JICA PROJECT BRIEF NOTE THE PROJECT FOR ENHANCEMENT OF INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IN THE REPUBLIC OF THE

Water balance analysis and identification of issues on water

resources management for the whole Sudan

October 2017

Hafir in , Feb. 2017

Port Sudan Legend Northern Boundary ※ ：Disputed Boundary State Boundary

Capital City Main City

River North Khartoum Kassala

West Darfur El Fasher Geneina Gedaref El Obeid Umm Ruwaba Situation of the Gash River, Kassala, Aug. 2016 Niyala Kadugli ®

1. Background and issues use sectors. Currently, 90% of water is consumed

for agriculture, then only 3% for drinking water. The Sudan has suffered from limited water Another issue is improvement of water resources resources such as low annual rainfall less than 300 management such as hydrological observation mm in most of the country and it became constraints system for groundwater and dam operation. for economic development and daily life of people. In this water conditions as above, it needs to update “Water and Sanitation Policy of Sudan”, prepared water use strategy at national level and water by National Water Corporation in 2010, analyzed resources development plans based on scientific that water demand, 32.1 km3 per year, have already data. Besides, water resources management with exceeds water resources amount of the whole improved coordination mechanism among country, 29.5 to 31.5 km3 per year. Besides, stakeholders to reduce conflict for water allocation increasing national population with 3.2% of annual and enhance water use efficiency. growth rate put pressure on water balance further. Water resources unevenly exist in regions; Non- Issues on implementation of integrated water resources management (IWRM) Nile area has suffered from water shortage Issues of Evaluation of Water Balance (Potential- compared to Nile area. It is one of the main reasons Demand) Based on the Scientific Evidence of low access rate of safe water, 55%, in Sudan. It is necessary to monitor water resources for water Other challenge is water allocation to each water- resources development and management. In Sudan,

1 although data on rainfall and discharge in the Nile cases without any sufficient analysis of need, River have been collected and accumulated for priority and fairness, meaning that unnecessary more than 100 years, these data cannot be directly facilities have been constructed while others are utilized due to delays in converting them into a being poorly operated and maintained. digital database. As water quality monitoring has In terms of the rural water supply, operating and only been done in emergencies. Moreover, water maintaining the facilities constructed by the levels and discharge in wadis (dry riverbed that government will be transferred to water users’ contains water only during times of heavy rain) had organizations, however, the technical transfer and been monitored before decentralization, but it is not support will be insufficient, resulting in limited currently being performed. operation and maintenance activities by water users. From the above, historical and locational data Current Legal Issues management and monitoring system formulations The Water Resources Act and the National Council are insufficient, which in turn increases the need to for Water Resources have been established and the implement a water balance evaluation based on the basic principles and the roles are clarified. However, scientific evidence. those are not functioning sufficiently because the Issues of Coordination by Various Stakeholders detailed regulations and rules and so on for and Active Participation implementation are not formulated. The decentralization policy has encouraged them to Local Society and Cultural Background implement water resources development on their own terms, albeit without sufficient coordination There are over 300 tribes in Sudan and their with neighboring states. As a result, a number of traditional administration system coexists alongside water-use-related problems have occurred, such as the governmental system. This traditional system, water conflicts between water users of upstream and which has a big influence over conflict resolutions downstream of water resources, conflicts between between tribes, cannot be ignored when consulting farmers and nomads, and unplanned water with nomads and farmers. For nomads in particular, resources development. Enhancing the problem- the traditional system should be respected, as solving capacity of the federal government and the nomads (who make up about 10% of the population) negotiation and coordination capacity of state move around Sudan, such that it is difficult to place governments are needed. them under the auspices of the government’s administration system. Conflict over Change in grazing route of nomads water The social awareness of citizens is low regarding the necessity for them to participate in the operation and maintenance of water facilities. Therefore, many rural water facilities are abandoned or the Expansion of living and agriculture area of farmers facilities’ performance falls well below the full Figure 1 Conflict between nomads and farmers capacity because of a lack of maintenance. Due to insufficient cooperation and coordination Changing the mindset of both citizens and the between the federal government and state government for water user’s participation and governments, facilities are constructed in some cooperation is necessary.

