED (CEONDRTLLA JUNCDA L.) ? bee G. GnouNrrlu* ulll C. of eor Suuruetv aci This paper describes the preparation of 1 ml. or more of solution, accurate for both concentration and pI[ valuel flnal adjustment of volume is done in (sc agents, storage, terms of weight. It also deals with solubilizing and buffering abc equipment. application of small volumes to plant surfaces, and cleaning of ear Results obtained on skeleton weed with the methods described are included tut to show that (a,) for foliar applications "Tween 20" gives a greater 2r4-D tor content in the roots than three other wetting agents tried, and ammonium or thiocyanate up to 4000 p.p.m. has no iufluence on 2,4-D content, (b) roots of not plants which have flowered are less susceptible to pieloram than those of stir plants which have not flowered. pla hvrnoouctroN die Frequently in herbicide research it is necessary to prepare small volumes an of solutions, either because only small amounts of potential herbicides are tha available for testing or because the compounds used are in radioactive form lts! and expensive. The following describes a method for preparing 1 ml. or mone bei of aqueous solution or suspension, with an error in concentration not exceeding adj 2/5, and. adjusted in pH to within 0.02 unit. Pertinent information relating solr to the usage of such solutions on skeleton weed is given, also some results the obtained. This species, on account of its uniform tap root rich iu food reserves. the is ideal for studies on the susceptibility of roots to externally applied poisons, tha and at the rosette stage is excellent for investigations on the translocation the of herbicides. An account of the economic importance of tle weed anil of the influenee of pII of foliage-applietl solutions on the subsequent 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyaeetic acid) content in the roots has been given elsewhere refi (Greenham, 1968).

Pnppen.lnroN or Sor,urroNs The flnal volume is obtained in terms of weight. A torsion balancef with as rv-eight dials and sensitive to 5 mg. is convenient, as the pans have no wit oyerhead beam. Micro-beakers or short flat-bottomed tubes make convenient be preparation vessels, subsequently referred to as bea-kers. A miniature glass On pI[ electrode and reference cell are mounted over the eentre of the balance bet pan used for the beaker. The beaker is rested on a parallel-ended support, {1ft e.g., cork, whieh is removed from the pan for removal or replacement of the as beaker. bea * Division of Plant Industry, C.S.I.R.O., Canberra. Present address: 14 Northcote I asl Crescent, Deakin, A.C.T. 2600. apI f the DIVL 2 balance (capacity 120 Sm.) made by the Torsion Balance Co., Cltfton, , is suitable. hvd

