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A Mineralogy of Anthropocene E
1 A Minerology for the Anthropocene Pierre FLUCK Institut Universitaire de France / Docteur-ès-Sciences / geologist and archeologist / Emeritus Professor at Université de Haute-Alsace This essay is a follow-up on « La signature stratigraphique de l’Anthropocène », which is also available on HAL- Archives ouvertes. Table of contents 1. Introduction: neoformation minerals in ancient mining galleries 2. Minerals from burning coal mines 3. Minerals from the mineral processing industry 4 ...and metallurgy 5. Neoformations in slags 6. Speciation of heavy metals in soils 7. Metal objects in their archaeological environment, or affected by fire 8. Neoformations in or on the surface of building stones 9. A mineralogy of materials. The “miracle of the potter”. The minerals in cement 10. A mineralogy of the biosphere? Conclusions Warning. This paper is written to be read by both specialists and a wider audience. However, it contains many mineral names. While these may resonate in the minds of mineralogists or collectors, they may not be as meaningful to less discerning readers. Such readers should not be scared, for they may find excellent encyclopaedic records on the web, including chemical composition, crystallographic properties and description of each of these species. This is why we have decided not to include further information in this paper. Acknowledgements. I would like to thank the mineralogists with whom I have had the opportunity to maintain fruitful exchanges for a long time: my pupil Hubert Bari, Éric Asselborn, Cédric Lheur, François Farges. And I would like to honour the memories of René Weil (1901-1983), my master in descriptive mineralogy, and of Jacques Geffroy (1918-1993), pupil of Alfred Lacroix, my master in metallogeny. -
NEW MINERALS It Is Proposed Hereafter to Indicate In.A General Way the Classification of All New Minerals Recoided in This Department
JOURNAL MINERALOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMENICA 63 Dr. Kunz then spoke of the various city localities and the minerals found therein. He stated that the East Side, from 37 to 110 St., probably afforded the most specimens. The various tunnels and their minerals were spoken of. Capt. Miller called attention to the fine collection of Brooklyn Drift Minerals and Rocks in the collection of the Long Island Historical Society. Ife abo mentioned the occurrence of monazite and xenotime crystals, on the Speedway,Harlem River. Dr. Kunz emphasizedthe irnportance of complete records being kept of all finds. Tnou,q,s L Mrr,r,nn, SecretaryPro, Tem. NEW MINERALS It is proposed hereafter to indicate in.a general way the classification of all new minerals recoided in this department. Subdivision will be first into "families," of which nine may be recognized,as listed in the January number (Am. Min.6 (1), 12,1921). Eachfamilywillbe separatedinto "subfamilies " based on special features of composition. This arrangement is tentative and open to modification, and criticism of it will be welcome, [Eo.] FAMILY 2. SULFIDES, ETC. SosreMrr,v 3. Doust,u suLFrDEs oF METALSAND sEMr-METAr,s. I'LTRABASITE V. Rosrcxf and J. Srnnse-Btinu. Ultrabasit, ein neues Mineral aus Freiberg in Sachsen. (Ultrabasite, a new mineral from Freiberg, Saxony). Rozpr.Eeslcd Ako,il. Prag,25, No. 45, 1916;Z. Krgst. Min., 55,43H39, 1920, Neun: From its extremely basic chemical composition. Pnrsrcar, Pnopnnrrus Color black, somewhat grayish; luster metallic; streak black; cleavage none; fracture scaly, with somewhat greasy luster on the surface. H. : 5; sp. gr. -
Strengite.Pdf