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to continue the IWRM activity and expand the pilot 2. Approach for problem-solving activities to the other areas led by Sudanese C/P Project objectives and outputs organizations even after the project completion. This project aims to enhance the C/Ps’ capability of Therefore, the Japanese Experts supported for the IWRM and to accomplish the project objectives implementation of the project activities by the C/Ps and outputs considering the above issues. and capacity building was conducted through on- Table 1 Project objectives and outputs the-job training. To make recommendations for a practical strategy, institutional and 10 full-time C/Ps committed to the project activities Objectiv organizational framework; to improve es of the in the first phase. Moreover, the colleagues of the the policies, strategies and plans for project IWRM; and to contribute to the full-time C/Ps were involved in the project activities improvement of related projects Output 1 Water balance analysis and supported for data organizing and water Analyses of issues on water resources Output 2 resources potential calculation. management Implementation of IWRM in specific Output 3 regions (pilot activities) Recommendations for a strategy, legal Output 4 framework and implementation arrangements This project is to be conducted in the two terms and the flowchart of the project is shown in Figure 2. Participation of all the stakeholders Phase１ Phase２-1 Phase 2-2 After Project Sustainable! 100% Analyses of Water Pilot activities Recommendations •Materialization of Project Output Balance and on strategic and strategies Issues on WR institutional •Realization of C/P Team Management framework of IWRM Recommendations C/P Sustainable Supporting

Figure 2 Flowchart of the project Team Contribution to the Project the to Contribution Support by Participatory activity by the C/P and participation of JICA Team Time 3 years Figure 4 Implementation Organization all the stakeholders are the main policies of the project. Recommendations for practical strategy and institutional framework and so on, which will contributes to the fair use of water among various stakeholders and the sustainable development, management and use of water resources, will be made through implementation of the IWRM. Assistance by the department of Wadi and Conventional Water Resources Integrated Water Resources Development Planning Management Groundwater for organizing of wadi discharge data

Supply capacity Supply capacity to be increased to be increased Water balance analysis (Output1)

Shortage Shortage Water volume Water Water volume Water Enhanced supply capacity by Output 1 is the water balance analysis based on Existing supply capacity efficiency improvement scientific grounds. Workflow of the output 1 is as 2016 2030 Year 2016 2030 Year Figure 3 Image of promotion of water use shown in Figure 5. Water balance analysis is consist efficiency by the IWRM of 3 elements: Water resources potential, capacity of Implementation organization and on-the- facilities for water resources development and job training Capacity development of C/P is necessary in order supply, and water demand.

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1. Water resources potential Working Item Identification of issues on water resources (WRP) Working Item with consensus building management (Output2) (Output-1) Water balance analysis Three element Output 2 is identification of issues on water To be evaluated by balance of three elements 1 to 3 will be analyzed at Understanding of methodology and model the same time resources management. Workflow of the output 2 is Collection of necessary data as shown in Figure 8. Discussion (PCM) in small seminar

Water shortage will be analyzed Training in the when?/where?/how serious? (Output-2) Identification of issues Third Country（1 time） on WR management 2. Capacity of facilities for water 3. Water demand With Discussion resources development and supply (existing and future ) （PCM）and (existing and planned) Data collection Small seminar…

Introduction and case study Identification and analysis Alternatives considering strategic environmental assessment of water issues of Japan of current issues Result of Output-1 and other countries Figure 5 Workflow of the output 1 （water balance analysis) Formulation of IWRM plan and Water resources potential is calculated in individual Recommendation of IWRM menu Working Item