18 6I 'pIJB 'wE 90.0 Jo uollnlos B Jo sdorp .{tdJ B Jo asn aq+ uol}Br}I} rod JuolqJorp{q rouu( pr€puels qlIA ]I 4"rll] puB uoller+uaJuoo pa.rpbal eq1 .dleluurxo.rdde Jo uo4nlos e a.ruda;rd o+ alqBraJard sI +I 'punoduoa slq+ Jo uollnlos prepuu+s B alGrrflr Supeda.rd uaq1t 'snorpfque uroplas pue ardoaso.r8fq sr auluulouBqlalJ;, I 's1uu1d ueaq o+ q-t'Z Jo suollBJltdde {u.rds roJ rJ+€.t uBq+ IBq}aI a.rou dlQu.roplsuor sB l ar{} Io +uanlrp uorslntua-[Io uB pa+rodar osIB pJuuoarl 'papnlJul osIB s] ,,06 uaard.Ji,, '1aodd uoqa. Sur.rueddrsrp aJuaroglp aq+ 'palsa1. sourrtrB snoIrBA aq+ uaanelaq aJuult (suollucnddu aJrraroglp ssal qcnu sI a.raq+ {e.rds q1r,ro. 'pueq raq}o aq+ uO ssralE 'a^Ilcaga +sou aq+ Sugaq eu1ue1f,q1a 'saulueloue{IB ueq+ a^[]Doga ororu aq +uar-E o+ pua+ saulurl-(41e 1uq1 papodaa 's1ut1d uBaq uo lua8u 3ur11aar. B +noqlrrn ou al C-t'6 lo suorlucgdde do.rp 8u1{pn}s '(896I) pruuoaT 'l-t'Z prue ueaolcrd se qr^ qcns spIJB aqfxoq.rea .ro; slua8u 3u1z1gqn1os poo8 a4eu fllensn sau1rtry srNyaora11 usrrJo ariv sruucy cNrzrrrrsoaos 'dp araq, 11ea aJuJrdJar qn'G pue opo4Jale gd aq1 8uq1at uognlos ar[+ ro^oaar o] apulu sr .tdrua11t olq Jo pr '+lun I0.0 uBq+ a.roru dq gd 1Ja#B +ou ttra +uatu+sulpu lq8ren IBUU aq] uollt 5u1.rtp arurrlo^ slr Jo ltr+Jg-ouo sll IIJlru su dq uorlnlos aq+ Jo uollnlrp '9.0 uuq+ tsuog eaou .(q anIB^ €Xd s(ragnq aq+ uorJ ragrp +ou soop palJalas onltl Hd aq+ .SAAJi puB 'm[ I.0 Jo uol]Br]uaauoc IEUU G +B aq o] sI ]uasard lua8e Suraegnq aq1 slInE rr,rtoqs uaaq s"q .dg '1q31an pe.nnba.r oq+ o1 uor+ll.Ios JI +Brt] (an1ea1r luaul.radxa Sugr aq1 8ur.rq o1 ralBie oslu paalnba.r aq] o] uollnlos aq] Jo Hd aq+ 1sn[pe Sutf 'palsnfpe o1 paarnbe.r ffi pappe nd.ou sI IIB{I" ro pra? a}nIIO {11uug tsuraq EJOItr sI uollnlos Jo arunlo^ aql allq.o' palelor uo^a puB uol11sod uI ]JaI aq fllensrt ItrJoJ 'tuur 'Eu u€q+ arorrr ou u€a lI 'pesraultrr sr rorrrls ralaruBlp I aql Jo I +BII]- A.IB I papl^ord 'Joloru arnlelultu u .(q palaaga sI uo$"lo.r ls1xu uleru aq] o1 elFue uu SAIUN ]B +uaq s1 uolpod 'ww Z, Na.$,oI aql r{Jlq.lr. ;o '8urqn1 lurod 3u41ertr Ja}atuurp 'uu I go q13ua1 peleas r .(q auop f,lluaguaauoc sr 8ur.r.rr1s luanbasqng 'ured aaueleq aq] uo laoddns sll uo pa.ruld sI qclqe. '.ra>1uaq aql Jo apls aq+ lsuleBu paurBJp sr rarrrls aql 'uI parrrls Joa s1 pa.4nbaa ralcrld. ar{} '(slua8y 8u1;ragng aes) peppu ,nou s1 IBuoIlIppB JIBr{ }noqy t1u-uanfpe Io sr lua8e Supragnq {)o}s Jo }unortrB aler.rdo.rddr aq} puu raq]o ro ItrIIfI 1uBlJBJrns parrnba.r f,uy 'parldde aq ,(nensn {eur luaq a11ue8 'uor1n1os }JaJa o} o-fl alenbapeur sr 8ur.r.rr1s JI 'raJrlls +uarua^uoJ € sa{Brtr ra}aruelp uI 'rutu I aqn} papr lugod 3ur11au paluas 11 'suognlos 1[ I sB pagldde a_q feu sprae cr1.(xoq.rec ']uar pasn puB aulluelouuqlalr+ q8noql aruasqB _roJ eu1ur1ouedo.rdos.t1.4 'la1e,t Jo 'ofrul aq1 uI paryBru +soru ualJo sI uolpe 3u1zq1qn1os aqg, '(uo11aas lxau aas) ura lua8u 8u1.(;rslnua .ro Surzrpqnlos pa.rlnbae fue pappu ,rd.ou sl ra{€aq aq} oJ, alBr .(PIJB alugocgdo.rolqaral-9'g'g-ougue-7) ur.rolagd ;o slonbqra Eur4e1 roJ luarua^uo) sI +uaalos raUBI aq+ '.f,ne1uaprcul 'rI€ ro ua3oa11u Jo ruuarls a11uaE e ;o sursoru ^f,q paaomea sI auola{ 1f,q1a 1.(q1au Jo auazuaq sB qans +ua,rlos paluu.tun .(uu 'uo11n1os B sB poaroJar sEA aplJlqraq aq] JI 'f,rp pue IrcaIc ,lt ou Ja{Baq pal"rqllec {lsnopa.rd aq} o} pappt sr aprcrqrarl Jo }unoru€ pa.rrnba.r aq;, 3t 'nl?s w? auop sI ord.+ ra+]BI aq+ Sursura f,uy 'pe,rou {lluanbasqns e;ru d11 Jo (aaueluq 1ou IIa) aJuaraJar pue aporlcala sse13 ar{,L 'uoqlsod o.raz aa13 o1 palsntpu sI aJuBIBq oqJ '(fce.rnrce luanbesqns suassal uorsrarurtrr aalssacxa) uorlnlos J' arg q pasrarurul {lalur.rdoadde are IIea afuaraJar puu apor}aa1e sse13 ar{} pue 'uud aq1 uo lroddns sll uo uo4rsod u1 paauld q q)rq-s. 