3+ Strengite Fe PO4 • 2H2O c 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, version 1 Crystal Data: Orthorhombic. Point Group: 2/m 2/m 2/m. Crystals are variable in habit, may be dominated by {111}, lathlike along [001], or elongated along [100] or [010], to 5 cm, with many forms. Generally radial fibrous, as botryoidal or spherical aggregates and crusts. Twinning: Rarely on {201}. Physical Properties: Cleavage: On {010}, good; on {001}, poor. Hardness = 3.5 D(meas.) = 2.84–2.87 D(calc.) = 2.84 Optical Properties: Transparent to translucent. Color: Purple, violet, pink, peach-blossom- red, carmine, greenish white; may be nearly colorless. Streak: White. Luster: Vitreous. Optical Class: Biaxial (+). Orientation: X = a; Y = c; Z = b. Dispersion: r< v,strong. α = 1.697–1.708 β = 1.708–1.719 γ = 1.741–1.745 2V(meas.) = Moderate to small. Cell Data: Space Group: P cab. a = 10.122(1) b = 9.886(1) c = 8.7233(7) Z = 8 X-ray Powder Pattern: The Kreuzberg, Germany. (ICDD 33–667). 3.114 (100), 4.383 (85), 5.509 (60), 2.546 (50), 3.996 (45), 3.002 (45), 2.949 (45) Chemistry: (1) (2) P2O5 38.24 37.99 Fe2O3 43.40 42.73 H2O 18.89 19.28 Total 100.53 100.00 • (1) Pleystein, Germany. (2) FePO4 2H2O. Polymorphism & Series: Dimorphous with phosphosiderite, forms a series with variscite. Mineral Group: Variscite group. Occurrence: A late secondary mineral in complex granite pegmatites; in “limonite” iron ores and gossans; with magnetite iron ores; rarely a cave mineral. Association: Beraunite, hur´eaulite,dufr´enite,bermanite, stewartite, cacoxenite, rockbridgeite, vivianite, apatite, leucophosphite, phosphosiderite. -
Villyaellenite (Mn, Ca)Mn2(Aso3oh)2(Aso4)2(H2O)4
Villyaellenite (Mn, Ca)Mn2(AsO3OH)2(AsO4)2(H2O)4 Crystal Data: Monoclinic. Point Group: 2/m. Crystals tabular on {100}, to prismatic along [001], showing {100}, {110}, {011}, {010}, {101}, and {001}, to 4 cm; in rosettes and radial aggregates. Physical Properties: Cleavage: Good on {100}. Hardness = ∼4 D(meas.) = 3.20-3.69 D(calc.) = 3.339 Optical Properties: Transparent. Color: Pale rose-red, orange-pink, colorless; colorless in transmitted light. Streak: White. Luster: Vitreous. Optical Class: Biaxial (-). Pleochroism: Moderate; X = very pale orange-pink; Y = exceedingly pale orange-pink; Z = pale orange-pink. Orientation: X = b; Y ∧ c = 30°-40°. Absorption: Z >> X > Y. α = 1.660-1.713 β = 1.670-1.723 γ = 1.676-1.729 2V(meas.) = 70.5°-76° 2V(calc.) = 75°-75.6° Cell Data: Space Group: C2/c. a = 18.400(2) b = 9.4778(10) c = 9.9594(12) β = 96.587(3)° Z = 4 X-ray Powder Pattern: Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines, France. 3.297 (100), 8.476 (90), 3.132 (60), 4.606 (50), 4.761 (40), 3.811 (40), 3.025 (40) Chemistry: (1) (2) As2O5 52.99 50.6 FeO 0.1 MnO 22.40 36.2 ZnO 2.9 CaO 13.58 0.5 H2O 11.42 9.9 Total 100.39 100.2 (1) Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines, France; by electron microprobe, total Mn as MnO, H2O by TGA; 2+ reducing H2O to 10.7% by analogy to other group members, corresponds to (Mn 2.74Ca2.10)Σ=4.84 (H2O)4(AsO3OH)2.31(AsO4)1.69. -
The Origins of Color in Minerals Four Distinct Physical Theories
American Mineralogist, Volume 63. pages 219-229, 1978 The origins of color in minerals KURT NASSAU Bell Laboratories Murray Hill, New Jersey 07974 Abstract Four formalisms are outlined. Crystal field theory explains the color as well as the fluores- cence in transition-metal-containing minerals such as azurite and ruby. The trap concept, as part of crystal field theory, explains the varying stability of electron and hole color centers with respect to light or heat bleaching, as well as phenomena such as thermoluminescence. The molecular orbital formalism explains the color of charge transfer minerals such as blue sapphire and crocoite involving metals, as well as the nonmetal-involving colors in lazurite, graphite and organically colored minerals. Band theory explains the colors of metallic minerals; the color range black-red-orange- yellow-colorless in minerals such as galena, proustite, greenockite, diamond, as well as the impurity-caused yellow and blue colors in diamond. Lastly, there are the well-known pseudo- chromatic colors explained by physical optics involving dispersion, scattering, interference, and diffraction. Introduction The approach here used is tutorial in nature and references are given for further reading or, in some Four distinct physical theories (formalisms) are instances, for specific examples. Color illustrations of required for complete coverage in the processes by some of the principles involved have been published which intrinsic constituents, impurities, defects, and in an earlier less technical version (Nassau, 1975a). specific structures produce the visual effects we desig- Specific examples are given where the cause of the nate as color. All four are necessary in that each color is reasonably well established, although reinter- provides insights which the others do not when ap- pretations continue to appear even in materials, such plied to specific situations. -