Criteria for selection of pilot activity area Working Item with sub-basins giving the daily rainfall and consensus building and preparation of scoring for selection evapotranspiration data. Model parameters is set Figure 8 Workflow of the output 2 based on the soil classification. River runoff Several workshops regarding problem analysis represents a surface water potential and using the PCM method are held in each C/P’s groundwater recharge represents a groundwater organizations in order to enhance C/P’s capability potential (refer to Figure 6). of identification of issues on water resources Evapotrans piration Rain Surface management C/P. Problem analysis is conducted Intermediate and organized by category / sector, such as water River supply, agriculture and so on. Genealogical tree of Recharging runoff Soil Base flow “Cause – Effect” is organized in the analysis (refer to Figure 9). Infiltration to deep groundwater Transboundary groundwater Deep aquifer Figure 6 Image of evaluation of water resources potential As for water demand, water demands for domestic, industry and agriculture use are calculated following the flowchart shown in Figure 7.

Population in Water Supply Project Area Penetration Rate

Served Population for Living Unit Figure 9 Image of Problem analysis tree Water Supply Water Content

Living Average Daily Business and Commercial Industrial Average Average Daily Amount Training in a Third Country Amount of Water Average Daili Amount of Water Daily Amount of Water of Water for Others

Evapotrans Crops Preparatory Water for Average Daily Rate of Leakage Training in third country is a part of capacity piration Coefficient Underground seepage loss Water Consumption (Leakage Amount)

Water Effective development and 3 trainings will be conducted Consumption Rainfall

Net Water Irrigation Efficiency Surface Water Source (waterway loss), through the project. This training is one of the main Requirement Groundwater Source

Gross Water Current and Planed Requirement Cropping Pattern objectives to establish independence and strengthen

Agricultural Unit Water Duty Land Area sustainability on the Sudanese side. By upgrading

Average Daily Water Other Water Water Demand for Water Demand for Supply Demand Irrigation Water Livestock and Aquaculture (Living, Commercial and Industry) (Hydroelectric power, etc.) knowledge and awareness of C/Ps on the IWRM, : Necessary Data Water Demand this training shall contribute to the ongoing Figure 7 Flowchart of water demand calculation implementation of IWRM activities after project

4 completion and practical implementation in pilot Atbara River and the outside of Sudan. activity areas. In addition, taking into account meteorological and hydrological conditions, such as Northern Red Sea annual rainfall with 10 ~ 800 in mm, as well as rural

River Nile water supply conditions, such as taking water from North Darfur Kassala Khartoum Legend North Kordofan Surface Water groundwater, wadis and hafirs (rainwater collection Gezira Average Annual Discharge West (MCM/y) Gedaref Darfur 0 – 0.50 pond), training in a third country in Africa will be White Sennar 0.51 – 1.00 West Nile 1.01 – 10.00 Central Kordofan Darfur South 10.01 – 30.00 more effective, from the view point of the similarity East Kordofan Blue Nile 30.01 – 100.00 South Darfur Darfur More than 100.00 in meteorology and water resource conditions. In States River terms of similarities, such as language, religion, Figure 10 Calculation result of surface water resources potential culture and appropriate engineering technology, it is possible to carry out efficient training.

Table 2 Tentative training program Northern Red Sea Sites/fields for Explanation of selection and River Nile training adoption North Darfur

Kassala Morocco: Khartoum Legend Until about 20 years ago, there were North Kordofan Water Demand (MCM/y) Training center Gezira 0 - 400 many water-related issues. However, West and treatment Darfur 400 - 800 Gedaref they were overcome by infrastructure 800 - 1,600 facilities in White Sennar developments and challenges relating West Nile 1,600 - 2,400 Central Kordofan 2,400 - 4,000 water supply , Darfur South South More than 4,000 to the self-help efforts for human East Kordofan Blue Nile Water user Darfur Darfur resource development. States association, etc. River Training to promote efficient management techniques and Figure 11 Future (2035) Water Demand for Tunisia: sustainable water resource use based Irrigated Agriculture National on hydrology has been carried out. agriculture Training in a third country has also One of the results of water balance analysis is as institutes, etc. been carried out in order to consider efficient farming in arid areas. shown in Figure 12. Tight water supply is assumed Methods for operating and maintain especially in Port Sudan, Kassala, El Obeid and so rural water supplies will be learned Senegal: after receiving training on ASUFOR, on in 2035, and it will need more facilities for water ASUFOR which offers residents autonomous project site, etc. management of water supply facilities resources development and supply and the IWRM and democratic organizational approach to optimize the water use. Moreover, management. Figure 13 shows the calculation result of the 3. Practice result of the approach required capacity of new facility for surface water