'ra4eaq f.rp aq1 o] poppB sr uollnlos ctuulq aqt ewnlo^ pe.rrnba.r aq;, 'paa1edu1 aq {at;rnaau (f,1rirer8 Jo ilpr luanbasqns .ro aggcads ur puu ssu13 o1 f,fgqz 8uq1an u1 altulxo.rdde ppoqs suol+nlos onq aq;i 'paernba.r .f,1a1rur1p uollnlos l?ar aql Jo arunlo^ aql rol aouBl"q puB ra{Eaq aq} a}BrqIIEc o} pasn }srg sI uo$nlos {rBIq Y methyl orange and 0.125 gm. indigo carmine in 100 ml. of water is convenient. This indicator is light grey at pH 4.1, and respeetively violet and green when aeid and alka"line. tor For some compounds polyethylene glycols are useful solubilizing agents occ (Mitchell and llamner, L944), though a few of the higher molecular weight the glycolg as commercially supplied, can be toxic unless dialysed (unpublished). abl Other solubilizing agents are mentioned by Nex and Swezy (1954) and Swezy unI and Nex (1961). Temple and llilton (1963) have recorded how the solubility Thr of diuron, atrazine and ametr;rne in water is inereased by the inclusion of I car certain surfactants. For an account of some of the earlier methods of I sod formulating herbicides, reference should be made to Kelly (1953). Sargent I sl\ (1966) has outlined how formulation ean influence the physiology of entry of herbicides. Dimethyl sulphoxide is a good solubilizing agent for some herbicides, and when present in quantities up to 8/o v/v in the final aqueous solution, has no deleterious action on the uptake and transloeation of 2,4-D ar.d. 2r4,5-T (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acitl) by skeleton weed (unpublished). Moreover, dimethyl sulphoxide ('Tween at a final eoncentration of 6-10% v/v, or 20" at 0.5-2% v/v, can be used for emulsifying some esters. Information relating to concentrations of wetting agents and their interaction with herbicides is given by Jansen et ali,i, (1961), and Parr and Norman (1965). -_.For brush applications of herbicides (see Application), increased wetting ability may be required. Concentrations of ((Tween 20,, up to 2.1/o v/v have no deleterious influence on the absorption and translocation of 2,4-D by skeleton weed (Greenham, 1968). r,eaves of this species grown in the glass- house during winter may not be adequately wetted by 2.1/o ,,Tween 20,,, so that some additional wetting agent may be needed. Cetyltrimethyl- ammonium bromide (((CTAB") is an excellent wetting agent under such eonditions, but its use is liable to result in a smaller 2.4-D content in the roots (ibdd.). On the other hand, at temperatures of 20-25" C., 0.25% w/v CTAB with 0'7/a v/v "Tween 20" does not prevent the 2r4-D content in roots of winter-grown skeleton weed from increasing as concentration applied to Cr: the leaves increases, when concentrations of 1-13, 3.4 antl 10.2 mM are used f.+ (unpublished). con 2.+ BuprnnrNc AcnNrs am to The compounds listed in Table t have been selected as those least likely rcq to be toxic in their own right, the selection based being on investigation,s tha cited at the base of the Table. 'The pH ranges listed are based on equilibrium constants published by the chemical society (1964). The values shown are approximately 1.0 pH unit each side of the most likely pK. value to be rr-i1 encountered in herbicidal investigations, i.e., with a single buffer agent being gr( used at 0.025 to 0.1 M concentration in an aqueous solution. The pK, value :rbi depends both on the conc'entration of the buffering agent and on oflrer ions so present. For more detailed information, referenee should be macle to the :rt above publication. Citric aeid could in most instances be used as a buffering agent between pH 5'4 and 5'7, though this range is not shown for this acid in Table 1. Eaeh of the two upper dissociation constants contributes slightly to buffering in this pla range, so that the summed action of the two ions formecl here would generally COI be adequate. Moreover, on aceount of the overlapping of the tu,o lower range.s l.t of citric acid shown in the Table, this acicl can usually be used as a buffering of a,gent from pH 2.0 to 7.7. an nsl 20