The Brown Iron Ores of West- Middle Tennessee
ORTONMFMORIAI LIBRARY Please do not destroy or throw away this publication. If you have no further use for it, write to the Geological Survey at Washington and ask for a frank to return It DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Hubert Work, Secretary U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY George Otis Smith, Director Bulletin 795 D THE BROWN IRON ORES OF WEST- MIDDLE TENNESSEE BY ERNEST F. BURCHARD Prepared in cooperation with the Tennessee Geological Surrey Contributions to economic geology, 1927, Part I (Pages 63-112) Published October 20,1927 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON 1927 ADDITIONAL COPIES OF THIS PUBLICATION MAT BE PROCURED FROM THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON, D. C. AT 15 CENTS PEE COPY CONTENTS Page Introduction 53 Earlier geologic work _ _ _______ 55 The early iron industry 57 Geography _ 58 Geology. _ - 60 Stratigraphy - 60 Structure_ _ _ ._ 64 The iron ores _ . __ _ _ 65 Distribution ______________________________ 65 Occurrence and character- ____________:______ 66 Position and form of deposits____________________ 66 Types of ore 66 Mineral composition.. __ ____ ______________ ' 67 Chemical composition___________________,__ __ 69 Topographic relations _ _ _ _ 71 Geologic relations _' ____ 72 Suggestions as to origin ______ _______________ 74 Typical deposits _ ____ __ 77 Stewart County : _ 77 Deposits near Bear Spring _________________ 78 Deposits near Stribling _ _ __________ 80 Montgomery County __ _ ______________ 84 Deposits near Louise _ _ _ __ 84 Dickson County ___________________________ -
'Uravesmountain Artd-·
/' ;~~ . - . :-.--... -~~;~-'. ' ) ;;. :,~~., . -'uravesMountain artd-· . ',MagrudetMine·, " . WiIkes_ Lmeolll~Gee"'.- .··~-SOUth~(JeolegicalSoc~~ OOidebOOk;NWIlber~3B- - April- 23-25, 1999 -. GRAVES MOUNTAIN AND MAGRUDER MINE Compiled and Edited by: Marc V. Hurst and Cornelis Winkler III - GUIDEBOOK NtTMBER 38 Prepared for the Annual Field Trip of the Southeastern Geological Society April 23-25, 1999 Published by the Southeastern Geological Society P.O. Box 1634 Tallahassee, Florida 32302 TABLE OF CONTENTS LOCATIONS OF GRAVES MOUNTAIN AND MAGRUDERMINE...................................... 1 INTRODUCTION TO GRAVES MOUNTAIN by John S. Whatley, JM. Huber Corporation.................................................................3 PHOSPHATE MINERALS OF GRAVES MOUNTAIN, GEORGIA by Henry BatWood............. .............................................................................................5 GRAVES MOUNTAIN, SLATE BELT, GEORGIA GEOLOGY by Gilles O. Allard, University of Georgia.................................................................... 11 GEOLOGY AND ECONOMIC POTENTIAL OF THE MAGRUDER MINE AND VICINITY by Norman L. Bryan ..................................................................................................... 17 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ Magruder Mme ~\ \ ,\(". ~\1- "'..,.. \9 \'> <'\'ci0;: \ I I I I l-s £-''d C!.'s., "I~ ~ \«\ (>\~ o I' I \ i-20 \ \ I \ \ I \ \ \ \ ~ \ '\ '\ '\ LOCATIONS OF GRAVES MOUNTAIN AND MAGRUDER MINE 2 J 5 ! ! I Scole in Hites Ap,.it 15. 1'J'J'J INTRODUCTION TO GRAVES MOUNTAIN by John S. -
Gilalite Cu5si6o17 ² 7H2O C 2001 Mineral Data Publishing, Version 1.2 ° Crystal Data: Monoclinic, Probable