from 2015 to 2035. Water balance analysis (Output1) Water balance analysis for the whole Sudan was

conducted based on the calculation results of Red Sea Northern surface water resources potential (refer to Figure River Nile 10), water demand (refer to Figure 11) and capacity North Darfur Kassala Khartoum Legend North Kordofan Ratio: Gezira of facilities for water resources development. Water Demand/Water Resource West Gedaref Darfur 0 - 0.5% White Sennar As a result of the surface water resources potential, 0.5 - 1% West Nile Central Kordofan 1 - 10% Darfur South 10 - 50% East Kordofan Blue Nile 50 -99.9% total annual discharge of surface water in the entire South Darfur Darfur More than 100% Sudan was estimated as 4.05 BCM/year, which is States River exclusive of the water from the Nile Rivers, the Figure 12 Result of water balance analysis (Projection for 2035)

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Bad water quality is caused by contamination of hafir water by animals, river water pollution by discharge of untreated industrial wastewater and Northern Red Sea seawater intrusion to the river and the groundwater

Legend River in the Red Sea State, groundwater salinization in an Nile North Darfur Required New Facility Capacity (1,000m3) Kassala Khartoum 10 - 300 inland area and so on. North Kordofan 300 - 600 Gezira 600 - 900 900 - 1,200 West Gedaref 1,200 - 1,500 Social, institutional and organizational problems Darfur 1,500 - 1,800 Sennar White 1,800 - 2,100 Nile Central 2,100 - 2,400 include famers-nomads conflicts, upstream- Darfur South 2,400 - 2,700 West Kordofan Blue Nile More than 2,700 South Darfur East Kordofan downstream conflicts, the lack of water users’ Darfur States River participation in water resources management, the

Figure 13 Required Capacity of New Facility for lack of coordination among related ministries and Surface Water from 2015 to 2035 organizations, unlimited approval of agriculture Identification of issues on water resources investments without technical assessment of their management (Output2) impacts on water resources, the flat rate water tariff system for urban water supply, uncontrolled The problems in water resources management in issuance of permits to well digging, the lack of Sudan were clarified through a series of problem industrial wastewater control mechanism, limited analysis workshops with the officers of the central application of the environmental assessment system government ministries and organizations and some and inadequate coordination among the general state governments, the workshops with the Japanese directorates and sections within MWRIE. experts and the information collected by field surveys and discussions with related officers. Figure The problem structure explained above captures all 17 presents the overall structure of the water kinds of water related problems observed in Sudan problems in Sudan. Figure 14 presents its summary. and organized them according to the cause-effects “The shortage of water and bad water quality for relation. This kind of problem structure is observed water users” was identified as the fundamental problem. It was clarified that the factors causing this more or less everywhere in Sudan. Problem fundamental problem include supply side factors, structures could be established in different ways in demand side factors, water quality related factors each basin and area reflecting the different levels and social, institutional and organizational factors, and importance of each problem there. which are affecting all the problems.