L 17' a'raq1 dllunstt B Jo uolleJlldrlu {eads ue elcnbaPu Suga ;y re.ros o1 e .(11.ressaaeu";i+*rilaae sr 1uu1d ;o saBur ]ou JBaI (I-7'Z: aq1 uol}nlos f,tpr '{18urpaoa (8s6I) preuoarl ']ue]suo') { "iiroa.",;o do.rp r ]o u-orleaol oq+ +Bq1 pal€rlsuotuap sBq slql r surertrar o1 paqddra atunlo,l 1e1o1 qinoql uaaa 'asuodsa'r 1ueld qJ JBoI "q1 suq (s996r) s}Jurc I JO ;+;;;, ooiloio*" cl-l'iu'+o sdo.rp 1o azrs aq] +€q1u't{oqs Hdu NOr'lYCraddY oq+ ( 'raJJuq t: suol f,1uo- Jo oJuangur aq1 Sugaeg'e- eolau; arrlBr i"o1no "yd *+t uo.r; slredap anle't 11d Eular 8ur;rrlgnq aq) sssalaqlra^aN 'O-7'Z o+ s1' dqo puu cllsBulda u1 rolceJ Ierluonuul rr" AJB I iagnq Jo uollurluaruor aq+ '(lSOr) q IUIIIJ uralv[ puls 11aB.rg) punodtuoa 1uq1 suol.l I-tr'Z Jo ]tus aq] turoJ o] Pe'rLnba;t {ta{ I 'tuEquaaJrJ) uolluaolsuuJ] oJlmqua o] +Iullt sI salrssl] aq] u! uoroq Jo ]uuoull pasrreJ asuodsa'r aq1 dlquqo;.1 'C1 '6 saop papnlJuor ]ou +l lEq] pesn o aq) uO 'suo11ua11dde 11-r'6 olI q1 Pal.roda.r (oggOf) sgura) e,req sluaBe 8ur'ragnq rq1 Jo atuos Jos SYJ sloo 'ds o7apotcdg '(peqsrlqndun) ornllno onssrl poclls , '(.. poo'4'Dlonp ,,) r{Jnt pi"*q d+crxoq mo1 ro dlr1.qet'o*'hnu, ," J5i.i+;ti"- rroqL.roqri q 'o -t{ql 'z96l 'ur€quoo.rp) suorle8rqso^ur eprcrqraq uo pas€q 't+rlrqeqrng e 'rrD6 -ssBl