Gilalite Cu5Si6O17 ² 7H2O c 2001 Mineral Data Publishing, version 1.2 ° Crystal Data: Monoclinic, probable. Point Group: n.d. As spherules of radial ¯bers, to 0.3 mm. Physical Properties: Tenacity: Waxy or gummy. Hardness = 2 D(meas.) = 2.72(5) D(calc.) = [2.54] Optical Properties: Transparent or translucent. Color: Chrysocolla-green, inclining to pale blue-green. Luster: Nonmetallic. Optical Class: Biaxial ({). Pleochroism: Weak in drab grayish green. Orientation: Blades extinguish up to 8± from Z length. Absorption: Z > X = Y. ® = 1.560 ¯ = 1.635 ° = 1.635 2V(meas.) = Verky small. Cell Data: Space Group: n.d. a = 13.38 b = 19.16 c = 9.026 ¯ = 90± Z = [4] » X-ray Powder Pattern: Christmas, Arizona, USA. 13.4 (100), 7.786 (50), 4.790 (40), 3.897 (40), 10.97 (30), 6.684 (30), 3.315 (30) Chemistry: (1) (2) SiO2 41.5 40.77 MnO 0.5 CuO 36.2 44.97 MgO 2.3 CaO 3.8 H2O 14.6 14.26 Total 98.9 100.00 (1) Christmas, Arizona, USA; average of two closely agreeing analyses. (2) Cu5Si6O17 ² 7H2O: Occurrence: A retrograde metamorphic or mesogene mineral formed at the expense of a prograde calc-silicate and sul¯de assemblage; in tactites, commonly incrusting fractures; also ¯lling cracks or interstices in diopside grains (Christmas, Arizona, USA). Association: Kinoite, apachite, stringhamite, junitoite, clinohedrite, xonotlite, diopside, apophyllite, calcite, tobermorite (Christmas, Arizona, USA). Distribution: From the Christmas copper mine, Gila Co., and the Lonestar [ckname??] deposit, near Sa®ord, Graham Co., Arizona, USA. Name: For Gila Co., Arizona, USA, where it was found. -
By Michael Fleischer and Constance M. Schafer Open-File Report 81
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY THE FORD-FLEISCHER FILE OF MINERALOGICAL REFERENCES, 1978-1980 INCLUSIVE by Michael Fleischer and Constance M. Schafer Open-File Report 81-1174 This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards 1981 The Ford-Fleischer File of Mineralogical References 1978-1980 Inclusive by Michael Fleischer and Constance M. Schafer In 1916, Prof. W.E. Ford of Yale University, having just published the third Appendix to Dana's System of Mineralogy, 6th Edition, began to plan for the 7th Edition. He decided to create a file, with a separate folder for each mineral (or for each mineral group) into which he would place a citation to any paper that seemed to contain data that should be considered in the revision of the 6th Edition. He maintained the file in duplicate, with one copy going to Harvard University, when it was agreed in the early 1930's that Palache, Berman, and Fronde! there would have the main burden of the revision. A number of assistants were hired for the project, including C.W. Wolfe and M.A. Peacock to gather crystallographic data at Harvard, and Michael Fleischer to collect and evaluate chemical data at Yale. After Prof. Ford's death in March 1939, the second set of his files came to the U.S. Geological Survey and the literature has been covered since then by Michael Fleischer. Copies are now at the U.S. Geological Survey at Reston, Va., Denver, Colo., and Menlo Park, Cal., and at the U.S. -
6H2O, a New Mineral and a Possible Sink for Sb During
1 Revision #1 2 Smamite, Ca2Sb(OH)4[H(AsO4)2]·6H2O, a new mineral and a possible sink for Sb during 3 weathering of fahlore 4 1§ 2 3 4 5 JAKUB PLÁŠIL , ANTHONY R. KAMPF , NICOLAS MEISSER , CÉDRIC LHEUR , THIERRY 5 6 6 BRUNSPERGER AND RADEK ŠKODA 7 8 1 Institute of Physics ASCR, v.v.i., Na Slovance 1999/2, 18221 Prague 8, Czech Republic 9 2 Mineral Sciences Department, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 Exposition 10 Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA 11 3 Musée cantonal de géologie, Université de Lausanne, Anthropole, Dorigny, CH-1015 12 Lausanne, Switzerland 13 4 1 rue du St. Laurent, 54280 Seichamps, France 14 5 22 route de Wintzenheim, 68000 Colmar, France 15 6 Department of Geological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 16 37, Brno, Czech Republic 17 18 ABSTRACT 19 Smamite, Ca2Sb(OH)4[H(AsO4)2]·6H2O, is a new mineral species from the Giftgrube mine, 20 Rauenthal, Sainte-Marie-Aux-Mines ore-district, Haut-Rhin department, France. It is a supergene 21 mineral found in quartz-carbonate gangue with disseminated to massive tennantite-tetrahedrite 22 series minerals, native arsenic, Ni-Co arsenides and supergene minerals picropharmacolite, 23 fluckite and pharmacolite. Smamite occurs as lenticular crystals growing in aggregates up to 0.5 24 mm across. The new mineral is whitish to colorless, transparent with vitreous luster and white 25 streak; non-fluorescent under UV radiation. The Mohs hardness is ~3½ ; the tenacity is brittle, 26 the fracture is curved, and there is no apparent cleavage. -