The supply side factors are various, including underdevelopment of surface water and Core Problem: groundwater such as dams, hafirs and wells and Water shortage & deficiency of the existing facilities caused by bad quality sedimentation, leakage and declining capacities of the wells and irrigation canals. These problems are Supply Side Demand Side caused by the lack of information, limited technical Issues Issues capacity for planning, designing and Water Quality implementation, inadequate budget and operation and maintenance. The demand side factors include an increase in water demand as a result of increasing population and wasteful use of water, which is Social, institutional and organizational issues caused by the flat rate water tariff system for urban water supply and the lack of farmers’ knowledge on Figure 14 Problem Structure crop water requirements for irrigation water supply. Kassala and El-Obeid are selected as representative

6 regions of water issues of Sudan. These areas are This will accurate a depletion of Bara aquifer. proposed as target regions of the Pilot Activities Content of Pilot Activity : Outline of the Pilot Activities are proposed as Groundwater development potential of Al Sidir well shown below. filed will be analyzed to propose safe groundwater Kassala city area yield. The plan for optimal operation will be Water Issue : formulated for the south water sources to Groundwater which is recharged by Gash River is compensate groundwater sources of Al Sidir well extracted for city water supply and horticultural use field. Moreover, the current groundwater use of in Kassala city area. Huge amount of groundwater Bara aquifer will be surveyed，and discussion will is pumped up from Kassala aquifer for the be held among various stakeholders to implement horticultural activity which is causing continues aquifer management. draw-down of groundwater level. There is high risk Training in a Third Country of drying up of large number of wells in the near Training in a third country was held in Morocco in future if the current extraction is continued. May 2017. Trainees were the project manager, Content of Pilot Activity : director and the full-time C/Ps and in total 13 people. Groundwater recharge of Kassala aquifer will be evaluated, and safe groundwater development potential will be proposed by local organizations in charge of water management. Lowering of groundwater level will be predicted under the assumption that the current water extraction is continued, and safe groundwater extraction rate will be proposed in order to prevent depletion of Kassala aquifer. Countermeasures to stop over-pumping will be discussed among stakeholders for Site visit and group discussion about the comparison of IWRM in the training in Morocco implementation. “Institut International de l’Eau et de El Obeid city and Bara groundwater basin l’Assainissement under l’Office National de Water Issue : l’Electricité et de l’Eau Potable (ONEE-IEA)” and Water supply of El-Obeid city has two water “Agence du Bassin Hydraulique de Souss Massa et sources; groundwater sources (Al Sidir well field) Draa (ABHSMD)” led the two weeks training and in the north and surface water sources (Bagara dam) the trainees learned the good practice of the in the south. There is large question in sustainability practical IWRM and its effects of implementation. of El Sidir well field because there is no Moreover, the trainees discussed and made some groundwater monitoring in spite of the prediction action plans to reflect the good practices and the that groundwater level will continuously decline in lessons learned through the training in Sudan. Al Sidir well field. Al Sidir well field is located in “Clear social and institutional frameworks, Bara aquifer area. Groundwater level of Bara strategies and plans”, “Scientific data for planning, aquifer has been declined by groundwater involvement of stakeholders and operation (it needs development of agricultural use without control.