sG 'OI-G ' 8 {q, 18'8 -8'9 AABI q 'tI '8 -I '9 3rp e 'sL'L -L'9 q7'' L -G'9 c6'9 -6't puB o'tl'9 -A'E c8'? -8 'Z JIAq ol'1 -a'Z c'eO'T -A'Z ql'8 -l'I TO, &.8 -6'l '(Pe sI .€ -I'I puB ro:lJng too! e8uer 11d tsap enffnq papeyas {o safutot gd, eloucnotddy saaYJ I X.r1t

a +ua: Jo G JOr &u * tso '(u Jo auo uBq] raqlBr uor].)B uaou{ Jo ]q3 -.ra;ard q +I ]Br{} aroq ua{B} sI }qo slu u1 aledlcpaud splcu osaq+ +Br[+ spun pue prae cll€u-?p a.sn aqJi 'sraruosl aq] Jo auo u?q] asn o] s"q pIJB Olrlrc Jo ]o (aa11ce uar ,ryL*',Cn*irsn si alnlxlu cruece.' aq1 f,11ucqdo sl pIrB uB uoqill ']ui radioactive attar substance,_ brush appljcations have been used, -Theparticularly on the rosette leaves of skeleton weed (Greenham, rg62, 1968i. volume to Tol be-applied, usually in excess of 0.1b n l. per piant and determined by trial immr beforehand, is measured into a with small contiinei. This volume is then appliecl-to to the leaves (or ottrer organs) with r small brush wetted beforehand tfre same extent as that remaining after the application is complete. size, ce (e.g., of wer\e e resulting il wher c material t harvr ps contain I thin- a small brush, the brisiles of which grou of 2,1 ll*,'13", J;E"Sn':ff and "J$lr, ffi ,'"rffi ((Agla" - 4" syringe can be improved in two ways for the rapid applieation plan of solutions. A piece of paper is stuck over the numbers ua1u"""1 to the and r graduations on the rotating thimble, and fresh numbers are then printed on also the paper in the reverse direction to that used by the manufactrirer. This othe facilitates mental calculation of a quantity apptied by the syringe, the reprr numbers now incyeasing as the vo volution of the thimble expels 0.01 mI. ) . The rotation indicator. A brass tube about 1;[ parallel to the central axis of the tube, is flt e miero- Peler. -A spring-loaded pin, mounted on a stationary arm attached to the body of the micrometer, presses against the brass tube ancl elieks into the grooye at eaeh rotation, thereby notifying the operator. Adi Sronecn .e.No Cr,neNrNc only crafts and Yamaguchi (1964) contr favour the use of b\ok ethanol as a I ba.ctericide for the storage of radioactive solutions. Ilowever, this solvent is a contact herbicide in its own right. The author has found the eonventional and the ! procedure of storing aqueous solutions in parallel-u,alled pyrex glass con- tainers in a deep-freeze unit adequate for periods of three^io fou"r months. thior The stoppers are sealed over u-ith silicone gr.ease. \\rith 2,4 D, 2,4,b-T and thou pieloram in 0'05 M triethanolamine there has been no difficulty in effeeting 2.4.i re-solution when the contents are thawed. (b) _ Brushes and glassware used u'ith 2,4-D or are convenienil.v cleaned in a mixture of one volume of 0.880 ammonia solution, two volume.s of water and 72 volumes ethanol. of Four washings in this mixture are metl usually adequate. Rrushes treated rvith petroleum jelty are first washed in chloroform. elimr It al u'hie Solrr Rnsur,rs OsrerNun wrru Sxer,n.roN'lMnmo roott (a) I-nfl,uen,ce ol Wettino Agents and, Ammori,u,m, Tluiocyanate on pres 2/1-D Content i,n th,e Roots of sl The plants used in this investigation were gr.own during summer iu for I potting soil in tubes 22] cm. long by 4] cm. tliameter., subsequlnfly opened fol harvesting the roots. The bases of the tubes were coverei with a'pieee 14m of cloth, to prevent roots extruding. To proteet and support the leavls it in tu was found desirable (1) to cover the upper sharp edge qt tt" tube with a in br rubber band 1 cm. u'ide and (2) to provide a platform for the leaves by plan,

the 1 * Bulroughs Wellcome and Co., London. side 1'Marathon Division of American Can Co., Nennah, Wisconsin, atmo