General Index
GENERAL INDEX General Index The following abbreviations appear after page numbers. m A map of the locality or a map on which the locality In the case of special issues, the letter precedes the page ( ) Reported from this locality; no further information appears number. b Book review n Brief descriptive note, as in “What’s New in T Tsumeb (vol. 8, no. 3) c Crystal morphology information Minerals?” M Michigan Copper Country (vol. 23, no. 2) d Crystal drawing p Photograph or other illustration Y Yukon Phosphates (vol. 23, no. 4) ff Continues on following non-consecutive pages, or q Quantitative data (x-ray data, chemical analysis, G Greenland (vol. 24, no. 2) referenced frequently throughout lengthy article physical properties, etc.) H History of Mineral Collecting (vol. 25, no. 6) g Geologic information s Specimen locality attribution only; no information h Historical information about the locality itself ABELSONITE Santo Domingo mine, Batopilas district, af- Austria United States ter argentite cubes 17:75p, 17:78 Knappenwand, Salzburg 17:177p; “byssolite,” Utah Guanajuato in apatite 17:108p Uintah County (crystalline) 8:379p Reyes mine: 25:58n; after argentite 7:187, Brazil 7: 18: ABERNATHYITE 188p; after cubic argentite 433n; ar- Bahia borescent, on polybasite 18:366–367n; Brumado district (crystals to 25 cm; some Vs. chernikovite (formerly hydrogen autunite) crystals to 2.5 cm 14:386; 7 cm crystal curved) 9:204–205p 19:251q 17:341n Canada France Namibia British Columbia Lodéve, Herault 18:365n Tsumeb (disseminated) 8:T18n Ice River complex (tremolite-actinolite, green ACANTHITE Norway fibrous) 12:224 Australia Kongsberg (after argentite; some after silver Québec Queensland wires, crystals) 17:33c B.C. -
The Picking Table Volume 35, No. 2
THF PICKING TABLE JOURNAL OF THE FRANKLIM-OGDEMSBURG MIMERALOGICAL SOCIETY, IMC. VOLUME 35 NUMBER 2 AUTUMM/WINTER 1994 .50 The contents of The Picking Table are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. THE PRAMKLIM-OGDEMSBURG MlMERALOGICAL SOCIETY, INC. OFFICERS AMD STAFF PRESIDENT Chester S. Lemanski, Jr. 309 Massachusetts Avenue, Browns Mills, NJ 08015 FIRST VICE PRESIDENT Lee Lowell 53 Foxtail Lane, Hamburg, NJ 07419 SECOND VICE PRESIDENT George Elling 758 Charnwood Drive, Wykoff, NJ 07481 SECRETARY Tema Hecht 600 West 111th Street, New York, NY 10025 TREASURER John Cianciulli 60 Alpine Road, Sussex, NJ 07461 ASSISTANT TREASURER Stephen C. Misiur 309 Fernwood Terrace, Linden, NJ 07036 SLIDE COLLECTION CUSTODIAN Edward H. Wilk 202 Boiling Springs Avenue, East Rutherford, NJ 07073 TRUSTEES COMMITTEE CHAIRPERSONS John L.Baum (1994) Auditing William J. Trost Philip P. Betancourt (1994) Banquet Maureen E. Woods Richard C. Bostwick (1993) Field Trip Edward H. Wilk, Warren Joseph Cilen (1993)) Cummings (assistant) John C.Ebner (1993) Historical John L. Baum William Kroth (1994) Identification Richard C. Bostwick Steven M. Kuitems (1993) Mineral Exchange Richard C. Bostwick Warren A. Langill (1994) Nominating Philip P. Betancourt Edward II. Wilk (1994) Program Lee Lowell Spring Swap & Sell Chester S. Lemanski, Jr. LIAISON WITH THE EASTERN FEDERATION OF MINERAL AND LAPIDARY SOCIETIES (EFMLS) Delegate Philip P. Betancourt Alternates Richard C. Bostwick and Omer S. Dean MEMBERSHIP INFORMATION Anyone interested in the minerals, mines, or mining history of the Franklin- Ogdensburg, New Jersey area is invited to join the Franklin-Ogdensburg Miner- alogical Society, Inc. Membership includes scheduled meetings, lectures and field trips; as well as a subscription to The Picking Table.