7 presenting the advantages of implementation of the presentation skill of C/Ps. Water potential calculation (especially, IWRM, such as saving water and energy and cost surface water) and water balance analysis were shared and conducted by Involvement reduction)”, “Financial and operational support by all the full-time C/Ps as an on-the-job of C/Ps in the training. The whole Sudan was divided analysis and the stakeholders, such as the Water User into approximately 180 sub-basins and calculations Association, and capacity development and public C/Ps learned the very practical way of water balance evaluation, which have a awareness for the stakeholders to enable it” and so scientific basis. Other C/P’s organization and C/Ps on are the detailed examples of actions to be taken. other than the full-time C/Ps supported Involvement the project activities, such as data It requires taking actions by the C/Ps in line with the of other C/P’s organizing of wadi discharge, organization calculating of surface water resources action plans through this project or after the project and C/Ps other potential, and demonstrating of than the full- completion. ArcSWAT. The project team time C/Ps encouraged the involvement of other Social and Institutional Important things Strategies and plans and flowchart for (with Stakeholders) C/Ps. frameworks the implementation of Full-time C/Ps were enables to conduct IWRM learned Scientific Data for Planning, Involvement from the case a round of the IWRM spiral & process, Scientific of Stakeholders and Operation study in Morocco especially “Recognizing & Research Technical Capacity Practicing a identifying”, “Conceptualizing”, in the With Clear strategy, plan and role Development round of the very practical way as an on-the-job Involvement of Stakeholders IWRM spiral training as above mentioned. Since Financial & Operational support Public (Fderal, States, Community, WUAs, PS, Donor and etc) Awareness & process C/Ps had little practical experience of Law, Legislation and Regulation Technical & the IWRM, it will contribute to the Operation & Maintenance Management Modern (Fderal, States, Community, WUAs, and etc) sustainable process and activity by the Technology Evaluation C/P-led in the future. Social and Institutional Frameworks + Strategy & Plan Project leaflet was made as a publicity ISSUES LEARNING IN MOROCCO ACTION PLAN material (both English and Arabic  Social and Institutional  The water use institutions work on basin  The role of federal, states, organization frameworks level with : should be clear  Organization review to - Clear Responsibility, Good Coordination,  Formation of WUA (water supply, irrigation), versions) as shown in Figure 16. It develop technical expertise Engagement, Transparency and capacitate and support them to take for river basin management  Association are very active their role in manging and using the water Publication and planning  Advanced technology in basin management efficiently contributed to a deepening of and multi disciplinary expertise  Awareness campaigns to stakeholders for the participatory work understanding on “participatory  Institutional reform  Establishment of IWRM unit for better water activity by C/P and participation of all management  Strategies and plans  Clear strategies and plans at different levels  Review and update the existing strategies the stakeholders”.  No integration between units most of the time being implemented and plans and insure their implementation. in the planning process  Updating plans periodically  Gather all the cross sectoral in preparing  Coordination among  Systematic approach and co-ordination of water strategy stakeholders agencies in planning and implementation  Strengthen coordination among As for the lessons learned on the project  There is a strong coordination and stakeholders (DWSU-SWCs-community collaboration between relevant departments associations etc. as well as between line ministries.) implementation, the full-time C/Ps evaluated the *Discussion result of Group A(□), Group B(●), and Group C(✔) Figure 15 Example of the action plan support and commitment by the Japanese Experts. 4. Efforts and lessons learned on the As the evaluation result, some of the activities were project implementation substantively implemented by the Japanese Experts

Efforts on the project implementation is as shown in depending on the fields and the opportunity to take Table 3. part in by the C/Ps was limited. This lesson shall be Table 3 Efforts on the project implementation reflect in the second phase of the project. Efforts Result / Impact Each full-time C/P facilitated the workshops of problem analysis and Implementation period Facilitation at organized the results of consultation in the workshops line with the Japanese Expert’s Whole length: From August 2016 to August 2019 of problem guidance. C/Ps understood one of the analysis by the 1st phase: From August 2016 to October 2017 process of the IWRM spiral & process, C/Ps “Recognizing & identifying” in a 2nd phase: From November 2017 to August 2019 practical way. C/Ps made presentations on the progress of the activities timely at the Weekly weekly regular meeting. Minutes of regular meeting were made by C/Ps by rotation meeting as well. It contributed to information sharing among the Japanese Experts and the C/Ps and enhanced the

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Reference Nile Basin Initiative Secretariat (2012): “State of the River Nile Basin 2012” UNESCO (2009): “IWRM guidelines at river basin level” K. Okamoto, T. Iguchi, N. Takahashi, K. Iwanami and T. Ushio (2005): “The global satellite mapping of precipitation (GSMaP) project, 25th IGARSS Proceedings, pp. 3414-3416” * GSMaP_NRT is used as a part of the rainfall data (daily). “Global Rainfall Map in Near-Real-Time (GSMaP_NRT) by JAXA Global Rainfall Watch” was produced and distributed by the Earth Observation Research Center, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency.