22

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'1uau1ea.r1 ra1;e s{up EI }11 'suollearlde.r uaaas q+r,rd. qcea s}uartr+Bar+ ua} a.ra.e. Jo" 'a1qlssod tazrs t araqilr sB urroJrun se Suraq uo11ear1de.r auo oq1 ur s1ue1d 11e roJ pd)tuer a.ra.r. s1uu1d aql s{aa/t xIS Jo a8e aq1 }€ }uau}BaJ} aroJag aq+ 'C .02 .f,1a1uurxo.rdde aanle;redmal aur$ep qll^r PAII, IBIJ: asuoqssel8 ? uI palBar] pue u.r.or8 a.re,t s1ur1d aqJ, 'soqn1 arl+ Jo uorsJarurur ola 1e11aud f,q auop sem. Eur.ralea. '1uau1rar+ ralJe {.rp saaual aq1 daa4 og, uo 'a1u1d .rauurp preoqprea pa;oo.rd-.ralea. B aqnl aql yo do1 aq1. reau 8urqae11e shoots were discarded. The cylindrical surface of the segments was then MITCE painted with a volume of liquid proportional to the weight of each segment, rq viz., 0'005 ml. per 100 mg. weight. The pieloram series were treated with Nrx, X the potassium salt of that compound at 1'0 mM, the control series with water. In Orasr The segments were kept horizontal with one end held in forceps, until the o[ liquirl had dried, and then stored horizontally on plastic ganze in a saturated PAE', atmosphere. After 25 days the segments were measured near their centre for t ayl resistance ratio, by means of a probe and A.C. bridge (de Plater and Greenham, i S apala 1959 mean the control series fol ) . In instances such as the following, where the of l Swsr is the larger, the smaller the mean resistance ratio in the corresponding treated t IN series the greater is the injury (Greenham, 7957). Thro, Comparisons of the ratio were made in segments paired visually for of, equality of diameter. The mean log values of the ratios for 14 control segments were: non-flowered series 1'02, flowered series 0'97 (P < 0'01). This difference is interpreted as showing that in segments not treated with a herbicide, the resistance ratio is naturally greater for plants which have not flowered. On the other hand, for the picloram-treated series the mean values for 21 segments were: non-flowered series 0'34, flowered series 0'95 (P < 0'001). The large difference between these two mears is 'inoreuserl if one eorreets for the difference between the control meansr so that any correction is unnecessary. Accordingly, the conclusion from the above data is that roots of skeleton rveed plants which have flowered are not as susceptible to picloram as roots from plants which have not flowered, the physiology of flowering having altered the susceptibility of the roots.

AcrNowr,mocnMENT IIr. G. J. Johnston proposed the use of waterproof eardboard plates as srrpports. Rornnnucos BAsLEn, E., Saxrur,lraxr, P. W., Beornr, A., and McCono, E. W., 1967.-Effects of ammonium thiocyanate on the translocation of 2,4,5-T in blackjack oak and wingetl elrn. Proc. 90th, Ann. Meet. South,. Wae'il, Con"l.:382-386. CHEuTcAL Socrnry, 1964.-"Stability Constants of Metal-ion Complexes." Special Publi- cation No. 17. The Chemical Society, London. Cnerrs, A. S., 1956o.-The mechanism of translocation: methods of study with C'a-labeled 2,4-D. Hi.l;g aril,in, 26 : 287 -334. Cnerrs, A. S., 1956b.-Absorption and transloca.tion of 2,4-D by wilcl morning-glory. Hilgaril,ia, 26: 335-365. Cnarrs, A. S., and YaMAGUoHT, S., 1964.-"The Autoradiography of Plant Materials." Calif. Agr. Exp. Station Exteu. Service Manual: 35. or Pr,er:nn, C. V., and GnnnNneu, C. G. 1959.-A wide-range A.C. bridge for determining injury and death. Ptr. Physiol.,34: 661-667. Gnsrxnarr, C. G., 1957.-studies on Phytocides. II. Tests of chlorinated aryloxymethyl- phosphonous and phosphinic acids as auxins and poisons. Aust. J. Biol. Sci., 10: 180-188. Gnorrvreu, C. G., 1962.-Studies on translocation of herbicides in skeleton weed (Chotld,rll,la juncea L.\ Aust. J. Agr..Bes., 13: 624-63?. Gnaonuelt, C. G., 1968.-studies on herbicide contents in roots of skeleton weed (Clloni,riua following applications. Weeil' Res., 8(4):272-282. iuncea L.)'W. leaf JANSEN, L. L., Goxrrvnn, A., and SHAW, W. C., 1961.-Etrects of surfactants on the herbicidal activity of several herbicides in aqueous spray systems.Wed,s,9: 381-405. Knr,r,.r, J. A., lg53.-Commercial herbicides. Present methorls of formulatiort. J. Agr. Fooil, Cluem., 7: 254-257. Lnoreno, O. A., 1958.-Studies on the absorption and transloc.ation of 2,4-D in bean plants. Hilgaril,ia, 28 : 115-160. M-rcDoNer,n, I. R., 1967.---Oxygen tension a determining factor in the respination of potato discs of varying thickness. Pl. Phgsiol., 42:. 227-232. Mrcnerr,, P. W., 1967.-The combinerl action of 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole and ammonium thiocyanate on phosphatase activity in cotton thistle (Omopord,unx acarltttium L.), Weeil Res.,7:145-154.

24 9Z

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l_ larl Aer fn Contribuaed Paper:

G)NTROL BY DIURON OF"OCflITTOCHLO,A COLONT]M IN AUSTRALIAN COTTON_GROWING SOILS LN

P. W. MrcrrAnr* Axn P. J. vaN Rrrmf N"" Coh Sulrlreny Ctay Unfavourable reports on the effect of diuron in control of Eehtinoeh,l,oa {od colorwm, in cotton in the Namoi River valley, New south wales, contrasted with._ fa_vourable reports in the ord River valley, western Australia, are ascribed in this paper to differences in soil characteristics in the two areas. Physical properties be relevant to the activation Le of diuron, are less in soils of the Namoi River orF \ralley. On the othe from the Namoi River Valley pE u,as shown Exd to be more susceptible to diuron than the common form of g D. eolonu,m from the Ord River Valley.

INrnonucrroN \ran Rijn (1967) has shown that diuron [B (8,4-ctichlorophenyl)-1,1- dimethylurea] is a suitable pre-emergenee or pre-sowing herbicideJor control Voit of Ech;i,noehloa colomum (L.) Link in cotton in ttre ord River valley, -western Australia. Diuron is often recommencled for weed control in cotton in other parts of the world (Gutstein, 1967; Kasasian, 1g69). On the other hand, it been reported (Anon., 1967) diuron Eq !p that failed to eontrol barnyard grass la (2. spp.) in the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Areas, N.S.W., and thai it sh'ould (l not be used where this weed is expected. Similar reports have been received Pat from the Wee Waa ar.ea, Namoi River Valley, N.S.W. (Green, personal com- o0 munieation). GO rt . -investigations on the of Australian iloh,i,noah,loa, Michael (unpublished data) has shown that the common form of E. col,orutm, in the old River valley (Kimberley form) differs substantially from a form of D11 E. colorwnt, collected at wee waa (Narrabri form). Th; Kimberley form, when -grown in pots, is a stout, prostrate, late-flowering form, w[ite the Narrabri form is a more delicate, erect, nest early-flowering torm. lttre two forms 0to can also be distinguished by spikelet charaeters. Because of the apparent contradiction in effect +ix the of diuron it was me8 co to test both forms of E. colonwrr" for their susceptibility and to sure any influence the soil from eaeh arra might-have oo th rn the first tu'o incr experiments reported here, the soils used wer.e cununurra fon slay from the ord River valley and- an unnamed silty clay collected from near wee waa. rn the third experiment Gundemain and Helebah riu 'Wee -Waa clay clay from soh near' were included also. Physical and chemical d.ata for each soil are given in Table l. per acti surl * x'ormerly of Division of plant rndustry, c.s.r.R.o., canberra,. Now in Department susl of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Sytlney. \'eI f x'ormerly of Division of Land Research, c.s.r.R.o., canberra. Now at Royal Tropic.al Institute, Amsterdam, The . kep