Figure 16 Publicity material (Project leaflet, adverse side)

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etc.)

modern

technology

Lack of utilizing

(compacting soil

off at off

-

rainwater

Inefficient Inefficient

utilization of

Water run Water

slanted farmlands

Lack of

Seawater

inspection

Lack of

leveling

groundwater

intrusion into

to enforce

No data on

pollution level

Lack of regulations

environmental laws

of water

capacities

Improper

Inadequate

Inadequate

laboratories laboratories

distribution

stock routes

utilization of

points along

Pollution

animals

water points for

Limited access to

stock

along

water

routes

points

people)

Inadequate

agriculture, agriculture,

wastewater, wastewater,

Various pollution pollution Various

sources (industry, sources (industry,

animals, untreated

Lack of

electricity

Water quality not Water

cities

supply

matching the standard

system

Rapid &

expanding

urban water

parts

Difficulty in Difficulty

uncontrolled

expansion of

facilities

Deficient

Inadequate

maintenance

Lack of spare Lack of spare

capacities

Inadequate

Old

network

supply

test

& rural water

Inadequate urban

Inadequate

Inadequate

revenue

No data on

water quality

water quality

Inadequate

tariff system tariff

treatment process

Flat rate water

network

parts

deficits

Financial

water supply

Inadequate

maintenance

Lack of spare Lack of spare

Poor condition of

Old network Old network

High costs High costs

flow

High variable High variable

Irrigation water

mismanagement

Civil war Civil

of

GW

sometimes

High cost High cost

developing

law not executed

Irrigation & drainage Irrigation & drainage

Limited

Inadequate

availability of

irrigation water

weeds control

animals

Stealing of

Bad security

in some areas

water facilities

Limited access to

process

planning

inappropriate

Inadequate &

(pumps)

Inadequate

of facilities of facilities

maintenance

malfunctioning

nomads

Deterioration &

between

Conflicts Conflicts

Reduced carrying Reduced carrying

capacity of canals

farmers and

Constraint in in Constraint

Increasing

population

economic growth

GW use GW

to control

Inadequate

enforcement

of regulations

Increasing

resources

Inadequate

Sedimentation

of water for

groundwater

development of

demand for water

various purposes

Inadequate supply

business, animals) business, animals)

Low

coordination

awareness

people, rural farmers,

and bad quality of water (urban (urban water of quality bad and

water users

of water by

boundary rivers

Water users suffer from shortage users suffer Water

of life

-

Inefficient use Inefficient

and aquifers

than on

Limited

Poor quality

supply of

management

Emphasis on

groundwater

s

Inadequate

Excessive

development rather

for trans

discharge of discharge

groundwater

on research

Low priority

utilization of

-

research output

Non

Poor

wells

traditional

resources

condition of

Dependence on

Lack of water

irrigation method

of water resource

Inadequate supply

functions

of research

Duplication Duplication

Lack of

technology

& hafirs

inappropriate

Inadequate &

inadequacy of

dams & hafirs

Limited supply

planning process

of water by dams

Priorities in

Poor condition and

institutional

water sector

matching demands

allocating water not

Devolution and Devolution

instability in the instability

on planning

Low priority

design

Inappropriate

water

extraction of

Unauthorized Unauthorized

Inadequate

Improper

operation

enforcement

& lack of laws

sections

and regulations

software

Lack of data

database and

No cooperation

among different among different

Lack of unified Lack of unified

Inadequate

rehabilitation

maintenance &

based on

basin unit

Planning not

Inadequate

monitoring

Lower

& technique

change

rainfall

Climate Climate

Limitation of

hardware, software

Decreasing

Sedimentation

natural condition

budget

budget

availability of water in

Inefficient Inefficient

utilization of

Limitation in

& sections

DIU and other

Duplication of Duplication

functions between

general directorates

Social

by people) constraints (opposition Figure 17 Overall Problem Tree for Sudan

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