26 17,

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(eo1y1 ee11-r.rqe.rre1q) (e.r.rnunun;4) rE.{rl{ ror[YN lrsartl auo ,t111eoo1 NY] vfDO sllos loctuollC puo go'nefu14 I gIgYJ t&1,ii:3fl;Ts#.;#H,T,# .paaspa]€u1uraa';P;-#":.i,1fi 'palBulruraS aABr{ o} pa}Jedxa aq"-B:i:-r*;,"tsf UBJ 'tu'n/uoloc'fl' }o paas ar{} Jo uor}rodord a8.rBl B puu ]slou sI Uos aq] uopoJ uI uornlp ;o uoqecqdde ;o eu11 aql l11 Counts of emerged seedlings were made one, two, three, four, flve audl tir nine days after planting and spraying. Counts of killed plants were made' EI nine, ten, eleven, twelve, fourteen, sixteen and twenty-two days after. planting qu and spraying. The experiment was then conelutled. at tI Eaperiruent 9.-Effect of diuron using ungerminated seed and two soils so The same proeedure as in Experiment 1 was used, except for the following: Tr 1. Twenty ungerminated seeds were planted in each pot. 2. Diuron was used llcr only at 0, $ and 7Lb./ac. a.i. 3. The pots were placed in a metal tray, kept fllled with water to j in. depth for f.ve days. The tray was then drained and thereafter the pots were watered from the top every second day. This allowed satisfactory germination and emergence in all pots. Counts of emerged seedlings were made flve, six, seyen, eight, eleven and fourteen days after planting and spraying. Counts of killetl or surviving plants were made ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen, eighteen, twenty-one and thirty-two days after planting and spraying. The experiment rvas then concluded. Dcperiment ,9.-Effect of diuron using ungerminated seed and four soils This experiment was run under similar conditions to Experiment 2, but only the Narrabri form of D. colonunl, was usecl. Rates of diuron were 0, ] and S lb./ac. a.i. 'The four soils u'ere Cununurra clay, the unnamed silty clay, Gundemain clay and Elelebah clay. The experiment was let rrn for 30 days when the remaining live plants in each soil u'ere har:vested and oven- dry weights obtained. Rmsurrs Dnper,i,ment 7 The rate of emergence in the pots treated with herbicides was the same as in the controls. Quickest emergence oecurred in the case of seedlings of the Narrabri form from Cununurra elay, while the slowest emergenc€ occurred in seedlings of the Narrabri form from the unnamed silty clay. Fina1 emergence of seedlings of the Narrabri form was good from Cununurra clay but very E, poor from the unnamed si.lty clay. Seedlings of the Kimberley form emerged well from both soils. (See Table 2.)

Tlsr,p 2 Mean tnta,l, mumbera o/ E. colonum emerged, us,ilh time, in oll, seed,lirry-eoil cornbinali,orn, Jrom the Jour repli,oatee oJ ol,l d,iuron treatmenl* (Erperi,ment 1\ Narrabri form of I(imberloy form of Days E. colnnum E. colonum aftor planting Cumrnurra IJnnamed Cununurra Ilnnamed clay silty clay clay silty clay

I II 2 0 0 2 56 r6 2t 26 3 62 20 46 49 4 D{) 24 66 69 5 66 26 70 72 I 68 26 72 73

Maximum emergence in all seedling-soil combinations was attained in about five days, but killing of seedlings did not begin until about four. days a after the time of maximum emergence. Seedlings of the Narrabri form grown GI in Cununurra clay were killed most rapidly. At all rates seedlings of the il Narrabri form were killed more quickly than the seedlings of the Kimberley ol form. At the rates of ] and 7 lb./ac. a.i. these differenees disappealed u'ith T 6Z ulF ('t atqul &p aas) '.[t1a {1gs paureuun aq} uorJ 1pn {aaa pa8eaua uroJ -IrqBrrBN aq} Jo il aruus aql pa'roqs o{l s8iilpaas-aq1 lreu.radxg o1 lsurluoJ u1 Isug ILf,{ ,su;ra11ed acua8.raua-'acua8aatua rBlrurrs a,rr8 suollreulqIuoJ suollBulqruo) rrroJ 11* p"il sXBl 'f,up ErrnununC aq] morJ ulo; de^I'raquly Jo asBJ Ilos-paas aarlp raqlo iq;,- -aq1 ql ;'qi il ro^oi* *ri. '3o-.1o*1d .ra1;ra sf,tp a,rg lnoqe 3u1uu13aq 'a;rua3;rautr1

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